《简爱》中的宗教意识5篇

第一篇：《简爱》中的宗教意识

不同的宗教之路

——探寻海伦彭斯与圣约翰的宗教精神的区别

可以说在信仰基督的国家，教民们身上多多少少都会有基督教义指导下的痕迹，例如西方热衷于慈善事业，普通民众也许不能像富有商人明星大腕那样建立慈善基金会大范围地进行慈善事业，但是他们也能够在平常小事上体现慈善精神，也许是天冷时为路边流浪汉送去的一杯热咖啡，也许是天黑时为路人点亮的一盏灯，也许是下雨天悄悄摆在门口的一把伞，无不体现着基督精神。

在阅读《简爱》后，我们不难发现，全书都弥漫着鲜明的宗教气息，这在《简爱》中的很多普通人身上都能体现出来，例如谭波儿小姐对学生的关心爱护，简爱舅舅对简爱的呵护抚养，黛安娜和玛丽的热情善良等等都是由于自小受基督教义的熏陶。洛伍德学校之所以能够建立，很大程度上也是因为基督教所倡导的仁慈教义，使得多富裕人家捐献钱财，集体支持学校的运行；小说中许多人物的言行都可以归结为是宗教影响。书中有两个个人物形象，他们身上的宗教色彩尤为浓重，并且对简爱的性格发展以及言行思想有着巨大的影响，他们分别是简爱的少年好友海伦彭斯以及简爱的表哥圣约翰本文意在探寻他们以及简爱奉行的宗教原则以及不同的实现方式。

1.海伦彭斯的隐忍原则

海伦彭斯善良、美丽、聪明，与简爱面对不公时的积极反抗的态度不同的是她是善于隐忍，宽容一切，原谅一切，是基督隐忍教义的彻底贯彻者。文中对于海伦彭斯遭受的一次严酷的责罚是这样描写的“那位教师立刻用这束树枝朝他颈背上狠狠抽了十几下。彭斯的眼里没有涌出一滴眼泪。我目睹着这一场面，不由得升起一股徒劳无益的怒火，气得双手直发抖，只得停下手中的活儿，可是她那张若有所思的脸上却神色如常，没有一点变化。”身为被重罚的当事人，海伦彭斯不反抗，没有一丝怨恨，平静地接受着来自老师的无理地责难；然而简爱作为旁观者在面对这样惩罚却非常生气。接下来的彭斯与简爱的对话中可以更清晰地感受到她们俩的不同。尽管总是受到凯契德小姐的羞辱非难甚至是狠毒地抽打，但是她却默默忍受，认为是自己的缺点使得凯契德小姐生气，“最能克服仇恨的并不是暴力，最能医治创伤的也不是报复。”“你们的仇敌要爱他，诅咒你们的要为他祝福恨你们、凌辱你们的要待他好。”

综合海伦彭斯的种种言行，我们可以发现，在解释自己言行和开导简爱时，她最常引用的就是《圣经》，她有自己的信仰——“我总觉得，生命太短促了，不该把它花在仇恨和记仇上。在这个尘世上，我们人人都有一身罪过，而且不可能不是这样。但是我相信，不久就会有那么一天，我们摆脱了腐朽的躯壳，也就摆脱了这些罪过。堕落和罪孽会随着这个累赘的血肉之躯一起离开我们，只留下精神的火花——生命和思想的无形源泉，纯洁得就像它当初离开造物主给人以生命时一样。它从哪儿来还回到哪儿去。说不定又会被赋予某种比人更高级的生物——说不定随着荣光的级级上升，从照亮苍白的人类灵魂到去照耀大天使的心灵！它肯定永远不会与之相反，从人堕落到魔鬼吗？是的，我相信不会。”彭斯虔诚地信仰着上帝，认为人生而有罪，生来就要受苦，当有一天“末日来临”时，人便可以结束一切苦难罪孽，进入天堂，这是一种“复活”。彭斯似乎是逆来顺受地接受一切，但是若是将她与软弱无能之辈放在一起，又是对她真正的侮辱。彭斯拥有坚强的灵魂，她以自己独特的信仰在精神上无视一切外在的困难，她自拥有一个信仰铸成的铜墙铁壁。

但是从另一个角度来说，海伦彭斯是被动地贯彻基督精神，只诠释了基督中的忍耐教义，学会的是困难时人们保持自我宁静的方法——平息内心的仇恨，善待敌人。把所有对现世生活的幸福快乐的希望都寄托在死后的“天堂”里，可以说是把信仰寄托在飘渺中。把面对命运带给她的不公与磨难，海伦彭斯选择平静地忍受，认为这些都是命中注定要人们忍受的事，甚至在生病弥留之际觉得死亡是一件幸运的事情，属于她的末日终于降临。这个不幸的女孩最终在幸福满足中死去，不知道她是否进入了她精神的天堂。

所以说，海伦彭斯是坚定的基督教徒，她把基督教义中的忍耐宽容精神发挥得淋漓尽致，在精神上她是完全附属于基督教的，但是她只是在忍耐中被动地等待着上帝的救赎，失去了自我。

2.圣约翰的极端主义宗方式

小说中几乎把圣约翰描写成圣人的模样，完全献身于宗教，以自己的理智战胜感官情感，对自我的情感等外在需要有些绝对的克制，典型的禁欲主义者，立志成为传教士。并远去印度。“那支队伍的人把全部的雄心壮志集结成一个光荣的志向，去改造他们的同类——把知识传播给无知的王国——用和平代替战争——用自由代替束缚，用宗教代替迷信——用上天堂的愿望代替下地狱的恐惧。这可比我血管里的血还宝贵，这是我所企盼的，是我的生活目的。”“这世界并不是个享乐的地方，别打算把它变成那样；它也不是个休息的处所，别让自己变得懒惰懈怠了”。圣约翰始终固守着自己的终极目标，并为之努力，付诸实践。他习惯于站在全人类文明的高度上考虑问题，因而在他的意识里，人生来就应该克制自己的私欲，外在的欲望也仅仅是感官需要，人应该把自己的毅力和热忱留给一种合适的事业，而不是浪费在平凡而短暂的事情上。在他眼里，家人之间的亲热和家庭的乐趣都不足为题，人应该把目光放远，超过文明和赋予生活中的安逸与肉体的舒适。这是他的超我意识，也是令简爱自觉望之不及的地方。

但是他与简爱思想上最大的分歧在于对待爱情的态度，文中简爱时如此描述的“他不愿放弃一个进入天堂的机会，不愿为了进入她的爱情乐园，而失去真正的、永恒的天堂。再说，他也不能把他天赋的一切——漫游的爱好，进取的精神，诗人的气质，牧师的素养——让一种单一的爱情所束缚，他不能——也不愿——拿传教士征战的荒蛮之地，去换取溪谷府宁静的客厅。”，他认为爱情只是感官感情，虽然美好，能给人带来愉悦，但是与远行传教这一伟大事业相比，几乎是无法等同的，甚至是微不足道的。他给自己的评价是“冷酷无情”的人，他善于自我克制，亲手给爱情的火苗泼上冷水，并狠心远离爱情，但是他把自己更加广博的爱奉献给了更多的人，把无限的爱给了传教这一神圣伟大的事业。从某种意义上来说，他又是最有情之人。3.简爱

简爱早年并不是虔诚的基督教徒，在舅妈家在已经阅读过《圣经》，但是面对勃洛克赫特先生的提问时，简爱回答只喜欢其中的一部分，所以一开始简爱就表现出了与传统的宗教意识不同的一面。再到后来进入洛伍德学校学习，与海伦彭斯与谭波儿小姐相处，接着经历爱情中的挫折，以及受圣约翰等人的影响，简爱成长为一名虔诚的基督教徒。她在经受痛苦时也会向上帝祈祷，在迷茫时渴望上帝给出指导，在精神上也依赖上帝。但是她的宗教思想，与书中一开始出现的所谓的“善人”勃洛克赫斯特等人不同，她的宗教信仰拜托了披着宗教外皮的虚伪仁慈，也抛却了人们隐藏在宗教精神之下的种种罪恶。在她的宗教意识里，多出了“人性”这个普通却不凡的成分，她虔诚地信仰上帝，却不放弃人之为人的权利，以真实、真诚的面貌祈祷。

综上，我们可以发现，海伦彭斯在精神上将基督教教义内化，在言行上秉持隐忍仁慈宽恕一切的原则；而不同于海伦彭斯在精神上对宗教的虔诚，圣约翰作为一名牧师，一名伟大的传教士，他在精神上信仰基督，更在行动上贯彻基督教教义，克制甚至抛却一切个人情感与欲望，为基督教的发扬光大、知识的传播和人类文明的发展尽了自己全部的力量，是真正意义上的基督教彻底贯彻者。再看简爱，她学习了海伦彭斯的宽容，融合了圣约翰的虔诚。但是与海伦彭斯不同的是，她在信仰上帝时，又多了一份独立思考和反思反抗的精神。与圣约翰相比，她不放弃现实生活的享受——爱情之乐。在比起披荆斩棘，站在超我的高度上开拓高尚事业，她更愿意选择自我的满足，在俗世中享受纯洁美好的生活。简爱的宗教原则中闪耀着人性的光辉，强调了人之为人的自由平等独立的人文主义精神。

作者夏洛蒂的宗教观念更多的体现在了简爱的身上，因而通过研究简爱的宗教观，我们也可以从中对夏洛蒂的宗教观窥得一二：虔诚地信仰上帝，人可以实现自我救赎，但是信仰的同时还应保持独立自由平等的人格，满足人本身的需要。

第二篇：浅谈《西游记》中的宗教意识

《西游记》小议

《西游记》是取材于佛教取经故事的。佛、道二教充斥于全本小说。无论是对道教的贬低，还是对佛教的颂扬，并不是单纯的说教，而是通过生动的人物来完成的。

除此以外，其实还有着儒教文化。小说中的儒教文化内容较为隐蔽，但通过分析也能看到。如第1回中:石猴端坐面道:“列位啊，人而无信，不知其可„„”这句话就是引自儒教的核心论著 《论语》。第27回中，唐僧对白骨精说:“圣经云‘父母在，不远游，游必有方’”，所谓圣经指的不是佛经，而是 《论语》。而且把玄类西行缘起，定为奉诏取经，为报天子知遇之恩而冒险西行，这其实就是典型的“忠君报国”的儒教思想文化。在小说的故事情节中我们可以看到，儒教倡导的仁义忠信在孙悟空身上得到充分体现，故而清代的张书绅在《新说西游记总批》中说:“今《西游记》，是把《大学》诚意正心、克己明德之要，竭力各细，写了一尽，明显易见，确然可据，不过借取经一事，以寓其意茸。

