语言学习中的错误改正

第一篇：语言学习中的错误改正

语言学习中的错误改正来源：英语毕业论文 http:///

数学语言是数学思想的表现形式,是进行数学思维和数学交流的工具。

斯托利亚尔曾指出“:数学教学也就是数学语言的教学。”学生学习数学的过程,就是将代表数学知识、数学思想的数学语言内化为自己头脑中的数学认知结构的过程。因此,学生对数学语言的理解、掌握和运用将直接影响他的数学学习。

由于中学生(尤其是差生)在数学语言的学习中存在不少错误和障碍,要提高中学的数学教学质量,教师就应当对这些错误和障碍进行分析和研究,找出产生的原因,在教学中加以改进。数学语言一般可分为3部分:数学文字语言、数学符号语言和数学图形语言。本文将对中学生在数学语言学习中常见的一些错误和障碍从以下3方面进行分析。

1、数学文字语言学习中的常见错误数学中的许多概念和定理是用文字语言来表述的,这里所指的文字语言与人们日常生活中的自然语言是有区别的,它是经过提炼和加工,具有高度的概括性和严谨性的文字语言,故称为数学文字语言。例如圆的定义是“:到定点的距离等于定长的点的集合。”又如判定两个三角形全等的公理“:有三边对应相等的两个三角形全等。”中学生在数学文字语言的学习中,常忽视某些字、词、句,造成对概念和定理的错误理解。学习习近平行四边形的判定定理“:一组对边平行且相等的四边形是平行四边形”时,有的学生常忽视“且”字,认为1个字无关紧要,可有可无,因此出现这样的错误,将定理理解为“:一组对边平行,一组对边相等的四边形是平行四边

形”。学生为何会忽略“且”字,心理学的理论认为,当人们对某个事物(称为刺激物)进行感知时,刺激物中各部分的条件有强有弱,其中强的部分所产生的效果几乎等价于整个刺激物所引起的效果,而弱的部分被强的部分所掩蔽,似乎不起独立作用,故而常常被人们忽视。

在上述定理中“,平行”、“相等”的条件很强,因此,学生的注意往往集中在这个强的条件上,而“且”字条件较弱,不易引起学生的注意。此时,教师应根据这一情况,指出,定理中的“且”字是强调平行的这一组对边“同时”还要相等,如果去掉“且”字,就有可能是“这一组对边平行,而另一组对边相等”。根据这样的条件作出的四边形就不一定是平行四边形,这样就加深了学生对这样的关键词的理解。学生在理解数学概念或定理时,常常停留在表面形式上。学生学习了奇函数,偶函数的定义“:如果对于函数定义域内任意一个x,都有f(-x)= f(x),那么函数f(x)就叫奇函数”“;如果对于定义域内任意一个x,都有f(-x)=f(x),那么函数就叫偶函数”。

要求学生根据定义判断函数f(x)=3 x2,x∈[-1,1)的奇偶性时,往往许多学生只是形式地得出于f(-x)=3(-x)2=3 x=f(x),而错误地断定该函数是偶函数。原因是他们仅注意到定义的表面形式f(-x)=f(x),而没有准确理解定义的深刻内涵。定义中的“对定义域内任意一个x,都有f(-x)=-f(x)“或”f(-x)=f(x)“隐含着奇、偶函数的定义域应满足的条件是在X轴上是关于原点为对称的数集。而该题的定义域为[-1,1),形式上虽有f(-x)=f(x),但注意到x的任意性,当x=-1时,-x=1|[-1,1),故f(1)无意义,因此f(-1)=f(1)不成立,故此函数应当是非奇非偶函数。由于学生没有认识到定义隐含的条件,因而在判断函数的奇偶性时,常犯形式主义的错误。

因此教师要引导学生对定义进行深入的剖析,注意挖掘其隐含条件,做到对概念的准确理解。

2、数学符号语言学习中常见的错误数学语言的一个显著特点是使用符号,如数字、字母、运算符号和关系符号等,称为数学符号语言(以下简称为符号语言)。符号语言的使用,使得数学语言具有高度的概括性和精确性,同时被抽象的数学概念和法则形式化。

