2014年大连中考化学答案个人版

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第一篇:2014年大连中考化学答案个人版

答案如下

选择题:C,D,A,C,B,D,B,A,B,C,D,A,D,B,D,填空题:过滤;氢、氧元素;水;乳化;4铝+3氧气====2三氧化二铝;强;氧气和水;氧化铁+3硫酸====硫酸铁+3水;洗净擦干(洗净后涂少许食用油);

CH4+2O2==(点燃)==CO2+2H2O;SO2;把煤进行脱硫处理;石油;减少化石燃料的燃烧,减少空气污染;

t1;丙;甲;是;37.5%;CaO+H2O====Ca(OH)2,化合反应;

2HCL+Mg(OH)2====MgCL2+2H2O,复分解反应;

2H2O2==(MnO2)==2H2O+O2↑,分解反应;

每个人的语言组织都不同,在这里简答题主要的给分点我说一下吧!

53题(1)保持化学性质的最小微粒是分子,碘固体和碘蒸气都是由碘分子构成,所以碘固体和碘蒸气都能使淀粉变蓝。(2)气体间的分子间隔比固体间的分子间隔要大很多,又因为质量都相等,所以碘蒸气的体积远大于碘固体的体积。

54题(1)因为忘记关电褥子,电褥子积热,达到可燃物着火点,又因为氧气供给不足,故而不完全燃烧冒黑烟,当打开门窗后,加强了空气流通,氧气供给充足,故而瞬间燃起火焰。

(2)立马拔掉电源或总开关,适当浇水降温后,再开窗通风。如比较严重可呼叫救援或拨打119.55题:(1)CaCO3 + 2H2O====CaCl2 + H2O + CO2 ↑;密度比空气大;

(2)2KMnO4== △ ==k2MnO4 + MnO2 + O2 ↑;带火星的木条;支持燃烧;

(3)防止溅落的热的生成物炸裂瓶底。

56题:(1)金有很好的延展性,用锤子砸,不会粉碎,“真金”的密度远大于“金”的密度;“银”的密度等于锌的密度,“银”和锌与稀盐酸反应都有大量气泡产生。

(2)先取m1克锌粉于烧杯中,滴加稀硫酸并搅拌直到不产生气泡为止,计算出消耗的稀硫酸的质量m2,得出稀硫酸的质量分数98m1/65m2;取m3克“铜”样品,适当打磨后,于烧杯中滴加稀硫酸并搅拌直到不产生气泡为止,计算出消耗的稀硫酸的质量m4,最后即可得出Cu的质量为:m3—(m1m4)/m2。

(个人觉得此题,有点复杂)

57题:(1)排除水对本实验的干扰

(2)NaCl、CaCl2;NaCl、CaCl2、HCl;NaCl、Na2CO3

选用Na2CO3溶液,若无明显现象,则溶质为NaCl ;若只有沉淀生成,则溶质为 NaC、CaCl2;若有气泡和沉淀生成,则溶质为 NaC、CaCl2、HCl。

计算题步骤我就不写了,直接说答案吧!第一问:4.2克;第二问:2.4%,是生铁!

第二篇:2014年大连中考英语试题及答案(文字版)

2014年大连中考英语试题及答案(文字版)

第I卷 选择题(共74分)

I.单项填空(本题共16小题,每小题1分,共16分)

从各题所给的四个选项中,选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。

1.Jim is good baskball player.He plays in our school team.A.a B.an C.the D./

2.In America,people start celebrating the New Year 31st December.A.in B.at C.on D.for

3.Many Asian elephants live in India but you can find in other coutries as well.A.him B.them C.her D.it

4.Look at the nice!I've decided to wear it to the party.A.doll B.cup C.poster D.dress

5.In a green school,everyone agrees to be about the environment.A.nervous B.careful C.honest D.rude

6.May I your bike,please? I'll give it back to you soon.A.touch B.bring C.borrow D.buy

7.The British Museum is very serious.Visitors keep quiet.A.may B.might C.can D.must

8.-Who plays the violin ,Sally or Kylie?

-Sally.But she gave the chance to Kylie.A.well B.better C.best D.the best

9.Your handwriting will certainly improve you practise it every day.A.though B.before C.if D.until

10.-What's the book on your table,Lingling?

-Alice's Adventures in Wonderland.Betty it to me from England.A.is sending B.will send C.sends D.sent

11.We want to set off so that we can avoid the heavy traffic.A.early B.recently C.happily D.quietly

12.Most Australians love going to the to swim and surf.A.beach B.forest C.grassland D.desert

13.-is the boy with a pair of glasses?

-My brother,John.A.How B.Who C.Where D.What

14.I know a lot about my pen friend although we've met before.A.often B.always C.never D.usually

15.Many students write to Language Doctor to advice about learning English.A.look through B.ask for C.give up D.worry about

16.-Congratulations!You have won the first prize in the photo competition.-

A.Thank you!B.Good idea!C.Of course D.Enjoy yourself!

II.完形填空(一)(本题共10小题,每小题1分,共10分)

阅读下面短文,理解其大意,然后从各题所给的四个选项中,选出可以填入空白处的最佳选择。

Once there were several scientists in a forest.They were trying to _17 the rarest animal in the world.No one had seen it ,so everyone was _18 and wanted to be the first one to photograph and study it.The animal only came out at night, _19 the scientists did some other studies in the day._20 them,there was a famous scientist named Walter.Every day,he would spend an hour sitting at the desk and putting all his equipment(设备)in the _21 place.He did this carefully.But other scientists laughed at him because they thought Walter was just wasting _22.One night,the animal appeared _23.The scientists heard its call.But the call didn't last long.The animal was frightened by the _24 made by the scientists while they were scrabbling(忙乱地找)for their cameras and notebooks.On the next morning,the scientist _25 their fingings.Some had tried to record its call,others had noted down how it moved,and the luckiest one had even photographed parts of its tail and legs.They all congratulated each other on what they had found.However,when they saw what Walter had,they were very surprised._26 had taken several complete(完整的)photos,the record of the animal's cry and notes about the animal.They ran to congratulate Walter.They now understood the importance of keeping things in order.Because of that,Walter could find everying quickly in the dark.17.A.feed B.study C.catch D.kill

