商务英语的学习重点

第一篇：商务英语的学习重点

不同的目的商务英语学习的重点也不同

导读：如果你想吃饭，你就不应该去兰州拉面馆去吃。目的不同，要走的路也是不一样的。所以我们在进行商务英语学习，要仔细分析自己的实际能力还有想要达到的目的，来选择方向。

就算是在完全相同的条件下，两个不同的人，最后会走上的路也会是有很大的区别的。因为我们每个人都有自己的特性，所有学习同样的东西效果都是不一样的。在进行商务英语学习的时候，我们也需要根据自己的目的，找到学习的方向和重点。

所以下面我们就针对商务英语学习的不同目的来介绍一下。如果说大家的需求重点是面试英语、以及英语应用能力的话，在这个时候，再说准备考什么BEC初级中级高级，可能已经来不及了。毕竟就算现在报名，也要到今年下半年才能参加考试。这种情况，建议大家先抛开“证书”，直接针对性地学习。如果你希望进入外企，但是却因为英语问题在面试中屡次受挫；如果你是即将毕业的应届生，正因面试经验不丰富而苦恼，这样的话，最合适的莫过于针对性教授面试经验的课程了。

看过上面的针对不同的商务英语学习目的所提的建议之后，你是不是也有些收获呢？我们不论要做什么事情，都要学会“量力而行”，如果不考虑自己的实际情况，就瞎努力，最后也只会是你付出多少，最后的结果就有多惨而已。更多学习内容请见美联英语学习网。

第二篇：04019##商务英语写作重点

名词解释

写作目的(writing purpose)受众/读者(audience)构思过程(thought process)

演绎式组织模式(deductive organizational patterns)归纳式组织模式(inductive organizational patterns)直接组织模式(direct organizational patterns)间接组织模式(indirect organizational patterns)

写作修改的3个步骤(three distinct stages of revision: adding on;moving around;cutting out)管理沟通(managerial communication)组织沟通(organizational communication)

人际关系与团队建设(human relationships and team building)销售沟通(sales communication)商务文件(business documentation)

国际交流（跨文化交际）(international communication/ intercultural communication)表达式写作(expressive writing)沟通式写作(communicative writing)简洁风格(clarity)简易风格(the plain style)简明风格(concision)附件说明信函(cover letters of résumé)

3类求职信函(three general types of cover letters for job applications: the application letter;the prospecting letter;networking letter)后续询问信函(follow-up letter)致谢信函(thank-you letter)谢绝工作回复(job rejection letter)接受工作回复(job acceptance letter)辞职信函(resignation letter)告别信函(farewell letter)常见履历表格式(common résumé formats)：按年月顺序(chronological résumé format)按任职顺序(functional résumé format)复合式(combination résumé format)简短文件(short document)

信息咨询函(message to obtain information)谈判便函(messages that negotiate)说服沟通便函(persuasive messages)商务便函的特征（8C）：清晰性（clarity）正确性（correctness）具体性（concreteness）完整性（completeness）周到性（consideration）礼貌性（courtesy）简洁性（conciseness）一致性（coherence）商务备忘录版式(format of a business memo)商务备忘录功能(function of a business memo)信函结构(structure of a letter)信件和信封格式(styles of letter and envelop)会议纪要(minutes)逐字记录(verbatim minutes)决议记录(minutes of resolution)陈述记录(minutes of narration)记录内容版式(minutes’ content format)会议议程(meeting agenda)会议筹划(meeting preparations)

会议程序（3个环节）(meeting process: planning & preparing, conducting, and following-up)会议后续工作(follow-up activities)后续文案职责(accountability of follow-ups)书面发言写作策略(writing strategies for business presentation)书面发言的材料组织(wring organization for business presentation)书面发言用语(language used in a presentation)书面发言避讳用语(language avoided in a presentation)人际沟通的功能(functions of interpersonal communication)人际沟通的目的(purpose of interpersonal communication)

人际沟通的4个阶段(four general stages in interpersonal communication)团队的特征(group characteristics)团队的角色(group roles)团队影响力(group influence)沟通结构(communication structures)企业前景(vision)企业使命(mission)企业价值观(corporate values)企业目标(goal)战略计划(strategies)政策与流程(policies and procedures)

业务流程的构成要素（15个）(content of procedures)业务流程的版式及内容(format of a procedure)商务文件的层次结构（3个）(tiers of documentation)ISO 9000质量体系(ISO 9000 Quality System)议程报告(agenda)行程安排(itinerary)

费用支出报告(expense reports)项目进程报告(progress report)人事评估报告(personnel evaluation)第一手资料来源(primary sources)第二手资料来源(secondary sources)商务蓝皮书(blueprint)商务计划书(business plan)战略性计划书(strategic plan)战术性计划书(tactical plan)操作性计划书(operational plan)操作性管理(operational control)战术性管理(tactical control)战略性管理(strategic control)商务背景(business background)市场计划(marketing plan)财务预测(financial projections)行动计划(action plans)商务提案(business proposal)内部提案(internal proposal)外部提案(external proposal)招标提案(solicited proposal)非招标提案(unsolicited proposal)提案写作的简单模式(simple form for proposal writing)提案写作的复杂模式(detailed form for proposal writing)

外部提案的结构要素（6个）(elements of the external proposal: introduction;problem identified and defined;objective & goal set;solutions proposed;implementation & measuring;costs and timeframe estimated)内部提案模式的内容版式(content format of internal proposal)征集提案(Request for Proposal, RFP)

征集启示的基本要素(basic components of a RFP)提案评估(proposal evaluation)引证信息(documenting information)解析数据(interpreting data)常规商务报告(routine reports)任务报告(task reports)条目清单功能(itemized lists)图表辅助功能(graphic aids)标题的功能(headings)协议的本质(essence of a deal)合同的修订(contractual modifications)违约与补偿(breach of contract and remedy)律师费用条款(attorneys fees clause)合同免责(escape from contract)第三方签字(third party signature)合同追加条款(contract rider)合同授权(authorization)商务谈判(contract negotiation)合同起草(contract drafting)合同实施(execution)合同终止(closeout)合同(contract)合同有效性(validity of contracts)要约(offer)接受(acceptance)法定权力(capacity)Sales contracts 买卖合同

Contracts for supply of power ,water,gas or heat 供应电、水、气、热力合同 Contracts for loan of money 借款合同 Leasing contracts 租赁合同 Financial leasing contracts 承揽合同

Contracts for construction projects建设工程合同 Carriage contracts运输合同 Technology contracts 技术合同 Safekeeping contracts 保管合同 Warehousing contracts 仓库合同 Agency appointment contracts 委托合同 Trading-trust contracts行纪合同 Brokerage contracts居间合同

大题 1，8C

1．Clarity：keep it short；keep it simple；avoid ambiguity；write in the active voice；avoid or explain technical words；avoid using jargon；get to the point；Write in plain English 2.Correctness：link your ideas；be careful about placement of subordinate clauses；be sure that a pronoun,a participial phrase, or an appositive refers clearly to the proper subject；Make the subject and verb agree with Each Other, Not with a Word That Comes between Them；To join two independent clauses, Use a comma followed by a conjunction, a semicolon alone, or a semicolon followed by a sentence modifier.；Make a right choice of word；Watch out repetitive wording；Put parallel ideas in parallel constructions；3.Concreteness：use concrete words instead of abstract ones；omit qualifiers and vague expressions；use action verbs and concrete nouns；void overusing noun forms of verbs；don't change verbs into nouns；avoid unnecessary double negative；avoid noun strings；take a stand；keep acronyms under control；4.Completeness：make it complete by constructing a longer paragraph； use the who-does-what order and avoid padding；provide a clear message；avoid incomplete question；avoid fragment in writing；take an overall view；5.Consideration：write from the “you” perspective；emphasize the positive；handle the customer's complaint specifically；interact with the addressee in a conversational tone；avoid using inflated language；avoid using quasi-legalisms；use personal reference；use conrractions；6.Courtesy：show respect；show appreciation；avoid the problem of gender；write professionally ；7.Conciseness：eliminate“the filler”；omit repetitive wording；replace circumlocutions with direct expressions；use short words；avoid using old fashioned expessions；8.Coherence 2，Message that Negotiate:1.counter-proposals:counterproposals have two objectives: first, you want to show the reader that his or her original proposal is not fully acceptable, and ,second , you want to persuade the reader to accept your counterproposals.2.nonnegotiable changes3.complex messages 3.Types of meetings: 1.Sharing information and monitoring 2.decision making and problem solving3.creative/idea-generating4.legislative/administrative5.advisory 6.social and ceremonial 4.Minutes’content format: 1.main heading 2.time and venue 3.attendance 4.chairperson 5.agenda 6.subtitles 7.record keeper/minutes taker 5.Functions of interpersonal communication:1)Gaining and giving information 2)Building a context of understanding 3)Establishing identity 4)Interpersonal needs 6.The dyadic life cycle：the initial stage；the formative stage；the mature stage；the severance stage 7.Presentation types：purpose, audience and methods 8.Writing strategies for business presentation: 1.Choosing a right topic with a clear purpose 2.Adapting your messages to the listeners 3.Using explicit transitions 4.Using concrete words and visuals 5.Presenting novel ideas 6.Making analogies 7.Quotations 8.Story-telling 9.Plotting conflict 10.Cutting in humor 11.Keep the material in good taste 12.Allowing for redundancy 9.书面发言注意事项:1.begin with a topic sentence2.limit the number of major points you want to make to 3-4.3.recap your ideas or main point Presentation preparing:1.write a script, practice it, and keeo it around for quick-reference during your talk;2.set up an outline of your talk , practice with it , and bring it for reference;3.set up cue cards, practice with them ,and use them during your presentation 4.write a full script and read from it.10.商务沟通基础：Business communication drawstring draws on information derived form a wide variety of other disciplines, including(but not limited to)linguistics, semantics , rhetoric , psychology, sociology, graphic design ,management, marketing ,economics ,and information technology.11.Purpose of the writer：1,Expressive writing: it is personal and informal, employed to encourage