例如,乘法分配律可用形式a(b+c)=ab+ac 表示。分式的基本性质,可用形式AB=A×MB×M;AB=A÷MB÷M(其中M是不等于零的整式)来表示。由于使用数学符号来表示文字语言中用词组或句子表示的概念和法则,因此,不少中学生对于抽象的符号语言的理解存在许多障碍和困难,使得他们不能正确地掌握、灵活地使用这些符号所代表的数学内容。学生进入初中后,开始学习有理数的概念,教科书上规定“像5,115,1012,8 848等大于0的数,叫做正数。

像-5,-115,-1012,-155等在正数前面加上‘-’(读作负)号的数,叫做负数。”随着字母的引入,学生对字母代替数的任意性认识不够,仍停留在对具体、直观的数字的认识阶段,由于思维定势的作用,错误地认为字母“a”前面没有负号因此是正数,而“-a”的前面有负号因此是负数,故初一的学生常犯下列错误:a+b>a-b,3 a>a,|a|=a,|-a|=a,a2=a要避免以上错误的产生,教师从初一就要注意逐步培养学生思维的抽象性,使学生的运算能力从数的运算提高到对代数式的运算。学生在学习新知识时,如果新知识与旧知识在内容或结构上相似但实质不相同时,学生头脑中的原有知识容易先入为主,新知识常被理解为原有知识,被原有知识取代,从而出现负迁移,这样的负迁移也影响了学生对一些公式或法则的理解。

学生常犯以下错误:sin(A+B)=sinA+sinB lg(A+B)=lg A+lg B。产生上述错误的原因在于学生把sin(A+B),lg(A+B)与先前学习的乘法分配律a(b+c)=ab+ac作形式上的类比,将sin,lg运算符号误认为是数量符号,从而用对乘法分配律的认识来理解后面所学的知识。要防止以上负迁移的产生,就需要教

师在遇到类似情况时,强调新旧知识的差异,从正、反两方面给出例证,使学生清楚地认识到新知识与旧知识不同的地方,从而正确理解各种数学符号的含义。

3、数学图形语言学习中的常见错误和障碍数学研究中的许多数学对象,数学性质都可以用图形或图象表示,称其为数学图形语言。这是1种视觉语言,可以为数学对象、数学质提供直观的模型。例如实数集可用数轴来表示,函数的一些性质可以通过函数图象看出来。中学生在图形语言学习中,将文字或符号语言转化为图形语言时,常出现错误和障碍。

已知等腰三角形的底角等于15°,腰长为a,求腰上的高。图1有的学生作△ABC,∠B=15°,AB=AC=a后,将题目要求的高作成AD,如图1所示,而没有作出腰上的高,当老师问及原因时,这些学生认为,只有这条边(指BC)上能作出高,其它边上的高作不出来,因此题目要求的当然是AD。为何学生作不出两腰上的高呢?原因是由于学生平时在几何学习中经常看到的是锐角三角形,锐角三角形三条边上的高都在三角图形的内部,高的垂足都在三条边上,因此,学生被这些表面现象所迷惑,将这些非本质特征误作为三角形的高的特征。

当三角形是钝角三角形时,只有钝角所对的边上的高在三角形的内部,而从其余个锐角的顶点向所对的边作垂线时,垂足都落在对边的延长线上,垂线位于三角形的外部,因此学生认为两腰上的高没法作。如果在学习三角形的高的概念图时,采用变式图形,通过各种三角形将高的特征突出,就可以避免出现这样的错误了。

中学生在将图形语言转化为文字语言或符号语言时,由于观察不全面或概括不准确,也会出现错误。教师在“弦切角”的概念教学中,先出示弦切角的各种图形,如图2所示,让学生观察后概括这些角的特点,往往学生概括为“弦与切线所成的角”,或“割线与切线所成的角”,原因是图形中,角的“两条边”这

个条件很强,将角的“顶点”这一较弱的条件掩蔽,因此学生容易注意到角的两边而忽视角的顶点。

为此,教师可以通过图3中的∠A′B′C′与图(2)中的角对比,找出两者的差异在于图2中∠ABC的顶点在切点,而图3中∠A′B′C′的顶点不在切点,指出学生概括的漏洞,引导学生逐步抽象出弦切角的定义,同时也培养了学生全面观察问题和抽象概括的能力。

综上所述,教师分析研究中学生数学语言学习中的错误和障碍,帮助他们加以克服,将使学生加深对数学概念的理解,有助于对数学知识的掌握和应用,促进学生的数学学习,也必然有助于数学教学质量的提高。