18.A.relaxed B.tired C.excited D.surprised

19.A.but B.or C.and D.so

20.A.Among B.Beside C.Against D.Except

21.A.clean B.right C.safe D.pubilc

22.A.space B.money C.food D.time

23.A.angrily B.immediately C.suddenly D.quickly

24.A.plans B.noises C.records D.mistakes

25.A.compared B.counted C.sorted D.kept

26.A.They B.It C.He D.You III.阅读理解(一)(本题共19小题,每小题2分,共38分)

A.阅读下列短文,根据短文内容,从各题所给的四个选项中,选出最佳选项。

Passage 1

The school day begins at 8:45.Class teachers meet the class and check who is present and absent at the beginning of the day.We meet as a whole school once a week on Fridays.The head teacher speaks to the whole school.Morning lessons begin at 9:05.There are three one-hour lessons with a fifteen-minute break.The lunch break is from 1 pm to 1:45.Afternoon lessons begin at 1:50 and the school day finishes at 4 pm.All students study and take exams in maths,science and English.In addition, they choose one subject from history,geography,Art,Design and Technology,French and Spanish..All students take PHSE(Personal Health and Safety Education)lessons but no exams are offered.After school sports practice and matches are arranged on Wednesday afternoon and Saturday morning.Chess,music,language and theatre clubs also arrange meetings after school.Students may join as many clubs as they like,but should join at least one.The school has a good record in sports.Last year we were champions(冠军)in football and tennis, and individual students won prizes for swimming and gymnastics.27.The first lesson begins at in the morning.A.7:30 B.8:00 C.8:45 D.9:05

28.The school students once a week on Fridays.A.meet class teachers

B.review their lessons

C.listen to a speech

D.take some exercise

29.All students take an exam in.A.science B.history C.French D.PHSE

30.What can we learn from the passage?

A.School lunch break lasts over one hour.B.School football team wins matches every year.C.Students can join more than one club.D.Students do sports on Wednesday morning.31.What would be the best title for the passage?

A.Abusy school day

B.Our colorful school life

C.My favourite school

D.My happy times at school

Passage2

A subway is not just an important form of transport.It is also a window for other people to learn about local culture.Beijing, China

The Beijing Subway was opened in 1969 and is the oldest subway system in China.It has added some modern technologies.All stations now have touch-screen maps.In some stations, people can also see traditional Chinese culture.For example,on the walls of a few stations of Line 8,there are some pictures of blue and white porcelain(青花瓷).Stockholm, Sweden

The first subway line for Stockholm was opened in 1950.The Stockholm Subway is well-known for its decoration of the stations.It is called the longest art gallery in the world.Over 90 percent of its stations are decorated with paintings.A few stations are decorated with red bedrocks(岩床).This makes you feel as if you are in a cave.London,UK

The London Undergound or the Tube is the oldest subway in the world.It was opened in 1863.During World War II, it was used to protect people form German plane attacks(袭击)on London.Now, it is a symbol of the city.There is no air conditioning in the trains, so it is very hot in summer.New York,US

The New York City Subway runs 24 hours a day.It has an express train on almost everyline.You can get to your destination(目的地)quickly.The

trains themselves are full of fun;you will see people doing moonwalk dances like Michael Jackson, playing the guitar and singing.32.Whick subway is called the longest art gallery in the world?

A.The BeiJing Subway

B.The Stockholm Subway

C.The London Underground

D.The New York City Subway.33.From the passage , we can know that the London Underground.A.is also called the Tube

B.is the symbol of the UK

C.was well protected during the war

D.is the oldest transport in the world

34.Which of the following is TRUE?

A.Michael Jackson often danced in the New York City Subway.B.Tourists feel cool when they take the London Underground in summer.C.Several stations of the Stockholm Subway are built in caves.D.Some stations of the Beijing Subway are decorated with pictures of porcelain.35.The introduction of the subways mainly shows the of different cities.A.great changes

B.long history

C.local culture

D.public transport

36.The passage may come form.A.a story book

B.a travel magazine

C.a science book

D.a newspaper advertisement

Passage 3

Hold your head up high

I was 15 mohths old, a happy and carefree kid, until the day I fell.It was a bad fall.I landed on a piece of glass that cut my eye badly.from then on, my injured, sightless, cloudy gray eye lived on with me.Sometimes people asked me embarrassing(使人难堪的)questions.Whenever kids played games, I was the “monster”.I was always imagining that everyone looked down on(瞧不起)me.Yet mum would say to me, “Hold your head up high and face the world.” I began to depend on that saying.As a child, I thought mun meant, “Be careful, or you will fall down or bump into something because you are not looking.” As a teenager, I usually looked down to hide my shame.But I found that when I held my head up high, People liked me.In high school I even became the class president, but on the inside I still felt like a monster.All I really wanted was to look like everyone else.When things got really bad, I would cry to my mun and she would look at me with loving eyes and say, “Hold your head up high and face the world.Let them see the beauty that is inside instead of your appearance(外貌).”

My mun's love was the sunshine that made me bright.I had faced hard times, and learned not only to be confident(自信的)but also to have deep compassion(同情)for others.“Hold your head up high” has been heard many times in my home.I say it to my children.The gift my mum gave me will live on.37.The world “carefree”in the first line probably means“ ” in chinese.A.无忧无虑的 B.无拘无束的 C.小心翼翼的 D.与众不同的

38.Why did the writer imagine that everyone looked down on her?

A.She felt bad about her appearance.B.She found it hard to act as a monster.C.Kids refused to play games with her.D.People always asked her embarrassing questions.39.Why did the writer's mum say “Hold your head up high”to her?