comprehension and reflection on the part of writer.2,Communicative writing: it presupposes that the writer already considerable knowledge and understanding of the topic, and is writing to inform or to persuade a reader.12.附件说明信函的5大基本目标：Five primary goals of good resumes；Good resumes and resume cover letters must be able to；Cut the clutter；Catch the eye；Sell your skills, Strengths and success ；Direct the reader your way；Get you to the next step；

14.content format of a resume cover：content format of a resume cover: the resume cover should follow the basic content format of a typical business letter and should include three general issues：first paragraph——why you are writing；middle paragraph——what you have to offer ；concluding paragraph——how you will follow；

15.Top 10 resume tips：A page or two to land you a job or an least an interview； Fundamentals do exist；Customization is critical ；Reveal enough to excite；A resume is 99% of the time read by a stranger；Once your basic content is ready；Reevaluate choice of words, sentence structure and language；Spell check,；When you are presenting hard copies of your resume, make sure you use quality stationery ；Keep copies of he carious customized versions of your resume.；

16.Essential contents of resumes：Good resume having been to combine fact with fantasy.By fact, it means that details provided in resume have been as accurate as possible.By fantasy, it means that the resume is really a representation of you, where you cannot be present.And it must incorporate 7 points: full mane, objective, contact information, qualification, work experience, achievements and date.17.便函总体结构的4要素：Planning；Organization；Writing and revising；Feedback and continual improvement；

speed writing and shorthand writing training：To take school/lecture notes as your writing competence；To use shorthand to enhance your writing speed.；To develop your own shorthand for spoken information recording.；Use the computer program to facilitate your note-taking job ；

18.沟通过程中的倾听与讲述 ：Listing；Face the speaker and maintain eye contact；Focus on content, not delivery；Stay active；Be flexible ；Avoid emotional involvement；Empathy and rapport；Advise properly；Be ready for international communication；

19.communication climate：1.In an open communication climate,people perceive communication more accurately and are more willing to communicate honestly.Advantage ：observational.Problem-solving.You-oriented.Equal.Flexible.Clear objectives.Supportive 2.Closed communication climates, on the other hand, discourage communication.They give people the feeling that they are being judged and criticized

Disadvantage： judgmental.Manipulative 3.Long-term organizational success requires that all employees believe that they can express their observations and criticisms to others in the organization,regardless of rank.20.interpersonal conflict：Defensive attitudes；Supportive attitudes ；Problems in conflict management；Conflict management by management；speak your mind and heart；listen well；express strong feelings appropriately；remain rational for as long as you can；review what has been said；learn to give and take；Avoid all harmful statements；

21.improving small group communication：1.Advantage and disadvantages of groups

Group decisions result in greater acceptance of the solution than would be obtained without group participation.2.Importance of ideas No group leader can afford to be an “idea killer”.3.Purpose, planning and organization specifically, the leader is responsible for the following Notify every one of the time, place, and purpose of each meeting；Stick to the problem；Encourage contributions；Reinforce points of agreement；Adjourn on time；Ensure adequate follow-up by；a)Providing for a written recordb)Encourage appropriate further action 4.The meeting

Which are designed to ensure the following：Equal rights for all；Rule of the majority；Rights of the minority；Discussion of one item at a time； 22.strategic planning process：getting ready；articulating mission and vision； assessing the situation；developing strategies,objectives and goals；completing the written plan；

23.战略计划的基本要求writing a strategic plan.A good strategic plan should：serve as framework for decision-marking for managers at all levels；Form a basis for more detailed operational plans and procedures；Explain the business to others in order to inform ,instruct ,motivate, and involve；Assist benchmarking and performance monitoring；Inspire and stimulate change and innovation；

A sound strategic plan should include the elements of vision ,mission, values, objective ,strategies, goals ,and programs.24.documented procedures needed：To cause people to act in a uniform way and so make processes predictable；To provide freedom for management and staff to maximize their contribution to the business；To provide legitimacy and authority for the deeds needed ；To make responsibility clear and to create the conditions of self-control；To provide co-ordination for inter-departmental action.；To improve communication and to provide consistency and predictability in carrying our repetitive tasks.；To encourage the people involved into thinking a problem through；To minimize variance and eliminate bottlenecks；To provide auditable criteria for execution against authorized practice；

25.标准操作程序与工作指南的异同SOPs WIs SOPs：1.Purpose: For managerial control 2.Scope/Interface: For managers and supervisors, cross-functional, depart-mental interface 3.Definitions: More conceptual/ human relation, less technical 4.Responsibility: More managerial 5.Procedural steps: More flexible 6.Input: Stationery, computer, desk, etc.Need not to be listed 7.Output: Ideas, plan, analysis, process, etc 8.Directions: More general, abstract 9.Visual aids: less 10.Reference material: More managerial&human 11.Level of safety : Lower, need not to be listed

WIs：1.Purpose: For operating control or specific job 2.Scope/Interface: For operators or rank &file, technical interface 3.Definitions: More technical, less conceptual 4.Responsibility: ore technical 5.Procedural steps: More fixed 6.Input: Material & equipment.Must be listed 7.Output: Physical products and service 8.Directions: More specific, concrete 9.Visual aids: more 10.Reference material : More industry-and company specific 11.Level of safety :Higher,must be clearly spelled out 26.商务计划的意义：Business planning:Business planning is a managerial process that helps the organization venture into a new business.It involves managersˊ time, effort and talent to develop various sub-plans at all levels in a company.27.business planning process：Define the Mission；Conduct a Situation or SWOT Analysis；Set goals and Objectives；Develop Related Strategies；Monitor the Plan； 28.计划书的写作技能与方法/计划书在商务管理中的地位及功能/商务计划书的基本要素elements of a business plan：Cover Page:identifies you and your business, and dates the plan；Table of Contents:makes it easy for readers to find particular item description；Executive Summary:provides a high-level overview of the entire plan that emphasizes the ；facters that you believe will lead to success；Business Backgrand:information of the company；Maketing Plan: SWOT analysis；Financial Projection:how much does this plan will cost；Action Plan:shows how operational the plan is；Appendix: supplementary material that is collected and appended at the back of this plan；

29.商务提案的成功要素（7个）winning elements of a business proposal：①.Problem:you must demonstrate that you clearly understang thei business problems,issues,needs,opportunities,or values ②.Solutions:after you have written a lead paragragh on the company’s needs aand problems,follow up with a solid presentations of how your business can provide solutions ③.Benefits:all winning business proposals clearly outline for the company the benefits to be gained from doing business with you ④.Credibility:this is often the overlooked portion of a business proposal but all winning proposals glow with credibility⑤.Samples:a business proposals with samples and evidence of your ability to deliver is vital to gaining the winning bid.A small sample of your wok can show your ability to do the job ,and can help your potential customer answer some questions ⑥.Targeted: a winning business proposals is all about communications.speak and write in a language used by your intended audience ⑦.Personlazation:you have to give your potential custumer an proposh which includetheir names and their company’sname 30.商务报告式提案的构成要素feasibility of the proposed project: 1Introduction.2Background information..3Benetits

of

the

proposal

project.4Method,procedure,theory.5Schedule.6Qualifications.7Costs,resources require.8Conclusion,special project

31.内部提案的写作要求（10点）internal proposals:Problem；

Purpose.； Adudience；

Message；

Research；

Objectivity；

Style；

Order；

Implementation；

As a side note；

32.正式商务报告的结构形式：Prefatory Parts；Cover；Title Fly；Tiltle Page；Letter of Authorization；Letter of Acceptance；Letter of Transmittal；Contents；Abstract；Body of the Report；Introduction；Text；Summary；Conclusions；Recommendations；Supplemental Parts；Appendix；Bibliography；