第二篇：在语言教学中错误分析对错误改正的影响

在语言教学中分析错误对改正错误的影响

赵小云1

（南京信息职业技术学院）

摘要：这篇文章首先讨论和分析了引起语言错误的原因，接着谈了两种类型的改错，即自我改错和由他人提供的改错。最后，在进行错误分析的基础上，作者提出了关于在实践中改错的一些观点。

关键字：错误分析；错误改正；第二语言的教学

中图分类号：文献标识码：H

介绍

随着国际交流的深入发展，人们越来越需要在掌握母语的基础上再学习一门第二语言。然而，在第二语言的学习过程中，学习者经常会犯各种各样的错误。当然，人们在使用语言过程中犯错误很正常，即使使用母语，有时也难免会犯错误。不过，有些错误会影响正常的交流，产生误解。因此，找出这些在交流中会产生歧义的错误，并竭力避免，就显得非常重要。然而，在语言实践中要做到这一点，谈何容易。对第二语言的学习者来说，更是如此。语言教师经常抱怨即使老师不断指出或提醒学生所犯的错误，学生仍然反复犯类似的错误。对错误进行一些研究，将有助于师生了解犯错误的机理，或许这将在一定程度上减少错误。

错误分析

什么是错误？在第二语言学习过程中，不同的人对此持有不同的观点。许多人仅仅将错误视为语言学习失败的象征。这种想法导致很多第二语言的学习者不愿意大胆使用所学语言。不过，一些研究者能以客观的方式对待错误。在他们看来，错误反映了学习者在积极建构所学语言的语法。(Littlewood, 1992: 22-35)

语言学习者所犯的错误门类繁多，错误分析有助于了解错误的来源。在语言学习过程中，犯错误是掌握一门语言的自然过程。当孩子们在掌握第一语言过程中，也会犯错误。他们并没有被动使用所接受的信息。相反，他们试图理解语言输入，并以自己的方式内化语言规则。例如，一个孩子可能会说： “I * goed(√went)to the city centre with my Mum yesterday.” 一般来说，成人在语言中不会使用 “goed”，孩子只是自己认为过去时就是在动词后面加上 “ed”这一后缀，而不了解有例外。

同样，第二语言学习者也和孩子一样内化这些规则，和孩子在掌握第一语言过程中一样犯类似的错误。即使第二语言学习者的母语不同，仍然普遍会犯类似错误，被称之为发展中的错误。(Richard, 1971, cited in Larsen-Freeman, Diane and M.H.Long, 1990: 58)随着对所学语言知识的积累，发展中的错误可能会逐渐消除。这些错误被称为过分归纳。(Richards, 1971, cited in Larsen-Freeman, Diane and M.H.Long, 1990: 58)有些其他错误则由于简化(George, 1972, cited in James, 1998: 186)或者省去多余成分。这些成分在交流信息中并非必不可少，因而常被第二语言学习者忽略。此外，还有些错误其他类型的错误，如以交流为基础的错误(Selinker, 1972, cited in Larsen-Freeman, Diane and M.H.Long, 1990: 58)和诱导错误。(Stenson, 1983, cited in James, 1998: 189)下面列举这四种常见类型错误：

1.过分归纳

He might *visits(√visit)his friends.学习者知道一般现在时第三人称单数需要加后缀 “s”, 但是却忽略了情态动词后面直接加动词原形。

2.简化

He *get up(√gets up)at seven everyday.省去后缀 “s” 并不妨碍信息的交流，第二语言学习者就常忽略。

3.以交流为基础的错误

My mother saw an *airball(√balloon)in the sky yesterday.学习者使用 *airball 代替 balloon.学习者没有掌握balloon 这个词汇，但是需要表达意思，就杜撰了不存在的单词.*airball。

4.诱导错误

He *worships(√preys)to God.如果老师只是解释worship 和prey 意思相近，但并没有举例说明具体在上下文中如何使用，学生常会自己随意使用词汇，但目的语国家的人并非如此使用。

