第一篇：2014年新课标英语Ⅱ卷
2014年新课标Ⅱ卷
英语
第一部分阅读理解（共两节，满分40分）
第一节(共15小题；每小题2分，满分40分)
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中,选出最佳选项。并在答题卡上将该选项涂黑．
A
Arriving in Sydney on his own from India, my husband ,Rashid, in a hotel for a short time while looking for a short time while looking for a house for me and our children.During the first week of his stay, he went out one day to do some shopping.He came back in the late afternoon to discover that his suitcase was gone.He was extremely worried as the suitcase had all his important papers, including his passport.He reported the case to the police and then sat there，lost and lonely in strange city, thinking of the terrible troubles of getting all the paperwork organized again from a distant country while trying to settle down in a new one.Late in the evening, the phone rang.It was a stranger.He was trying to pronounce my husband’s name and was asking him a lot of questions.Then he said they had found a pile of papers in their trash can（垃圾桶）that had been left out on the footpath.My husband rushed to their home to find a kind family holding all his papers and documents.Their young daughter had gone to the trash can and found a pile of unfamiliar papers.Her parents had carefully sorted them out, although they had found mainly foreign addresses on most of the documents.At last they had seen a half-written letter in the pile in which my husband had given his new telephone number to a friend.That family not only restored the important documents to us that day but also restored our faith and trust in people.We still remember their kindness and often send a warm wish their way.1.What did Rashid plan to do after his arrival in Sydney?
A.Go shoppingB.Find a house
C.Join his familyD.Take his family
2.The girl’s parents got Rashid’s phone number from_______.A.a friend of his familyB.a Sydney policeman
C.a letter in his papersD.a stranger in Sydney
3.What does the underlined word “restored” in the last paragraph mean?
A.ShowedB.Sent out
C.DeliveredD.Gave back
4.Which of the following can be the best title for the text?
A.From India to Australia.B.Living in a New Country.C.Turning Trash to Treasure.D.In Search of New Friends.B
Since the first Earth Day in 1970,American have gotten a lot “greenter” toward the environment.“We didn’t know at that time there even was an environment, let alone that there was a problem with it,” says Bruce Anderson, president of Earth Day USA.But what began as nothing important in public affairs has grown into a social1
movement.Business people, political leaders, university professors and especially millions of grass-roots Americans are taking part in the movement.“The understanding has increased many ,many times,” says Gaylord Nelson, the former governor from Wisconsin, who thought up the first According to US government reports , emissions(排放)from cars and trucks have dropped from 10.3 million tons a year to 5.5 tons.The number of cities producing CO beyond the standard has been reduced from 40 to 9.Although serious problems still remain and need to be dealt with , the world is a safer and healthier place.A kind of “Green thinking ” has become part of practices.Great improvement has been achieved.In 1988 there were only 600 recycling programs ,;today in 1995 there are about 6,600.Advanced lights ,motors , and building designs have helped save a lot of energy and therefore prevented pollution.Twenty –five years ago , there were hardly any education programs for environment.Today , it’s hard to find a public school , university , or law school that does not have such a kind of program.” Until we do that , nothing else will change!” say Bruce Anderson.According to Anderson , before 1970, Americans had little idea about ___
A the social movementB recycling techniques
C environmental problemsD the importance of Earth DayWhere does the support for environmental protection mainly come from?
A The grass –roots levelB The business circle
C Government officialsD University professorsWhat have Americans achieved in environmental protection ?
A They have cut car emissions to the lowest
B They have settled their environmental problems
C They have lowered their CO levels in forty cities.D They have reduced pollution through effective measures.8.What is especially important for environmental protection according to the last paragraph ?
A EducationB Planning
C Green livingD CO reduction
C
One of the latest trend（趋势）in American Childcare is Chinese au pairs.Au Pair in Stamford, for example, has got increasing numbers of request for Chinese au pairs from aero to around 4,000 since 2004.And that’s true all across the country.“I thought it would be useful for him to learn Chinese at an early age” Joseph Stocke, the managing director of s company, says of his 2-year old son.“I would at least like togive him the chance to use the language in the future,” After only six months of being cared by 25-year-old woman from China, the boy can already understand basic Chinese daily expressions, his dad says.Li Drake, a Chinese native raising two children in Minnesota with an American husband, had another reason for looking for an au pair from China.She didn’t want her children to miss out on their roots.” Because I am Chinese, my husband and I wanted the children to keep exposed to(接触)the language and culture.” she says.“Staying with a native speaker is better for children than simply sitting in a classroom,” says Suzanne Flynn, a professor in language education of Children.” But parents must understand that just one year with au pair is unlikely to produce wonders.Complete mastery demands continued
learning until the age of 10 or 12.”
The popularity if au pairs from china has been strengthened by the increasing numbers of American parents who want their children who want their children to learn Chinese.It is expected that American demand for au pairs will continue to rise in the next few years.9.What does that term” au pair” in the text mean?
A.A mother raising her children on her own
B.A child learning a foreign language at home
C.A professor in language education of children
D.A young foreign woman taking care of children.10.Li Drake has her children study Chinese because she wants them ______.A.to live in China some dayB.to speak the language at home
C.to catch up wit other childrenD.to learn about the Chinese culture.11.What can we infer from the text?