A.To tell her to be careful.B.To help her hide the shame.C.To stop her from getting hurt.D.To make her more confident.40.From the story, we can know that.A.the writer understood the saying very well as a child

B.the writer felt like everyone else in high school.C.the writer is living with a warm and brave heart now

D.the writer has deep compassion for others all her life

41.The passage is mainly about.A.what the writer experienced when she was 15

B.what the writer did to show thanks for mum's gift

C.how the writer changed herself with mum's love

D.how the writer became confident with her great efforts B.阅读短文,根据短文内容,从所给的六个选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项,使短文意思完整、连贯。(有两项为多余选项)

Passage 4

The book that can't wait

One problem a lot of people have with books is that they buy them and then never read them.42 It printed a book in disappearing ink: the text of the book disappears two months after the special package(盒)of the book is opened.It encurages buyers to read it before it goes away.People call this “he book that can't wait”.43 The publisher(出版社)sold out all the first edition at a bookstore in one day, and received“thousands of requests(请求)”for more copies of the book.It also got a lot of media coverage(媒体报道).As a result,the publisher is planning to publish other works in disappearing ink now.44 But here, we have some suggestions:

First,the book should start disappearing after the reader opens the book for the first time.If the books become very popular in the future, readers will need to read them one at a time.They don't want their books to disappear before they read the frist page.Second, the disappeared book should find a good use._ 45 It would be a more environmentally friendly way to do this.A.The book was a great success.B.It's wrong to throw the books away after reading them.C.In some ways, the idea is pretty clever.D.To work out this problem, a publisher got a brilliant idea.E.Maybe we can use them as notebooks.F.Luckily, some experts invented a book and worked out the problem.IV.情景交际(本题共5小题,每小题2分,共10分)

根据对话内容,从所给的七个选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项,使对话内容完整。(有两项为多余选项)

Daming:Hi,Lingling!

Lingling:Hi,Daming!46

Daming:Yes.What's up?

Lingling:Tomorrow is Sally's birthday.47 You know,she's alone in China.Daming:That's a good idea!You are so kind.Lingling:48

Daming:Yes,I'd love to.49

Lingling:At five o'clock in the afternoon.Daming:OK.I'll get to your house on time.Lingling:50

Daming:I will.Bye.Lingling:Bye.A.When will it start?

B.Will you be free tomorrow?

C.Remember to tell Betty!

D.Would you like to come to the party?

E.Where shall we meet?

F.What would you like to drink?

G.I want to hold a party for her in my house.第II卷 非选择题(共66分)

V.完形填空(二)(本题共13小题,每小题2分,共26分)

A.根据短文内容,用方框内所给词的适当形式填空,使短文内容完整,(每词限用一次)

hour before mouth see artist popular draw for

The dog is a real artist

Sam is a 9-year-old dog.He has a hobby:painting.The hobby not only makes him famous,but also makes him rich.Sam has_51 22 paintings.All of them are abstract(抽象派的).When he paints, he holds his brush(画笔)in his_52.He likes to start with darker colors_53 moving on to lighter ones.Sam's paintings are _54 in the US.Some sell for as much as $1,700.A woman even bought one as a birthday gift _55 her dog.“He loves painting and would paint for _56 if I left him to it,“said Sam's owner, Mary.Sam was once a rescue(搜救)dog.One day,Mary wanted to teach him something.“I_57dolphins painting and elephants painting,so I thought,why not a dog?”said Mary.She is right.Now Sam is one of the world's greatest animal_58.People call him ”DaVinci in the dog world.”

B阅读下面短文,在短文的空格内填入适当的词,使其内容通顺。(每空格限填一词)Asking the way in different places

I rtavel a lot, and I find out different“styles”of giving directions(方向)every time I ask “How can I get to the post office?”

In Japan, people use landmarks(地面标志性建筑物)in their directions_59 most streets don't have names.For example, the Japanese will say to travelers,“Go straight ahead and turn left at the hotel.The post office is across from the bus stop.”

In the countryside of the American Midwest, there are no towns or buildings in many places.Instead of landmarks, people will tell you directions and _60.In Kansas,for example,people will say,“Go north two miles(英里).Turn east,and then go another mile.”

People in Los Angeles,California, have _61 idea of distance.They measure(测量)distance in time, not miles.“How far away is the opst office?” you ask.“Oh,”they answer,“it's about five minutes from here.”

It's true that a person doesn't know the answer sometimes.What _62 in such a situation? A New Yorkermight say,“Sorry I don't know.” But in Yucatan,Mexico,no one answers“I don't know” People in Yucatan believe that “I don't know” is impolite.They usually give an answer, often a _63 one.A tourist can get very,very lost in Yucatan!

Ⅵ.阅读理解(二)(本题共5小题,每小题2分,共10分)

阅读下面短文,根据短文内容,回答下列问题。

Ask any group of teenagers in the UK what they most like to eat,and foods like pizzas,pasta,burgers and chips are always mentioned.Many young people would probably also list the local fast-food restaurant as their favorite place.But what teenagers like to eat is not necessarily what they should eat.For a growing body,eating foods with plenty of calcium(钙),such as milk,yoghurt and cheese,is important because calcium is essential for the development of healthy,strong bones(骨头).Similarly,foods that are rich in iron(铁)are good for developing bodies,so it's good for them to eat red meat,bread and green vegetables.Lifestyle habits can be developed during our teenage years,so it is greatly important that young people are educated about what foods are good.In 2005,in order to change eating habits and open teenagers' minds to new tastes,a cook named Jamie Oliver started a “Feed Me Better” project.He worked with teachers and cooks in a number of schools across the UK to provide more healthy school meals.Although some teenagers and parents refused to have a try at first,the project was generally a huge success.The newspapers wrote articles about him and a TV program showed his visits to the schools.No on expects to end the teenage love with fast and junk food,but,hopefully,if projects like “Feed Me Better”continue to give out the right messages,more young people will understand the importance of eating healthily.64.What problem do teenagers in the UK have?

65.Why are milk and bread healthy foods?

66.Why is it important to educate people during their teenage years?