但是，不同于孩子掌握第一语言，第二语言学习者已掌握第一语言，经常应用母语中的一些规则。这种迁移应用可能对第二语言学习有益处，不需要全部从头学起。但是有时也会带来一些问题。母语和第二语言有相似之处，能使第二语言学习更容易，称为正面迁移。(Odlin, 1989: 26)不过，相似有时会引起混淆。如，英语和法语很多词（paper-papier, render-rendre）的拼写很类似，学习者很容易混淆，拼错或读错。另一方面，两种语言的不同会带来负面影响。由于第一语言的干扰而引起的错误称为语言间错误。(Richards, 1971, cited in Larsen-Freeman, Diane and M.H.Long, 1990: 58)例如，中文中名词前面一般不加冠词，就很容易犯以下错误： He is *(√a)teacher.此外，其他因素也会导致犯错误。学习者可能会由于疲倦、紧张、不小心等原因犯错误。一旦提示第二语言学习者这里有错误，他们会立刻更正。为了区分可以自我更正的错误和无法自我更正的错误，引入了mistake 和error 两个概念。(Corder, 1967, cited in James, 1998: 78)过失（mistake）是由于疲倦、紧张、不小心等原因犯错误，可以自行更正。而学习者尚未掌握关于错误（error）的知识，不会修改。

错误更正

错误更正包括自我更正和由其他人提供的更正，如老师、同伴或目标语的本国人使用者。

自我更正是提高语言学习者的语言水平的一种有效方式。事实上，如果有意识地监控，许多过失性的错误可以被改正。不过，如果不有意识地加以注意，语言学习者往往会忽略这些错误。但是，如果能学会改正自己的错误，语言水平会有明显提高。有学者研究过当劳拉开始学阿拉伯语时，已经是本科生，但由于她用心监控自己的语言，所学阿拉伯语的准确性已接近本国人水平。(Ioup 1995: 103-105)

至于由他人更正的错误，本国人很少纠正第二语言学习者在口语中的错误。如果错误会导致理解障碍，听者也仅仅会换句话核实一下确切的意思或者请说话者再说一遍。其主要目的在于理解所交流的信息。

不同于本国人，教师常常会纠正学生在口语或书面语中所犯错误。但是，效果并不理想。有时学生不能充分理解为何需要这么纠正。更糟的是，即使学生理解原因，但仍然会反复犯类似的错误。因而，人们开始反思：教师是否应该纠正学生的语言错误?

为何有些教师总坚持迅速纠正学生的错误？这种做法可追溯至模式训练。据认为，通过重复记忆一些基本句型，学习者可掌握并在类似句型中应用。(Lado, 1964: 92)因而，人们认为需要立即纠正学生所犯的语言错误，以免错误固定化。不过，这种做法效果并不明显，还会带来负面影响，屡遭诟病。口语中教师对错误的更改会导致学生不能自由表达思想。学生如果没有把握，轻易不敢开口。由于缺少尝试，就更难以自己体会语言规则。因而，有些教师忽略学生的错误，寄希望于学生接受足够的语言输入，自然而然掌握这门语言。如，有学者(Scarcella 1999: 9-10)注意到在二十世纪八十年代，加利佛利亚大学的伊万很少纠正学生的错误，导致学生犯各种错误，有些错误影响到信息的交流。加拿大法语区的语言教师也曾采用沉浸法促使学生多接触英语，忽略语法的掌握与错误的纠正，导致学生虽然掌握了一定的英语，却错误频出。

我认为，要掌握好一门语言，不能忽略对错误的纠正。不过，把握好尺度，并非易事。了解一些错误分析的知识，会对纠正错误提供一些有益的启示。

分析错误对纠正错误的影响

分析错误可以指导人们思考是否纠正错误，什么时候以及怎样纠正错误。错误的严重性是决定是否纠正错误与何时纠正错误的重要标准。语言是交流的工具，如果错误影响到信息的交流，有必要纠正这些错误。师生均应意识到错误的严重性。(Birdsong & Kassen, 1988: 1-12)教师可以据此决定是否当场纠正学生的错误；如果学生意识到这个错误很严重，也能够采取合作的态度对待老师的纠正，并会在今后注意类似错误。在我看来，可采用学者提出的整体和局部(Burt & Kiparsky 1972, cited in James, 1998: 208)概念来判断错误的严重性。如果错误影响整体意思的理解，则很严重，需要立即重点纠正。相反，有些错误只影响局部意思的理解，属局部错误，则重要性大为降低。例如 “The soldier who had been *shooting(√shot)* is(√ was)shedding blood”, 包含两个错误 “shooting” and “Is”.“Shooting” 属于整体错误，因为人们会疑惑到底是战士被敌人射中还是敌人向战士射击。“is” 属于局部错误，不影响对整句话意思的理解。因此，教师需要立即核实学生真实想表达的意思，指导学生如何修改。而对于时态使用的错误，可以以后集中指出。