所以我的观点就是：《西游记》中的宗教思想是明代“三教合一”思潮的产物。

所谓“三教合一” 并非儒、释、道三者平分秋色,实际上有所侧重.具体分析三者的关系是:小说以儒家的价值取向为评判人和事的标准,儒为立本;道教修炼,虽使孙悟空等超越了自然生命、具有无穷法力,却非修炼的极境,仅仅是进一步修炼的入门和准备;成佛则是小说人物的最高追求,佛法无边并统摄一切诸法,佛教思想实为极则.《西游记》中，儒、道、释三种宗教文化并存，而且相安无事，和平共处，甚至相互融合，彼此照应，体现了当时宗教多元化的社会现象。书中佛、道两教神仙并举，玉帝、王母蟠桃盛会邀请如来、观音参加，玉帝有难就请如来、观音相助，两家配合密切。而且佛道两家的神仙同朝共事，玉帝和如来也无明显的尊卑之分，佛教中的四大天王、哪叱还成了玉帝的官员。唐僧虽为佛教中人，却时时不忘忠君报国，“是戴着僧帽的儒士”(张锦池语)。儒、道、释三教思想互不排斥，充分反映了当时社会的多元化宗教思想取向。

小说中不但体现了宗教多元化的思想，还体现出三教合流的思想。一个人物身上往往具有两种或三种宗教思想。这三种宗教思想在小说中相互渗透，相互融合。唐僧既有持戒修福的佛教思想，又有忠君报国的儒教思想。孙悟空从开始的修道求仙到后来的饭依佛门始终本着仁义忠信的儒家思想。孙悟空的第一个师父是静坐讲黄庭(《黄庭经》是道教经藏)的须菩提祖师，而按佛教教义，须菩提是释迩牟尼的十大弟子之一。这位祖师登坛讲道时“说一会道，讲一会禅，三家配合本如然”。第47回《圣僧夜阻通天河金木垂慈救小童》中，孙悟空对车迟国王说:“望你把三教归一:也敬僧，也敬道，也养育人才，我保你江山永固”，更是直接说明了三教合一的思想。

但是小说虽是以宗教为题材，从表面上看，小说中充斥着佛教、道教、禅宗的相关术语，尤其是许多章节的题目都是由类似的术语组成。但这并不表示说，作者有着强烈的宗教思想。事实上，不管是佛教，还是道教，作者都进行了无情的嘲讽。其实作者在不少地方却对宗教进行调侃和嘲讽，并未表现出对宗教信仰的虔诚。譬如他曾借孙悟空之口多次称玉皇大帝为“玉帝老儿”，也曾面对如来佛祖责备其是“妖精的外甥”，更是咒骂观音菩萨“该他一世无夫”。须知，他骂的都是宗教世界里的最高神，而孙悟空的态度其实就是作者的态度。由此可见，作者对宗教是抱着怀疑态度的。但相对于佛教来说，他对道教的遣责显得更多一些，一个明显的例子便是小说中的人间国度的国王往往因崇信道教、重用道士而遭受大难。此外，让我印象深刻的是：唐僧师徒四人历尽艰辛到达灵山，在见佛祖时却被阿难、伽叶二尊者索取“人事”，就连佛祖如来也发了一通经书不可贱卖的理论，颇具讽刺意味。据说这也与佛教中国化所产生的禅宗的呵佛骂祖的行为是一致的。

这样的例子随处可见，作者顺手拈来，把宗教内容随心所欲地加以改变，增加小说的戏剧性效果，一同时也反映了宗教淡漠化思想。„„

由此可见，西游记作为四大名著确实是有着其经典之处。读读《西游记》,修持大道生。

第三篇：《简爱》中的女权主义意识

学科代码：050201

贵州师范大学求是学院

（本科）毕业论文

论《简爱》中的女权主义意识

系

别：外语系 专

业：英语教育 班

级：2010级4班 学

号： 学生姓名： 指导教师：

论《简爱》中的女权主义意识

摘 要：《简·爱》是现实主义时期著名的女作家夏洛蒂·勃朗特的代表作品,她被认为是一位卓越的女作家。因为她在小说中描述的是与传统不同的女主人公简·爱勇于追求自由、平等和独立的精神。它也是作者的自传体小说。小说通过对简·爱的性格进行剖析，证明了简·爱是一个标准的女权主义者。简·爱这个人物形象，博得读者的爱怜，在英国文学史上是位具有代表性的人物，不仅表现在外表的朴实无华，而且还表现在她性格上的独特魅力。简·爱因其性格中所具有的强烈反抗意识而特别地引人注目。她坚持自己的原则去不断反抗不公平的社会。她用尽全力去追求自由，平等，独立和真爱。经过坚持不懈的努力她最终获得自尊，自由和真爱。

关键词：女权;反叛;独立;平等;真爱

I

II

Analysis of the Feminism Consciousness

in Jane Eyre

Abstract:Jane Eyre is the most famous work of Charlotte Bronte, who is considered as an extraordinary woman novelist.Because the novel throbs with the heart-beats of its author, both literary critics and the readers have taken great interest in its unconventional heroine Jane Eyre, whose unconventionality is shown in the heroine’s pursuit of liberty, equality and independence.It is an autobiographical novel in a certain degree.This essay attempts to prove Jane is a real feminist through the analysis of her personality.Jane Eyre is a typical and magnificent representative in English literature, not only for her plain but famous appearance but also for her character’s outstanding and alien.The image of Jane Eyre is brilliant for her rebellious character.She always insists on her principle to rebel and fight against the unjust world bravely.She still tries her best to pursue freedom, equality, independence and true love.By unremitting efforts she finally gets dignity, freedom and true love.Key word: feminist;rebel;independence;equality;true love

III

目录

摘要............................................................................................错误！未定义书签。Abstract.....................................................................................错误！未定义书签。前 言.........................................................................................错误！未定义书签。

一、作者女权主义思想的产生.........................................错误！未定义书签。

（一）作者夏洛蒂·勃朗特的介绍.....................................错误！未定义书签。

（二）作品《简爱》的介绍.................................................错误！未定义书签。

二、《简爱》中女权主义思想...........................................错误！未定义书签。

（一）自尊心、自信心、反抗精神.....................................错误！未定义书签。

（二）简爱的爱情观.............................................................错误！未定义书签。

（三）简爱的独立性.............................................................错误！未定义书签。

三、《简爱》中女权主义反抗意识.................................错误！未定义书签。

（一）为生存而战.................................................................错误！未定义书签。

（二）为获得认同和尊严而战.............................................错误！未定义书签。

（三）为独立平等而战.........................................................错误！未定义书签。

四、结语..................................................................................错误！未定义书签。参考文献..................................................................................错误！未定义书签。致谢............................................................................................错误！未定义书签。独 创 性 声 明....................................................................错误！未定义书签。授 权 申 明.........................................................................错误！未定义书签。

IV

前 言

当今社会，女权主义受到越来越多人的重视，女权主义泛指妇女要求平等权利的社会思潮。又称男女平权主义、男女平等主义。女权主义是近代资产阶级启蒙思想运动和妇女解放运动的产物，提倡妇女在人类生活所有领域与男子具有同等权利。女权主义具有广泛的文化内涵，涉及政治、经济、法律、教育、宗教、伦理等领域。

在19世纪的英国，一位批评现实主义的文学女作家夏洛蒂·勃朗特写出了一部代表女性主义思想的小说—《简·爱》。这部小说是夏洛蒂·勃朗特“诗意的生平写照”。书中的主人公简·爱是一个心地纯洁、善于思考的女性。她生活在社会底层，受尽磨难，但她有倔强的性格和勇于追求平等幸福的精神。这部小说以浓郁抒情的笔法和深刻细腻的心理描写，引人入胜地展示了男女主人公曲折起伏的爱情经历，歌颂了摆脱一切旧习俗和偏见，扎根于相互理解、相互尊重的基础之上的深挚爱情，具有强烈的震撼心灵的艺术力量。它最为成功之处在于塑造了一个敢于反抗，敢于争取自由和平等地位的妇女形象。

一、作者女权主义思想的产生

（一）作者夏洛蒂·勃朗特的介绍

《简·爱》的作者--夏洛蒂·勃朗特(Charlotte Bronte)，生于1816年英国北部的一个乡村牧师家庭。她所生活的的三十年间正是英国社会动荡的时代。资本主义正在发展并越来越暴露它内在的缺陷；劳资之间矛盾尖锐化；失业工人的贫困；大量的童工被残酷地折磨至死。社会和时代的不幸已经让这位女作家的家庭穷困潦倒，家庭的不幸更是让她陷入巨大的困境当中。母亲早逝，八岁的夏洛蒂被送进一所专收神职人员孤女的慈善性机构。在那里生活条件极其恶劣，她的两个姐姐玛丽亚和伊丽莎白因染上肺病而先后死去。于是夏洛蒂和妹妹艾米莉回到家乡，在荒凉的约克郡山区度过了童年。

15岁时她进了伍勒小姐办的学校读书，几年后又在这个学校当教师。后来她曾作家庭教师，但因不能忍受贵妇人、阔小姐对家庭教师的歧视和刻薄，放弃了家庭教

小说主要描写了简·爱与罗契斯特的爱情。简·爱的爱情观更加深化了她的个性。她认为爱情应该建立在精神平等的基础上，而不应取决于社会地位、财富和外貌。只有男女双方彼此真正相爱，才能得到真正的幸福。在追求个人幸福时，简·爱表现出异乎寻常的纯真、朴实的思想感情和勇往直前的勇气。她并没有因为自己的仆人地位而放弃对幸福的追求，她的爱情是纯洁高尚的，她对罗契斯特的财富不屑一顾，她之所以钟情于他，就是因为他能平等待人，把她视作朋友，与她坦诚相见。对罗契斯特说来，简·爱犹如一股清新的风，使他精神为之一振。罗契斯特过去看惯了上层社会的冷酷虚伪，简·爱的纯朴、善良和独立的个性重新唤起他对生活的追求和向往。因而他能真诚地在简面前表达他的愿望和改过的决心。