A.Learning Chinese is becoming popular In America,B.Educated woman do better in looking after children
C.Chinese au pairs need to improve their English Skills.D.Children can learn a foreign language well in six months.D
Metro Pocket Guide
Metrorall(地铁)
Each passenger needs a farecard to enter and go out.Up to two children under age five may travel free with a paying customer.Farecard machines are in every station.Bring small bills because there are no change machines in the stations and farecard machines only provide up to $5 in change.Open 5amMon-Fri7a.mSat-Sun
Close midnight Sun-Thur.3a.mSat-Sun
Last train times vary.To avoid missing the last train, please check the last train times Posted in stations.When paying with exact charge , the fare is $1.35.When paying with a SmarTripⓇcard, the fare is $1.25.Senior citizens 65 and older and disabled customers may ride for half the regular fare.On Metrorall and Metrobus,use a senior/disabled farecard or Smar/Trip Ⓡ card.For more information about buying senior/ disabled farecard, Small TripⓇcard and passes, please visit Metro Opens doors.com or call 202-637-700and 202-637-8000.Senior citizens and disabled customers can get free guide on how to use proper Metrobus and Merorall services by calling 202-962-1100.· Avoid riding during weekday rush periods –before 9:30 a.m.and between 4and 6p.m.·If you lose something on a bus or train or in a station, please call Lost &Found at 202-962-1195,12.What should you know about farecard machines?
A.They start selling tickets at 9:30 a.m.B.They are connected to change machines.C.They offer special service to the elderly.D.They make change for no more than $5.13.At what time does Metroarll stop service on Saturday ?
A.At midnight.B.At 3 a.m.C.At 5 a.m.D.At 7a.m.14.What is good about a SmarTripⓇcard ?
A.It is convenient for old people.B.It saves money for its users
C It can be bought at any trainD.It is sold on the Internet
15.Which number should you call if you lose something on the Metro?
A.202-962-1195B.202-962-1100
C.202-637-7000D.202-637-8000
Tips for Cooking on a Tight Schedule
From my experience , there are three main reasons why people don’t cook more often:ability, I’ll save for another day.So today I want to give yousome wisdom about how to make the most of the time you spent in the kitchen.Here are three tipsfor great cooking on a tight schedule:
1.Think ahead.The moments when I think cooking is a pain are when I’m already hungry and there’s nothing ready to eat.So think ahead of the coming week.When will you have time to cook.2.Make your time worth it.When you do find time to cook a meal , make the most of it and save yourself time later on.Are you making one loaf of bread?.It takes around thesame amount of time to make more of something.So save yourself the effort for future meal.your time is experimentation.It gives you the chance to hit upon new ideas and recipes that can work well with your appetite and schedule.The more you learn and the more you try, the more ability you have to take control of your food and your schedule.’t let a busy schedule discourage you from making some great changes in the way you eat and live!