33.收集数据、信息的途径gathering information ：Scondary Sources；Primary Sources；Experimentation；Observation；Surveys----A)RandomSampling B)StratifiedRandomSampling

C)Systematic

Sampling

；Questionnaires-----A)Either-or B)Checklist C)Multiple-choice D)Ranking；Questionnaire；Guidelines；Personal Interviews and Focus Groups；Telephone Interviews ；

34.信息收集在写作环节中的重要地位：You will need to research all the information sources available in preparing the report so that you can make decisions about which sources would be most appropriate.35.撰写商务报告的6个步骤或环节：Title Page ；Letter of Authorization；Letter of Transmittal；Table of Contents ； Table of Illustrations ；Abstract ；Executive Summary；

36.商务报告的6条质量要求标准Report Quality：Accurate,Reliable and Objective；Guidelines for Writing a Quality Report；Identify---for your reader and for yourself---statements of fact,inferences and based on face,and value judgment；Use accurate,reliable and objective sources；Use analogies and comparisons to explain and illustrate,but not to prove；Examine all cause—effect statements for completeness and accuracy；Be specific ；Provide adequate documentation；

商务报告的总体结构形式general structure for reports：Pace ； Lead ；Blend Outcomes；Motivate；

37.合同免责的原因，情形：escape from contract：Mutual or unilateral mistake as to a basic assumption upon which the contract was made；Misrepresentation of facts inducing one of the parties to enter the contact；Duress inducing one of the parties to enter the contact；Lack of capacity to contract(such as infancy ,influence of drugs,alcohol or mental illness)；Unconscionability；Vilolation of a public policy；Absence of a writing evidencing formation of the contract if the contract laws and government regulations require such a writing；Performance of the contracts becomes impossible or extremely difficult or costly by virtue of events occurring after the contract is formed；The principle purpose of the contract is substantially frustrated by virtue of events occurring after the contract is formed；

38签约前活动contracting activities before signing：Delegation,contract plan,negotiation,contract-drafting,and review and approval

39.签约后活动contracting activities after signing：Execution,review and monitor,communication handling,filing,closeout

40.合同清单contract checklist：①Names and addresses of all parties involved,and place of entering into this agreement,②A short description and mission statement of all concerned parties③a statement summarizing the desired role of the contracted

and

correspondence,customer

complaint party④a classification of the business relationship⑤a detailed description of what each party promises to provide⑥a timetable of when the work is to be performed or the products to be delivered or sold;⑦location of when the work is to be performed⑧the duration of the contract⑨payment method and schedule⑩ opportunities for increases in financial remuneration 11 insurance coverage provided and required 12,guarantees 13,fianancial obligations of the contracted party 14 conditions for termination of the agreement 15 guidelines for transfer of the contract16who retains custody of the client 17 arbitration 18who is responsible for legal fees if a breach of contract occurs19the location and contact to send communications regardingthe contract 20 signature lines and date the contract is signed 41.Agenda ：sometimes called an order of business, is a list of topic arranged in the order they are to be discussed at a meeting.42.Minutes：are the official record of a meeting.The format may vary from organization to organization to organization, but the content and order are standard.43.An itinerary: is a combination of travel and appointment schedules.

第三篇：商务英语重点 (翻译版)

Guidelines for the Final Examination of Business English

指导方针的最终考试商务英语

2011 Fall Semester

2011秋季学期

（所有翻译均是按原文使用百度翻译的，基本都能知道大概意思）1.Scope 1。范围

The content for the final examination will cover units 1-13 of the textbook, splitting into seven parts: True/False questions, blanks’ filling, multiple choices, Chinese/English translations, reading comprehension, and short-essay writing.Students are required to go over the texts/questions of listening task, speaking task(the first dialogue only), and reading task of each unit, as well as the notes or minutes taken from the class.For the writing tasks, students need know to write business letters and memos in formal format and etiquette as well as resume or curriculum vitae(CV).With provided information, students should be ready to write a short business letter or memo, or organize the information for a business presentation.内容为最后的考试将盖单位1-13的教材，分为七个部分：真/假问题，空白的填补，多种选择，中文/英文翻译，阅读理解，写作和short-essay。要求学生在文本/问题听力任务，任务（第一次对话只），和阅读任务的各单位，以及笔记或分钟从班。为写作任务，学生需要知道写商业信函和备忘录，正式的格式和礼仪以及简历或履历（简历）。提供的信息，学生应该准备写一个简短的商务信函、备忘录，或组织信息的一个业务介绍。

2.Time 2。时间

The time length for the final is 120 minutes or two hours, and the date of the final is currently scheduled on the first date of the 18th week of this semester.Please check the OA frequently for the notice.最后的时间长度是120分钟或2小时，和日期的最后目前预定在第一次约会，本学期的第十八周。请检查炎频繁的通知。

3.The following portions list the focuses or questions for students to prepare for the final examination.3。以下部分列出重点或问题的学生准备考试。I.Vocabulary & Expressions 我的词汇与表达

Review vocabulary & notes of each unit.Generally understand vocabulary extension and language focus.审查的词汇和注释每一单元。一般理解词汇和语言焦点。II.Questions for main concepts and ideas ②。问题的主要概念和思想

(Listening, Speaking, Reading & Writing Tasks)（听力，口语，阅读和写作任务）

1.What do you know about foreign trade or international business? 1。你知道什么是对外贸易、国际商务？

2.Can you give some tips as advice for job interview? 2。你能给一些提示建议求职面试？

3.Why do you need to do some research before an interview? 3。你为什么要做一些研究之前，面试吗？ 4.What is meant by good interview etiquette? 4。什么是良好的面试礼仪？

5.Why is it necessary for a job candidate to prepare some questions? 5。为什么是必要的一个求职者准备一些问题吗？

6.When someone describes his company, what information do you think they should provide? 6。当某人描述他的公司，什么样的信息，你认为他们应该提供？--Company’s name

——公司的名字

Time for establishment

时间设置 Size and location 大小和位置

Main business activities 主要业务活动

Main customers Last year’s total sales 主要客户去年的总销售额 Other necessary information 其他必要的信息

7.What is the purpose of business reports? 7。创业的目的是什么报告？

8.What is the general format of a memo? 8。什么是通用格式的备忘录吗？

9.Before making a business travel, what preparations should be made? 9。在商务旅行，应作什么准备？ 10.What does an itinerary generally include? 10。什么是一个行程一般包括？ 11.What is a meeting agenda? 11。什么是会议议程？

12.Why is a written agenda used for a meeting? 12。为什么书面议程用于会议？

13.What items are included in an agenda? / Do you know the structure of an agenda? 13。什么项目被列入议程？/你知道的结构，一个议程？ 14.What is the format of minutes of a meeting? 14。是什么格式会议纪要？ 15.What is a presentation? 15。是什么表现？

16.What should a presentation generally consist? / What does an effective presentation structure include? 16。什么应该表现一般组成？什么有效的演示结构包括？ 17.How do you make an effective beginning of an oral presentation? 17。你如何建立一个有效的开始口头报告？

18.Why is it important for international business people to understand business etiquette? 18。为什么是重要的国际商务人士了解商务礼仪？

19.Can you give some examples of improper business etiquette? 19。你能举些例子不当的商务礼仪？

20.What does business etiquette revolve around? 20。什么是商务礼仪转动吗？

21.Do you think it is important for international business people to take cross cultural negotiation training? Why or why not? 21。你认为这是重要的国际商务人士采取跨文化谈判的培训？为什么或为什么不？

22.Do you know the following terms of enquiry, offer, a firm offer, counter offer, quote, CIF, FOB, commission, terms of payment, letter of credit, offer without engagement, terms and conditions, an indication of price, a trial order, an exact market, a repeat order?

22。你知道下列条件的查询，提供，实盘报价，还价，离岸价，到岸价，委员会，支付方式，信用证，提供无接触，条款和条件，说明价格，审判秩序，一个准确的市场，一个重复顺序？

23.Do you know some foreign currencies? 23。你知道一些外国货币？

24.What are trade terms or price terms? 24。什么是贸易条款和价格条款？ 25.What does unit price comprise? 25。价格包括什么？

26.When negotiating the price of a product, what are the key elements to be considered? 26。谈判时的价格的产品，什么是关键因素加以考虑？ 27.Do you know the main modes of payment in international trade? 27。你知道主要的支付方式，在国际贸易？ 28.Why should commodities be packed? 28。为什么商品包装的？ 29.How are cargoes classified? 29货物。如何分类？

30.What are the main types of packing? 30。什么是主要类型的包装？

31.What are the main modes of shipment? 31。什么是主要模式的？

32.What are the advantages and disadvantages of each mode? 32。什么是优点和缺点每个模式？

33.What are shipping instruction and shipping advice? 33。什么是航运和航运咨询？

34.What may cause customers to make complaints? 34。什么可能导致客户投诉？

35.Do you know some common causes for complaints and claims in international trade?