简·爱同情罗契斯特不幸的命运，认为他的错误是客观环境造成的。尽管他其貌不扬，后来又破产成了残废，但她看到的是他内心的美和令人同情的不幸命运，所以最终与他结婚。小说通过罗契斯特两次截然不同的爱情经历，批判了以金钱为基础的婚姻和爱情观，并始终把简·爱和罗契斯特之间的爱情描写为思想、才能、品质与精神上的完全默契。

简·爱是个不甘忍受社会压迫、勇于追求个人幸福的女性。无论是她的贫困低下的社会地位，或是她那漂泊无依的生活遭遇，都是当时英国下层人民生活的真实写照。作者能够把一个来自社会下层的觉醒中的新女性摆到小说的主人公地位，并对主人公为反抗压迫和社会偏见、力争独立的人格和尊严、为追求幸福生活所作的顽强斗争加以热情歌颂，这在当时的文学作品中是难能可贵的。简·爱平凡的外表下面隐藏着不朽的灵魂，在这个平庸的世界上显得异常珍贵，灼然夺目。她的不屈不挠，勇于抗争的精神指明了一条女性的道路，告诉天下所有的女性：要敢于对不公的命运说不，勇敢的追求自由、平等和幸福。

二、《简爱》中女权主义思想

（一）自尊心、自信心、反抗精神

幼年时的简.爱由于父母双双染病去世，她被送到盖茨赫德庄园，寄居在舅舅家中。可雪上加霜的是盖茨赫德的原主人里德先生—简爱的舅舅也过早的弃她而去。舅妈觉得她是一个“天性恶毒、想法卑劣、特别爱撒谎”的人，于是对她百般刁难。表

[2]

德府使简爱感受到“这儿有想象中的完美无缺的家庭安乐气氛”。事实证明了她的预感的正确性，后来她成了罗切斯特的妻子果真成了这个家庭中的成员。

这个家的主人叫罗切斯特，他是个苦命的人，顽固的封建伦理道德酿成了罗切斯特的不幸婚姻。他大学毕业后在父亲的安排下他娶了心胸狭窄的梅森小姐为妻。尽管美森的外表靓丽，然而她的脾气确实极端的坏，她与罗切斯特的志趣格格不入。罗切斯特痛苦地感觉到“我们之间根本无法进行亲切的交谈，因为不管我谈起什么话题马上就会从她那儿听到既粗俗又陈腐、既乖张又愚蠢的回答”。

当罗切斯特第一次看到简爱时他就感到了“有一种全新的东西一种新的活力和新的感觉不知不觉传便了我的全身”。这种新的感觉其实就是罗切斯特的真爱之梦将成为现实，这种感觉和简爱所预见的感觉一样也是正确的。从和简爱相见、相识到相爱的过程当中，简爱的那种叛逆精神、自强自尊的品质深深地征服了罗切斯特，而罗切斯特的优雅风度和渊博知识同样也征服了简爱。

简爱与罗切斯特的婚姻变故促使她离开了桑菲尔德府，离开了她心爱的罗切斯特。经过了寒冷饥饿的折磨无家可归的简爱终于进了她的人生的又一个驿站—圣约翰家。对于亲情的十分看重当她从叔叔那里继承了两万英镑的遗产时，她毫不犹豫地决定和她的三个表哥、表姐平分这份遗产。可见在简爱的眼中钱尽管很重要，但是比起亲情来就显得微不足道了。这与当时一切以钱为中心的人际关系形成了鲜明的对比。她认为“我不至于自私自利到不讲情义，不讲公道到不分是非，忘恩负义到不像人样”[2]。这是她对当时的金钱社会的有力抨击和尖锐的痛恨。

圣约翰是一个知识渊博，长相英俊的传教士。但是他不会享受生活的乐趣，整天到晚和时间挑战。他认为工作是高于一切的，甚至包括生命和爱情。圣约翰为了他的伟大事业到东方印度传教，他十分痛苦地压抑了这份欲望。简爱对于他的选择简直是不可思议，有爱却不敢爱，有了爱情却不敢追求。另一方面当圣约翰发觉，简爱是一个有见识、有才智的女子的时候，他就向简爱求婚了，不是因为他爱简爱，而是因为他知道，如果娶简爱为妻，对他的事业将是一个很大的帮助。这是多么自私的想法。

简爱和罗切斯特的心灵感应使他们走到了一块，尽管当简爱回到桑菲尔德府时她面对的是一个双眼已瞎，一只手已经残废的罗切斯特。但是，在简爱看来这些都是不重要的。只要罗切斯特爱她她也爱罗切斯特就已经足够了。她毅然与罗切斯特结婚，当起了罗切斯特的妻子和护士。两年以后命运垂青了，这么一对恩爱的夫妻他们有了自己的孩子。罗切斯特的一只眼睛也恢复了视力，他们过着幸福的生活。我们看到

（二）为获得认同和尊严而战

简爱在被家人认为是“坏孩子”赶出来之后被送往孤儿院。（当时看来是慈善学校的一种）通常在这里小孩受到压迫和非人的虐待。她的视眼变得开阔了，性格中带着更加愤怒的火花。由此可见，简爱为获得认同和尊严而战在罗伍德学校渐渐发展起来。融科赫斯特先生是学校里最为贪婪虚伪的代表，对简爱的最初印象是像动物一样大大的鼻子，突出的门牙。他在学校惩罚人的责任称为拯救所谓的灵魂，他迫使学校所有的女孩剪掉头发，饥寒交迫，像奴隶一样对待她们，简爱也不例外。当简爱摔坏了凳子时受到公然惩罚。她被罚站在凳子上一个半小时，融科赫斯特先生不仅公然羞辱她而且宣布她是骗子。因此简爱感到非常失望，此时此刻无法用语言表达她的痛苦。“我想变乖，在罗伍德学校我认真做事，学会尊重别人，我已经取得了显著地进步，成为班上第一名。米莉小姐经常表扬我，疼普小姐笑着赞许我，我受到同学们的一致好评，在他们眼中我是平等的。”[2]

为什么简爱会想离开盖茨黑德？原因是瑞德和他的家人对她漠不关心，她想受到家人的尊重。在她看来，人与人之间是平等的。所以她反对不合理的惩罚，视它为人格的侮辱，接着她开始为尊重而战。如果别人不爱她，她宁愿去死也不愿活在这世上。由于融科赫斯特先生的谣言她受到其他同学的鄙视，尤其是她获得老师和同学的尊重和认可后，她绝望了以至于不能正常学习直到后来天普小姐为她澄清污名，同学像以前那样对待她才渐渐好起来。简爱这才认为世界是如此美丽，也不再抱怨学校的伙食，尽管很难咽下。

（三）为独立平等而战

简爱的独立意识让她在很小的时候就开始学着独立，简爱经常提醒自己命运应该掌握在自己手里，她拒绝罗切斯特送给她的珠宝和衣服，认为他所送的手镯项链戒指等都是奴役的象征。尽管艾比德政府提供她一年30英镑，简爱还是继续过着她平庸的生活，她觉得靠自己努力赚来的钱买衣服心安理得。这些行为不仅表现了简爱女性独立信念而且反应了她渴望了解世界与不同人交流的思想。当她在丝绒菲尔德庄园过着简朴的生活时，开始后悔没有出去旅游，向其他女性表达她的情感。

我们发现简爱的生活一开始就没有父母，没有金钱，地位低下，恶劣的成长环境，也不漂亮但是足够勇敢足够坚强。她可能是社会上微不足道的人但却是自己的主人。

勇敢果决的走出了灰姑娘的童话，迈向一个有着新女性、真女性的文学道路的起步。简·爱藐视财富、社会地位和宗教的威仪，她认为，“真正的幸福，在于美好的精神世界和高尚纯洁的心灵。”[10]她的信念和行动展现出来的力量，深深打动了一代又一代读者的心，使生活在金钱万能的社会中的人们的灵魂得到净化。简·爱是一个对自己的思想和人格有着理性认识的女性，一个对自己的幸福和情感有着坚定追求的性，一个不再只是盲从于男人和世俗要求的女性，一个对自己的价值和情感做出了独立判断的女性，一个坚强独立的女性。夏洛蒂·勃朗特创造了一个前所未有的女性形象；简·爱发出了一个属于女性自己的声音—对于平等、独立、完整、自由的坚持和追求。作品当中处处散发着女性主义的光辉，它所倡导的女性经济独立意识，女性自我意识以及进步的婚姻观，至今仍然闪烁着耀眼的光芒。它像是一个风标，指引着千千万万的女性去追求自由、平等和幸福。

但她的思想也有一定的局限性。纵观夏洛蒂的人生路程，可以发现自卑感是笼罩其一生的阴影，所以，她笔下的人物有时也有一种自卑感。“穷、低微、矮小、不美”是简·爱对自己的评价，这一客观事实也是她产生自卑的根源。在这一评价之中，既有对自身形象的哀叹，也有对家境出身的不满。二者都对简·爱的人生选择产生了巨大的影响。在自卑感作祟下，简·爱在一定程度上认同了世俗的评价标准。所以，即使赢得了罗切斯特的爱情，简·爱也一直处于一种患得患失的状态，没有足够的信心来维系这份感情，因为她隐隐感觉到世俗的强大力量在威胁着他们。[11]所以，当知道阁楼上疯女人的真实身份之后，简·爱选择了自我放逐。从心理上来说，这是一种逃避的行为，而自卑心理正是导致回避行为的主因。

她还无法摆脱的男权束缚作为女权主义的先驱者，夏洛蒂塑造的简·爱在一定程度上突破了维多利亚时代女性存在价值的限定。但是，长期沿袭下来的男权文化和男权话语的负面影响不可能在一夜之间就彻底肃清。她只是在家庭或经济领域内关注女性，而没有深入更广泛的社会领域，即政治层面。

夏洛蒂仅仅局限于表现在婚姻和家庭中，女性的遭遇以及她们对男权主义的愤怒和反抗上面，却并没有揭示女性问题的实质，当然也没有指出实现女性解放的有效途径，更无法体会到女性解放只有建立在女性价值的全面实现，建立在社会压抑的解除和女性的彻底解放上。这样，夏洛蒂一方而期盼着女性有独立自主的意识，一方而却又无法摆脱时代传统观念束缚。就像她的作品《简爱》中主人公简爱以一个“拯救者”的身份回归家庭。这体现出了夏洛蒂女权主义思想的局限性，即她认为女人的幸福仍