67.Did Jamie Oliver improve school dinners successfully?

68.In order to help teenagers,what does the writer expect people to do?

Ⅶ.写

A.句子翻译。将下列句子译成英语。(本题共5小题,每小题2分,共10分)

69.大连有多少人口?

70.杰克不在家,他在图书馆看书。

Jack isn't at home.71.我们的教室一天打扫两次。

72.现在很多人喜欢乘坐高铁(high-speed train),因为它更快。

73.尽管山很高,但我相信我最终一定能到达山顶。

,though it is very high.B.书面表达(共20分)

74.旅游可以让人放松身心,增长见识„„初中毕业在即,很多同学想利用暑假去旅游。请你根据下面的内容提示,写一篇短文,通过你校英语论坛,向大家推荐一个好去处,并给出旅行建议。

内容提示:

1.Where is the best place to go?

2.What is the place special for?

3.What should you pay attention to?

要求:1.中心突出,语意连贯,层次清晰,书写规范;

2.文中不得出现真实姓名、校名;

3.词数80左右,开头已给出,不计入总词数。

It's a good idea to go travelling during the summer vacation.I think the best place to visit is____________________________________________________________________

参考答案:

答案: 1— 5 A C B D B 6— 10 C D B C D 11— 15 A A B C B 16 A 17— 21 B C D A B 22— 26 D C B A C D 28 C 29 A 30 C 31 B 32 B 33 A 34 D 35 C 36 B 37 A 38 A 39 D 40 C 41 C 42 D 43 A 44 C 45 E 46 B 47 G 48 D 49 A 50 C

drawn 52 mouth 53 before 54 popular 55 for 56 hours 57 saw 58 artists 59 because 60 distance 61 no 62 happens 63 wrong

答案: 64 They like fast food and they don’t understand the importance of eating healthily.65 They are with plenty of calcium and calcium is essential for the development of healthy, strong bones.66 Lifestyle habits can be developed during our teenage years.67 Yes.68 The writer expects people to eat what they should eat, develop lifestyle habits during teenage years and understand the importance of eating healthily by projects like “Feed Me Better”continue to give out the right messages.69 What’s the population of Dalian? How many people are there in Dalian?

He is reading(books)in the library.71 Our classroom is cleaned / tidied up twice a day.72 Now many people like traveling by high— speed train / taking the high— speed train, because it is faster.73 I believe / am sure that I can reach the top of the mountain at last / in the end / finally.

第三篇:2014年上海中考化学答案

十力教育春季班 初三化学

2014年上海中考化学答案

六、选择题(共20分)

27、C

32、D

37、D

42、D28、D

33、C

38、A

43、B29、D

34、A

39、B

44、C30、B

35、C 40、B

45、A31、B

36、A

41、A

46、A

七、填空题(共21分)

47、(1)Si

(2)K2CO3(3)N2(4)CO

CuH2O(5)H2CuO

(6)CuO(7)1:4(8)6.02×1023

48、(9)A(10)CD(11)硝酸钾(12)氯化钠(13)50

(14)降低温度并加入硒酸镉(15)降温结晶(冷却热饱和溶液)

49、(16)升高

(17)2NaOH+CO2→Na2CO3+H2O

(18)进行对照实验,证明CO2与NaOH发生反应(19)溶液先变红后褪色,并有气泡产生

八、简答题(共19分)

50、(1)试管(2)锥形瓶(3)C

MnO2,

2KClO2KCl3O2 3(4)

(5)bac(6)b51、(7)解:设样品中铁的物质的量为xmolFe+H2SO4→FeSO4+H2↑

11xmol0.1mol

xmol0.1molx=0.1mol答:样品中铁的物质的量为0.1mol。(8)80%(9)7.052、(10)1、2、1、1(11)无水硫酸铜

(12)水蒸气和二氧化碳

(13)固体质量不再减少,证明碱式碳酸铜已经分解完全。(14)黑色粉末变成红色

(15)F中液体通过导管倒流入E中,造成试管炸裂。

(16)不能确定炭粉还原氧化铜的生成物中是否有二氧化碳。

因为可能有①中未分解的碱式碳酸铜在实验②中分解,产生二氧化碳气体,干扰对炭粉还原氧化铜反应生成物的判断。

十力教育 化学教研组 版权所有第1页 静安校区:西康路618号华通大厦18A,Tel:62377379 黄浦校区:南车站路69弄华教大厦11楼,Tel:54666361

第四篇:2014年毕节中考化学答案

2014年毕节中考化学答案

一、选择题

1.D2.A3C4.C5.B6.B7.A8.C

二、填空题

17.小,分解,加热

18.NO2,不能

19.(1)2H2O ===通电== 2H2 +O2(2)CuO(3)置换反应

20.(1)a(2)H2SO4(3)Fe

三、实验题

21.C和CuO,乙,甲,试管内溶液呈蓝色、有黑色固体存在,CuO + H2SO4====CuSO4 + H2O

22.(1)长颈漏斗,集气瓶

(2)固体

(3)CH4、NH3

(4)B ,2H2O2==MnO2==2H2O+2

(5)检查装置的气密性,a

四、计算题

23.(1)314(2)4.8g

24.(1)4.4(2)86.2%

第五篇:大连历年中考化学简答题(含答案)

大连历年中考化学简答题(含答案)

1.(2017•大连)(3分)如图所示,集气瓶I、II中分别装有二氧化碳和空气,把中间的玻璃片抽出,一分钟后,取下集气瓶I,将燃着的木条伸入集气瓶II中,木条熄灭,用微粒的观点解释现象。

解:二氧化碳分子和空气中的气体分子因不断运动而进入到彼此分子之间的间隔中(1分),集气瓶II中的氧分子数目少,二氧化碳分子数目多(1分),(不同分子化学性质不同)氧分子能助燃,二氧化碳分子不能助燃(1分),因此木条熄灭。

