第一篇：逻辑总结gmat
逻辑的最高境界是不是那种，看到问题和题干，就知道ETS会出什么答案的感觉？
放几条刚刚总结的规律，抛砖引玉
名词解释
evidence：证据，现象等，一般指A conclusion：判断，推论等，一般指B 元素：指evidence和conclusion中的主语谓语或宾语（很重要！）
一、归纳，conclusion题型
1、有两个及以上的evidence，没有conclusion，但有推理关系，答案就是是conclusion
2、有两个及以上的evidence，且有数字作为evidence的，答案是需要计算一下元素和数字关系的conlusion 3：有evidence和conclusion，但evidence会影响到conclusion的准确性，答案是conlusion不正确 A、上来就说conclusion，但举出来了一条evidence是特例，答案是conlusion会被其他元素影响到
B、上来就说conclusion，然后举出了一条影响conclusion正确的evidence，答案是conlusion被过高或过低估计了
4、有evidence和conclusion，但彼此之间无关联，答案是evidence和conclusion无关系
5、有evidence和conclusion，但彼此矛盾，答案是conclusion不存在
6、有evidence和conclusion，且结构比较完整无疏漏，答案是evidence的复述
7、有evidence和conclusion，且conclusion是两个元素进行比较的结构，答案是conclusion的进行比较的另一种写法
二、演绎题
（一）假设题
1、有evidence和conclusion，推理过程完整，答案是把conclusion的元素和evidence的元素搭桥建立关系
A、情况A，当evidence和conclusion各有一个，并且都有一个共同的元素时，把conclusion独有元素和evidence的独有的元素建立关系。B、情况B，有多个evidence和一个conclusion时，把conclusion和一个evidence共同用的元素和另外一个evidence的独有的元素建立关系。
2、有evidence和conclusion，推理过程不完整，缺乏某一个应该出现的evidence，答案是这个evidence
3、答案中含有not，分为不能被他因削弱和evidence的元素不能没有关系两种
（二）加强题
1、有evidence和conclusion，推理过程完整，答案是把conclusion的元素和evidence的元素搭桥关系
2、有evidence和conclusion，推理过程完整，答案是一个事实说明conclusion成立
3、有evidence和conclusion，推理过程为conclusion解释evidence，本身已经构成充要条件，答案为evidence的逆否命题
（三）weaken题
1、有evidence和conclusion，但evidence存在不完整性或不正确，答案是evidence为啥不完整或不正确
2、有evidence和conclusion，且推理逻辑上正确，答案是其他的evdence在发挥作用
3、有evidence和conclusion，但推理不正确，答案是conclusion的独有元素和evidence的独有元素不具备关系
4、有evidence和conclusion，推理过程为conclusion解释evidence，答案是其他的evdence在发挥作用
（四）评价题
1、有evidence和conclusion，答案是已经存在的evidence的扩大化或缩小化等评价性描述
三、解释题
1、有evidence和conclusion，答案是evidence的补充和完善，基于适当的推理和常识
四、填空题
1、有evidence和conclusion，答案是连接conclusion的元素和evidence的元素
还应该有些类型，我还在陆续总结中，比如说有一些难题的答案，会是常规答案进一步推理，比如必要条件或充分条件。还有一些答案用到了常识推理，比如价格原理等等。都应该是难题了。
第二篇：gmat逻辑解题技巧介绍
gmat逻辑题对于一部分同学们来说是比较难的，那么gmat逻辑题复习的时候大家要注意哪些问题，gmat逻辑题的解题技巧通常都有哪些，下面小编就gmat逻辑复习解题技巧为大家讲解。
我们知道gmat逻辑推理的题目设计目的就是考察一个人能否抓住一个论断的推理主线，评估其他论据对论断所起作用的能力，如果我们对gmat逻辑推理所要考察我们的各项能力进行有针对性的训练，那么突破gmat逻辑推理也并非难事!具体而言，gmat逻辑推理就是要考察我们评价一个论述并形成或评价行动方案的能力，无论如何这都脱离不了正确的解题方法，下面我们一起来看看gmat逻辑推理题解题步骤。gmat逻辑推理解题步骤——读题干：在阅读短文以前先阅读题干，从题干中获得有用的线索，另外还需要考生通过阅读题干能够预测在阅读过程中要寻找什么内容及思考什么内容。
gmat逻辑推理解题步骤——读短文：这一步为逻辑推理解题的核心步骤，当阅读短文的时候，考生需要假定短文中所出现的所有前提都是事实，这里需要向读者强调的一点是逻辑推理题不会考察考生对短文所涉及的专业知识的了解程度，短文中出现的前提是不是事实并非重要，重要的是我们的解题思路是否清晰正确。多数短文通常由前提与结论构成，结论在短文中出现的位置并不总是一致，有时在开头，有时在中间，还有时在结尾。如果你还没有对短文的意思理解透彻，那么这时一个最为理智有效的办法就是先找出结论，之后在试着逐步分析从前提到结论的推理过程。
gmat逻辑推理解题步骤——选答案：完成以上两步骤之后，也可以说你已经完成了一大半的任务，剩下的就是对最佳答案与次优答案进行识别和排除。逻辑推理题中一般不会出现两个或两个以上选项同时实现问题的目的，读者只要选出一个最能实现问题目的的答案就可以。
gmat逻辑推理正确的思维方法是巧取高分的必由之路在解决gmat逻辑推理题的过程中，我们的唯一目的就是去寻求一个使结论成立的可能性增大或减少的答案，而非必须要去寻求一个使结论必然成立的答案。很多考生在解题的过程中总是试图一定让答案至少看起来完美，但是即使是使得结论正确的那个条件找到，我们还是不能保证结论就一定正确。还有一点需要考生特别记住的就是由于GMAC的制题原则就是无需专业背景知识原则，因此只要考生将思维放在题目以内进行思考，而非对段落进行额外的无用扩充，尤其是考生不应在解题的过程应用自己的专业知识进行递进推理。
gmat逻辑推理题的解题技巧有哪些，以上就是小编为各位总结的关于gmat逻辑推理题解题步骤的相关介绍相信大家通过上文对于gmat逻辑推理题解题技巧能够有所了解了吧。
第三篇：GMAT逻辑“ 黑体字” 题型的总结
Bold Face Practice 1.Modern navigation systems, which are found in most of today’s commercial aircraft, are made with low-power circuitry, which is more susceptible to interference than the vacuum-tube circuitry found in older planes.(Fact)During landing, navigation systems receive radio signals from the airport to guide the plane to the runway.(Principle)
Recently, one plane with low-power circuitry veered off course during landing, its dials dimming, when a passenger turned on a laptop computer.(Evidence)Clearly, modern aircraft navigation systems are being put at risk by the electronic devices that passengers carry on board, such as cassette players and laptop computers.(Conclusion)
2.A double-blind study, in which neither the patient nor the primary researcher knows whether the patient is being given the drug being tested or a placebo, is the most effective procedure for testing the efficacy of a drug.(Principle)But we will not be able to perform such a study on this new drug, since the drug will have various effects on the patients’ bodies, which will make us aware of whether the patients are getting the drug or a placebo.(Anti-Consideration)
3.The interstitial nucleus, a sub-region of the brain’s hypothalamus, is typically smaller for male cats than for female cats.(Fact)A neurobiologist performed autopsies on male cats who died from disease X, a disease affecting no more than 0.5 percent of male cats, and found that these male cats had interstitial nuclei that were as large as those generally found in female cats.(Evidence)