A.Try new things.B.Ability is easily improved.C.Make three or four instead.D.Understand your food better.E.Cooking is a burden for many people.F.Let cooking and living simply be a joy rather than a burden.G.A little time planning ahead can save a lot of work later on.第二部分英语知识运用（共两节，满分45分）
第一节 完形填空（共20小题；每题1.5分，满分30分）
阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给的四个选项（A, B, C和D）中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
Joe Simpson and Simon Yates were the first people to climb the West Face of the Siula Grande in the Andes mountains.They reached the top 21_______, but on their way back conditions were
very 22_______.Joe fell and broke his leg.They both knew that if Simon 23_______ alone, he would probably get back 24_______.But Simon decided to risk his 25_______ and try to lower Joe down the mountain on a rope（绳）.As they 26_______ down, the weather got worse.Then another 27_______ occurred.They couldn’t see or hear each other and, 28_______, Simon lowered his friend over the edge of a precipice（峭壁）.It was 29_______ for Joe to climb back or for Simon to pull him up.Joe’s 30_______ was pulling Simon slowly towards the precipice.31_______, after more than an hour in the dark and the icy cold, Simon had to 32_______.In tears, he cut the rope.Joe 33_______ into a large crevasse（裂缝）in the ice below.He had no food or water and he was in terrible pain.He couldn’t walk, but he 34_______ to get out of the crevasse and started to 35_______ towards their camp, nearly ten kilometers 36_______.Simon had 37_______ the camp at the foot of the mountain.He thought that Joe must be 38_______, but he didn’t want to leave 39_______.Three days later, in the middle of the night, he heard Joe’s voice.He couldn’t 40_______ it.Joe was there, a few meters from their tent, still alive.21.A.hurriedlyB.carefullyC.successfullyD.early
22.A.difficultB.similarC.specialD.normal
23..A.climbedB.workedC.restedD.continued
24.A.unwillinglyB.safelyC.slowlyD.regretfullyA.fortuneB.timeC.healthD.lifeA.layB.settledC.wentD.lookedA.damageB.stormC.changeD.trouble
28.A.by mistakeB.by chanceC.by choiceD.by luck
29.A.unnecessaryB.practicalC.importantD.impossible
30.A.heightB.weightC.strengthD.equipment
31.A.FinallyB.PatientlyC SurelyD Quickly
32.A stand backB take a restC make a decisionD hold on
33.A jumpedB.fellC escapedD backed
34.A.managedB.plannedC.waitedD.hoped
35.A.runB.skateC.moveD.march
36.A.aroundB.awayC.aboveD.along
37.A.headed forB.traveled toC.left forD.returned to
38.A.deadB.hurtC.weakD.late
39.A.secretlyB.tiredlyC.immediatelyD.anxiously
40.A.findB.believeC.makeD.accept
第二卷
注意：将答案写在答题卡上。写在本试卷上无效。
第三部分英语知识运用（共两节，满分45分）
第二节（共10小题：每小题1.5分，满分15分）
阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容（不多于3个单词）或括号内单词的正确形式。some of them looked verythe window , so I had a good view of the sidewalk.A boy on