0

参考文献

[1]陆扬,张艳.拉康与弗洛伊德:无意识结构的语言分析[J].西北师范大学学报,2005(7).[2]Bronte Charlotte·Jane Eyre [M].Beijing: Yili People’s Publishing House，2002：23-24.[3] 魏琴.试析女性主义意识在《简·爱》中的体现[J].文化研究.2009(12): 249-250.[4]朱虹.《简爱》与女性意识[J].河南大学学报，1987:5．

[5]路甬祥.简爱的性格分析 [M].北京 : 北京大学出版社，2006:73-76.[6]吴 朋.《简爱》中简爱的人格魅力 [J].外语界，2001(6):16-21.[7]王惠昭．浅析《简爱》中的女性价值观 [M]．外语与外语教学，2001:29-31.[8]朱虹.最后一幅素描[M].天津：百花文艺出版社，2008.[9]夏洛特·勃朗特著.《简爱》，黄源深译.南京：意林出版社，2006(11).[10] 刘淑华.浅谈筒爱的性格：反抗与独立[J].沈阳师范学院学报，1994(4).[11] 赵海虹.《简爱》的失败[J].外国文学，2004.21314-

第四篇：《简爱》中女权主义意识(英文)

青岛理工大学琴岛学院毕业论文用纸

摘 要

《简·爱》是现实主义时期著名的女作家夏洛蒂·勃朗特的代表作品,她被认为是一位卓越的女作家。因为她在小说中描述的是与传统不同的女主人公简·爱的勇于追求自由、平等和独立精神。它也是作者的自传体小说。通过对简·爱的性格进行剖析，证明了简·爱是一个标准的女权主义者。简·爱这个人物形象，博得读者的爱怜，在英国文学史上是位具有代表性的人物，不仅表现在外表的朴实无华，而且表现在她性格上的独特魅力。简·爱因其性格中所具有的强烈反抗意识而特别地引人注目。她坚持自己的原则去不断反抗不公平的社会。她用尽全力去追求自由，平等，独立和真爱。经过坚持不懈的努力她最终获得自尊，自由和真爱。

关键词：女权, 反叛, 独立,平等, 真爱

第6页

青岛理工大学琴岛学院毕业论文用纸

ABSTRACT

Jane Eyre is the most famous work of Charlotte Bronte, who is considered as an extraordinary woman novelist.Because the novel throbs with the heart-beats of its author, both literary critics and the readers have taken great interest in its unconventional heroine Jane Eyre, whose unconventionality is shown in the heroine‘s pursuit of liberty, equality and independence.It is an autobiographical novel in a certain degree.This essay attempts to prove Jane is a real feminist through the analysis of her personality.Jane Eyre is a typical and magnificent representative in English literature, not only for her plain but famous appearance but also for her character‘s outstanding and alien thoughts.The image of Jane Eyre is brilliant for her rebellious character.She always insists on her principle to rebel and fights bravely against the unjust world.She still tries her best to pursue freedom, equality, independence and true love.By unremitting efforts she finally gets dignity, freedom and true love.KEY WORDS: feminist, rebel, independence, equality, true love

第7页

青岛理工大学琴岛学院毕业论文用纸

Contents

Introduction ………………………………………………………………………..(9)Chapter One The Development of Jane Eyre‘s Resistance ……………………...(10)

1.1 Outburst period at Gateshead …………………………………………...(10)

1.2 Jane‘s resistance at Lowood Institution ………………………………(11)1.3 The perfection period at Thornfield and Moor House ………………….(13)Chapter Two Jane Eyre‘s Pursuit of Independence and Freedom ……………….(14)2.1 Jane begins to realize the importance of independence and freedom …(14)2.2 Jane gains strength from her teacher and her friend to achieve her

independence ………………………………………………………....(14)2.3 Jane develops her independence fully and learns the pleasure of it......(15)Chapter Three Jane Eyre‘s Attitude Towards Love ……………………………(18)3.1 True love should be based on equality and mutual understanding………..(18)3.2 The marriage pursued by women must be based on true love ……........(19)Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………….(23)Acknowledgements ………………………………………………………………(24)Bibliography ……………………………………………………………………(25)

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Introduction

Charlotte Bronte, an English writer, is a great critical realist in the 19th century.She writes lots of works in her life.She sets to work on a new novel, Jane Eyre, which is published in August, 1847.Jane Eyre is her masterpiece which is a world famous novel.Jane Eyre has been translated into many languages and is always high in reading popularity.Jane Eyre, a plain, timid, weak and pale girl who appears to be a heroine, exists in numerous people’s minds.It seems to be a strange phenomenon.How can she arouse the eminent attention of the readers throughout the world? Because Jane Eyre stands for an idealized woman in the 19th century.Charlotte Bronte aims at awakening women's consciousness and courage to equal rights and freedom.Jane Eyre cuts a completely new woman image.She represents those middle-class working women who are struggling for the recognition of their basic rights and equality as a human being.Jane strives with all difficulties to gain women’s liberation and to pursue freedom, equality and true love.The analysis of Jane‘s personalities and her attitudes toward love has shown partly Jane‘s love — a kind of direct, enthusiastic and faithful love.The story of the independent-minded Jane and her love affair with Mr.Rochester opens up new dimension for women.She is a typical character of awakening bourgeois intellectual women.The heroine Jane moves most readers as a kind and unique image in spite of her plainness, poverty and low position.The profound meaning of Jane‘s personalities makes this novel an extremely important work lists in the history of world literature as well as in the English literature.第9页

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Chapter One The Development of Jane Eyre’s Resistance

1.1 Outburst period at Gateshead

Jane Eyre seems to be pale, thin and weak.She is like a piece of dust, nobody pays attention to her.At any time she may disappear.She was born an orphan, with an unfortunate family and long time repressive feeling;she builds up her resistant emotion.Under this background, everyone looks down upon her.Jane asks herself ―why was I always suffering, always browbeaten, always abused, for ever condemned.‖(Bronte, 2002:13)Her reason says ―unjust!-unjust!‖(Bronte, 2002:14)A first angry voice bursts out from her deep heart.When John beats her again, she attacks him viciously.She shouts at him, ―Wicked and cruel boy!You are like a murderer —you are like a slave-driver—you are like the Roman emperors!“(Bronte, 2002:7)When Mrs.Reed tells Mr.Brocklehurst that Jane has a bad character and a deceitful disposition, she defends that ―I am not deceitful: if I were, I should say I loved you;but I declare I do not love you: I dislike you the worst of anybody in the world except John Reed;and this book about the liar, you may give it to your girl, Georgiana, for it is she who tells lies, and not I.”(Bronte, 2002:48)However, Jane is a brave soldier who dares to face up all kinds of injustice and fights against them.Before she leaves Gateshead, she rebukes her aunt‘s cruelty, ―How dare I, Mrs.Reed? How dare I? Because it is the truth.You think I have no feelings and that I can do without one bit of love or kindness;but I cannot live so: and you have no pity.I shall remember how you thrust me back—roughly and violently thrust me back—into the red-room, and locked me up there, to my dying day;though I was in agony;though I cried out, while suffocating with distress, ‗Have mercy!Have mercy, Aunt Reed!‘ And that punishment you made me suffer because your wicked boy struck me—knocked me down for nothing.I will tell anybody who asks me questions, this exact tale.People think you a good woman, but you are bad, hard-hearted.You are deceitful!‖(Bronte, 2002:49)Jane suffers various violent treatments by her aunt and

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cousins;she tries her best to be a good girl but only results in failure in Mrs.Reed‘s eyes.Jane resists and resists, but finally breaks out and speaks all her anger;Jane‘s courage frightens Mrs.Reed, for she knows Jane is right.In those days at Gateshead Hall, Jane's strong, brave and unbending characteristics are expressed step by step.Her every behavior shows her great indignation.Isolation, poverty, discrimination and oppression cause her to revolt against the unfair society in her own way.Jane is driven away from and escapes from Reed‘s house partly because of fearless courage.Jane fights not only for just treatment, but also for equality.This is the first step of the development of Jane Eyre‘s rebellious character.1.2 Jane’s resistance at Lowood Institution Lowood Institution is a charity school for poor clergymen‘s daughters.Jane lives here for eight years.Her rebellious sprits become mature.In fact it is a hell for poor girls.The school is like a prison dominated by cold, implacable cruelty and Brocklehurst.Children here are not supplied with enough food, clothes and good treatment of disease.Many of them die of illness.They have no love and sympathy at all, living in hunger and cold.Children must pray for God and thank for oppressors.Helen, a clever, intelligent and beautiful girl receives curse and beat, finally loses her young life.She believes in God.She says to Jane, ―I am sure there is a future state;I believe God is good;I can resign my immortal part to Him without any misgiving.God is my father;God is my friend: I love Him;I believe He loves me.‖(Bronte, 2002:121)Just because of these ideas, Helen hasn‘t a little rebel against that kind of cruel treatment.However Jane is not like Helen.She always tries to rebel, though she is still a child.She tells Helen: ―A great deal: you are good to those who are good to you.It is all I ever desire to be.If people were always kind and obedient to those who are cruel and unjust, the wicked people would have it all their own way: they would never feel afraid, and so they would never alter, but would grow worse and worse.When we are struck at without a reason, we should strike back again very hard;I am sure we

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should—so hard as to teach the person who struck us never to do it again."(Bronte, 2002:82)This rhythmic and forceful speech embodies the deep bourgeois oppression of the lower women and Jane‘s rebellious spirit.To achieve independence as an equal human, Jane never yields to fate and background.She does as she says.Her attitude towards her cousins, her aunt and Mr.Brocklehurst all proves it.Another woman, Miss Temple, is also admired and deeply loved by Jane.Miss Temple‘s learning stimulates Jane‘s longing for intelligence and Miss Temple‘s kindness stirs up her enthusiasm for ideal life.So when Miss Temple leaves Lowood, Jane can‘t put up with dullness and isolation there.She thinks that now she is left in her natural element, and begins to feel the stirring of old emotions.Jane looks forward to a new life and a free sky.No matter what will happen in the future, she will face it bravely.The rebellious fury is burnt again.Then Jane makes an advertisement and gets a governess profession at Thornfield.In this period, Jane‘s rebellious spirit is up to a new standard and catches a more profound meaning.Her fighting is not only against a person, but against the social convention.1.3 The perfection period at Thornfield and Moor House At Thornfield, Jane, as a grown-up, changes her harshness into a refined woman with good education, delicacy of feeling and gentleness of manners.At Thornfield she gets along well with everyone.Jane is mild to everyone.Adele, a girl without talent is carefully taught by Jane and made safe and happy.In such a wild world, she forgets her pain and her misery.Furthermore, she learns to be tolerant to others‘ shortcomings.Hearing that Mrs.Reed is dying, she comes back soon to Gateshead.Although she once has told Mrs.Reed that she never wants to see her again, she forgets and forgives her.Jane‘s delicate feeling is best revealed when she meets Rochester, who is hurt.She gives him a hand in a polite way.In spite of his rude rejection, she says, ―I can not think of leaving you, sir, at so late an hour, in this solitary lane, till I see you are fit to mount your horses.‖(Bronte, 2002:173)

