第一篇:2011美国数学建模竞赛总结
2011美国数学建模
总结
数学建模对我们来说已经不是一个很陌生的词汇。从大一开始,在王国灿老师的数学课上得知,每年九月份都举办“全国大学生数学建模竞赛”,并且每个学生都有机会参加。通过前两次的全国比赛,我们知道数学建模主要是利用各学科的知识来分析实际的问题并最后寻求解决的方案,美国数学建模亦是如此。当贾金平老师通知我们有机会参加美国数学建模竞赛时,我们就下定决心,一定要好好把握这次机会,充分准备,不仅可以学到各学科的知识,还能在比赛中提高能力、锻炼思维。正所谓“凡事预则立,不预则废”,我们做到了“预”,可以说有备无患。当我们还未从节日的喜庆中彻底走出时,便已身在校园。我想,这样的亲身体验是我们终身受益的宝贵财富,是我们日后工作、生活和学习中坚实的奠基石,更是为我们今后考研或其他工作做好思想准备,因为科学需要我们有献身精神,没有坚决的意志和坚强的信念很难完成一项艰巨的科研项目。
首先我要代表我们队的队员向学校、学院、指导老师表示我们诚挚的谢意。感谢学校及学院领导给我们这次难得的机会,让我们可以亲历这次美国数学建模大赛,亲身体验到美国数学建模这一具有科研特色的活动。在我们比赛的第二天,校领导便到校看望我们,给我们鼓励,为我们打气。比赛过程是劳累的,但学校对我们的关心是无微不至的,为了让同学们全身心的投入到比赛当中,学校后勤方面的工作做得特别细致,给同学们安排寝室、开放食堂。贾金平老师也给我们准备了水和水果以补充体力。虽然当时的天气是寒冷的,但我们的心始终是暖融融的。难忘那辛苦而美好的日子,难忘学校的热切关怀,难忘老师的谆谆教导。
这次参加比赛,虽然很累,但是在短短的日子里,得到的要比付出的多很多,这也就使我们感到无比的满足和充实。谈及参赛的心得,我想主要有以下几个方面:
一、准备过程。
去年十二月份得知这个好消息后,我们立即开始搜集资料,通过图书馆、网络、指导教师等途径充分了解这次竞赛的规则和比赛流程。在老师的指导下,我们三人合理分工,分别负责建模、翻译和软件。在寒假仅不到一个月的时间里,我们完成了部分的任务,对此次竞赛有了初步的了解,并且对历年参赛题目做了详细的分析和归类,总结一下论文中用到的算法和模型,以便参赛时能有所帮助。美国数学建模需要交英语版本,准备时,我们也特别注意一些专业词汇的积累,这也能帮助我们提高英语水平。MATLAB软件之前我们从未接触过,任何专业课也没有涉及,一切都是从头开始。但是,我们有了充分的准备,还是有信心完成任务的。
二、参赛过程
十一号早上九点出题,我们八点就在电脑前开始准备了。把软件安装到电脑上,再看看往年参赛者的经验,做好一切心理准备。由于是第一次参加国外的竞赛,没有经验的我们心理也没底,忐忑的心情充斥着赛前的一个小时,掺夹着紧张和兴奋。
当我们看到比赛试题时,三个人都很坦然,各自搜索着网上的资料,分析并且汇总问题,提出其主题和设计重点,分别把两道题做一比较,看看哪个类型的题比较适合我们。团队精神是建模竞赛能否取得最终成功的关键因素。这是一个三个人的团队参加竞赛,不能每个人都按自己的想法做出任何草率的决定,三个人要相互理解,相互支持,相互鼓励,在很多问题上要相互讨论,以得到最理想的结果。团队精神就是要锻炼合作和沟通交流的能力。每个人都要尽自己最大的努力想出最合理的设计方案。“一个人或许只有一种想法,三个人都把自己的想法表达出来,一个人就可以有三种想法。”我们互相探讨,把所有的想法汇总,从中选择最佳的方案进行设计。