over his shoulder and shouting.Finally, when we came to the next stop , the boy ran up to the door of the bus.I heard an excited conversation.Then the driver stoop up and asked, “anyone lose a suitcase at the last stop ?” A woman on the bus shouted , “Oh dear “（I）”.She pushed her way to the driver and to the little boy.Everyone on the bus began talking asudden）became friendly to one another.第四部分写作（共两节，满分35分）
第一节 短文改错（共10小题；每小题1分，满分10分）
假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文，请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有10处错误，每句中最多有两处，每处仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。
增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号（^），并在其下面写出该加的词。
删除：把多余的词用斜线（）划掉。
注意：1.每处错误及其修改均仅限一词；
2.只允许修改10处，多者（从第11处起）不计分。
My dream school starts at 8:30 a.m.and ends at 3:30 p.m.They are three lessons in the morning and two in the afternoon.We didn’t need to do so many homework.Therefore, we have more time with after-school activities.For example, we can do reading for one and a half hour and play sports for one hour every day.My dream school look like a big garden.There are all kinds of the flowers and trees around the classroom buildings.We can lie on the grass for a rest , or sat by the lake listening music.The teachers here are kind and helpfully.They are not only our teachers but also our friends.第二节书面表达（满分25分）
一家英语报社向中学生征文，主题是“十年后的我”，请根据下列要点和你的畅想完成短文。
1.家庭：
2．工作：
3.业余生活。
注意：1.词数100左右：
2.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯：
3.开头语已为你写好。
阅读 1-5: BCDCC6-10: ADADD11-15: ADBBA16-20: BGCAF
完形 21-25: CADBD 26-30: CDADB31-35: ACBAC36-40: BDACB
语法填空41.being42.and43.disappointed44.to45.caught
46.to stop47.riding48.Did49.me /mine50.suddenly
第二篇：2013新课标卷作文
新课标卷作文 一位商人发现并买下了一块晶莹剔透，大如蛋黄的钻石，他请专家检验，专家大加赞赏，但为钻石中有道裂纹表示惋惜，并说：“如果没有裂纹切割成两块，能使钻石增值，只是一旦失败，损失就大了。”怎样切割这块钻石呢？商人咨询了很多切割师，他们都不愿动手，说风险太大。
后来，一位技艺高超的老切割师答应试试，他设计了周密的切割方案，然后指导年轻的徒弟动手操作。当着商人的面，徒弟一下了就把钻石切成了两块，商人捧起两块钻石，十分感慨，老切割师说：“要有经验，技术，但更要有勇气，不去想价值的事，手就不会发抖。”
放下顾虑 奋勇前行
放下顾虑，奋勇前行。它是“十年九旱逢甘霖”中的那场好雨，它是“长风破浪会有时，直挂云帆济沧海”中的那股劲风，它是“冲天香阵连长安，满城尽带黄金甲”时的那场兵变。放下顾虑，奋勇前行，重要如斯。
商人发现的钻石，请无数的切割师都不敢下手，而老切割师的徒弟却一下子成功了。除了利用师傅的经验和技术，年轻徒弟的勇气显得尤为重要，正是由干他不去想价值的事，放下顾虑，奋勇前行.最终才获得了成功。
放下顾虑，奋勇前行，你将收获一片新的天地。
纵然无数人阻挡,纵然无数人反对，你毅然不顾。为了秦国，你日夜操劳；为了强盛，你绞尽脑汁。你的变法虽触及了无数达官贵人的利益，却为天下苍生带来了福祉。“治世不一道，便国不法古”道出了你商鞅的心声。你放下顾虑，奋勇前行，最终为秦国带来了强盛，你也因此永载史册。
放下顾虑，奋勇前行，你将领略到无限美景。
放下在美国安逸的生活，放下自己刚刚组建的家庭，放下无数人羡慕的工作，你只身回到北京，创建了“百度”公司。你懂得，既然选择了，便只顾风雨兼程。放下了顾虑的你，全身心地投入到工作中去。于是你让“百度”成为了一个家喻户晓的名字，你让“百度”成为了全球最大的中文搜索网站。放下顾虑，奋勇前行的你收获了人生事业的无限风景。
放下顾虑，奋勇前行，你才可能东山再起。
你是被人称颂为“生当作人杰”的西楚霸王，你是破釜沉舟以少胜多的沙场将军，你是火烧咸阳威风傲世的英雄豪杰。当十面埋伏，四面楚歌困你在乌江岸上时，你放不下西楚霸王的架子，你放不下常胜将军的脸面，你害怕沫猴而冠的嘲笑，你顾忌江东父老的责怨。于是你止步不前，留万世惜叹。你没有放下顾虑，你没再奋勇前行，你失去了东山再起的机会。
司马迁放下顾虑，奋勇前行，终有史笔留芳；陶渊明放下顾虑，奋勇前行，终谱田园诗魂；苏东坡放下顾虑，奋勇前行，终留万古文章。
你道是雨横风狂三月暮，我偏要何妨吟啸且徐行。朋友，请放下顾虑，奋勇前行！
[简评]本文着眼于“在经验技术基础上而放下顾虑，奋勇前行”，尤其强调“放下顾虑，奋勇前行”的重要性，立意切合题意且重点突出。在“放下顾虑，奋勇前行”的中心论点统帅下，文章又用了三个平行的分论点“放下顾虑，奋勇前行，你将收获一片新的天地”，“放下顾虑，奋勇前行，你将领略到无限美景”，“放下顾虑，奋勇前行，你才可能东山再起”来多方面剖析，逻辑严密，结构严谨。论证过程中所举事例为人熟知，甚至大多来自于中学语文课本，但例例各安其所，紧扣观点，典型精辟，说理透彻。与结构和选材相比，我最赞赏的是本文的语言。文章语言流畅优美，富有文采，节奏鲜明，感情饱满，使人读来畅快淋漓。
成功三重奏