35。你知道一些常见的投诉原因和索赔在国际贸易？

36.Do you know how to write letters of complaints and adjustments? 36。你知道如何写投诉信和调整？

37.What is the difference between marketing and sales? 37。之间的区别是什么营销和销售？ 38.What is the marketing mix? 38。什么是市场营销？

39.What are referred to as the four “P’s” of marketing? 39。什么是被称为四个“点”的营销？

40.How do you understand the term ―globalization? 40。你怎么理解“全球化？ 41.What is a typical heading for a fax? 41。什么是典型的标题为一个传真？ 42.What is E-commerce? How does it work? 42。什么是电子商务？它是如何工作的？ 43.What are the benefits of E-commerce? 43。什么是电子商务的好处？

44.What’s the difference between E-commerce and E-business? 44。什么是电子商务和电子商务之间的区别？ 45.Do you know how to write an E-mail? 45。你知道如何写一封电子邮件吗？ III.Writings

三、著作 Unit 1 1单元

Curriculum Vitae(CV)履历（简历）

An account of a person’s qualifications, interests and work experience, usually sent with an application for a job.The proper way to design a CV is to present the best image of yourself in accordance with the job requirements.Generally speaking, a CV should have no more than two pages.There are several standard CV formats.The most popular format usually contains the following components.考虑一个人的资格，利益和工作经验，通常会发送一个应用程序的工作。适当的设计方法是目前最好的形象，根据工作要求。一般来说，简历应该不超过2页。有几个标准简历格式。最流行的格式通常包含以下组件。1)Basic Personal Information 1）个人基本信息 2)Job Objective 2）工作目标 3)Education 3）教育

4)Work Experience 4）工作经验

5)Social Practice / Extracurricular Activities 5）社会实践和课外活动 6)Hobbies and Interests 6）爱好和兴趣

Application Letter(Cover Letter)申请信（信）

A letter with a document or goods explaining the contents.Effective application letters explain the reasons for your interest in the specific organization and identify your most relevant skills or experiences.They normally contain faro parts in which you should: 字母的文件或物品说明内容。有效运用字母解释的原因，你有兴趣的具体组织和确定最相关的技能和经验。他们通常包含在你的家：

1)confirm that you wish to apply and say where you learned abort the job;1）确认你想申请，说你在哪里学到中止工作；

2)say why you are interested in the position and relate your interest;2）为什么你对这个职位感兴趣并与你的兴趣；

3)show that you can contribute to the job by high lighting your most relevant skills and experience;3）表明，你可以有助于工作的高照明你最相关的技能和经验；

4)indicate your wiliness to attend an interview.4）表明你的意愿参加面试。Unit 2

2单元 Business Report 经营报告

A business report conveys information to assist in decision-making.Some reports might present the actual solution to solve a business problem;other report might record historical information that will be useful to assist in future decision making.Here are some basic steps for you to follow when writing a business report.商务报告传达信息，协助决策。一些报告可能目前的实际解决办法来解决业务问题；其他报告可能有记录的历史信息，将是有益的，协助未来决策。这里有一些基本的步骤，你走的时候写商务报告。1)Planning the writing 1）计划的写作

2)Organizing the report into sections 2）组织报告部分 3)Revision 3）修订

Unit 3

3单元

Memo(Memorandum)备忘录（备忘录）

A brief record written as an aid to the memory.It is used to describe the standard format of internal communication, which an organization uses for its own staff.简要记录作为援助的记忆。它是用来描述的标准格式的内部沟通，其中一个组织使用自己的员工。

Memos usually serve the following purposes: 备忘录通常为以下目的：

 Give instructions or notify events which have occurred;指示或通知事件发生；  Seek information;寻求信息；

 Offer ideas and suggestions.提供意见及建议。

The heading segment follows this general format: 标题一般格式如下这段： TO: 到： FROM: 从： DATE: 日期： SUBJECT: 主题：

Unit 4

4单元 Itinerary 行程

An account or record of a journey or proposed route of a journey.It is usually to be made, including the time to set out and return, the route of visit, the dwelling place, the main contents of visit, etc.一个帐户或记录旅行或提出的行车路线。它通常被制成，包括时间出发和返回，路线参观，居住的地方，主要内容的访问，等等。Such an itinerary generally includes: 这样的行程一般包括：  title;称号；  time;时间；  place;地方；

 contents of activities.活动内容。Unit 5 5单元 Meeting Agenda 会议议程

Meeting Agendas are a significant list that helps the chairperson to structure the meeting and the secretary or minute-taker to keep track of what is being discussed.会议议程的一个重要清单，帮助主席结构的会议和秘书或minute-taker保持轨道在讨论什么。

Agendas may vary in form.However, they should follow a structure and list standard items:

议程可能有不同的形式。然而，他们应该遵循的结构和标准项目列表：  welcome any special visitors 欢迎任何特殊的客人  apologies for absence 没有道歉  special event 特殊事件

 confirmation of minutes of the previous meeting 确认以往的会议记录

 business arising out of minutes 业务所产生的分钟

 correspondence sent and received 对应的发送和接收  reports 报告

 adjourned business 延期业务  general business 一般业务

 any other business 任何其他业务  close of meeting 会议结束 Minutes 分钟

Minutes of a meeting are the agreed record of discussion and decision made.The purpose of minute is to record permanently the proceedings of a meeting, as well as to provide a basis for action.会议纪要是记录的讨论和决定同意。目的是永久记录会议决议，以及提供行动的基础。

Unit 6

6单元 Presentation 介绍

A presentation, in the broadest sense, is every encounter you have with every person you ever meet.More specifically, however, whenever you are asked to appear in front of one or more people for the purpose of explaining, educating, convincing, or otherwise conveying information to them, you have a presentation.介绍，在最广泛的意义，是每一个遇到你与你遇到的每个人。更具体地说，然而，每当你被要求出现在前面的一个或多个人民为目的的解释，教育，说服，或以其他方式传送信息给他们，你有一个介绍。

Structuring a well-organized presentation is your key to success.构建一个组织良好的表现是你成功的关键。An effective presentation structure includes 演讲的结构

(1)an effective opening,（1）一个有效的开放，(2)a preview of the main points,（2）一个预览要点，(3)clearly demarcated main points, and（3）明确划定的主要观点，并(4)an effective closing.（4）一个有效的关闭。Unit7

第七单元

Letters for Establishing Business Relations 建立业务关系的信

In writing such a letter, the following contents should be included: 写这样的信，以下内容应包括：  The purpose of your letter;写信的目的；

 The nature of your company’s business: agent, exporter, importer or manufacturer;性质的公司业务：代理，出口商，进口商或制造商；

 The business scope of your company and also the branches and liaison offices, if any;贵公司的主要业务也有分公司和联络处，如果有任何；  The reference as to your company’s financial position and integrity;参考作为贵公司的财务状况和完整性；

 As an exporter, you should describe emphatically the quality of your products;作为出口商，你应该着重描述你的产品质量；

 If available, a brief introduction to your company, catalogue, price lists, etc.should be enclosed.如果可用，简要介绍一下贵公司的目录，价格表，应封闭，等等。

 As an importer, what commodities you want to buy and sell and your sales potential as well;作为进口商，什么商品你想买和卖你的销售潜力等； Unit 8 8单元 Enquiries 询盘

An enquire is a letter you write to try to ask for more information concerning a product, service or other information about a product or service that interests you.一个查询是一封信你写来要求更多的有关产品，服务或其他有关产品或服务的信息，你的利益。

When making an enquiry, keep it brief, specific, clear and to the point.查询时，保持它简单，具体，明确的指出。

For a first enquiry, the following information should be included: 在第一次查询，要包括以下信息：

 A brief mention of how you obtained your potential supplier’s name;简短提及你如何得到你潜在供应商的名称；

 Some information of the demand in your area for the goods;一些信息的需求在你的地区商品；

 Details of what you want to know, such as a catalogue, price list, a sample, a quotation, and so on.细节你想知道的，比如一个目录，价目表，样品，报价，等等。Offers 提供的

An offer is a letter you respond to enquiries from potential customers.一个提供信回应查询潜在客户。

The best impression will be made by providing the materials or information the perspective client has asked for.This positive impression will be proved by a well written response.最好的印象将是由提供的材料或信息的角度客户要求。这种积极的印象将是证明了一个好的书面答复。Unit 9 9单元