2.(2017•大连)(4分)运用所学知识,分析下列事实中的原理。(1)干草易点燃;湿草不易点燃。

(2)将干草卷成紧实的粗条状,外面用一层湿草紧紧包裹。在一端点燃干草后,将火焰吹熄,使干草保持红热状态,这样可使火种保持较长时间。

解:(1)草的着火点较低,温度易达到着火点,所以干草易点燃(1分)。湿草中的水蒸发吸热,温度不易达到草的着火点,湿草不易点燃。(1分)

(2)紧实的干草被湿草包裹,与氧气的接触面积较小(1分);“吹熄”火焰后的干草燃烧放热量少,且湿草吸收部分热量,温度较低,因此干草燃烧的速率慢,持续时间较长(1分)

3。(2016•大连)(3分)向充满二氧化碳的集气瓶中,加入滴有紫色石蕊溶液的水,约占集气瓶容积的,立即盖上玻璃片,用手压住玻璃片,充分振荡后将集气瓶倒置,松开手,观察到,玻璃片没有掉落,紫色石蕊溶液变红。用微粒的观点解释以上现象。

解:二氧化碳分子进入水分之间,使集气瓶中的气体减少压强变小,部分二氧化碳分子与水分子结合为碳酸分子,使溶液显酸性,所以用手压住玻璃片,充分振荡后将集气瓶倒置,松开手,观察到,玻璃片没有掉落,紫色石蕊溶液变红。

4。(2016•大连)(4分)为了便于储存、运输和使用,通常把气体加压储存在钢瓶中。(1)储存和运输氧气钢瓶时,严禁与易燃气体钢瓶混合存放,以防气体泄漏发生猛烈爆炸事故。分析混合存放可能发生爆炸的原因。

(2)使用氧气钢瓶时,若氧气钢瓶的瓶嘴上沾有油污,打开减压阀,高压氧气喷出后油污会自燃。解释油污自燃的原因。

解:(1)氧气具有助燃性,氧气泄漏后与可燃性气体混合物,遇明火很容易发生爆炸;故填:可燃性气体与氧气充分混合,达到了可燃性气体的爆炸极限,遇明火就会发生爆炸;(2)油污属于可燃物,温度达到了油污的着火点,再与喷出的氧气接触,就立刻发生了燃烧。故填:温度达到了油污的着火点,并与氧气接触。

5。(2015•大连)((4分)坩堝钳夹住一团棉花,蘸上酒精后点燃,现察到:开始时酒精蒸气燃烧。棉花未燃烧;当酒精快燃尽时。棉花开始燃烧。分析出现以上现象的原因。解:开始时酒精蒸气燃烧,棉花未燃烧;因为水分蒸发带走了酒精燃烧产生的热量,没有达到棉花的着火点,因此开始时,棉花未燃烧;当酒精快燃尽时,温度达到了棉花的着火点,棉花开始燃烧。

6。(2015•大连)((3分)将柠檬(一种水果)切片。放入冰箱冷冻后,取出一部分放入真空冷冻环境中。留在冰箱中的柠搽片,时间久了会失去部分水分,真空冷冻环境中的柠檬片,在短时问内会变成干燥的柠檬片。用微粒的观点解释:(1)为什么冷冻后的柠檬片还会失去水分?

(2)为什么真空冷冻环境中的柠檬片,在短时间内就会变干燥? 解:(1)分子是不断运动的,冷冻后的柠檬片中水分子运动到空气中;

(2)真空冷冻环境中,因压强减小,水分子间的间隔骤然变大,水分子运动加速并扩散,所以短时间柠檬片会变干。

7.(2014•大连)(3分)用微粒的观点解释下列事实。(1)碘固体(I2)和碘蒸气都能使淀粉变蓝。

(2)等质量的碘固体和碘蒸气比较,碘蒸气的体积远大于碘固体。

解:(1)碘固体和碘蒸气都是由碘分子构成的,同种物质的分子化学性质相同;(2)等质量的碘固体和碘蒸气,含有的碘分子个数相等,碘蒸气中碘分子之间的间隔远远大于碘固体分子之间的间隔,所以碘蒸气的体积远大于碘固体。

8。(2014•大连)(4分)某居民早起忘记关闭电褥子的电源就去上班,下班后发现卧室门缝冒出黑烟,他立即打开门窗,结果原本只冒黑烟的电褥子瞬间燃起火焰。(1)分析产生上述现象的原因。(2)电褥子着火,应采用什么方法灭火?

解:(1)长时间充电会导致电褥子过热,温度达到可燃物的着火点引发燃烧,但是卧室内氧气不充足,所以冒黑烟,当打开门窗时,空气流通,空气中氧气含量增加,所以迅速燃烧;(2)为了防止触电,在灭火前应先切断电源,然后再用水浇灭。

9。(2013•大连)(4分)用微粒的观点解释下列事实。(1)空气是一种混合物。

(2)取一个透明的玻璃杯,先倒入半杯水,再放入一大块冰糖,立即在玻璃杯外壁液面位置做上记号,冰糖完全溶解后液面低于记号。

故答为:(1)空气中含有氮气、氧气、二氧化碳等多种分子;(2)分子间有间隔,在水分子作用下糖的分子不断运动,彼此进入对方的间隔当中,使液体体积减小。

10。(2013•大连)(4分)如图所示,取三根粗细、长度均相同的光亮细铁丝,将其中两根分别盘成螺旋状,在每根铁丝一端绑上粗铜丝,另一端系一火柴,点燃火柴,待快燃尽时,分别插入充满氧气的集气瓶中(预先放入一些水)。观察到:Ⅰ、Ⅱ中铁丝都剧烈燃烧,且Ⅱ中铁丝燃烧比I中的更剧烈;Ⅲ中铁丝没有燃烧。(1)为什么Ⅲ中铁丝不能燃烧?