When Jane falls in love with Rochester, she is awaken and still keeps her resistance;she makes her every effort to rebel against social prejudice and customs，第12页

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struggling for independence and true love.She dares to say ―no‖ to anyone, including her master, Mr.Rochester who is domineering and arrogant.When she talks with Mr.Rochester, she doesn‘t avoid saying what she thinks whether Mr.Rochester is happy or not.On the wedding between Jane and Rochester, Jane is told that Rochester has married before.Bertha Mason, a mad woman is his wife who has been living in Thornfield.At the bad news, Jane knows if she lives with him, she will fall into the category of mistress and lose her respect.The dream of freedom, happiness and the independence which she was looking forward to would become fancies.The strength of reason is power over emotion.Jane leaves Thornfield resolutely to meet unknown fate in the future.When she almost starves to death, St.John helps her.Jane‘s spirit of revolt is obviously expressed by her refusal of St.John‘s offer of marriage.Jane never changes her will to follow St.John.She thinks, ―If I join St.John, I abandon half myself, if I go to India, I go to premature death‖, ―if I do make the sacrifice he urges, I will make it absolutely: I will throw all on the altar—heart, vitals, the entire victim.‖(Bronte, 2002:642)Jane says to St.John, ―I scorn your idea of love.‖(Bronte, 2002:649)Jane dares to rebel against St.John‘s offer because she thinks they are equal.She has the right to rebel against him.This period is the perfection of Jane Eyre‘s rebellions.第13页

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Chapter Two Jane Eyre’s Pursuit of Independence and

Freedom

2.1 Jane begins to realize the importance of independence and freedom

Independence is the outstanding quality throughout the whole process of the novel.Jane Eyre is not pretty and her character is unique.She is maltreated by her cousins and aunt.One day, when Jane takes John‘s book to read, he beats her once more.John says that Jane has no business to take his books;―You have no business to take our books;you are a dependant, mama says, you have no money;your father left you none;you ought to beg, and not to live here with gentlemen‘s children like us, and eat the same meals we do, and wear clothes at our mama‘s expense‖.(Bronte, 2002:7)When she fights against him severely, she is sent to Red Room.In the Red Room, she is frightened, but she keeps a clear mind that she realizes she needs to be saved from her blind fear of authority and be self-reliant.Her mind is in tumult, and all her heart in insurrection, her reason says ―unjust!I never compromise to them.I shall be independent.‖(Bronte, 2002:14)She hates Gateshead, hates everyone there.She hates Mrs.Reed who is a bad, hard-hearted woman.She treats her with miserable cruelty.Gateshead is a shelter for her, which teaches her a lot of things.Only when she is independent, can she be respected by others.After all, she is a little girl, it is hard for her to be economically independent.Therefore, she decides to be independent, self-sufficient in her mind.The Reeds are really mean to her and she thinks they suck.Of course, the feeling is mutual.Therefore, she is spared from the Reeds and is sent to a low budget orphan school called Lowood Institution.2.2 Jane gains strength from her teacher and her friend to achieve her independence

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At Lowood Institution, under the hypocritical Evangelicalism of the headmaster, Mr.Brocklehurst, she suffers further privation in the austere environment.The condition there is disgusting, but Jane doesn‘t submit to it.She gains her strength from her teacher and her fellow students to achieve her independence.Maria Temple, an independent woman, is the headmaster of the Institution.She is a responsible teacher, and kind to the students, even the low students.Consequently, she gains respect and popularity from the people around her.From Maria Temple, Jane learns that independence is a very important thing for everyone.In our modern society, it seems to be more important to be independent.Jane learns the importance of duty and self-control through the friendship with Helen.At the beginning, Jane has much sympathy for Helen.Because Helen doesn‘t dare to fight against the person who insults her.When Helen is to be flogged and to be asked to stand in the middle of a room that full of people.Jane thinks that Helen should turn against others when she is bullied;she should resist against Miss Scatcherd, and dislike Miss Scatcherd.From these we can see that Jane is not obedient to anyone if someone bullies her, she will do the same thing to others.As known to all, it is not violence that best overcomes hatred, nor vengeance that most certainly heals injury.And Jane learns these from Helen.Jane is deeply moved by Helen‘s actions and words.―Yet it would be your duty to bear it, if you could not avoid it: it is weak and silly to say you cannot bear what your fate to be required to bear‖.(Bronte, 2002:79)Then through the friendship with Helen, she learns to be self-control in a certain degree.―It is far better to endure patiently a smart which nobody feels but yourself, than to commit a hasty action whose evil consequences will extend to all connected with you;and besides, the Bible bids us return good for evil‖.(Bronte, 2002:79)

Jane stays at Lowood for 8 years.She attempts to do well in all aspects.She makes rapid progress both in study and work.She becomes stronger than before in her heart.The idea of breaking out the conservative puritan life does not occur to her.She longs for a new form of life.So she gets a job by herself.第15页

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2.3 Jane develops her independence fully and learns the pleasure of it In order to lead a life of independence, Jane works as a governess at Thornfield Hall.She is looks down upon by the rich ladies of the fashionable society, but she never despises herself, she never feels herself inferior.She is satisfied with, and even proud of her honest, independent work.She loves Rochester who is in a large possession of fortune and in a high social position, but she never thinks of relying on these things.Once she immediately answers Rochester‘s question about what else she needs, by saying, ―Your regard: and if I give mine in return, that debt will be quit.‖(Bronte, 2002:424)This kind of independence is irrevocable out of her pure soul which hasn‘t been contaminated by the earthy care at all and represented the pure uprightness.When the happiness reaches the highest point where she is about to be the dreamy person‘s wife, Jane keeps a clear mind, protecting her independence and her personality.She refuses all the precious gifts that could have been owned as a fiancee and reminded Rochester again and again of the responsibility she should continue to fulfill as a governess.As Rochester‘s bride, she continues to be Adele‘s governess;when Rochester intends to give her a lot of jewelry and beautiful clothes, she refuses.Generally, beautiful clothes and jewelries are the favorite things to women.Jane thinks that real love is not based on money and jewelry.Her love doesn‘t mix with other strange ideas.In her opinion, self-respect, independence and equal rights are the fundamental elements of one‘s love.She doesn‘t want to be the slave of money, and she doesn‘t want to rely on others.They fall in deep love with each other.Rochester doesn‘t want Jane to go on working，he wishes Jane belongs to him and considers Jane as his property．Jane refuses his suggestion without any hesitation．In her opinion，if she loses her job, she must depend on Rochester to live，thus independence says goodbye to her.She doesn‘t want to be a thing of Rochester.At last, she decides to preserve her independence.With the news coming that Rochester‘s wife is still alive, Jane is driven back to her original status.It means that Jane is just a lover to him.By this time, there are two roads in front of her: One is to be the lover of Rochester.The other is away from

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Rochester to begin a new life.Actually, it‘s very sad for Jane to leave the place she liked, and the man she deeply loved.However, Jane is the unique!She is determined to leave Thornfield without any hesitation.As we know that nothing can succeed in confining her before her resistant spirit.The powerful shout of the born independent spirit from her heart remains her independence.The natural strength of independence overwhelms her, ―still indomitable was the reply—I care for myself.The more solitary, the more friendless, and the more unsustained I can be, the more I will respect myself.‖(Bronte, 2002:467)With Jane and Rochester‘s suffering the readers‘ compassion is also aroused besides the feeling of pity.There is no defying that the blood of independence is going through Jane‘s whole body from the day she was born.Fleeing from calamity solitarily, she does not hesitate all prices to maintain her own personality, dignity, and rebellions and independence is portrayed more perfect, and richer.Nowadays, as to women, we can‘t depend on men completely.We should earn money through our efforts, we must be independent, never be subsidiary to others.In order to get dignity, freedom and independence, she runs away.At the prerequisite of maintaining her own character she doesn‘t take the jewelry and clothes which Rochester gives her.Jane arrives at the desolate crossroads of whitcross and is reduced to begging for food.Fortunately, the Rivers siblings helped her.At Moor House, Jane learns the pleasure of self-sufficiency.She lives a happy life there.She develops great affection for the ladies, Diana and Mary, and they are really nice to her.Jane becomes spiritually stronger and more confident through the friendship with Diana and Mary.She doesn‘t want to live there for a long time.She intends to find a job to support herself, so St.John finds a job for her to teach at the local school.While teaching, she gains more social respect, and her students make progress quickly.Furthermore, the students and their parents like her very much.She is very happy and satisfied with her own conditions.As a teacher, her students‘ progress and popularity are the best gifts to her.第17页

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Chapter Three

Jane Eyre’s Attitude Towards Love

3.1 True love should be based on equality and mutual understanding From the strong ego and independent personality, Jane seeks for love which should be based on mutual understanding, equality, respect and attraction.Jane is a governess, who has the profession with very low social position.Nearly no one looks up on it at that time.Being born of second class, Jane is sensitive about her position in society.She hopes that she can live with the same self-esteem as everyone in the upper class.She works very hard to be a good lady to reach the norm which is required by the upper class.Then she is eager to be admitted by the man who she loves, i.e.Rochester.Generally speaking, people are often satisfied with beloved one‘s compliment.As for Jane, things are the same.Rochester is one of the members of the upper class.Rochester is a rich gentleman with high social status and reputation.But Rochester falls in love with Jane, so does Jane.Jane doesn‘t pay much attention to the difference between their social positions, because she only admires and believes in marriage based on true love.Humble job and poverty cannot stop her loving an upper class gentleman.On this point, she shows a woman's extra strength to take a risky love with Rochester and keeps her self-esteem.She respects the mutual equality of personality.Jane‘s viewpoint shows she has clear self-awake sense of love.As a woman living in the society unequal between men and women, Jane doesn‘t follow the outmoded conventions.She believes men and women are equal even if not in property, but in personality.When Rochester tells Jane that he is going to marry Miss Ingram and he insists that Jane must stay at Thornfield.Jane is angry at it.Let us see how Jane retorts to Rochester‘s teasing.―I tell you I must go!‖ ―Do you think I can stay to become nothing to you? Do you think I am an automaton?––a machine without feelings? And I can bear to have my morsel of bread snatched from my lips, and my drop of living water dashed from