Thus, the size of the interstitial nucleus determines whether or not male cats can contract disease X,(Consideration that can be drawn from the first one)but, the hypothalamus is known not to be causally linked to disease Y, and disease X is a subtype of disease Y.(Fact)4.More and more computer programs that provide solutions to mathematical problems in engineering are being produced, and it is thus increasingly unnecessary for practicing engineers to have a thorough understanding of fundamental mathematical principles.(Conclusion)Consequently, in training engineers who will work in industry, less emphasis should be placed on mathematical principles, so that space in the engineering curriculum will be available for other important subjects.(Conclusion)
5.Gasoline-powered boat engines manufactured in the a North American country prior to 1990 contribute significantly to the pollution found in the world’s oceans.(Fact)
In 1990, however, the government imposed stricter pollution controls on gasoline engines manufactured for boats, and beginning in 1995, the government imposed a program of inspections for pre-1990 boat engines with increasingly rigorous pollution standards.(Fact)
As the older boat engines fail to pass inspection, boat owners are increasingly retiring their old engines in favor of newer, less-polluting boat engines.(The evidence showed in the patten of cause and effect)As a result, the amount of pollution these older boat engines emit into the world’s oceans will steadily decrease over the next ten years.(Conclusion)
6.Plants that exhibit certain leaf diseases tend to measure extremely high in the amount of zinc in their leaf and stem tissue.(Fact or Background)Botanists have discovered that phosphorus of the type typically used in a phosphorus-high fertilizer reacts with the zinc in such a way as to prevent treated plants from exhibiting the leaf diseases, and zinc is the cause and not merely an effect of the leaf diseases.(The second evidence found by the author of passage)Thus, plants can be cured from these leaf diseases by the use of a fertilizer high in phosphorus.(Conclusion)7.To be accepted as a member at the Brown Country Club, one must have a net worth of over ten million dollars and must not have any connections to the entertainment industry.Robert Chase, the publishing magnate, has a net worth of 5 billion dollars and Chase has not financed any Hollywood movies，(The part of evidence in support of this argument)so he must be accepted as a member at the Brown Country Club.(The conclusion that could not be drawn from all evidences that the argument contains)
8.The survival of the publishing industry depends upon the existence of a public who will buy the printed word in the form of newspapers, books and magazines.(Premise)Over the past several years, however, the advance of electronic media, particularly CD-ROMs, online computer services, and the Internet, has made information available to the public electronically without the need for printed materials.(Fact)
As the availability of electronic media increases and as it is more easily accessible, the public has less need for printed materials.(The author’s evidence)So the publishing industry is threatened by the advance of the computer information age.(The author’s conclusion)
9.Something must be done to ease traffic congestion.(Conclusion)In traditional small towns, people used to work and shop in the same town in which they lived(Evidence);
but now that stores and workplaces are located far away from residential areas, people cannot avoid traveling long distances each day.(Evidence)Traffic congestion is so heavy on all roads that, even on major highways where the maximum speed limit is 55 miles per hour, the actual speed averages only 35 miles per hour.(Evidence)
So new businesses should be encouraged to locate closer to where their workers would live.(Author’s method or strategy)
10.(OG-205)Consumer advocate:
it is generally true, at least in this state, that lawyers who advertise a specific service charge less for that service than lawyers who do not advertise.(Concession)It is also true that each time restrictions on the advertising of legal services have been eliminated, the number of lawyers advertising their services has increased and legal costs to consumers have declined in consequence.(Second concession / A pattern of cause and effect that the advocates argues will not hold in the case at issue)However, eliminating the state requirement that legal advertisements must specify fees for specific services would almost certainly increase rather than further reduce consumer’s legal costs.(A certain position advocate hold)Lawyers would no longer have an incentive to lower their fees when they begin advertising and if no longer required to specify fee arrangements, many lawyers who now advertise would increase their fees.(A consideration in support of that prediction)
GWD-1-Q3: A product that represents a clear technological advance over competing products can generally command a high price.Because technological advances tend to be quickly surpassed and companies want to make large profits while they still can, many companies charge the greatest price the market will bear when they have such a product.(a consideration raised to explain the appeal of a certain strategy)
appeal: 呼籲,請求
But large profits on the new product will give competitors a strong incentive to quickly match the new product’s capabilities.(a consideration raised to call into question the wisdom of adopting that strategy)Consequently, the strategy to maximize overall profit from a new product is to charge less than the greatest possible price.(Author’s method or strategy)GWD-1-Q22&8-Q31: City Official:
At City Hospital, uninsured patients tend to have shorter stays and fewer procedures performed than do insured patients, even though insured patients, on average, have slightly less serious medical problems at the time of admission to the hospital than uninsured patients have.Critics of the hospital have concluded that the uninsured patients are more receiving proper medical care.(the position that the city official’s argument opposes)
However, this conclusion is almost certainly false.(the conclusion of the city official’s argument)
Careful investigation has recently shown two things: insured patients have much longer stays in the hospital than necessary, and they tend to have more procedures performed than are medically necessary.(Evidence)
GWD-3-Q2 Hunter:
Hunters alone are blamed for the decline in Greenrock National Forest’s deer population over the past ten years.Yet clearly, black bears have also played an important role in this decline.(the main conclusion of the argument)
In the past ten years, the forest’s protected black bear population has risen sharply, and examination of black bears found dead in the forest during the deer hunting season showed that a number of them had recently fed on deer.(Evidence)
GWD-3-Q16: Economist:
Tropicorp, which constantly seeks profitable investment opportunities, has been buying and clearing sections of tropical forest for cattle ranching, although pastures newly created there become useless for grazing after just a few years.The company has not gone into rubber tapping, even though greater profits can be made from rubber tapping, which leaves the forest intact.(supports the environmentalists’ conclusion)
Thus, some environmentalists conclude that Tropicorp has not acted wholly out of economic self-interest.(states that environmentalists’ conclusion)
However, these environmentalists are probably wrong.The initial investment required for a successful rubber-tapping operation is larger than that needed for a cattle ranch.Furthermore, there is a shortage of workers employable in rubber-tapping operations, and finally, taxes are higher on profits from rubber tapping than on profits from cattle ranching.GWD-5-Q19: Historian:
In the Drindian Empire, censuses were conducted annually to determine the population of each village.Village census records for the last half of the 1600’s are remarkably complete.(provides a context for certain evidence that supports the position that the historian seeks to establish)
This very completeness makes one point stand out;in five different years, villages overwhelmingly reported significant population declines.Tellingly, each of those five years immediately followed an increase in a certain Drindian tax.This tax, which was assessed on villages, was computed by the central government using the annual census figures.Tellingly: 有效地;顯著地
Obviously, whenever the tax went up, villages had an especially powerful economic incentive to minimize the number of people they recorded;and concealing the size of a village’s population from government census takers would have been easy.Therefore, it is reasonable to think that the reported declines did not happen.(that position)