(2)分析Ⅱ中铁丝燃烧比I中的更剧烈的原因。

解:(1)实验III中火柴在铁丝上方,用其火焰内焰对铁丝加热,内焰温度低,没有对铁丝充分预热,因此不能达到铁丝的着火点;(2)实验II中铁丝绕成螺旋状,增大受热面积,反应更充分。

11.(2012•大连)(3分)用微粒的观点解释下列事实。(1)相同质量的液态水和气态水所占体积不同。

(2)水中加入少量蔗糖,静置一段时间,最终形成均

一、稳定的混合物。

解:(1)气态水的水分子之间的间隔大于液态水水分子之间的间隔,所以它们所占体积不同;

(2)蔗糖分子运动到水分子之间,最终形成均

一、稳定的混合物。

12。(2012•大连)(4分)如图是面粉爆炸的实验装置。(1)点燃蜡烛后,为什么应立即并快速鼓入大量空气?(2)为防止爆炸,面粉加工车间需要保持通风,说明原理。

解:(1)使面粉飞扬充满装置,利用燃着的蜡烛引燃面粉,使大量的面粉迅速燃烧,并在短时间内产生大量的热,使气体的体积迅速膨胀从而引发爆炸;

(2)面粉加工车间需要保持通风,使产生的面尘能够及时的扩散出去而能够有效的防止爆炸的发生。

13.(2011•大连)现有一瓶无色、有特殊气味的液体,是甲醇(CH3OH)或乙醇(C2H5OH)。通过测定该液体充分燃烧后生成的二氧化碳和水的质量可确定是哪种物质,解释原理。

解:反应后生成了二氧化碳和水,则根据质量守恒定律,化学反应前后元素的种类质量不变,则反应物中一定含有C、H元素;

已知生成的二氧化碳和水的质量,则根据二氧化碳和水的质量,利用某元素的质量=化合物的质量×该元素的质量分数可求出碳元素和氢元素的质量比;

再根据碳元素和氢元素的质量比即可求得碳元素与氢元素的原子个数比;最后与反应前甲醇和乙醇中的碳氢个数比对照,即可知道是哪种物质。

14.(2011•大连)用右图装置做硫燃烧的实验。

(1)硫在空气中燃烧不如在氧气中剧烈的原因是 空气中氧气浓度比纯氧中浓度低。

(2)观察到实验现象后,为尽量减少二氧化硫逸散到空气中,要使燃烧的硫立即熄灭,应采取的措施是 伸入氢氧化钠溶液中;,依据的灭火原理是 降温,、隔绝氧气。

15.(2010•大连)冬季可用煤炉取暖,分析下列做法或现象中的原理。(1)生煤炉时,需先引燃木材。(2)开始时煤燃烧较弱,过一会变得剧烈。(3)煤层上方有时会出现蓝色火焰。(4)用扇子扇炉火,越扇越旺。

解:(1)木材燃烧放出热量,煤吸收热量后温度升高,当温度达到煤的着火点时,煤就燃烧起来。

(2)燃烧放热,使周围的煤达到着火点,燃烧旺盛。

(3)燃烧产生的二氧化碳被热的碳还原生成一氧化碳,一氧化碳燃烧能够发出蓝色火焰。(4)增加空气量,从而使煤与氧气的接触面积增大,促进煤的燃烧。

16.(2010•大连)如图所示,将蜡烛和装有碱石灰(主要成分为氧化钙和氢氧化钠的混合物)的玻璃管固定在已调平的天平左盘,往右盘加砝码至天平平衡。点燃蜡烛,使燃烧产物全部被碱石灰吸收。

(1)蜡烛燃烧过程中,天平的(填“左”或“右”)盘逐渐下沉。

(2)根据质量守恒定律解释天平失去平衡的原因。

解:由装置图可知,蜡烛和碱石灰处于开放的空间,燃烧生成的热的二氧化碳和水蒸气被碱石灰全部吸收,而先前并没有称量反应掉的氧气的质量,所以导致天平的左盘就会逐渐下沉。

故答案为:(1)左盘(2)根据质量守恒定律,参加化学反应的各物质的质量总和等于生成的各物质的质 量总和,该反应反应物是气体,先前称重没有被测量,所以天平失衡,且左侧重。

17(2009大连)地球是一个巨大的能源仓库,不仅蕴藏着煤、石油、天然气等能源,还蕴藏着丰富的可再生的地热能。地热能是人类历史上开辟的又一新能源,它可直接用于居室取暖、供热和工业发电等。从环境、能源等方面具体说明使用地热能的实际意义。(答出三条)

解:现今地球上的三大化石燃料--煤、石油、天然气即将耗尽,地热能可再生,使用地热能能节约化石燃料,解决目前的能源危机问题,且使用地热能不会生成一氧化碳、二氧化硫、二氧化氮等有毒气体,可防止环境污染,除此之外,地热能的成本较低,可推广应用。

故答案为:可以节约化石燃料;可以减少对环境的污染;使用成本低,经济效益高。(其他答案合理也可)

18(2009•大连)城市中的生活用水是经自来水厂净化处理过的。(1)除去水中不溶性杂质可采用什么方法?

(2)饮用被病菌污染的水会感染疾病,向水中通入氯气可杀死病菌。氯气能跟水发生如下反应:Cl2+H2O═HCl+HClO(次氯酸),使水显酸性,腐蚀金属管道。为了使自来水厂输出水的pH约为8,输出前通常向水中加入熟石灰,写出可能发生反应的化学方程式。

解:过滤可将水中不溶性杂质与水分离而除去,故除去水中不溶性杂质可采用过滤的方法; 氯气能跟水反应生成的HCl、HClO都属于酸,与碱类物质氢氧化钙发生中和反应生成氯化钙、次氯酸钙和水,反应的化学方程式分别为:2HCl+Ca(OH)2═CaCl2+2H2O和2HClO+Ca(OH)2═Ca(ClO)2+2H2O。