我相信，世界上没有人不喜欢成功，但正如切开这珍贵的钻石，只拥有经验、技术等某一方面都不足够。我认为，要想成功，就得如切割师所言，具备三点，即经验技术、勇气与抛开杂念。
一重奏，广泛涉猎，潜心钻研，习得丰富的知识与技巧。
常言道：“没有金刚钻别揽瓷器活。”宋濂“天大寒，砚冰坚，手指不可屈伸”，仍坚持读书，才有了丰富的知识，也成为了大学士；李时珍遍探百草，十年如一日潜心钻研，才著出闻名世界的《本草纲目》；无臂钢琴家李伟同样也是在经历了无数训练后才有了如今惊世的技巧。可见，要想成功，首先就需要刻苦学习知识，潜心钻研以提升自身经验技术，自身条件过硬是为成功奠基的。
二重奏，果敢前行，敢做敢拼，拥有一颗勇敢的心。
机遇对于懦弱者是深坑，对于勇敢者是天梯。机遇对于懦弱者固步自封，对于勇敢者是大步前行。倘若马化腾没有勇气，他又怎么在创业初期，选择投身看似无人问津的即时通讯领域，并从此开创了属于自己的商业帝国？倘若邓小平没有勇气，他又怎会在内忧外患之时坚决叫停革命，转而投身改革开放发展经济，并使中国腾飞？倘若小米公司没有勇气，又怎会有其投身低端市场，一举创下效益冠军的奇迹？所以，拥有勇气打开束缚双脚的锁链，才可走向成功。
三重奏，抛开杂念，让自己得一份纯粹前行的动力。
歌德说：“自己最大的敌人永远是自己。”确实，往往阻碍一个人走向成功的正是其自身过多的杂念与忧虑。为什么众多田园诗中，只有陶渊明“采菊东篱下，悠然见南山”获得成功，为人称道？为什么石油大王哈默可以在无人看好的荒地开机钻井。又为什么克林斯曼总能踢入点球而保持记录？我想正是因为他们心无杂念，并不过多去考虑自己能否成功，干这件事是否有意义，而是不惧失败，一心前行。
可见，习得知识，拥有勇气，抛开杂念，正如一部恢弘交响乐的三个奏章一般，层层切合，只有当具备这三个要素时，才可奏出那通往成功的颂歌。所以，让我们牢记这三点，在通往成功的道路上扬帆起航！
【分数】19+19+19=57
【现场简评】题目借鉴器乐演奏术语，中心突出，内容充实，中规中矩。
【名师点评】高分理由：有形象化的标题，有清晰的结构，有多种论证手法――引证、例证（概括事例论证）、喻证、道理论证、假设论证，立意准确，内容丰富，中心突出，说服力强。白璧微瑕：个别句子不够通顺，个别标点有误
第三篇：新课标全国Ⅱ卷
2013年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（新课标全国Ⅱ卷）
文科综合历史部分试题
24．司马迁著《史记》时，文献关于黄帝的记述内容不一甚至荒诞，有人据以否定黄帝的真实性。司马迁游历各地，常常遇到人们传颂黄帝的事迹。有鉴于此，他从文献中“择其言尤雅者”，编成黄帝的事迹列于本纪之首。这一撰述过程表明 A．《史记》关于黄帝的记录准确可信 B．传说一定程度上可以反映历史真实 C．历史文献记录应当与口头传说相印证 D．最完整的历史文本记录的历史最真实
25．汉唐制定土地法规，限制私有大土地的发展，宋代一改此法，“不抑兼并”。据此可知宋代
A．中央集权弱化
B．流民问题严重 C．土地兼并缓和
D．自耕小农衰退 26．明朝有人描述在广东大庾岭所见：“盖北货过南者，悉皆金帛轻细之物；南货过北者，悉皆盐铁粗重之类。过南者月无百驮，过北者日有数千。”这表明当时 A．岭南经济发展程度高于北方
B．岭南是商人活动的主要地区 C．以物易物是商贸的主要方式
D．区域差异造成长途贸易兴盛 27．清代有学者说：“古有儒、释、道三教，自明以来，又多一教，曰小说„„士大夫、农、工、商贾，无不习闻之，以至儿童、妇女不识字者，亦皆闻而如见之，是其教较之儒、释、道而更广也。”这表明
A．小说成为一种新的宗教传播载体
B．小说的兴起冲击了封建等级观念 C．市民阶层扩大推动世俗文化发展
D．世俗文化整合了社会的价值观念 28．“蓝脸的窦尔敦盗御马，红脸的关公战长沙，黄脸的典韦白脸的曹操，黑脸的张飞叫喳喳。”京剧艺术中人物的脸谱
A．真实再现了客观历史
B．固化了大众的历史认知 C．正确评断了历史人物
D．提升了历史人物的价值
29．1877年，清政府采纳驻英公使郭嵩焘的建议，在新加坡设立领事馆。此后，又在美国旧金山，日本横滨、神户、大阪及南洋华侨聚居的商埠设立了领事馆。这反映了清政府 A．力图摆脱不平等条约的约束
B．外交上开始出现制度性变化 C．逐步向近代外交转变 D．国际地位得到提高 30．抗日战争期间，湖北省政府曾发布《湖北省减租实施办法》，在农村推行以“减租”为内容的土地改革并取得一定成效，但未得到国民党中央的肯定。这表明当时国民党中央 A．放弃了对农村原有土地制度的保护
B．阻止地方政府进行土地政策的调整 C．无力控制地方政府的行为
D．无意改变农村的生产关系
31．新中国成立之初，全国各高校遵照中央政府要求开设公共必修课，恩格斯所著《劳动在从猿到人转变过程中的作用》成为指定教科书，文化部还举办了以“从猿到人”等为宣传主题的大型科学知识展览会。其主要目的是
A．构建与国家政权相适应的意识形态
B．确立马克思主义在全党的指导地位 C．用科学文化知识破除封建迷信思想
D．探索引导宣传舆论工作的全新形式
32．公元前340年，雅典一下层女子因亵渎神灵被控犯罪，按法律当处死。辩护人用动情的言辞质问：“难道你们忍心让这位阿芙罗狄特（古希腊美丽女神）的弟子香消玉殒吗？”这打动了陪审团。经投票，陪审法庭判其无罪。这反映出在古代雅典 A．民主原则贯穿司法过程
B．妇女享有广泛政治权利 C．法律注重保护平民权益
D．司法审判缺乏严格程序 33．华盛顿在1787年3月致麦迪逊的信中说：“凡是有判断能力的人，都不会否认对现行制度进行彻底变革是必需的。我迫切希望这一问题能在全体会议上加以讨论。”这里所说的“彻底变革”是指
A．革除联邦体制的弊端
B．建立三权分立的共和体制 C．废除君主立宪制
D．改变松散的邦联体制
34．19世纪晚期德国的现代化进程中，经济突飞猛进与政治民主发展滞后形成巨大反差。出现这种现象的原因在于
A．皇权与贵族结盟掌握政权
B．国家分裂阻碍政治民主化 C．经济发展消解政治改革诉求
D．对外战争影响国内民主进程 35．1931年，斯大林说：“我们比先进国家落后了50—100年，我们应当在10年内跑完这段距离。”这一思想
A．完全符合当时的苏联国情
B．推动了苏联经济模式的形成 C．与战时共产主义政策一致
D．延续了新经济政策的精神
第Ⅱ卷（非选择题）
40．（25分）阅读材料，完成下列要求。
材料一
第一次世界大战前，有不少学者对爱因斯坦的学说持怀疑态度。1919年，英国科学家爱丁顿对日全食的观测结果证实了爱因斯坦的理论，引起巨大轰动，世界范围的爱因斯坦热接踵而至。荷兰、捷克斯洛伐克、奥地利、美国、英国、法国、日本等国先后邀请他前往讲学。在中国，梁启超发起成立的讲学社曾拟邀请爱因斯坦来华讲学。北京大学校长蔡元培亦发出邀请，并得到其本人应允。虽然爱因斯坦因故未能成行，但相对论却在中国广泛传播。从1917年到1923年，各种报刊登载相对论的论著、译文、通讯、报告和文献不下百篇，出版译著15种左右。
——摘编自阿尔布雷希特〃弗尔辛《爱因斯坦传》等
材料二