GWD-5-Q20: Scientists typically do their most creative work before the age of forty.It is commonly thought that this happens because aging by itself brings about a loss of creative capacity.(an explanation that the argument challenges)
However, studies show that a disproportionately large number of the scientists who produce highly creative work beyond the age of forty entered their field at an older age than is usual.(a finding on which that challenge is based)
Since by the age of forty the large majority of scientists have been working in their field for at least fifteen years, the studies’ finding strongly suggests that the real reason why scientists over forty rarely produce highly creative work is not that they have simply aged but rather that they generally have spent too long in a given field.天山Q25: Scientists typically do their most creative work before the age of forty.It is commonly thought that this happens because aging by itself brings about a loss of creative capacity.(an explanation that the argument challenges)However, a study has found that almost all scientists who produce highly creative work beyond the age of forty entered their fields late and less than a dozen years before their creative breakthroughs.Since creative breakthroughs by scientists under forty also generally occur within a dozen years of the scientist’s entry into the field, the study’s finding strongly suggests that the real reason why scientists over forty rarely produce highly creative work is not due to age but rather because most have spent too long in their fields.(evidence in support of a competing explanation that the argument defends.)GWD-6-Q16: Historian:
Newton developed mathematical concepts and techniques that are fundamental to modern calculus.Leibniz developed closely analogous concepts and techniques.It has traditionally been thought that these discoveries were independent.Researchers have, however, recently discovered notes of Leibniz’ that discuss one of Newton’s books on mathematics.Several scholars have argued that since the book includes a presentation of Newton’s calculus concepts and techniques, and since the notes were written before Leibniz’ own development of calculus concepts and techniques, it is virtually certain that the traditional view is false.(evidence that has been used to support a conclusion that the historian criticizes)
A more cautious conclusion than this is called for, however.Leibniz’ notes are limited to early sections of Newton’s book, sections that precede the ones in which Newton’s calculus concepts and techniques are presented.(evidence offered in support of the historian’s own position)
GWD-7-Q18&8-Q21: Although the earliest surviving Greek inscriptions written in an alphabet date from the eighth century B.C., a strong case can be made that the Greeks actually adopted alphabetic writing at least two centuries earlier.(the position that the argument seeks to establish)
Significantly, the text of these earliest surviving Greek inscriptions sometimes runs from right to left and sometimes from left to right.(Evidence in support of the position that the argument seeks to establish)Now, the Greeks learned alphabetic writing from the Phoenicians, and in the process they would surely have adopted whatever convention the Phoenicians were then using with respect to the direction of writing.(presents an assumption on which that argument relies.)Originally, Phoenician writing ran in either direction, but by the eighth century B.C.it had been consistently written from right to left for about two centuries.GWD-9-Q30: Criminologist:
Some legislators advocate mandating a sentence of life in prison for anyone who, having twice served sentences for serious crimes, is subsequently convicted 21 of a third serious crime.These legislators argue that such a policy would reduce crime dramatically, since it would take people with a proven tendency to commit crimes off the streets permanently.(a conclusion that the argument as a whole seeks to refute)
What this reasoning overlooks, however, is that people old enough to have served two prison sentences for serious crimes rarely commit more than one subsequent crime.Filling our prisons with such individuals would have exactly the opposite of the desired effect, since it would limit our ability to incarcerate younger criminals, who commit a far greater proportion of serious crimes.(the main conclusion of the argument)