不过，如何纠正错误绝非易事。教师需要分析该错误学生是否能够自行纠正。可以提供线索，鼓励学生自己纠正。“当局者迷，旁观者清”，学生写好的作文，让学生互相批改，不失为一种有效的方法。笔者就采用此种方法，让学生在上交作文前互批，效果较好。在纠正他人错误的同时，学生也在反思，提醒自己以后少犯类似的错误。当然，教师也需要在学生互批后，再次批改，尤其针对学生纠正的错误，需要重点阅读；有时，原本正确的句子反而被学生改错了。对于学生没有改出的错误，教师可以用标记提示学生此处有错误，让学生自行修改。这比教师直接修改效果要好得多。教师直接修改，有些学生可能连看都不看，更不用说理解所犯的错误。而学生自行修改，教师会知道学生是否理解错误的原因。不过，教师需要在学生再次上交作文时，检查学生是否修改对了；如仍然是错的，教师可以直接与学生沟通，帮助学生理解。对于较为普遍的错误，教师可以摘抄一些，请全班同学共同纠正。经过一两个学期的训练，学生作文表达的准确率大为提高。从2010年以来至今连续三年，笔者所教的三个学生学生在江苏省高职高专英语写作比赛中屡创佳绩，两次获得一等奖，一次获得二等奖。这也从侧面证实此种方法的有效性。

我认为，如果错误主要由对目标语直接加工引起的，属于发展中的错误，有时可以忽略；尤其对有些复杂的错误，如果超出学生此阶段的理解能力，可以不提。随着第二语言知识的积累，会逐渐掌握这些语言点。另一方面，如果错误主要由母语干扰引起的，则有必要引起重视。初学者由于对目标语的知识掌握较少，与高水平的学习者相比，更倾向于依靠母语的知识。成年人母语知识较丰富，比孩子更倾向于迁移母语的知识。针对此类错误，可以对比两种语言，详细解释。没有对比两种语言，将难以理解语言间的错误。例如，对中国的初学者来说，如果英国人问他： “You won’t come back to China during the Christmas vacation, will you?” 他可能会这样回答 “No, I will.” 这一回答会让英国人迷惑，不知他是否回去了。对中国人来说，应该翻译成 “不/No，我将回去/ I will.”.中文中人们回答是或者不是，不是依据事实本身是肯定还是否定，而是取决于问题是对还是错。如果问题是错的，即使事实肯定，中国人也会首先回答“不”，否定谈话者；然后再肯定事实本身。教师需要向学生解释：英语中人们用是或者不是，只取决于事实本身。如果事实是肯定的，就只能全部肯定。因此，这句话应该回答为: “Yes, I will.”

另外，文化的差异会导致第一语言和第二语言在话语表达上的不同。例如，中国人可能会这么邀请英国人： “We hope that you will come and have lunch with us tomorrow.” 语法没错，却让英国人感到唐突，觉得对方有点在向自己施压，迫使自己不得不去；如果这么说: “We were wondering whether you could come and have lunch with us tomorrow.”，则符合英国人的习惯。如果不能去，英国人也不会觉得拒绝起来别扭。因此，相对于发展中的错误，不同语言间的差异导致的错误，更值得重视。

结论

在第二语言学习中犯错误在所难免，这不应该简单被视为没有掌握语言的象征。相反，反映了学习者在用自己的方式理解规则。学会分析错误，可以帮助人们有效纠正错误。对第二语言学习者来说，这一知识可提高其水平。当其他人指出其错误，自行更正后，将有助于其逐渐掌握这些规则。更重要的是，将会帮助其养成有意识监控其语言输出的习惯。否则，则有可能会使错误固定化。同时，语言教师可以据此判断如何有效纠正学生的错误。我认为，教师首先应该鼓励学生自行纠正错误。如果学生无法提供正确的用法，教师需要分析错误。如果是语言间的错误，有必要详细解释，因为学生很难自己悟出其中的道理。如果是发展中的错误，有时可以忽略，因为随着学生对所学语言知识的增加，也许可以慢慢理解所犯的错误。

参考文献:

[1]Birdsong, David & Kassen, M.A(1988)“Teachers and Students Evaluations of Foreign Language Errors: A Meeting of Minds?” Modern Language Journal, [J],72: 1-12

[2] Ioup, Georgette “Evaluating the Need for Input Enhancement in Post-Critical Period Language Acquisition” The Age Factor in Second Language Acquisition, [G], Avon: Multilingual Matters Ltd., 1995

[3] Lado, RobertLanguage Teaching: A Scientific Approach [M], London: McGraw-Hall, Inc.，1964

[4] Littlewood, William Foreign and Second Language Acquisition Research and its Implications for the Classroom [M], Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992

[5] Odlin, Terence, Language Transfer: Cross-Linguistic Influence in Language Learning [M], Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989

[6] Orselli-Dickson, A.(1995)“Empowering students to improve their written language accuracy in L2(Italian)”, In Summers, L.(Ed), A Focus on Learning, p199-202.Proceedings of the 4th Annual Teaching Learning Forum, Edith Cowan University, February 1995.Perth: Edith Cowan University

[7]Scarcella, Robin(1999)Effective Instruction for English Language Learners: Presentation of Robin Scarcella http://.cn

详细邮寄地址： 南京市白下区解放路68号金鑫园小区1幢1单元702室 210007

第三篇：错误解析改正后文章

(一)审题错误

Taibai Mountain is a famous place of interest in Shaanxi Province.It has its special scenes all the year round, and spring is the best time to visit it.When spring comes, the mountains are covered with a great many green tall trees and all kinds of colorful wild flowers.It is so beautiful that a lot of visitors come here and enjoy its beauty every day.But a few years ago, some of the visitors paid no attention to protecting the environment.They used to throw lots of rubbish such as plastic bags, fruit skins and waste paper on the ground.Sometimes they broke some branches, picked flowers and even killed birds.Some even made fires in the forest to cook food.How dangerous it was!Luckily enough, the local government has begun to do something to stop polluting the area.Great changes have taken place here.(二)文体格式错误

Monday, March12th, 2007Sunny

It is March 12th today.At half past eight, all the teachers and students in our school gathered in front of the school gate.Then we went on foot to the Western Hill to plant trees.Before we started working, the teacher gave us a talk on the importance of planting trees.He said that trees can help to keep the air clean, protect us from strong wind and sand and make our city more beautiful.Then he showed us how to plant trees and asked each of us to plant at least five trees.After that we started working.Some strong boys dug holes, some carried water and some girls put trees in the holes.We all worked hard.Among us, Lin Tao, our monitor set a good example to us.Though he was ill, he worked harder.When he finished his task, he went on to help others.He was wet all over after work.Looking at the lines of the young trees, we smiled happily.(三)人称和时态误用

The computer — a high-tech product, has become so popular that it is seen in almost every family.It is playing an important role in our everyday life.The computer helps us handle many matters: official business, chat online, study, sending e-mails, long-distance education and entertainment such as listening to music and watching video.But we also know that the computer is bad for our eyes, especially for the young kids’.Now there are more and more children who have to wear glasses in order to see clearly.Many children become near-sighted, and they are doing worse and worse in their studies because they spend too much time playing computer games.So if you want to have beautiful and bright eyes and gain some useful knowledge when you are young, the most important thing you will do is to plan your time carefully and well.Only in this way can you have a bright future.(四)句型结构、固定搭配错误

Smoking is harmful to health

It is known to all that smoking is bad for health.In China there are millions of smokers.Each year millions of people die from smoking.Smoking makes many people ill.Those who often smoke have black teeth.Lots of smokers cough day and night.Lung cancer is one of the most serious illnesses that are caused by smoking.Many people suffer from this terrible disease and lose their lives.Smoking does harm not only to smokers themselves, but also to non-smokers, especially women and children.They may have their health harmed because of the smoke caused by cigarettes.Everyone agrees that smoking is not good for health, but it is not easy for smokers to give up smoking.I hope all the smokers will stop smoking for the good of their own health and also for the people around them.Let’s enjoy clean and fresh air together.(五)词汇使用错误

Dear Li Xiaoli,I’m glad to receive your e-mail.I’ve showed it to my friends.Every one of us thinks China is one of the greatest countries.We’ve known much about your country for years, but we have no chance to go there.We often watch the Great Wall and beautiful Beijing on TV.So I think China is worth visiting.I bought a book on China and study it when I’m free.I hope I can visit your country one day, and I also hope you can visit our country sometime in the future.Truly yours,Mary Baker

(六)汉式英语

We keep a lovely small cat at home.My family are always happy because of her.I went to the store to buy some food for her yesterday evening.Unluckily, there was a heavy rain on my way home.When I got home, I was wet through.Although I was wet, I was very happy.Anyway, the cat would not be hungry.