故答案为:(1)过滤;(2)2HCl+Ca(OH)2═CaCl2+2H2O;2HClO+Ca(OH)2═Ca(ClO)2+2H2O。

19.(2009•大连)用微粒的观点解释下列事实。

(1)向气象气球中充入氢气,随着气球的上升,其体积逐渐变大。

(2)贮存气体的容器必须具备的条件之一是不渗漏,而贮存氢气的容器要达到这一条件却非常困难。

解:(1)氢分子间有间隔,随着气球的上升,压强的逐渐减小,氢分子的间隔逐渐变大,所以其体积逐渐变大;

(2)相比其他气体,氢分子的体积、质量均最小,运动速率最快,所以氢气极易通过各种很小的空隙散逸。

20.(2009•大连)由缓慢氧化引起的自发燃烧叫自燃。秸秆、柴草、煤等在一定条件下都能发生自燃的现象。

(1)解释某柴草堆发生自燃的原因。

(2)对如何存放可燃物以防止其发生自燃提出两条建议。

解:(1)因柴草堆长期放置,会发生缓慢氧化释放出能量,能量不断累积,使温度升高,达到草堆燃烧需要的着火点,则柴草堆发生自燃,答:草堆内部由于缓慢氧化产生的热量累积起来,温度升高达到草堆的着火点,从而引起自燃;(2)因可燃物燃烧需要与氧气接触,温度达到可燃物的着火点,则在通风的情况下减少缓慢氧化产生的热量,或在低温下保存都可防止自燃的发生,故答案为:经常通风,保持空气流通;低温存放。21.(2008大连)据报道:近日,一辆行驶在某乡村国道上运镁粉的罐车起火。由于镁粉遇热水反应生成氢气,因此,消防官兵采用覆盖沙土的方法将火扑灭。

(1)镁粉燃烧通常需要什么条件?(2)覆盖沙土灭火的原理是什么?(3)解释镁粉着火不能用水灭火的原因。

解:(1)镁粉燃烧通常需要的条件:温度达到着火点、与氧气(或空气)接触;

(2)覆盖沙土灭火的原理是:隔绝空气(或氧气);

(3)解释镁粉着火不能用水灭火的原因:镁粉遇热水反应生成氢气,氢气会继续燃烧,可能爆炸。

故答为:(1)与氧气接触,且温度达到着火点;(2)隔绝空气(或氧气);(3)镁能与水反应生成能够燃烧的气体氢气。

22.(2008•大连)高锰酸钾中氧元素的质量分数与氯酸钾中氧元素的质量分数相差很小,但等质量的高锰酸钾和氯酸钾(另加少量二氧化锰作催化剂)分别加热,充分反应后,高锰酸钾分解产生的氧气的质量却远远小于氯酸钾分解产生的氧气的质量。运用所学知识解释原因。

解:由化学方程式不难看出:高锰酸钾中的氧元素只有部分转化为氧气单质,氯酸钾中的氧元素全部转化为氧气。故等质量的高锰酸钾和氯酸钾分别加热,充分反应后,高锰酸钾分解产生氧气的质量却远远小于氯酸钾分解产生氧气的质量。

故答为:高锰酸钾完全分解生成K2MnO4和MnO2中含有一部分氧元素,所以高锰酸钾中的氧元素并没有完全转化成氧气;而氯酸钾分解生成的KCl中不含氧元素,可见氯酸钾中的氧元素完全转化为氧气了。所以等质量的氯酸钾比高锰酸钾放出的氧气多。

23.(2008大连)普通塑料是由石油产品加工后得到的,而玉米塑料是以存放1~2年陈化玉米等富含淀粉的农作物为原料生产的。玉米塑料除了具备普通塑料同样的物理性能外,其废弃物还能自然降解为水和二氧化碳。根据以上信息回答:

(1)从不同角度,写出使用玉米塑料的两条优点,并说明理由

(2)玉米塑料的生产和使用经历了“玉米生长

合成塑料

废弃物降解

玉米在生长„”的过程,在这一过程中,实现了物质的循环。简述二氧化碳是如何参与循环的。解:(1)玉米陈化已不能再食用;玉米不但具有普通塑料物理性质,而且具有普通塑料所不能降解等优点,从这两个方面分析。

故答案为:①合理利用资源,变废为宝,理由是陈化玉米人畜不能食用,丢弃会造成资源浪费,②保护环境,理由是玉米塑料易降解,能够防止土壤污染。

(2)玉米是经过光合作用合成有机物,又通过降解完成分解变成二氧化碳和水。

故答案为:玉米生长时,通过光合作用吸收二氧化碳和水,合成淀粉;玉米塑料废弃物在空气中降解为二氧化碳和水。

24.(2008•大连)某盐湖中含有氯化钠和硫酸镁等物质,随着温度的变化,该盐湖中会析出不同的物质。冬季,当水温降至10℃左右,开始析出氯化钠晶体;当水温降至0℃左右,开始析出硫酸镁 晶体。

(1)根据如图氯化钠和硫酸镁的溶解度曲线可知,10℃时硫酸镁的溶解度比氯化钠的溶解度小,为什么硫酸镁没有析出?

(2)根据上述现象,说明随着温度的变化,物质结晶与哪些因素有关。

解:(1)在10℃时硫酸镁的溶解度比氯化钠的溶解度小,但硫酸镁并没有结晶析出,说明在溶液中硫酸镁没有达到饱和,说明在溶液中硫酸镁的质量分数较小,故答案为:一是盐湖中含氯化钠的质量分数大,二是氯化钠的溶解度随温度变化不大当温度降低时氯化钠首先达到饱和继续降温会析出氯化钠而此时硫酸镁还没有达到饱和,当温度降低到0℃时,氯化钠的溶解度比硫酸镁溶解度大,此时硫酸镁开始析出。