爱因斯坦热在中国方兴未艾之际，正是国内东方文化与西方文化问题论战正酣之时。以梁启超为代表的部分知识分子认为，东方文明与西方文明是两种不同类型的文明，前者以道德文明为核心，后者以科学精神为核心。梁启超前往欧洲考察一年多，1920年回国后写道：‚一百年物质的进步，比从前三千年所得还加几倍。我们人类不惟没有得着幸福，倒反带来许多灾难。好像沙漠中失路的旅人，远远望见个大黑影，拼命往前赶，以为可以靠他向导。那知赶上几程，影子却不见了，因此无限凄惶失望。影子是谁？就是这位‘科学先生’。欧洲人做了一场科学万能的大梦，到如今却叫起科学破产来……我们可爱的青年啊，立正！开步走！大海对岸那边有好几万万人，愁着物质文明破产，哀哀欲绝的喊救命，等着你来超拔他哩！我们在天的祖宗、三大圣（孔子、老子、墨子）和许多前辈，眼巴巴盼望你完成他的事业，正在拿他的精神来加佑你哩。‛
——摘编自李喜所、元青《梁启超传》等
（1）根据材料一并结合所学知识，说明爱因斯坦热兴起的原因。（8分）
（2）根据材料一、二并结合所学知识，指出当时中国知识界对西方科学的态度，并予以评析。（17分）41．（12分）阅读材料，完成下列要求。
材料
图7 太和殿，清朝皇帝治国理政的场所
图8 白金汉宫（左）和唐宁街10号（右），自18世纪中期至今分别为英国王宫和首相官邸
提取材料中的信息，结合所学知识，从建筑和政治关系的角度进行中英比较。
请从下面所给的45、46、47、48四道历史题中任选一题作答，并用2B铅笔在答题卡上将所选题目对应的题号方框涂黑，按所涂题号进行评分；不涂、多涂均按所答第一题评分；多答按所答第一题评分。45．（15分）历史上重大改革回眸 材料
唐前期，继续推行北魏以来的‚均田制‛。在此基础上，实行租庸调制，‚有田则有租（田租），有家则有调（纳绢布等），有身则有庸（每丁每年服力役二旬，若不服役则纳布帛等代替）‛。庸和调在整个国家财政中占据重要地位。唐中期以后，随着人口增加，土地兼并加剧，均田制急剧崩坏，租庸调制难以维持。‚有幼未成丁，而承袭世资，家累千金者，乃薄赋之；又有年齿已壮，而身居穷约，家无臵锥者，乃厚赋之，岂不背谬！‛百姓举家逃亡，规避赋税，被称为‚客户‛。
公元780年，唐朝推行两税法：以国家财政开支所需为总额，所谓‚量出以制入‛。所有民户在现居地登记，根据财产情况定户等，按户等高低交纳赋税，‚户无主客，以见居为簿；人无丁中，以贫富为差‛。分夏秋两季征收，‚不居处而行商者，在所郡县税三十之一‛。结果‚赋不加敛而增入，版籍不造而得其虚实，贪吏不诚而奸无所取，自是轻重之权，始归于朝廷‛。每户负担并未增加，但国家财政总收入增加，对户口的掌握也更为准确，‚天下便之‛。
——摘编自白寿彝总主编《中国通史》等
（1）根据材料，概括指出两税法改革的背景。（6分）
（2）根据材料并结合所学知识，说明两税法与唐前期的赋役制度相比有哪些积极作用。（9分）
46．（15分）近代社会的民主思想与实践
材料
县设六十议员，是谓县议员；府设六十议员，是谓府议员；省设六十议员，是谓省议员。县议员于秀才中选择其人，公举者平民主之……府议员于举人中选择其人，公举者秀才主之……省议员于进士中选择其人，公举者举人主之……公举法：凡男子二十岁以上，除喑哑盲聋以及残疾者外，其人能读书明理者，则予以公举之权……兴革之事，官有所欲为，则谋之于议员，议员有所欲为，亦谋之于官，皆以叙议之法为之，官与议员意合，然后定其从违也。从违既定，乃由县详府；府议员意合，则由府详省；省议员意合，则详于君；君意合，则书名颁行；意不合，则令其再议。若事有不能衷于一是者，则视议员中可之者否之者之人数多寡，而以人多者为是，所谓从众也。推之，凡军国大政，其权虽出于君上，而度支转饷，其议先询诸庶民，是真为政者矣。
——何启、胡启垣：《新政论议》（1895年）
（1）概括指出材料中民主设计方案的主要原则。（10分）
（2）根据材料并结合所学知识，简析该方案在中国近代民主进程中的意义。（5分）
47．（15分）20世纪的战争与和平
材料
第二次世界大战结束后，反法西斯盟国组成军事法庭，在德国纽伦堡和日本东京分别对战犯进行了审判。该审判原则于1946年12月11日经联合国大会通过，1950年，联合国国际法委员会据此制定了《纽伦堡原则》，其内容有：
从事构成违反国际法的犯罪行为的人承担个人责任，并因而应受惩罚。违反国际法应受处罚的罪行是：
（一）反和平罪：计划、准备、发起或进行侵略战争或破坏国际条约、协定或承诺的战争；
（二）战争犯罪：违反战争法规或习惯，出于某种目的或在占领区内，实施包括但不限于谋杀、虐待或奴役平民居民，谋杀、虐待战俘；
（三）反人道罪：对任何平民居民进行谋杀、生物实验、放逐和其他非人道行为，或基于政治、种族、宗教背景的迫害，而此类行为已实施或此类迫害已执行或此类行为与任何反和平罪或任何战争犯罪相关联。
——摘编自何勤华《纽伦堡审判》
（1）根据材料并结合所学知识，指出第一次世界大战后和第二次世界大战后惩处的战争责任对象有何不同。（5分）
（2）根据材料并结合所学知识，概括说明《纽伦堡原则》的意义。（10分）
48．（15分）中外历史人物评说
材料一
中国古代有功臣配享制度，即一个皇帝逝去后，要在已故臣僚中选取功勋卓著的大臣陪祀其庙庭。功臣配享皇帝，是朝廷对该大臣的最高评价。北宋神宗时，王安石‚变风俗，立法度‛，主导了政治、经济、文化等方面的改革。哲宗绍圣初年，诏‚王安石配享神宗皇帝庙庭‛。南宋建炎初，有人提出‚自绍圣以来，学术政事败坏残酷，致祸社稷，其源实出于安石‛。于是，‚罢安石配飨神宗庙庭‛。
——摘编自白寿彝总主编《中国通史》
材料二
《宋史》记熙丰（宋神宗年号熙宁、元丰）事实者，成于南渡以后史官之手，而元人因而袭之，皆反对党之言，不可征信。今于其污蔑荆公（王安石）处，皆一一详辩之……荆公不仅为中国大政治家，亦为中国大文学家。
——摘自梁启超《王荆公》（1908年）
（1）根据材料一，分别指出两宋对王安石的评价及其主要理由。（6分）（2）根据材料二并结合所学知识，指出梁启超重新评价王安石的目的及采用的方法。（9分）
第四篇：2012年高考英语新课标卷听力原文
听力原文
第一节 Man: Excuse me, Madam? Woman: Yes? Man: How long can I keep the book? Woman: For one month.Please make sure you return the book before it’s due.第二节 Man: Hurry up, Jenny.It’s already seven.We’ll be late for the film.Woman: Don’t worry dear, we still have twenty minutes.And it takes us only fifteen minutes to