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my lips? Do you think I am poor, obscure, plain, and little, I am soulless and heartless? In fact you think wrong!––I have as much soul as you, and full as much heart!And if God had gifted me with some beauty.and much wealth, I should have made it as hard for you to leave me, as it is now for me to leave you.I am not talking to you now through the medium of custom, conventionalities, nor even of mortal flesh;it is my spirit that addressed your spirit;just as if both had passed through the grave, and we stood at God‘s feet, equal,—as we are!‖(Bronte, 2002:396)Rochester understands fully and esteems her.Jane still maintains self-control and clear-headed when she becomes Rochester‘s fiancée.She wants to protect her honor and independence.When Rochester buys diamond necklace, bracelet, ring, etc., which means to bind her, she refuses those gifts and reminds her, ―I shall continue to act as Adele‘s governess;by that I shall earn my board and lodging, and thirty pounds a year besides.‖(Bronte, 2002:423)Thus she is such a person who regards her dignity sacredly and inviolably.Jane seeks for happiness and love, but she doesn‘t think love is supreme.She can throw away traditions to follow love, but she will never sacrifice her dignity and independence for the reason of love.Obtaining equality in life is Jane's ambition.It is equality that makes her love Rochester with all of her heart and soul;also it is equality that makes her leave Rochester with her disappointment and distress.Life is hard to Jane.On their wedding day, a secret is exposed that Rochester has a mad wife locked for several years, and then Jane resolutely gives up Rochester and is determined not to be a mistress.Jane's ambition, of course, forbids her to accept the unequal position of being the mistress of someone‘s husband.She has her self-respect and must keep her nobility.Being an illegal mistress benefits her nothing but reduces her virtue and demoralizes her personality.Then she would have to depend on Rochester and lose her quality, independence and freedom.So she chooses the distress of leaving Rochester to realize her pursuit.3.2 The marriage pursued by women must be based on true love At that time, women were first customarily dependent on their parents then upon

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husbands.Their parents tried their best to choose good husbands for their daughters.The choices of husbands and fates were determined by men‘s social positions and properties, rather than personalities and sincere emotions.Usually, women‘s rational consideration triumphed over their personal interests.A problem raises in the novel is the position of a woman in society.Jane Eyre, the heroine of the novel, maintains that women should have equal rights with men.When she decides to leave her love, she is very sad.But Jane will feel unpeaceful if she does not leave and stays with Rochester as a lover.And she would not be her cousin‘s wife without love.It is very easy to choose one‘s own love in today‘s England.But it is not so easy to do it in the 18th and 19th century England.Jane thinks that it is a glorious thing to have the hope of living with him and being his wife.Jane loves him with her whole heart.They have a meeting of the mind.But in that social background, people pay too much attention to property, rank and status.If the disparity is great, a pair of lovers would suffer disagreement with their families and their friends.Mrs.Fairfax, one of Rochester‘s servants, is very surprised and feels puzzled that her master is madly clinging to Jane.In their opinion, Blanche Ingram, who is a typical representative of the rich class, is so beautifu1, rich and has the same high social position.She is regarded as Thornfield wife of Rochester in the future by most people.She is the ideal wife of Rochester.If Rochester marries Ingram, it is natura1．Because in that society，people‘s sense of love is on the basis of money.In their eyes，money is everything，money is marriage.For the sake of money they can marry anyone even though the husband or the wife is an idiot.So the marriage between Rochester and Ingram is fair and reasonable．In their opinion, Jane is an ordinary looking woman without wealth, so she can never match Rochester.But with the development of the plot，Miss Ingram is proven to be a loser．Rochester is deeply attracted by Jane and gives up Ingram.Jane defeats her though Jane has no property and beauty.Jane‘s plainness，poverty, position and disposition are contrasted to Ingram‘s obviously.Jane is kind，intelligent, sympathetic and thoughtful, while Ingram‘s minds is poor and hypocritica1.She has no sympathy at al1.She plans to

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marry Rochester only because of Rochester‘ s property，Ingram tries her best to fascinate Rochester again and again，unfortunately，she falls again and again.Jane is fully aware of it．She witnesses ―repeated failures‖．The party is the climax of the novel and the essence of the book.At the party，Jane‘s victory is complete.According to her beautiful personality and the strength of her noble spirit，Jane drives those aristocrats away from competitive stages．High position and great wealth shows by the noble class are put aside．Jane gets glorious victory．

The marriage pursued by women must be based on true love.She distains the money and hunt marriage, and looks down upon her artificial and hypocritical manners.The way she gets to know Rochester well is talking with him, observing him and getting agreements with him.She falls in love with Rochester not at the first sight but after a fairly long time of acquaintance.Before she completely knows Rochester Jane only takes him as the master and an object for talking.Every time she talks with him, her attitude to Rochester changes.Through communicating with each other by their minds, they gradually come to a harmony in spirit.Jane thinks, ―The ease of his manner freed me from painful restraint;the friendly frankness, correct as cordial，with which he heated me, drew me to him.I felt at times as if he were my relation rather than my master: yet he was imperious sometimes still;but 1 did not mind that.‖(Bronte, 2002:225)This is Jane's revelation of true feeling to Rochester.Only when Jane understands Rochester, can she appropriately analyse and accept Rochester‘s character.Understanding each other and getting harmonious in spirit，the solid base of their true love.Jane loves Rochester‘s value as a man, instead of his properties, social and family status.So, whether Rochester is a rich person in the upper-class society, or is afflicted with calamity and becomes totally-blinded disabled man;whether Jane is a poor and plain governess in Thornfield, or she becomes a rich heiress in one night.Nothing can change her steadfast love for Rochester.After leaving Rochester‘s home, Thornfield Hall, Jane walks and travels without any aim.She lives in hunger and cold.As she roams about a whit cross, she is nearly dead because she suffers terrible hardships.St.John helps her and saves her life.St

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John wants to marry Jane and takes her to India with him.Although he is a little merciful and handsome, he is also very harsh and arbitrary.He considers little of Jane‘s benefit.He does not respect her or give her selfless love.Jane says if she joins St John, she will abandon half herself and if she goes to India, she will go to premature death.Jane tells John that she does not believe in marriage without love, because she still loves Rochester deeply.Jane insists that true love should be based on equality, mutual understanding and respect.She knows that to marry such a stonehearted person is to become a tool of him to serve God, so she refuses John‘s proposal.She hears the voice of Rochester in her mind, then she comes back to look for Rochester.She learns that Thornfield Hall has been burnt down, and that Rochester, attempting vainly to save his mad wife from the fire, loses one of his hands, is blind in both eyes, and becomes a crippled man.Now Mr.Rochester is not as rich as he used to, and he is disabled.But Jane loves him more than ever.Jane decides to stay with him and look after him for all of her life.This pair of lovers comes together in the end.But in that society such a marriage is considered uncommon and untraditional.In their love affairs there exist various paradoxes and conflicts which linked equality.Through mutual understanding, they gain the love between them.Jane gets Rochester‘s love as well as equality.Their love is based on equal communication, equal understanding and equal spirit.As we know, Jane is deep in love with Mr.Rochester, but if love runs against independence and equality, she would rather choose the latter, though it would be a great sorrow for them two.The unfulfilled matrimonial ceremony, therefore, provides the reader a good chance to learn the good sense and shrewdness in making decisions.In the end, Jane‘s return to and union with Mr.Rochester(who is not only nearly blind but relieved from his mad wife,)helps the reader see her true love for Mr.Rochester and her willing sacrifice to restore their paradise.第22页

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Conclusion

Jane Eyre is Charlotte Bronte‘s masterpiece;it is an autobiographical novel in a certain degree.Charlotte Bronte was so poor when she was young and she nearly could not feel her parents‘ love.In addition, she is not attractive and is very short, so all of these reflect her self-humiliation.She has a strong sense of self-esteem, and she often compensates for the self-humiliation by her self-esteem.She describes Jane Eyre, in fact, she writes herself.Jane Eyre is as common as Charlotte Bronte, and she keeps going after a kind of free, bright and beautiful life because of her self-esteem.The poetic, imaginative story of the love of a young governess for her married employer also has undoubted connections with Charlotte Bronte‘s experience in Brussels.It is an immediate success with both readers and most of the critics.Jane Eyre, the heroine of this novel, struggles to acquire her self-respect, independence, dignity and self-sufficiency at every stage of her life, both in struggling with social pressure, maltreatment, discrimination and in resisting against the temptation of passion.That the author describes her leading personalities in the novel, and highly praises her spirit against the oppression and social prejudice, her pursuit of the independent personality and the dignity, and her tenacious struggle for happy life is obviously aimed at revealing the call of the people of the lower class for respect and freedom, and further to awaken them to protest against the unfair society that kills humanity.And it‘s in this sense that Jane moves most readers as a kind and unique image in spite of her plainness, poverty and low position.In my opinion, the value of a woman does not lie in her looks, her dress, and any other things that have a powerful fascination to men‘s eyes, but in her nature, her mind, her character and her sentiment.This novel embodies the indomitable struggle of the laboring class who are awakening.The author, Charlotte Bronte calls for the equality between sexes, spiritual freedom and inviolable human dignity, showing her sympathy for the laboring class.第23页

青岛理工大学琴岛学院毕业论文用纸

Acknowledgements

Firstly, I would like to delicate my most sincere graduate to my supervisor Liu Xueyun, for his kindness and patience, unreserved help, respectable tolerance and his valuable suggestions.Without his meticulous proofreading and revision, my thesis would not be like what it is today.Secondly, I want to express my sincere thanks and appreciation to all the respectable professors and teachers who taught me the B.A.courses during my four-year undergraduate study, Professor Liu Shifa, Professor Jiang Xiping, Miss Shi Luan, Miss Tian Yan, Miss Jia Lihong and Miss An Mei etc.I have benefited a lot from their profound knowledge and wonderful lectures which are indispensable to the accomplishment of my thesis.Thirdly, my heart-felt thanks also go to my friends, especially Liang Qian, Zhang Qian, Yu Jing with whom I have shared the joy and frustration in pursuit of knowledge.In the end, my thanks go to my parents, without whose support I could not have accomplished my study.第24页