Counter-offer Letters 还盘信 还盘信还盘信函

A counter-offer letter is a letter when a buyer refuses to accept all or part of the terms and conditions made by the seller, and in the letter, the buyer will state his own terms and conditions to the seller.A counter-offer is really a new offer.还盘信信是当买方拒绝接受全部或部分的条款和条件，由卖方，并在信中，买方将陈述自己的条款和条件下，卖方。真是一个新的报价还价。A satisfactory letter of a counter-offer should cover the following points: 一个令人满意的的还盘信应包括下列几点：  Express the buyer’s thanks to the seller for the offer;表示买方由于卖方报价；

 Express regret at the buyer’s inability to accept;表示遗憾买方无法接受；

 Make a counter-offer if it is appropriate;作出还价如果是适当的；

 Express hopes of mutually beneficial business cooperation.表示希望互惠的业务合作。Unit 11 11单元

Shipping Advice(装船通知单)装船通知（装船通知单）

A shipping advice is what the exporter notifies their dispatch to the importer before or after effecting shipment.In case of CFR transaction, a shipping advice is also necessary for the importer to cover insurance of their goods.装船通知是出口商通知发送给进口商之前或之后执行装运。在案件的交易，航运咨询也是必要的进口货物的保险覆盖。

A shipping advice usually includes the following information 航运咨询通常包括以下信息

 The name of the ship used to dispatch the goods;船的名字用来发送货物；

 The date and number of bill of lading;日期和数量的账单提单；

 The name of the shipping port/loading port;名称，装运港/装货港；  The estimate time of departure;估计的离开时间；

 The estimate time of arrival;估计到达的时间；  The packing conditions;包装条件；

 Other information as delay of shipment, transshipment or change of L/C;其他信息延迟装运，转运或换证；  Thanks for patronage.铭谢惠顾。Unit 12 12单元 Complaint Letter 投诉信

A complaint letter requests some sort of compensation for defective or damaged merchandise or for inadequate or delayed services.The essential rule in writing a complaint letter is to maintain your poise and diplomacy.投诉信，要求某种补偿有缺陷或损坏的商品或服务不足或延迟。基本规则在写投诉信是保持你的姿态和外交。In the letter you should: 在信中你应该：

 Identify early the reason you are writing;确定早期你写信的原因；

 State exactly what compensation you desire;状态究竟是什么补偿你的愿望；

 Provide a fully detailed narrative or description of the problem;提供充分详细的叙述或描述问题；  Explain why your request should be granted;解释为什么你的请求应得到；

 Suggest why it is in the recipient’s best interest to grant your request.表明它为什么在收件人的最佳利益，同意你的要求。Adjustment Letter 调整的信

An adjustment letter is a reply to complaint letter.It must be handled carefully when the requested compensation cannot be granted.一个调整的信是一个答复投诉信。它必须谨慎处理请求时，不能获得赔偿。Some suggestions: 一些建议：

 Begin with a reference to the date of the original letter of complaint and to the purpose of your letter;

开始与一参考日期的原始投诉信和写信的目的；

 Express your concern over the writer’s troubles and your appreciation that he has written;表示关注的作家的烦恼和你的赞赏，他写了；  Explain why you deny the request cordially;解释你为什么拒绝该请求热诚；

 Try to offer some partial or substitute compensation or advice;尝试提供一些部分或替代性补偿或建议； Conclude the letter cordially.结论信热诚。Unit 13 13单元 Sales Letters 销售信函

A sales letter is a marketing tool that can build your client base and increase your sales.Generally speaking, there are two kinds of sales letters.销售信的营销工具，可以建立你的客户基础和增加您的销售。一般来说，有2种销售信函。

 The extended letter, together with supporting literature, brochures, order forms and return envelopes;扩展的信，连同支持文学，小册子，订单和返回信封；  The one you write to individual.你写一个人。

When you write a sales letter, the AIDA factors should be included: 当你写销售信，阿伊达的因素应包括：  A – attention;一–注意；  I--interest;我的兴趣—；  D – decision;丁–决策；  A – action.一–行动。Unit 14 14单元 Fax 传真机

Fax is a form of external communication and has become a well-established and widely used means of communication in the business world today.There is no unified format for faxes.A typical heading for a fax is shown below:

传真是一种形式的对外交流，已成为一个既定的和广泛使用的通讯手段在商业世界的今天。也没有统一的格式传真。一个典型的标题为一个传真如下： FAX MESSAGE 传真消息 To: 到： Attention: 敬告。Fax No.: 传真号码： From: 从： Company: 单位。Fax No.: 传真号码： Date: 日期： Subject: 主题： No.of Pages: 第页： Unit15 unit15 E-mail 电子邮件

E-mail is the system for using computers to send messages over the Internet.电子邮件系统使用计算机发送的信息在互联网上。The guidelines for writing business E-mails: 该准则编写的商务电邮：

 Give the message a subject / title;让讯息的主题/标题；

 Keep the subject short and clear;主体保持简短清晰；

 Start the message with a greeting;启动信息与问候；

 Watch the length of the paragraph;表长度的段；

 Keep the message concise and short;保持简洁和短消息；

 Start the first paragraph with a clear indication of what the message is about;开始第一款中明确说明什么消息是；  When replying, quote excerpts;回复时，引用摘录；

 End the message in a polite way;结束的消息在一个礼貌的方式；  Put your name at the end;放你的名字在最后；

IV.Steps of import / export trade(for reference)四级进出口贸易（供参考）

Any import / export transaction may start from Market Research and afterwards there follow the establishment of business connections, inquiries, offers(or replies to inquiry), orders, payment by buyer(or importer)and delivery of goods by seller(or exporter), and completion of the transaction.任何进口/出口交易会从市场研究以后，按照建立业务联系，查询，提供（或答复查询），订单，买方付款（或进口）和交付货物的卖方（或出口商），并完成交易。

Varied and complicated procedures have to be gone through in the course of the transaction.We illustrate below the general course taken in an import/export transaction.多样和复杂的程序都必须经历的过程中的交易。我们说明了以下的一般过程在进出口交易。

1)Market Research 市场调研 1）市场研究市场调研

exporter → Market research ← importer →市场研究←进口商出口商

2)Seeking Counterpart in import/export trade 寻找进出口贸易客户 2）寻求对应进出口贸易寻找进出口贸易客户(1)exporter → for importer(or buyer)（1）→进口商出口商（或买方）(2)importer → for exporter(or supplier)（2）→进口商出口商（或供应商）3)Contact;Inquiry 建立联系；询盘 3）接触建立联系询盘；查询；

(1)exporter → Trade proposal letter, catalogue, etc.→ importer（1）出口贸易→建议信，→进口商目录，等等。

(2)importer → inquiry;request for sample, etc.→ exporter（2）进口→查询；要求的样品，→出口等。

4)Inquiry of Standing or Financial Integrity 询问资信情况 4）查询站或财务诚信询问资信情况(1)（1）

credit inquiry to bank at exporter’s place or reference given.And bank at importer’s place or reference given 信用查询银行在出口的地方或参考了。和银行在进口商的地方或参考了

↓ ↓

credit report 信用报告

↓

exporter

↓

出口商(2)（2）

credit inquiry to bank at importer’s place or reference given.And bank at exporter’s place or reference given.信用查询银行在进口商的地方或参考了。银行在出口的地方或参考了。

↓

credit report 信用报告

↓

importer

↓

↓

进口商

5)Quotation(or Offers);Counter Offers;Acceptance or Non-acceptance 报盘；还盘；接受或不接受

5）报价（或提供）；计数器；接受或不接受报盘；还盘接受或不接受；(1)exporter → quotations, offers, samples → importer（1）出口→报价，提供样品，→进口商(2)exporter ← counter offers → importer（2）←柜台提供→进口商出口商

(3)exporter ← acceptance or non-acceptance → importer（3）←接受或不接受→进口商出口商 6)Order(or Indent);Contract 订货；合同 6）阶（或缩进）；订货合同合同；

(1)exporter → sales confirmation(contract)→ importer（1）出口→销售确认书（合同）→进口商(2)importer → order → exporter（2）→秩序→出口商进口商

7)Obtaining Import License;Opening Letter of Credit;Receiving Letter of Credit 获得进口许可；开立信用证；收到信用证

7）取得进口许可证；开信用证；接受信用证获得进口许可；开立信用证收到信用证；

(1)importer → import license application ← granting（1）→申请进口许可证←给予进口商

(2)importer → foreign exchange bank → opening L/C（2）→进口商→外汇银行开立信用证

(3)foreign exchange bank → advising bank → exporter(opening bank)（3）外汇银行→→出口商银行（开证行）(4)exporter → receiving letter of credit（4）→收到出口信用证 8)Preparation of Goods 备货 8）货物准备备货

exporter → stock or order of production or purchase → factory or supply sources 出口商→股票或订单生产或采购→厂或供应来源 9)Obtaining Export License 获得出口许可 9）取得出口许可证获得出口许可

(1)exporter → export license application → authorities（1）出口→出口许可证申请→当局(2)authorities → granting export license（2）机关→发放出口许可证