(2)根据上述现象可知,溶液中溶质的结晶析出不仅和物质的溶解度有关,还和溶液中溶质的质量分数有关,故答案为:物质的溶解度、溶质的质量分数的大小。

25.(2006•大连)某干洗剂的主要成分是四氯乙烯(C2Cl4,它是一种易挥发、可致癌的有毒物质。

(1)干洗后的衣服刚取回时,往往需要挂在室外通风处一段时间。请用微粒的观点解释这样做的原因。

(2)有些干洗店用装有活性炭的新款干洗机取代旧款的干洗机,可将有毒物质大约降至原来的1/30。这一做法利用了活性炭的性。

解:(1)因为四氯化碳是有毒的物质,为了减小它对人体造成的危害,利用其挥发性,让有毒的分子扩散到空气中。

(2)活性炭具有疏松多孔的结构,能吸附一些色素和有害气体。

故答案为:(1)物质由微粒(分子)构成,微粒(分子)是不断运动的,将于洗后的衣服挂在室外的通风处,四氧乙烯的微粒(分子)会扩散到空气中,减少残存的四氯乙烯对人体的危害。(2)吸附。

26.(2006•大连)在一次失火后的现场处理中,消防人员发现某种易燃物质保存了下来。分析原因,得知该物质中添加了一种阻燃剂。当火情出现时,这种阻燃剂发生化学反应,吸收热量,生成的产物覆盖在易燃物质表面。这些都起到了阻止该物质燃烧的作用。(1)从燃烧条件分析,这种易燃物质没有燃烧的原因。

(2)推测这种阻燃剂发生化学反应后,生成的产物应具有的化学性质(写出一点即可):

解:(1)阻燃剂发生化学反应吸收热量,降低了易燃物质周围的温度,使温度达不到该易燃物质的着火点;阻燃剂发生反应生成的产物覆盖在该易燃物质的表面,隔绝了氧气。(2)因为是阻燃剂,所以生成的产物应具有的化学性质是:不燃烧、不支持燃烧。故填:不燃烧、不支持燃烧。

27.(2006大连)33。20世纪80年代,有人曾制造了一个“水变油”的骗局:

(1)骗局制造者称:只要在一盆清水中加入一些“神秘”的液体作催化剂,清水就可以变成能燃烧的汽油。

请用学过的化学知识解释:水不能变成汽油。

(2)骗局制造者的手段是在水中加入一定量的汽油,再加入辅料黑色肥皂,使原本不相溶的水和汽油混合在一起,好像是变成了黑糊糊的油,并称之为“水基燃料”。这里黑色肥皂起 作用,而使细小油滴均匀悬浮在水中。

(3)在进行“水基燃料”燃烧演示时,由于燃烧后没有水留下,所以许多人认为其中的水已全部转变为能燃烧的汽油,从而受到蒙蔽。请解释为什么“水基燃料”燃烧后没有水留下。

解:(1)根据质量守恒定律可知,化学反应前后元素的种类不变;水由氢、氧元素组成,汽油主要由碳、氢元素组成,水中不含碳元素,所以水不能变成汽油。故答案为:根据质量守恒定律可知,化学反应前后元素的种类不变;水由氢、氧元素组成,汽油主要由碳、氢元素组成,水中不含碳元素,所以水不能变成汽油。

(2)乳化作用是将一种液体分散到第二种不相溶的液体中去的过程,最大的一类的乳化剂是肥皂、去污粉和其他化合物。汽油本身不会和水互溶,加入黑色肥皂,汽油和水混合在一起,所以黑色肥皂的作用就是乳化作用,故答案为:乳化。

(3)汽油燃烧放出大量的热量,这样水就会逐渐蒸发,因此最后没有任何物质剩余,故答案为:汽油燃烧时产生热量,使水分蒸发。

28.(2004•大连)放置在空气中的铝制品和黄金制品,都不易腐蚀。请你分别说明原因。

解:铝的化学性质较活泼,但铝制品易在空气中形成致密的氧化膜,起到保护作用,黄金则是化学性质很稳定,因此都不易腐蚀。

故答案为:常温下,铝在空气中跟氧气反应,表面生成一层致密的氧化膜;黄金的化学性质不活泼。

29.(2004•大连)成语“点石成金”,本意为古代方士的一种法术,即能使石头变成黄金,现比喻能化腐朽为神奇,有人说他能把石灰石变成黄金,请你用化学知识说明石灰石不能变成黄金的道理。

解:根据质量守恒定律可知,化学反应前后元素的种类不变。石灰石的主要成分是碳酸钙,它是由钙元素、碳元素、氧元素组成的,黄金是由金元素组成的。因此,石灰石是不可能变成黄金的。故答案为:根据化学反应前后元素种类不变的原理,可知石灰石是不可能变为黄金的。30.(2003•大连)(4分)早在17世纪,质量守恒定律发现之前,英国化学家玻义耳曾经做过一个实验:在密闭的容器中燃烧金属时,得到了金属灰,然后打开容器盖,称量金属灰的质量,发现比原来金属质量增加了。

(1)试解释金属灰质量比原金属质量增加的原因。

(2)由于玻义耳称量方法上的原因,他错过了发现质量守恒定律的机会。请你改进他的称量方法,以验证质量守恒定律。

解:(1)金属燃烧是金属和氧气发生化合反应,生成金属氧化物。根据质量守恒定律可知,参加反应的金属与氧气的质量之和等于生成的金属氧化物的质量。生成的金属灰是金属氧化物,所以金属灰的质量比原来金属的质量增加了。(2)不打开容器盖,分别称量反应前后密闭容器的质量。

31.(2003•大连)(4分)氮气可用作水果的保护气,红磷可用于制造烟幕弹。请分别说明原因,并写出有关反应的文字表达式。

解:氮气的化学性质不活泼,不易与其他物质反应,可用作水果的保护气。

红磷在空气中燃烧产生大量的白烟,可用于制造烟幕弹,反应的文字表达式为:磷+氧气五氧化二磷。

故答案为:氮气的化学性质不活泼;红磷在空气中燃烧产生大量的白烟;磷+氧气化二磷。

32。(2003•大连)(4分)在加压的情况下,可以将25000L石油气装入容积为24L的钢瓶中。请从微观的角度加以解释。

解:分子间有间隔,气体分子间的间隔相对较大,气体受压时,迫使气体分子间距离缩小,因此其体积也相应缩小。

五氧

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