青岛理工大学琴岛学院毕业论文用纸

Bibliography

Bronte, Charlotte.Jane Eyre Edited with an Introduction by Smith, Margaret.London: Oxford University Press, 2002.Shorter, C.K.Charlotte Bronte and Her Circle.London, 1896.Ellison, Edith.A Study of Bronte’s Novels.Green Wood Press, 1991.Wu Weiren.History and Anthology of English Literature, 1988． 简同，《百部世界文学名著赏析》。北京：北京出版社，2001。李献民，译《简·爱》。呼和浩特：内蒙古人民出版社，2002。刘炳善，英国文学简史。上海：上海外语教育出版社，1981。田兆耀，《西方文学鉴赏》。北京：中国广播电视出版社，2002。杨静远，《勃朗特姐妹研究》。北京：中国社会科学出版社, 1983。杨岂深，《外国文学名著欣赏》。哈尔滨：黑龙江人民出版社, 1984。

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第五篇：论《简爱》中简爱的女性意识

论《简爱》中简爱的女性意识

作者：祝娟

单位：博英阳光幼儿园

【摘 要】夏洛蒂•勃朗特最负盛名的一部作品《简爱》出版于1847年。在那个年代，由女性作家创作的以女性作为主角的长篇小说实属难得，更可贵的是作品中体现出的女性独立意识，虽然这种独立意识在强大的社会价值观念的作用下显得有些无助甚至——在极端的情况下——有些病态。但《简爱》的女主人公简爱敢于反抗压迫,要求独立自由,追求平等的精神体现出的强烈的女性意识,使其成为那个时代最具有代表性的全新的女性。

【关键词】简爱

女性意识

平等

独立

女性意识界定

所谓女性意识,就是指女性对自身作为人,尤其是女人的价值的体验和醒悟.对于男权社会,其表现为拒绝接受男性社会对女性的传统定义,以及对男性权力的质疑和颠覆；同时,又表现为关注女性的生存状况,审视女性心理情感和表达女性生命体验。具体得说：“‘女性意识’指女性的自我意识⋯⋯它主足于女性的‘此在’去感知，体验人生与世界，传达女性的欲望与追求，肯定女性的经验与价值”。19 世纪的英国是“女性小说的时代”。

批判现实主义作家夏洛蒂·勃朗特的《简爱》以其鲜明的女性主义主题创作出超越时代的女主人公简·爱。她既不是“家里的天使”也不是“理想的淑女”，她的桀傲与叛逆显然和时代的主流意识格格不入，却因勇敢的挑战男权控制下的既定秩序，追求女性的独立、平等成为女性文学不朽的经典人物形象。

女性意识在《简爱》中的体现

十九世纪的英国普遍存在的妇女观是什么呢? 当时的思想家约翰·拉斯金在其散文《论女王的花园》中就说, 理想的妇女和理想的家庭与现实的原始森林式的生存竞争互不相容,妇女的地位不是在社会上, 而是在家庭中。按照当时流行的说

法, 就是做“家里的天使。”这就意味着女人必须在家里侍奉丈夫和孩子, 否则就是不合乎“家里的天使”的模式, 也就失去了女人存在的价值。显然, “天使”集中概括了一个男权主义世界里十分荒谬的妇女观。这种观点在十九世纪十分盛行, 就在这种社会背景下, 简·爱却大声宣布“我不是天使, 我就是我自己!”这呼声既是对以男子为中心的英国社会的公开挑战, 也是为捍卫女性人格与尊严的呐喊。若从妇女解放的角度说来,这句铿锵有力的话在当时有名么激进,多么有份量!可以它是打开《简爱》的一把钥匙。

简爱从小是一个无依无靠的孤儿,从小寄养在舅母家。寄养家庭里少爷的专横, 小姐的傲慢, 夫人的恶意, 仆人的偏见,都令她感到痛苦不堪,从而产生强烈的反抗意识“不公平!不公平!”这是她的结论。终于在她被她的表哥打得头破血

流之际,她发疯似的和他对打,使尽全力狠狠地揍他一拳,并发泄地叫道:“你这个男孩真是又恶毒又残酷!你像个杀人犯!你像个虐待奴隶的人!你像罗马的皇帝!”她甚至敢于对她残忍的舅母说: “世界上我最恨的人就是你!”

对寄养家庭的反抗导致了简爱被送进劳渥德孤儿院。这是一所以肉体到精神对孩子们进行宗教束缚摧残的所谓慈善机构, 简仍是那样叛逆不驯。她对好友海伦经常受到责骂和鞭打却从不抱怨十分蔑视和愤恨。她奉劝海伦说, 如果自己受鞭打, 便要把那根鞭子夺过来, 当面把它折断, 而且“我们应该狠狠地回击”。“狠狠地回击!”这正是简强烈的反抗精神的写照。简以她顽强的生命力熬过了八年窒息刻板的学校生活, 但她始终念念不忘的是“我向往自由, 我渴望自由”。这都表明了简“不与环境命运相妥协, 勇于反抗斗争, 争取做人的权利的可贵精神, 而这正是当时广大妇女觉醒的标志。”

女性的独立首先在于经济上的独立。在简爱生活的年代,结婚是女子的唯一出路。但在简爱的心目中,经济的独立是她人格独立的支柱,只有在经济独立的基础上,她才觉得有自己的人格和尊严,才觉得自己是个实实在在的人。简爱经历了痛苦, 贫穷的童年,但她发奋努力,终于以超群的才华当上了老师,经济上得以自食其力。她对经济上独立自主的要求是强烈的也是贯穿始终的。罗切斯特给她买的昂贵的衣服首饰,都让她一一推掉。她向罗切斯特表示: “不要任何财物,只要一颗没有被大量的恩惠压倒的心”。她永远也受不了“让罗切斯特先生把我打扮得像一个玩偶,每天让金雨淋在我周围"。她执意不放弃家庭教师的工作,而要继续作阿黛勒的家庭教师,用这个挣得我的膳宿费和外加的一年的三十磅。在离开桑菲尔德和她所深爱的男人后, 简用自己的双手和辛勤的汗水换来了一份新的生活她承担了圣约翰为他介绍的艰苦工作。为穷人服务,做一名乡村教师。同时,这份工作也给了她很大的精神安慰:她可以自己养活自己,不需要依附任何人!简爱在经济上独立的要求, 并没有使她把金钱作为唯一的目标。简爱在金钱面前,在叔叔的遗产一夜之间由赤贫变为富有的时候, 她立即就把遗产的大部分转赠给她贫穷的表哥表姐。很明显, 作者努力让她的女主人公在经济上独立的用心是良苦。我认为, 遗产的安排并非象许多评论者所说的是“画蛇添足”, 而是恰恰反映了作者已经敏锐地看到, 女性的独立。

首先在于经济的独立。她清楚地懂得, 如果妇女在经济上不能独立, 那么在政治上、婚姻上就没有真正的独立、平等可言, 这个认识无疑是接近真理的。正如恩格斯所指出的:“只要妇女仍然排除于社会的生产劳动之外而只是从事家庭的私人劳动, 那么妇女的解放, 妇女同男子的平等, 现在和将来都是不可能的。”

按照维多利亚时期妇女的行为规范, 简爱有两大过失:一是向一个男人(罗切斯特)主动表达自己的爱情;二是拒绝另一个男人(圣约翰)的求婚。简爱与男主人翁罗切斯特的爱情波折,使她的个性得到了充分的体现。当简爱发现自己爱上罗切斯特的时候, 她很清楚地意识到横亘在他们之间的巨大的鸿沟: 罗切斯特出身名门,是上流社会的绅士;她出身卑微,不名一文,只是一个地位与佣人差不多的家庭教师。然而,她并没有因此气馁,或者自我贬低,而是勇敢地向自己!向罗切斯特承认自己的感情。在一场社会地位如此悬殊的爱情当中,表现得不卑不亢。她认为人在精神上都是平等的,这无疑是在等级森严的阶级社会向社会偏见的大胆挑战。“要是上帝赐予我一点美貌和一点财富,我就要让你感到难以离开我,就像我现在难以离开你一样。”在英国小说史上,简是第一位女主人翁,为强烈的感情所驱使,主动地向她爱慕的男主人翁表达爱意,而又如此率真感人!当她为自己不能与罗切斯特结合却仍被留在庄园而感到屈辱时, 她愤然说道: “你认为,因为我穷!低微!不美!矮小,我就没有灵魂没有心吗?你错了!我的灵魂跟你一样,我的心也和你一样,我们站在上帝脚跟前,是平等的!” 这番有力的自白表明了简一贯遵循的神圣原则一一自重、自尊、自爱。

由于罗切斯特疯妻的存在使他们无法结成夫妻, 于是罗切斯特就决定带简到遥远的地方一起生活, 但简认为自己无异于当一名情妇, 她对自己说:“我关心自己, 我越是孤独, 越是没有朋友, 越是没有支持, 我越尊重自己”。她勇敢地面对厄运的挑战, 作出了离开罗切斯特这一痛苦而又坚决的抉择。这正是她把爱情与人的真正价值紧紧连在一起, 从而使爱情升华到了更高的境界。她的出走, 不仅完满地表现了她的性格, 她的执著追求, 而且是对世俗观念的大胆蔑视。因此, 她的离去, 不是逃避现实, 而是在更高层次上的选择, 是在争取一个普通女子应有的社会地位的道路上往前迈了一步。

简爱在离开庄园后,流浪荒郊,幸好被牧师圣约翰收留。在圣约翰与简的交往中, 他发现了简的性格中闪出的不平凡的光彩: 她直爽, 单纯, 富有激情,特别是她的能吃苦耐劳和有毅力这一点, 圣约翰认为是适合作一个传教士的妻子的有利条件,所以他向她求婚。但他对简的求婚不是出于爱情,而是上帝的旨意。简虽然佩服圣约翰的献身精神,但他们的爱情观有着截然不同的分歧。她认为圣约翰向她求婚,不是因为爱她,只是要在他在印度的辛苦工作中有一个合适的同事。她一再坚持在爱情婚姻上应该是平等的,应该以爱情为基础而结合,而不应该把妻子当作传教士的一件有用工具。她对圣约翰说: “我鄙视你的爱情观念!我瞧不

起你奉献的这种不真实的感情!是的,圣约翰,你把它奉献出来的时候,我鄙视你!

不以爱情为基础的婚姻也是不平等的!”