10)Inspection or Survey of Commodity 商品检验 10）检查或调查的商品商品检验

(1)exporter → application for inspection or survey → authorities（1）→申请出口检验或勘察→当局

(2)authorities → inspection or survey report → exporter（2）→检查或调查当局报告→出口商 11)Reservation of Shipping Space 订舱位 11）预订舱位订舱位

(1)exporter → booking shipping space → shipping company or ship owner（1）出口→预订舱位→船公司或船舶所有人

(2)shipping company or ship owner → shipping order(S/O)→ exporter（2）船公司或船舶所有人→托运单（提单）→出口商 12)Insurance Cover 投保 12）保险投保

(1)exporter → marine insurance application → insurance company or underwriters（1）出口→保险申请→保险公司或承保人

(2)insurance company or underwriters → insurance policy or certificate → exporter

（2）保险公司或承保人→保单或保险凭证→出口商 13)Customs Clearing and Loading 结关与装船 13）报关、装卸结关与装船

(1)exporter →

customs broker → documents → customs house（1）出口报关文件→→→海关

(2)customs house →

examination of goods(customs clearing)→ wharf（2）海关→检查货物（报关）→码头

(3)exporter → shipping agent → shipping company or ship owners →（3）出口→船务代理→船公司或船舶所有人的→

loading → goods → mates receipt → shipping agent → shipping company → bill of lading(B/L)

货物装载→→大副收据→船务代理→航运公司→比尔提单（提单）14)Consular Invoice;Shipping Advice 领事发票；装运通知 14）领事发票；航运咨询领事发票装运通知；

(1)exporter → application for consular invoice → consulate → consular invoice（1）出口→应用→→领事馆领事发票领事发票(2)exporter → shipping advice → importer（2）→航运咨询→进口商出口商

15)Negotiation of Export Document under L/C 按信用证议付出口单据 15）出口押汇信用证下按信用证议付出口单据文件(1)exporter →

（1）→出口商

application with shipping documents(B/L, invoice, insurance policy, consular invoice, inspection or survey report)应用与运输单据（提单，发票，保险政策，领事发票，检查或调查报告）→

negotiation bank →银行议付

(2)negotiation bank → payment for goods shipped（2）银行议付货款→运

16)Redemption of Documents under L/C 按信用证赎回单据 16）赎回单据在信用证按信用证赎回单据

(1)importer → clearance of payment under L/C → L/C opening bank（1）→清除进口商付款信用证下→开证银行

(2)L/C opening bank → shipping documents → importer（2）开证行→单据→进口商

17)Customs Clearing of Imports: Delivery of Goods 进口商品结关；交货 17）报关进口：进口商品结关交货交付货物；

(1)importer → application with B/L → customs broker → customs house（1）申请进口→提单→→海关报关

(2)customs house → examination of goods → wharf → customs broker →

（2）海关→检查货物报关→→→码头

shipping company → delivery order D/O → customs broker → imported goods → importer

航运公司→交货订单提货报关进口货物→→→进口商 18)Claim for Losses 索赔 18）损失索赔索赔 importer → exporter →出口商进口商

→ shipping company →船务公司

→ insurance compa →保险公司 商务英语

判断正误：10分

选词填空：（概念方面）10分 选择题：20分

(一．二．三都出自阅读跟写作部分，特别是阅读部分的前三段以及末尾)翻译：20分（汉译英5个：1-5单元

英译汉5个：1-12单元3个出自每章题目，其余2个未知）阅读：20分 课外

写作：20分（第一单元跟第三单元的写作部分即Application Memo）是這個嗎 考試分佈

第四篇：电子商务英语重点词汇

商务英语翻译

II.请翻译下列标识语。（1）

（1）

Left Baggage

行李寄存

（2）

Photography and video are not permitted inside the building 楼内禁止拍照、录像

（3）

Foreign Exchange(Services)外币兑换（服务

（4）

Particulars Of Membership 仅限会员（入内/使用）

（5）

Customers Lounges

旅客休息室

标识的语言特点

1.大量使用名词短语、动词短语或动名词http://www.xiexiebang.com/

具有指示、说明性质的标识往往使用名词短语，以直接、准确无误地传达特定信息。如Fast Lane快行道、Conference Centre会议中心、Food & Beverage餐饮部、Business Centre商务中心、Road Work正在施工、Tollgate收费站、Check-in登记入住、Baggage Office行李房等。而具有强制、限制性质的标识大多使用动名词或祈使句，以将公众的注意力集中在所要求采取的行动上。如No Spitting严禁随地吐痰、Please Do Not Disturb 请勿打扰、Mind the Gap注意站台缝隙、Please Use Revolving Door请使用旋转门、Beware Obstruction小心障碍。在翻译过程中我们也应采用相应的名词短语或祈使句句式，力求在语气、信息度等方面做到较好的匹配。

2.文笔凝练、措辞精确

标识多省略冠词、代词、助动词等，仅使用实词、核心词汇，以供人们在最短的时间了解最准确、最直接的信息。从词汇方面来看，尽量减少复杂词汇和多种时态的动词；从句型方面考虑，简单明了的祈使句是标识用语常用的句型。标识语的字数往往精简到最低限度，如City Bus Only市内公共汽车专用、Post-paid邮资已付、Danger危险、Admission Free免票入场、Beverage Not Included酒水另付等，只需短短两三个单词就表明了意思。此外，标识用语有时甚至会借用一些简单的字母或数字代替单词，例如：4 SALE出售、Merry X’mas圣诞快乐，等等。

3.具有很强的规约性

由于历史沿革和语言文化习惯等因素，很多标识用语的翻译都已约定俗成，不宜随意变更。如“油漆未干”可能会被译作“The paint is not dry.”或“The paint is wet.”，这些译法虽然从语法来讲完全正确，但容易造成理解上的障碍或不便，因此不宜采用。事实上，这个标识语 “地道”的译法是“Wet Paint”，既简洁明了又完全符合英美人的语言习惯。类似的例句还有“双向行驶”、“远离火源”，分别译为“Two Way” 和“Keep Fire Away”。在标识语翻译中，译者应多留意英美国家常用的规范标准的标识用语，尽量使用和汉语标识相应的、地道得体的英语语汇进行翻译。

4.使用大写字母，省略标点符号

如STOP、EXIT、DEAD END等，汉译英时，英文需大写。

5.语言运用力求引人注目。

尤其是商业标识(Business Signs)及店铺的招牌(Signboard)，更要追求夸张的效果。例如EOM(End of Month)Sale月终大廉价、Grand Sale/Bargain Sale大甩卖、Big Price Plunge大削价，等等。

标识的翻译

II.标识的翻译技巧（2）1.去繁从简

在特定的语境中，某些标识在被翻译成另一种语言时，其语用的含义比词语本身的含义更重要。这时，译者应删除繁琐部分，仅保留足以传达标识语功能和目的的词汇。例如：“青岛是我家，清洁靠大家”常被译作 “Qingdao is our home, its cleanness depends on all of us”。从表面上看，该译法似乎说得过去，字字忠实于原文。但仔细分析不难发现，该译法明显受中文表达习惯的影响，不仅累赘，而且容易让外籍人士产生困惑。正确的翻译应该是“Keep Our City Clean”。该译法既简洁凝练，又意图明确。类似地，“注意安全，请勿攀爬单边墙”（Pay attention to your safety, don’t climb the single wall.），“遇到火灾，勿用电梯”（When there is a fire，don’t use the elevator!）就可以相应地简化为 “No Climbing!”，“Don’t use the elevator in case of fire!”。

2.遵从习惯，使用规范标准的标识语

标识用语具有很强的规约性。受语言习惯的影响，很多标识语的翻译都已约定俗成，不宜随意改动。例如：我们外出常见到的“小草微微笑，请你走便道”、“请勿践踏”等标识语就不能生硬地译为“Little grass is smiling slightly, please walk on pavement.”，而要按照英语的习惯直接翻译成“Keep Off the Grass”。再比如：“前方修路，请慢驾驶”和“该路段为单行道”可以按英语习惯分别翻译为“Road Work Ahead”和“One-Way”。

3.程式化套译

英文标识语的结构比较固定，程式化的套语运用广泛，因此翻译时可以采用程式化套译。例如表达“禁止做某事”可以套译为“No+名词或动名词”的形式，如禁止掉头No U Turn、禁止入内No Admittance、禁止停车No Parking、禁止吸烟No Smoking等；表示“专用”，可以采用“名词+Only”的形式，如贵宾专用VIP Only、儿童专用Children Only等；表示“请勿做某事”，可以采用“Do Not +动词”的表达方式，如请勿触摸Do Not Touch、请勿扔垃圾Do Not Litter等。4.反面着笔http://www.xiexiebang.com/