get there.We’ll be there just in time.第三节 Man: I heard on the radio that it’ll be sunny during the holiday weekend.Maybe we can take a trip to Boston.Woman: That sounds great.I’ll call Jean to see if she likes to join us.第四节 Woman: It’s nearly eight.If you want to catch the nine o’clock train, you’d better go now.Man: Don’t worry.I’ll drive to the station.Woman: In that case, let me go with you.And you drop me off at the city center.I’ll go to the open market.第五节 Woman: I’m sorry, the cake is late.We’ll do better next time, I promise.Man: Well, I’m sorry too.You have to take it back.The birthday party is over and we don’t need the cake any more.第六节 Woman: Oh, it’s broken!Jacky is not going to be happy when he sees this.It’s his favorite CD!He’ll tell mum.Man: Please Kathy, can I borrow ten dollars? I’ll buy him a new one and I will clean up your room.第七节 Woman: How did you like the dishes, Sir? Man: Delicious.Everything was excellent here.Thank you!Woman: Do you want some coffee, tea, sir? Man: No.thanks, I’m fine.Ah, just have the bill, please.How much is your service charge? Woman: Fifteen percent and it’s included in your bill.Thank you very much, sir.We look forward to seeing you again.Man: Sure, good night.第八节 Woman: Can I help you? Man: Yes.My daughter bought this camera here for my wife’s birthday.But it doesn’t work.So I’d like to change it for another one.Woman: I see.Let me have a look.Well, we’ll be happy to change it for you.But I am afraid we don’t have another pink one.Man: Oh? What will I do then? Woman: Would you like to choose a different color? We do have this camera in black and orange.Man: My wife doesn’t like either of those colors.Woman: If you want, we can order another camera just like this one.There wouldn’t be any extra charge for it.Man: That sounds fine.Would you please go ahead and do that? Woman: We’d be very happy to but it’ll take at least a week.Maybe ten days.We’ll call you when it comes in.Man: Thank you very much.Woman: You are welcome.第九节 Woman: Hi, Joe!Many people in our department are leaving for Thanksgiving.What are you going to do? Man: I think I’ll just stay at home.I may see some friends and watch a few DVDs.And I probably would go to the Ottawa Car Show.What about you, Ariel? What’s your plan? Woman: I am going to do some traveling with my family.Man: Oh, where to? Woman: Toronto.And on our way, we’re going to visit my aunt, Valley, in Kingston.Man: That’s exciting.How long do you plan to stay? Woman: Two days.I have a get-together party with my college friends on the tenth in Toronto.Oh, I’m afraid I’ve got to go now.My husband is waiting for me.And we’ll have to pick up Daniel from school.Have a nice holiday, Joe!Man: Thank you.You too!第十节 Where can you look if you want to know how tall the tallest person in the world is, or who the oldest person in the world is? There is only one place where you’ll find all these information, and that’s in the Guinness Book of World Records.This morning we have someone from the Guinness Company that produced that famous book, Thomas Manning.