GWD-10-Q17: Editorial: An arrest made by a Midville police officer is provisional until the officer has taken the suspect to the police station and the watch commander has officially approved the arrest.Such approval is denied if the commander judges that the evidence on which the provisional arrest is based is insufficient.A government efficiency expert has found that almost all provisional arrests meet standards for adequacy of evidence that watch commanders enforce.The expert therefore recommends that the watch commander’s approval should no longer be required since the officers’ time spent obtaining approval is largely wasted.(a proposal against which the editorial is directed)This recommendation should be rejected as dangerous, however, since there is no assurance that the watch commanders’ standards will continue to be observed once approval is no longer required.(a judgment reached by the editorial concerning that proposal.)GWD-12-Q33: Several of a certain bank’s top executives have recently been purchasing shares in their own bank.(describes the circumstance the explanation of which is the issue that the argument addresses)
This activity has occasioned some surprise, since it is widely believed that the bank, carrying a large number of bad loans, is on the brink of collapse.Since the executives are well placed to know their bank’s true condition, it might seem that their share purchases show that the danger of collapse is exaggerated.However, the available information about the bank’s condition is from reliable and informed sources, and corporate executives do sometimes buy shares in their own company in a calculated attempt to calm worries about their company’s condition.On balance, therefore, it is likely that the executives of the bank are following this example.(states the main conclusion of the argument.)天山Q3: Business Consultant:
Some corporations shun the use of executive titles because they fear that the use of titles indicating position in the corporation tends to inhibit communication up and down the corporate hierarchy.(consideration that has led to the adoption of a certain strategy)Since an executive who uses a title is treated with more respect by outsiders, however, use of a title can facilitate an executive’s dealings with external businesses.(a reason against adopting that strategy)The obvious compromise is for these executives to use their corporate titles externally but not internally, since even if it is widely known that the corporation’s executives use executive titles outside their organization, this knowledge does not by itself inhibit communication within the corporation.天山Q32: Ecologist:
The Scottish Highlands were once the site of extensive forests, but these forests have mostly disappeared and been replaced by peat bogs.The common view is that the Highlands’ deforestation was caused by human activity, especially agriculture.However, agriculture began in the Highlands less than 2,000 years ago.(evidence that, in light of the evidence provided in the second, serves as grounds for the ecologist’s rejection of a certain position.)Peat bogs, which consist of compressed decayed vegetable matter, build up by only about one foot per 1,000 years and, throughout the Highlands, remains of trees in peat bogs are almost all at depths great than four feet.(the evidence)Since climate changes that occurred between 7,000 and 4,000 years ago favored the development of peat bogs rather than the survival of forests, the deforestation was more likely the result of natural processes than of human activity.8月JJ真题
A prominent investor who holds a large stake in the Burton Tool company has recently claimed that the company is mismanaged, citing as evidence the company’s failure to slow production in response to a recent rise in its inventory of finished products.(the position that the argument as a whole opposes)
It is doubtful whether an investor’s sniping at management can ever be anything other than counterproductive, but in this case it is clearly not justified.(the conclusion of the argument as a whole)It is true that an increased inventory of finished products often indicates that production is outstripping demand, but in Burton’s case it indicates no such thing.Rather, the increase in inventory is entirely attributable to products that have already been assigned to orders received from customers.