英汉两种语言在逻辑思维方面存在着差异，在翻译时，可从反面着笔把原意表达出来。标识语的翻译可以通过这种方法成功地实现汉英转化。如“请勿将头伸出窗外”翻译为“Keep Head Inside Vehicle”而不是正面表达为“Don’t put your head out of the window.”。再比如：请勿触摸Hands Off、无烟商场Smoking Free Store、工地危险，禁止入内Danger，Building Site，等等。

商用标识的翻译

下面分类介绍商用标识的翻译。商用标识的范围很广，总体上可以分为商务出行标识、商场标识、企业标识等。

商务出行标识（Business Travel Signs）商场促销标识（Promoting Signs）企业标识（Company Signs）

商务出行标识（Business Travel Signs）

商务出行涉及商务交通、商务住宿等各个方面。因此，交通标识、商务住宿标识就成为商务出行标识的主要内容。

交通标识包括道路指示牌、交通安全提示牌、限时限速的指示牌等等。以下是一些常见的交通标识：

Avoid the Jams 避免交通堵塞 Airport Lounges 机场休息室

Airports Shuttle 机场班车 Arrivals 进港

Bus Stand 公共汽车停车处

Check In Area(Zone)办理登机区 Customers Lounges 旅客休息室

Certain stations are closed on public holidays.假日某些车站关闭 Dangerous Bend 弯道危险

Diverted Traffic 交叉路口

Departure Time 离港时间

Departure Times On Reverse 返航时间

Departures 出港 Destination Airport 到达机场 Entry To Motorway 高速入口 Exit To All Routes 各通道出口 Flight Connections 转机处

In case of fire, stay in vehicle 如遇火警，请呆在车内 Inquiries/Assistance 问讯处

Keep your belongings with you at all times 随时照看好你的物品 Left Junction 左交叉口

Low Bridge Ahead 前方桥低

No Stopping at Any Time任何时间不准停车 Left Baggage 行李寄存 Luggage from Flights 到港行李

Luggage Reclaim 行李提取

No Parking in Front of This Gate 门前禁止停车

Pedestrian Crossing 人行横道

Please Keep Gateways Clear 请保持过道畅通 Parking Permitted 允许停车 Passport Control 入境检查

Please leave your luggage with you at all times 请随身携带你的行李 Road Closed 此路封闭

Return Fares 往返票价

Speed Limit of 48kmh 限速每小时48公里 Strictly No Parking 严禁停车

These seats are meant for elderly and handicapped persons&women with child.老人、残疾人及抱小孩的妇女专座 Toilet Engaged 厕所有人

When the bus is moving, do not speak to the driver.汽车行驶中，严禁与司机交谈

Welcome Aboard 欢迎登机 Single or Return Tickets Only 单程或往返程票 Cancellation 取消

DND=Do Not Disturb 请勿打扰 Extremely Well Equipped 设施配备精良 Fully Centrally Heated 中央暖气全部开放 Function Room 宴会厅

Food and Beverage Department 餐饮部

Front Office Reception前台办公室

Housekeeping Department 客房部

Indoor Swimming Pool 室内游泳池 Lobby Bar 大堂吧

Laundry 洗衣部 Morning Call 叫醒服务

Night Porter on Duty 夜间有行李搬运服务生 Night Club 夜总会

OOO=Out of Order 已坏 Reservation 订房部 Room Service 送餐部

Stay a minimum of 3 nights and receive 1 extra night free 最少住三晚，另外免费一晚

Tea/Coffee making facility in all bedrooms 所有卧室配有沏茶和煮咖啡的设施 tips=To Insure Prompt Service 小费 VIP=Very Important Person 贵宾

Waiting List 等候名单

Standard Room 标准间

商场促销标识（Promoting Signs）

商场促销标识主要指商场里面一些特价通知、楼层商品公告等相关信息。以下是一些常见的商场促销标识：

50% Off on Selected Lines 部分商品降半价

Accessories & Spares Delivered to Your Door 配件送货上门 As Many Repairs As You Need, Free of Charge 随时免费维修 Best Choice and Best Discounts 最佳选择，最大优惠 Big Sale 大甩卖

Brighter Shopping, Brighter Prices 明智的购物，透明的价格 Buy One and Get Anyone Free 买一赠一

Closing Sale 关门大甩卖

Customer care is our top priority 顾客至上 Final Clear Out 清仓大甩卖

Free Delivery to Your Door 免费送货上门 Offer is subject to availability 现货优惠，卖完为止 Sale at Breakdown Price 跳楼价甩卖

Save Up to 40%

6折优惠

Savings and Discounts all Around the Store 店内所有商品均削价处理

Special Offer 特价

Try Before You Buy 先试后买

企业标识（Company Signs）

企业标识主要指用于企业对外宣传和内部的一些标识，包括企业部门的名称、警示语等各个方面。以下是一些常见的企业标识：

Advertising Department 广告部

Branch Office 分公司

Business Office 营业部

Close the Door Behind You 请随手关门

Electrically Operated Gate 电动门

Export Department 出口部

Floor Cleaning in Progress 正在清扫地板

Finished Product Area 成品区

General Accounting Department 财务部 General Manager 总经理室

General Affairs Department 总务部 Head Office 总公司

Human Resources Department人力资源部 Interview in Progress 正在面试

International Department 国际部

Import Department 进口部 Lift out of Order 电梯发生故障

Meeting in Progress, Quiet Please 正在开会，请保持安静 Meeting Room 会议室

Material Control Department 物料部

No food is to be consumed in this area 此处不准吃食物 No Littering 勿乱扔废弃物

No Smoking in This Area 此处禁止吸烟

Please Wait Here for Enquiries 请在此等候咨询 Personnel Department 人事部 Production Department 生产部

Quality Control Department 质管部

Research and Development Department(R&D)研发部

Secretarial Pool 秘书室

Sales Department 销售部

Sales Promotion Department 促销部

This is a smoke free building 楼内禁止吸烟 We do not buy at this door 谢绝推销

常用翻译方法

常用翻译方法系列：直译法和意译法（1）

直译是指译文不仅表达原文的内容，还保留原文的表达形式，比如保留原文所使用的比喻、形象、民族特色等，使读者从译文中能得到与原文大致相同的感受。直译法一方面有助于保留原文的风格，另一方面又有助于从他国引进一些新鲜、生动的词语和表达方法。但直译并不是死译或硬译。例如：

（1）In some automated plants, electronic computers control the entire production line.译：在某些自动化工厂，电子计算机控制整个生产线。（直译）（2）Demand has the same effect on the height of price as production.需求有同样的影响在高度的价格上像生产。（死译）

译文：该翻译既不忠实原意，又不符合汉语的表达方式。正确的译法为：

需求像生产一样会影响价格。

（3）Challenge the limits 挑战极限（三星）

（4）Winning the hearts of the world 赢取天下心（法国航空公司）

（5）Hand in Hand, Future in Your Hand 伴你同行，齐握未来（太平洋人寿）

（6）Striving today for all your tomorrows 为你未来，做好现在（中银集团）

公共场所标识

Children and Senior Citizens Free 儿童与老人免费

Do Not Enter, Alarm Operating 装有警报，禁止入内

Do Not Put(Place)Bicycles Against The Railings请不要把自行车靠到栏杆上

Fire Construction Points to Note 注意消防设施 Fire Escape, Keep Clear 消防通道，保持通畅 Fire Exit Only 仅作安全出口

For Public Use 公用 Free of Charge 免费

Fully Air Conditioned 空调全面开放 Gates in Use Night & Day 此门昼夜使用

Lavatories 厕所

Gents /Men/Man’s lavatory 男厕

Waiting Room and Ladies/ Woman’s lavatory 女厕 No Admittance 禁止入内

No Bathing, Fishing Allowed In This Pond 此池塘禁止游泳，垂钓 No Charge 不收费

No Entry For General Public 公众不得入内

Non-Smokers Only

仅供非吸烟者

Obstruction of the door can be dangerous 禁止堵塞门口 Open All Year Round/ Open All Year 全年开放 Opening Hours: 开放/开门/营业时间

Please do not leave rubbish here 请不要在此倒垃圾

Please feel free to smoke in the lounge 休息室允许吸烟 Please Use Other Doors

请走其他门

Private Function Only 只供私人使用

Public Toilet 公厕

Unauthorized posters and advertisements will be persecuted 未经允许，禁止张贴广告，否则追究责任

Under Repair, Do Not Operate

正在修理，不能使用

旅游标识

15% Off With This Flyer 持本广告八五折优惠

A Place To Relax And Unwind 一个让你放松身心的地方

All-Inclusive Ticket 票价包括所有费用

Cafeteria Available

提供自助餐

Access All Day 全天开放

Admission Is Free 不收门票 Reserved Seating 预订座位

Safe and Reliable 安全可靠 Self-Catering

可自己做饭

Shopping Offers

提供购物机会 Child Reductions 儿童优惠

Concessions(票价)优惠

Day trip to...……一日游

Free Entry for All 向所有人免费开放 Children under 12 half price throughout season 全季12岁以下的儿童半价 Discounts available for pre-booked groups 团体提前预订优惠