第四篇：admas错误改正方法（共）

导致矩阵异常的因素主要是Jacobian矩阵不可逆或者是模型中一些枢轴很小或为零。分析其本质原因：模型错误，如模型中零件的质量或者转动惯量为零，通常无质量的物体不受系统约束；该系统处于锁定状态；一个较大的力或力矩发生突变；如果积分器中选用了I3格式，则有可能是积分步长太小。

在这个时候你可以尝试以下几种办法：

首先应该确认建模过程中是否存在错误；使用别的积分器或者积分格式；放宽积分器误差范围；再次检测一下模型，以保证所有的加速度、力、力矩的数值均合理；使用LSOLVER/HARWELL以启动稀疏矩阵软件包进行分析。

其实基本上99%的仿真失败都可以这样排除：

首先：看看所有的part是不是有质量，质量对不对，单位对不对，所有的约束加得对不对，这一步检查完，排除错误后，基本上80%的模型可以仿真成功。如果还仿真不成功，就要调试求解器，比如换个求解器试试，或者，调求解参数，一般，把最大几分步长Hmax调小些试试，或者把误差调大写试试，反复试。

第五篇：写作常见错误总汇及改正建议

【附错误归类及修改建议】

1.We college students had enough time to take a part-time job, no matter how busy we were.2.There are so many countries using English that it had been regarded as an international language.3.The eating habit of Chinese people have changed in the past decade.4.Now fruits and vegetables can be seen everywhere when it is in season.5.I can solve our problem of tuition and fees by taking some part-time jobs.6.Without television, people can’t get information that comes from other parts of the world immediately.7.At the age of six, my father began to give me English lessons.8.To improve one’s writing skill, regular practice is necessary.9.With the computer, one can do shopping, banking and read at home.10.Nowadays, people not only eat enough food, but also eat better.11.Participating in sports is good for our physical health, and through it we can also train our character.12.Sometimes teachers will inform students of the heavy burden the have to bear.13.Someone believes that the teacher’s task is to students knowledge, which may not be true.14.People have been fighting against the influence of TV commercials, but it often proves useless.15.While we reduce the number of vehicles, the speed of traffic can be increased.16.Each of us may take a part-time job to help support ourselves, but if you spend too much time on it, your study will be affected.17.TV presents us with many useful informations.18.Making our cities greener is not an easy work.19.Each people has his own opportunities.20.Book knowledge is important, but we should learn something in the society.21.When I was in the high school, I always have a beautiful picture of the college life.22.If there were no electric power, we would have to do everything by the hands.23.If there were no electric power, factory would stop producing goods, car, bus and train would stop running.24.TV now plays and important role in our daily life, Because we think it extremely important.25.There are many ways to contact with society.For example, join in clubs, take part-time jobs and help the poor.26.If no electricity, all activities such as watching TV and seeing movies will be impossible.27.Because some college students could not find a better job, so they decided to continue to read for second degree.28.Although an opportunity is rare, but we must be ready to seize it.29.We students should learn / study as much knowledge as possible.30.With a rise in he number of cars and buses, traffic in Shanghai has become more and more crowded.31.People begin to eat more vice food.32.Actually, traffic jams have effected our daily life.33.In my opinion, I believe the present educational system is in need of reform.34.The reason why people choose to live in the country is because there is no pollution nor noise there.35.After four years, we all graduated from college and entered society.36.Many college students have a strong desire to be independent on their parents.37.The computer like TV, it has both advantages and disadvantages.38.Obviously, our country would stop develop if no electricity.39.Riding bicycles conveniences my work.40.Unlike movies, TV shows on continuously, and doesn’t need to pay an extra money.41.Too easy or to difficult is no good for us.42.College students doing part-time jobs is god to his family, himself, and the whole society.43.The canteen should setup several televisions.44.Reading books can acquire knowledge.45.People think go to the movie will cost a lot of money.46.There are many people take part in sports and games now.47.There are many people complain the paper-making mill pollute our fresh water can by people use.48.Although difficulty is exist, but we can overcome it.49.We should put our heart into the study.50.We young people are now living in sugar water.51.In a society where men are heavy and women are light, women cannot enjoy full equality.52.People set off firecrackers to congratulate the red and white happy things.53.We should advocate five talks and four beauties.54.Those are my humble opinions.【错误归类及修改建议】