“Welcome to the program, Thomas!” “Thanks, Sue.It’s a pleasure to be here.” “Perhaps you could start by telling us where the idea for the book came from.” “Well, it was first suggested in the early 1950s.Sir Hugh Beaver, the managing director of Guinness, was out shooting birds with some friends.A bird flew away so quickly that no one was able to shoot it.Sir Hugh wondered whether this bird was the fastest bird in Europe, and if it wasn’t the fastest, he wondered what was.” “So I suppose he went to the nearest library to look for the information and he couldn’t find it?” “Yes, that’s exactly what happened.And this made Sir Hugh think there must be other people in the same situation who wanted this kind of information.He thought that, like himself, people would be interested in finding facts of all records to satisfy their curiosity.” “So the idea for a book of records was born.And when did the first book come out?”“A few years later, in 1955.So, to ask your first question: the tallest person in the world is 231.7cm tall.And the oldest person is Jeanne.L.Calment, who was born in February, 1875.” “There are also some rather strange records, aren’t there, Thomas?” “Yes ,that’s right.Did you know, Sue, that the shortest time it is taken …”
第五篇：2014年高考英语新课标卷变化解读
2014年高考英语新课标卷变化解读
2014年高考考纲英语是自从2007年国家实施新课标高考以来变化最大的一次；涉及重大题型改革，此举对我国基础英语教育将产生重大影响和正面反拨效应。
此次变革主要反映在以下方面：
一、词汇量的要求提高。
原来的词汇量要求为3000左右，而2014年高考英语的词汇量要求为3500左右。
二、题型的重大变化。
原来一直延用的单选题（共15小题，每题1分）被彻底删除。而在2014年高考英语考卷中被替换成了语篇填空（共10小题，每小题1.5分），其实是语篇型语法填空。要求在一篇200词左右的语言材料中留出10个空白，部分空白的后面给出单词的基本形式，要求考生根据上下文填写空白处所需的内容（不多于3个单词）或所提供单词的正确形式。此题型不仅考察单词、短语、搭配、句式，而且考察语法。并且被编排在了试卷第三部分语言知识运用的第二节。
三、2014年高考英语试卷的版块位置有较大调整。
原来的高考试卷第一卷的顺序为：听力、单选、完形填空和阅读理解（包括七选五），第二卷的顺序为：改错和书面表达。而2014年高考英语试卷每个版块的编排为：第一卷：第一部分：听力、第二部分：阅读理解（包括七选五）、第三部分：英语知识运用（第一节：完形填空）。第二卷：第三部分英语知识运用（第二节：语篇填空）、第四部分：写作（改错和书面表达）。
这些变化其实可以归结为：
一、对词汇量的要求提高。
二、主观题的分值加大。
这些变革其实是高考指挥棒对目前应试英语教育的修正的重大一步。原先的英语试卷大部分为选择题，而主观题的分值很小。现在变革后，主观题的分值加大，使得对考生实际英语掌握和应用能力的考察更为准确。原先的选择题的考察语境是句子，而新题型的考察语境是语篇，使得语境真实性和应用性加强，对考生的语境分析能力和语言运用的准确性提出了更高要求。这就使得原本靠蒙、考虑不全面、不细心、语言的真实语境掌握不准、词汇量小、单词拼写不准确不规范不美观、篇章阅读能力差的考生，在新题型面前无所适从，无所躲藏，失分较大。所以，针对这一情况，对策如下：
一、安抚考生情绪，使他们认识到虽然在考前如此短的时间内出台了新改革措施，但是大家起点一样，机会均等，且总体难度不大，甚至有所降低。因为虽然把单选换成了主观题，但是在语言考察的难度方面有所降低，过于高级、较为生僻的单词或表达很难在新题型中被设置语境考察。就近段时间学生做新题型的反应来看，他们认为这一题型是初中的旧题型，且做时虽然因为经验不足、考虑不全面等会有失分，但总体来说觉得新题型的被考查语言的难度反而是降低了。用他们的话来说就是：幸福来得太突然了。所以不必过分恐慌、怨声载道。教师也不要过分强调每日的新题型的练习量，表现要从容不迫，认真扎实。
二、加强教研，引导学生不断感知、反思、总结新题型的做题规律和方法。因为变成了主观题，灵活性增强。通过领悟考纲精神和教研使教师了解新题型的做题要求，通过教研不断总结新题型的做题规律和做题方法，修正做题思路。而对学生，则需让他们在亲身体验的基础上，由教师引导，自己去感知、反思和总结。这样的训练才会让他们印象深刻，扎实有效。
三、加大阅读，加重高考前对语言的巩固复习。教师根据各自班级情况制定词汇的复习计划和检测，督促学生自觉认真地去复习掌握。新题型的填空不是只要求单词拼写过关，而
是对语言语境的准确掌握。所以要求学生在日常复习中不仅要加大单词拼写的复习，而且要重视单词、短语、搭配、句式及语法的语境复习。这体现在早读时要加大重点例句和语篇的阅读。原有的语法复习资料虽然是填空题，但语言规则语法项目是一致的。所以，即使是旧的复习资料也要重视复习。进一步强调卷面和书写规范。作为一项主观题，卷面和书写规范性的重要性自然是容易理解。特别是书写规范。这体现在在日常复习中，强调字母书写的规范性，字体的大小适中，无严重涂抹等。
四、按照新题型的版块顺序仿真训练。因为时间紧急，目前现有的新资料只是单纯把单选换成了填空，而没调整顺序。这样的训练其实还是不够仿真，不符合实际要求。不该简单要求教师和学生自己调整顺序。因为这样还是没有效率的。
五、希望学校和领导能够作好信息和资源支持。使教师们人手一本新考试大纲。及时、快速地反馈新题型的各种信息，保质保量新题型下的考试复习资料，及其它的支持。
相信在这些努力下，我校今年的高考英语成绩一定会再创辉煌。
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