For more detailed information please call...欲知详情，请打电话…… Free children admission with full paying adult 成人全价票，所带儿童免费

Free entry to over 60 attractions

免费到60 多个景点旅游

Free for accompanied children under 16 Years of age所带16岁以下儿童免费 Tours Take Up To Two Hours 游程两个小时

Tours Are Held Throughout The Day 旅游活动全天进行 Tours Have Live English Commentary 旅游配有现场英语解说

Electronics 电子学，电子工业 Grocery 食品杂货店 Clothing 服装 Outdoors 户外 Indoors 在室内 Fashion 时尚，时装

Accessory 副的，配件，附件 Beauty 美丽 Blue-ray 蓝光 Gift card 礼品卡 Fragrance 香味 Deal 交易 For sale 出售 Discount 折扣 Coupon 赠券 Top-rated 一流的 Best-seller 畅销书。Visa card 签证 Wish list 愿望清单 Cart 用车装载 Auction 拍卖 Return 返回

Key Features 主要特点 Inch 英寸

in stock 有存货，现有 out of stock 缺货

Register 登记，注册，挂号 Purchase 购买

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第五篇：商务英语沟通考试重点

商务英语沟通考试重点

第一章：How to apply for the ideal job 1.Here are some good ways make your application letter stand out

(1)Look for something unusual in your experience or qualifications.(2)Make the contents of your letter appropriate for the job.(3)Avoid annoying phrases(4)Get someone to read your letter before you send it(5)Keep the letter short(6)Mention the organization(7)Make your letter physically easy to read(8)Remember to state which job you are applying for(9)Be realistic(10)Check again.2.What to mention in your letter or e-mail(1)You meet the specifications for the job(2)The things that make you stand out.第二章：The resume and the interview 1.The resume must be included:(1)Personal information：

Full name in Chinese characters and Pinyin;Address;Telephone number;Age indicated by date of birth;Gender;e-mail address;Fax number;Photograph(2)Qualification(3)Education(4)Previous employment(5)Skills(6)Interests and hobbies(7)Future career 2.What do you do now in interview? You must know everything:(1)The company

(2)The job

(3)The business environment.(4)The business culture of the company

(5)Existing employees(6)Focus areas

(7)Salary 3Tips(面试中的技巧)(1)Names , underline your family name(2)Eye contact , eye contact is very important(3)Sit comfortably, visual impression are important.第三章：Spoken business communication 1.出色演讲三步骤：

(1)Preparing for the talk The audience, The introduction.Preparing the content

Visual aids

The venue

The length Be ready for questions(2)Structure A clear introduction is essential

Then you move onto the main part of your presentation

Finally you must have a conclusion(3)More practice 2．演讲过程中的技巧

(1)Look at them and smile.(2)Take your time(3)Eye contact

(4)Gestures

(5)Do not just read your speaking notes(6)Pause and volume

(7)Sum up

(8)Do not run away 第四章：同事沟通及客户沟通 1.Problem communications（问题沟通几条原则）

(1)Stay calm

(2)Listen

(3)Do not assume

(4)Explain clearly(5)Speak clearly(6)Ask for details(7)Check and respond

2言语沟通的有效性检验

(1)Action

(2)Checking

(3)Listen

(4)Ask for suggestions(5)Lead your ideas into the ideas of the other person

(6)Explain clearly(7)Ask for suggestions again

(8)Offer to revise

(9)Checking

第五章：Written Communication（书面沟通）1.书面沟通的形式包括：

(1)A short list of points

(2)A huge documents consisting of hundreds of page(3)A letter

(4)A note

(5)An agenda

(6)Minutes of meeting

(7)A proposal

(8)A description

(9)A biography

(10)Job application 2.内容撰写过程（5W1H）

What why when who where how

3.书面沟通小技巧

(1)Size matters

（字体）(2)Use white space

（间距）(3)Read aloud

（边读边写）第六章：Business meeting(商务会议)1.开会的原因：

(1)To communicate policies

(2)To issue instructions(3)To listen to views

(4)To hold discussions(5)To ensure that everyone is aware of what is going on(6)To review experiences and future action(7)To provide written records 2.各种类型的会议风格

(1)Authoritarian

The boss is very much the top person.He or she is there to give orders and the others are there to receive instructions.He or she make proposals, allows only a brief discussion and then ask for endorsement of the decision.You want an experienced leader to draw on his knowledge and skill and issue orders for action that will solve a problem.(2)Inclusive

The person in charge seeks to involve all present in the discussion.He or she seeks out alternative viewpoints, repeatedly ask for opinions, and ask if everyone thinks the proposed course of action is appropriate.Decision can be difficult to reach or them may be avoided completely.There is a danger that each person present can go away with a different impression of what has been decided.(3)Combat

There are meeting where strongly held and position are presented, attacked and defended.People may argue and disagree.(4)Routine

Some meetings can be very structured.Project meeting often have to be routine in order that progress can be tracked effectively.Everyone has to meet at the same time at the same place and a very ordered of reporting is used.E.g.: Board meetings, executive committee meeting(5)Informal

Focus groups and brainstorming sessions, where new trends and ideas are identified and developed.3.Good written records have many attractions,（好的会议纪要包括以下要素）

(1)They contain full information about when and where the meeting took place.(2)They record the names of the people taking part.(3)They list people who did not attend.(4)They record who made what decision.(5)They list point for action(6)They are short and concise.(7)They remove duplications.(8)They are easy to access and can be held in electronic form.第七章：cross-cultural business commucations 1.Phenomena which influence cultures文化影响的表现形式(1)Time and punctuality.时间观念与守时。Northern European backgrounds tend to be very strict about adhering to time.Spanish or Italian person may feel that being 10 or 15 minutes late is not really a problem.(2)Formality.礼节。Japanese and Korean people are likely to be very formal than individuals from the western United States.(3)Attitudes.态度。Other cultures see them in a more flexible way and feel that if condition change, then it is only natural to vary an agreement.The relationship is much more important than what is written down on paper.(4)Socializing.社交活动。Socializing is usually separate from business in some cultures.The office is the office—and activities outside work have nothing to do with business relationships.In other cultures, almost all important business decision may be taken within a social context—at meals or other informal activities.(5)Gender 性别

Many countries have powerful laws and punishment to ensure that people receive equal opportunities regardless of their gender.第八章：Crisis communications 危机沟通 1.危机沟通的组成部分：

(1)Prepare for a crisis

(2)Identify a crisis(3)Analyze a crisis

(4)Manage a crisis(5)Learn from a crisis 2.Real crisis share some common characteristics:危机特点

(1)The timing is unpredictable(2)The exact nature of the crisis is difficult to forecast(3)Events occur without warning(4)More than one problem occurs at the same time(5)The crisis develop rapidly(6)Communications play a vital role 3.危机沟通十条黄金准则

(1)Prepare in advance(2)Make sure everyone knows his or her role(3)Accept responsibility(4)Act quickly(5)Communicate your position clearly and immediately(6)Communicate regularly(7)Tell your staff what is happening(8)Integrate communications into the management response(9)Watch out for exhaustion(10)Keep records 2.How to prepare in advance(1)An assessment of the likely threat 评估潜在威胁(2)Clear identification of responsibility责任明晰

(3)Setting up of the crisis management team 建立危机管理团队(4)Practice and exercise 练习与演习

第九章：Media communications媒体沟通 1.The media include: Newspapers，Magazines , Newsletters , Television , Radio，Internet sites and blog, Special interest publication, Messages delivered through entertainment，Endorsement of products and services 2.企业与媒体沟通途径：

(1)Press release

新闻稿

(2)Press conference 新闻发布会(3)Press events

公关宣传活动

附录

1.宴会礼仪 The setting；Entering the dining room, if you are in a small group, the host will indicate where you should sit.Women sit down before men, with the men pulling out the chair first.Then the men sit down.In a mixed group, hosts will generally try to ensure a man—woman seating arrangement at the table.The food:

Use the big knife and fork to cut pieces into manageable size before moving them to your mouth.Do not chew large, bony, pieces in your mouth and never, ever, spit food back onto the plate or onto the tablecloth.If it is all too difficult, eat a few pieces and the accompanying vegetables.Separate trips for cold food and hot food.Do not put savory food and sweet food together on the plate.Drinking:If you do not drink alcohol, then tell the waiter the first time he asks and he will take the wine glasses away so that you are not asked again if you would like wine.Turning a glass upside down also indicates that a person is not drinking.Most non-drinkers just have water with their meal but you can ask for tea or a soft drink if you wish.Talking:

Remember to listen as well.Never talk with food in your mouth, finish chewing and swallow before you say anying.