（一）主干性错误

时态：1，2

1.We college students we are.2.There are so many countries using English that itbeen regarded as an

international language.语态：15

15.While theof traffic should be

increased.句子成分：25，26，38，39，41，42，43，44，45，46，47，48

25.There are many ways to contact with society.For example, join in clubs,take part-time jobs, or help the poor.26.Ifno electricity, all activities,be impossible.38.Obviously, our country would stop 39.It is convenient for me to go working by bicycles.41.no good for us.42.Collegedoing part-time jobs is good to himself, his family and the whole

society.43.Several televisions should be setup in the canteen.44.45.People think going to movies will cost a lot of money.46.There are many peoplepart in sports and games now.47.There are many people complain the paper-making mill our fresh

water 48.Although difficulties exist, we can overcome them.主干搭配：30，34，40，30.With a rise in the number of cars and buses, in Shanghai 34.The reason why people choose to live in the country is that there is neither

pollution nor noise there.40.Unlike movies, TV shows on continuously, and the viewers don’t need to pay an

extra money.（二）细节性错误

代词（指代明确）：12，13，14，12.Sometimes（如此一来，句中的they就明确的指向了students）

13.Someone believes that a teacher’s task is to give students knowledge,which may not be true.（如此一来，which明确的指向前文的整句含义）

14.People have been fighting against the influence the influence of TV commercials,butoften proves useless.（it指代不明确，换成the effort便可以明确的指代前文中所言的斗争）

名词（泛指，特指）：20，21，22，23

20.It is important for us to acquire knowledge from books, but we should also learn

something from（不需要the）

21.When I was in a high school, I always had a beautiful picture of college life.22.If there were no electric power, we would have to do everything 23.If there were no electric power,would stop producing goods, buses and trains would stop running.用词（准确性）：17，18，19，29，31，32，33，35，36，37，17.TV presents us withuseful（分清可数名词和不可数名词）

18.Making our city greener is not an easy（分清抽象名词和具体名词）

19.Each（分清个体和集体概念）

29.31.32.33.We students shouldas much knowledge as possible.People begin to have more non-staple food.Actually, traffic jams have（注意区分形似词）In my opinion, the present educational system is in need of reform.（不必重复）

35.Four years , we all graduated from college and entered society.36.Many college students have a strong desire totheir children.37.Like TV, a computer has both advantages and disadvantages.修饰成分：6，7，8，6.Without a television, people cannot immediately get information that comes from

other parts of the world.7.At my age of six, I was taught English by my father.8.To improve one’s writing skill, he needs regular practice.（三）逻辑性错误

逻辑缺失：23，23.If there were no electric power,would stop producing goods,would stop running.逻辑冗余：27，28，48

27.Because some college students cannot find satisfactory jobs, they decide to

continue their schooling for second degree.28.Although opportunities are rare, we must be ready to seize them.48.Although difficulties exist, we can overcome them.逻辑不成立：24

24.TV now plays an important role in our daily life, insight into the alien world without it.（四）一致性错误

主谓一致：2，3

2.There are so many countries using English that itbeen regarded as an

international language.3.The diet of Chinese peoplechanged in the past decade.句中指代一致：4，5，16

4.Now fruits and vegetables can be seen everywhere whenin season.5.I can solveproblem of tuition and fees by taking 16.Each of us may take a part-time job to help support himself, but if he spends too

much time on it,平行结构前后一致：9，10，11，15，20

9.With a computer, one can do shopping, banking and

10.Nowadays, people have.11.Participating in sports is good for p.15.While the number of vehicles is reduced, the efficiency of traffic should be

increased.20.It is important for us to acquire knowledge from books, but we should also learn

something from.（整句前后要平行）

（五）荒谬、无聊、不可思议的错误

49，50，51，52，53，54

49.We.50.We young people are now leading a sweet life.51.In a society equality.52.Firecrackers are often set off

53.We should advocate 54.Those are my opinion.