第四篇：GMAT高分TIPS-逻辑题型标志词总结
内容提要：在面对GMAT逻辑题目的时候，第一步就是看准问题，明确题目类型，从而运用不同的技巧解题。下面我们就对各种题型的关键词做一个总结，希望可以帮助你在考场上从容面对各种问题。
一.归纳题
标志词：conclusion;inferred;implied;supported;if above true, then it is also true。(注：support不仅仅用于归纳法。举例来说，归纳法的表达应为：Which of the following are supported by the argument above?如果换个说法就可以变成加强题型的表述：Which of the following support the argument above?所以在解题的时候要格外小心。)
二.演绎题
1.第一种文章：前提推结论型
A.假设题：
标志词：assume;assumption;presuppose(特指对于前提的假设);additional premise;not true unless;depend on;rely on.B.加强题：
标志词：support(注意和归纳题目的区分);strengthen, conclusion can be drawn if it were true that.C.削弱题：
标志词：weaken;cast doubt;argue against;damage;counter;challenge;flaw;refute;jeopardize;criticism;undermine;drawback;reasoning error;weakness.(其中flaw，criticism，reasoning error和weakness属于名词性的削弱)。
D.评价题：
标志词：evaluate，appraisal(根据加强题做)
2.第二种文章：因果结构
文章内部标志词：A is due to B;A is attribute to B;A is result of B;blame B on/for A;B is responsible for
A;credit A to B.问题中的标志词：explanation;interpretation;hypothesis。
DS工作室整理上传，转载请标明出处 |
3.第三种文章：“变态结构”(表面上仍然是前提推出结论的结构，实质为因果结构，即结论是前提的解释)。此类文章没有与众不同的标志词，需要考生在实战时分析判断。
从题型上看，第一类文章的线索显然多于后两类，也就是说解题上较为方便，幸运的是第一类题目一般占去了考题的绝大部分，所以说还是有技巧可寻的。
DS工作室整理上传，转载请标明出处 |
第五篇：常用gmat数学公式总结
常用gmat数学公式总结
以下为大家总结了gmat考试中gmat数学公式，当然，我们总结的不够全面，只是一些比较常用的gmat数学公式，同时也适用于GRE考试，希望能够帮助大家备考。(a+b)(a-b)=a²-b²(a+b)²=a²+2ab+b²(a-b)²=a²-2ab+b²
(a+b)³=a³+3a²b+3ab²+b³(a-b)³=a³-3a²b+3ab²-b³
一元二次方程ax²+bx+c=0的解x₁,₂=(-b±√b²-4ac)/2a
利率Rate。时间Time*Simple Interest:利息Interest=本金Principal
*Compound Interest:A=(1+R)n;A为本利和，P为本金,R为利率,n为期数。
TimeRate of Discount *Distance=Speed*Discount=Cost
*Pythagorean Theorem(勾股定理):直角三角形(right triangle)两直角边(legs)的平方和等于斜边(hypotenuse)的平方。
*多变形的内角和：(n-2)×180°，总对角线数为n(n-3)/2条，从每一个顶点引出的对角线数为(n-3)条;式中：n为多边形的边数
*平面直角坐标系中，A(x1,y1)和B(x2,y2)是任意两点，C(x,y)是线段AB的中点，则x=(x1+x2)/2，y=(y1+y2)/2,线段AB两端点间的距离=
*平面图形的周长和面积：
Perimeter Area
Triangle 三边之和(底×高)/2
Square 边长×4 边长的平方
Rectangle(长+宽)×2 长×宽
Parallelogram(长+宽)×2 底×高
Trapezoid 四边之和(上底+下底)×高/2
Rhombus 边长×4 两条对角线之积的1/2
Circle 2πr=πd πr2
*立体图形的表面积和体积：
Volume Surface Area
Rectangular Prism 长×宽×高 2(长×宽+长×高+宽×高)
Cube 棱长的立方 6×棱长×棱长
Right Circular Cylinder πr2h 2πr h(侧)+2πr2(底)
Sphere 4πr3/3 4πr2
Right Circular Cone πr2h/3 lr/2(l为母线)
点击咨询 