圣约翰对简的求婚,实际上是在宗教的名义下的男权社会对女性的招安, 本质上仍然是把女性当作工具,当作附庸,当然被简爱所拒绝。

简爱的女性意识对现代女性的启示

平凡的简·爱虽然相貌普通，出身卑微，然而却拥有一颗金子般善良的心。罗素曾说过：“在一切道德品质之中，善良的本性在世界上是最需要的。”善良如空气，没了它，我们的生活无法想象。简·爱的善良除了我们理解的同情心外，更有着超越于普通人之上的无私与宽恕。

在简·爱舅妈里德太太临终时，她陪在身边的那一幕感动了无数读者。从小

说中，我们看到里德太太简直就是简·爱苦难的源头，随着收留她，疼爱她的舅舅里德先生的去世，冷酷无情，虚伪自私的里德太太把简·爱当作佣人一样对待，将她视为眼中钉，肉中刺，处处刁难，对这个失去双亲的可怜孩子，不但不给予同情与关爱，反而处处苛责，纵容自己的孩子欺负。更可恨的是，她把简·爱送进了标榜惩罚肉体以拯救灵魂的人间地狱般的慈善学校里，并且在前来接简·爱的布鲁赫尔斯先生面前撒谎怒斥简爱是一个撒谎而讨厌的女孩子。可是，就是这样一个深深伤害过自己的人，简·爱原谅了。

当这位曾虐待过自己的舅妈临终时，在没人在身边的情况下，她去探望了她，并对她所受的巨大的痛苦产生了怜悯之情，她弯下腰吻了吻她，深情地叫了一声 “舅妈，亲爱的舅妈”并妥善安排了她的后事。简·爱在此的表现，让每一位读者都看到了什么是宽容，什么是善良。马克·吐温曾说过：“紫罗兰把它的香气留

在那踩扁了它的脚踝上。这就是宽恕。”

每个人都会犯错误，都会有意无意伤害别人，也会被别人伤害，如果执著于这些伤害，只会让自己更痛，在短暂的人生旅途中，也许宽容可以让我们活得更好。寄人篱下，任人驱使的悲惨童年，饱尝了人情冷酷，世态炎凉的滋味，并没有使简·爱变成一个冷酷麻木的女孩，相反，她用一颗善良博大的爱心关爱着身 边的人。简·爱这样一个平凡而圣洁的女子告诉21 世纪的女性们不仅要爱自己，还要去爱家人，爱朋友，爱身边需要帮助的人，甚至是曾经伤害自己的人。只有在点点滴滴的生活中无私的给予，在世俗怨恨中心胸旷达而付出真爱，才称得上 是一个具有高贵品格的形象。

简·爱悲惨的成长历程让她早早明白，只有自己才能保护自己，维护自己的 尊严。她宁可承受孤独，也不愿低三下

四、无视人格地去乞求廉价的怜悯和同情。当仆人告诉她称呼表哥主人时，她勇敢地反问道“: 他怎么是我的主人? 我又不是仆人!”无论是舅母的虐待还是学监的侮辱，无论心灵受到多大的挫伤，她都自尊自爱，像保护生命一样保护自己的人格。

在做罗切斯特养女阿黛勒的家庭教师时，她虽只是一个出身微贱的小姑娘，本应是很容易低声下气，乞求怜悯的。但简·爱却不。在简·爱与男主人公罗切斯特第一次有关礼物的谈话中，罗借养女阿黛勒要礼物的茬口，试探简·爱对他人的施舍和恩赐的态度：是否期望别人的礼物？ 简·爱实实在在地答到“: 我说不上来，先生，我对这些东西没有什么经验，一般认为是讨人喜欢的。”罗讥讽

道“: 爱小姐，你不像阿黛勒那么单纯，她一见到我就嚷着要‘礼物’，而你却转弯抹角。”简不露声色说“: 因为我对自己是否配得礼物，不像阿黛勒那么有信心”罗再次为难道“: 啊，别以过分谦虚来搪塞!”简不卑不亢说到“先生，你已经给了我‘礼物’，我很感谢你，赞扬学生的进步，是教师们最向往的酬劳。” 在谈话中，她既不忘家庭教师的身份，又充分表现出作为一个平等个人的自信和自尊。”

简·爱的自尊自爱还表现在当她发现自己爱的人有妻子时，选择了离开。罗切斯特和简·爱相爱后，欢天喜地到教堂准备结婚时，得知罗切斯特早已结婚和 阁楼上藏疯妻的秘密。这一消息使简·爱伤心欲绝，一时不知如何是好。来之不易的幸福瞬间就要消失了，是去还是留？虽然她深爱着罗切斯特，但她不愿违背道德准则，不愿失去做人的尊严去做罗切斯特的情人。她告诉罗切斯特：“先生，你的妻子还活着，这是早上你自己承认的事实。要是按你的希望同你一起生活，我岂不成了你的情妇。别的说法都是诡辩———是欺骗。”她拒绝了这份不道德的

婚姻，以非凡的自制力，克制了对罗切斯特强烈的爱，毅然离开了庄园。这使我们感受到简·爱独立人格中包涵的平等、自尊的进步爱情观以及她的独立人格的锋芒和魅力。

情是人们生活中不可缺少的组成部分。对于读者来说，爱情主题是一个最富有人情味、最能引起感情共鸣的主题；对创作者来说，爱情主题是最能展示作者人性力量的主题。简·爱的爱情让读者感到一股强大的、热情优美的、震撼人心的情感力量，让读者真切地体会到她的感情历程，读懂了她对爱情与女性独立的诠释，也让读者为她在情感与理智徘徊中作出令人振奋的抉择而喝彩。

简·爱的感情观中主要的一个特点是平等的爱情。罗切斯特虽专横傲慢，但感情真挚强烈，经过骄傲和感情之间长时间的斗争，被简·爱的人格魅力所吸引，深深地爱上了她。简·爱知道这种爱情在当时注重阶级的社会是不可能的，在她以为罗切斯特要与贵族小姐结婚时，她选择离去，而罗切斯特却要求她留下来，这也激发了简爱的表白。“你以为，因为我贫穷，不美，矮小，我就没有灵魂，没有心吗？你错了，我的心灵跟你一样丰富，我的心胸跟你一样充实！要是上帝赐

予我一点姿色和充足的财富，我也会让你感到难以离开我，就像我现在难以离 开你一样。上帝没有这样，可我们的精神是同等的，就如同你跟我经过坟墓，将同样地站在上帝面前。因为我们是平等的!”这段爱情表白，道出了简·爱内心要求人格平等的呼声, 充分表现了她反对以金钱地位为标准的庸俗爱情观，鄙视资

产阶级的门第观念，以大胆的叛逆精神向罗切斯特告白。

其次，在简爱寻求的爱情里，二人在经济上应该是独立的，而不是依附性的。经济基础决定着上层建筑。这一惟物主义理论不仅仅适合阶级范畴，也对男女的社会关系作出了相适应的解释。女性要独立，首先要争取经济上的独立，抛开对男性的物质依赖。所谓“靠诚实的劳动挣得的面包，比不劳而获的面包更香甜。”在她打算嫁给罗切斯特时，她的想法就是：不愿依附于对方，而愿通过自己的努力为他带来更多的财产。她拒不接收罗切斯特送给她的钻石戒指、项链和手镯等奢侈礼品。当罗切斯特要她立刻放弃家庭教师的工作时,她拒不认同，而是继续履行家庭教师的职责，她要以自食其力的劳动来保持个人的人格尊严，也维护了自己纯洁高尚的爱情。也正因为这样，简·爱才能理直气壮地说：“我不是根据习俗，常规，甚至也不是以血肉之躯同你说话，而是我的灵魂同你的灵魂在对话，就仿佛我们两个穿过坟墓，站在上帝脚下，彼此平等———本来就如此。”

简·爱的婚姻观首先表现在她发现罗切斯特已经有妻子后，选择理智地离开。尽管她非常爱罗切斯特，但她知道如果与罗切斯特生活在一起，她将失去尊严，因为她的留下只会使她成为一名情妇。她要的不是这样不纯净的爱情和婚姻。她凭着坚强的毅力，痛苦而坚定地离开了他，去独自谋生。至此，可以看到简· 爱追求自由、平等的婚姻。

反映简·爱婚姻观的另一个例子还体现在她拒绝表哥圣约翰的求婚中。离 开桑费尔德庄园后，简·爱历尽艰辛，最后被里佛斯兄妹收留。兄妹中的哥哥圣 约翰是一个虔诚的传教士，在他打算去印度传教时，他多次向简·爱求婚，但却 不是出于爱情，而是他赏识简·爱的才华和毅力，在他心中婚姻只不过是为自己 取得一位帮手的工具。面对他的求婚，简·爱有过挣扎，但她明白，如果她和圣 约翰在一起就等于抛弃了一半自我，过一种完全克制自己受人支配而且没有真 正爱情的虚伪婚姻的生活。尽管她非常赞赏他献身宗教的精神，感激他对她的 赏识，她还是拒绝与圣约翰缔结没有爱情的婚姻。第二天，她在爱的呼唤下，告 别了圣约翰家，重返桑费尔德，她要到那儿去寻找自己真正的爱情与归宿。在罗 切斯特庄园被烧，眼瞎臂断时，简·爱毅然选择了自己的爱情，待在自己深爱的 人身边，不离不弃，奉献给灾难中几乎绝望的罗切斯特以真诚的爱。她用自己的 行为表明了自己的爱情观，那就是平等自主，真诚奉献。

女作家精心塑造了一个平凡而又很不寻常的家庭女教帅形象，歌颂了把两颗灵魂平等结合在一起的爱情，同时也歌颂了敢于和男权社会顽强斗争的妇女，把维护女性的人格尊严看得高于一切。从表层意义上说，《简爱》的爱情故事是平民女作家站在进步的立场上，对于当时盛行的以金钱、门第、美貌作为交换条件的买卖婚姻的否定。可是从深层内涵看，简爱与罗切斯特的爱情故事中，深藏于其中的意义，是令人震撼的开始觉醒的。19 世纪西方妇女强烈的女性意识，千百年来柔弱可怜、因没有人格的独立而寻求男性保护的女性，在女作家建构的世界里，挺立起来了，她获得了雄伟刚强的力量，不仅得到了精神上的独立自主，更实现了经济上的自主。简爱这一形象变得高大而不同凡响，她闪现出的强烈的女性意识象暗夜中的火把，为广大妇女点燃了希望之光。

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