今年我们选择的参赛题目是The Design of a snowboard course。这是一道设计滑雪场地的题目,主要是形状和运动员的受力分析。我们是理科的学生,对物理学方面比较熟悉,需要了解的就是生物力学方面的知识,这就给我们出了道难题。生物力学并不是我们所学的知识,也是与我们专业没有任何关系的领域,需要我们通过网络查找相关知识,而且要在短时间内初步掌握与题目有关部分的解题方法。“在自学的前提下快速学习”是我们在这次竞赛中收获最多的。平时上课学习都是有老师引导,自学能力一直都不能提高。但是通过这次竞赛,锻炼了我们自学的能力,并且提高了接受新知识的速度。在陌生的领域,迅速熟悉、掌握并且能应用新的知识,这是竞赛中的意外收获。
数学建模,凭现有实力设计竞赛题目只是一方面,另一方面就是要通过网络找到合适的资料,由于建模比赛是半封闭式的,所以在比赛过程中应尽可能多的利用网络来查阅文献资料和交流信息,在与别人交流讨论的过程中,别人不经意的一句话,可能就会使我们茅塞顿开,想出一些新的思路。网络对我们来说是最重要的,各种信息都是通过网络获取的,QQ讨论群、网络论坛等途径获得更多的思维空间。新的设计方法和计算过程都是从已经存在的模式中修改出来的。“以旧翻新”是我们团队的奋斗宗旨。
翻译是这次竞赛最重要的一个环节。最终上交的是英文论文,首先就是要正确翻译,我们觉得这是最起码对评分老师的尊重。由于英语水平有限,对专业英语不是特别了解,翻译的过程是相当困难的。我们借助电脑上的翻译软件进行大体翻译,再自己仔细推敲、反复修改。虽然翻译的过程很“痛苦”,但是我们的英语水平在翻译的过程中得到了很大的提升。学校还给我们安排了专门翻译的英语老师,在最后成稿前,给我们把关,帮我们把错误的语法,乱用的时态进行了修改。我们很感谢那位英语老师,他给我们提供了很大的帮助。
竞赛时间是四天,这也需要我们合理安排作息时间。盲目的拼命会浪费时间。第一天,我们分别在网上查找相关资料,并把资料汇总。然后根据题目进行分析,到了下午终于决定了建模方向。第二天早上开始,一鼓作气,把重点都放在一起思考,思路不致被打乱,也可以从整体出发,到每一个细节都详细考虑,仔细分析,将各部分的分析列表总结。晚上开始建立模型的每一个部分,直到第三天早上。然后对建立好的模型进行分析和优化,并完成了发挥部分的题目。剩下的时间对论文进行翻译,在翻译的同时对论文进行优化。参加建模竞赛,合理安排时间是相当重要的,注意饮食保持体力,这样头脑也会灵活,会想出很多新点子。
三、收获与心得
参加数学建模竞赛给我们每一位队员都带来很大的收获。
刚刚接触数学建模,觉得它是一门很难理解和掌握的学科。通过校赛和国赛,我们对数学建模有了初步的了解。数学被广泛地应用到生活中,建立数学模型就是通过数学原理来解决实际问题的一种好方法。并且,在模型的建立过程中,我们对实际问题的分析能力也得到了提高。初出茅庐的我们,在前两次比赛中也取得了一些成绩,这为以后的比赛奠定了基础。
在比赛时接触到了各种领域的模型,它不仅可以解决物理化学等自然科学的问题,还可以解决经济社会学科的问题,并且在国家军事领域也起到重要的作用。原来数学建模是一门如此重要的学问。其实,从我们接触数学开始,学到的每一个数学知识都可以作为建模的基础,因为即使是一个简单的方程求解,它的数学思想都是十分严密的。
能够参加这次美赛是我们没有想过的,不过机会难得当然不能放过。准备期间,我发现数学建模并不是一朝一夕就能够掌握的。我们在生活中遇到的每件事都可能激发对数学建模的思考,积极关注生活中出现的问题,提出解决方案,建立模型,解决问题。其实这就是一次很好的建模过程。
参加美赛和国赛的感觉是完全不一样的。参加国赛时,一定要通过建立模型得出一个合理的结果,如果只有理想的模型而得不出最优的结果,是很难取得好成绩的。然而美赛就完全不同,我们可以尽情的放开自己的思想,可以说加入“异想天开”的元素,即使得不出最合理的结果,也是会吸引评委们的眼球,重要的是我们看待问题的思想。再者说,参加国赛时的题目是比较明确的,我们只要根据题目搜索有关资料,就能够找到出发点。然而美赛的切入点确实要通过认真思考和研究才能找得到。例如我们这次比赛选择的题目是单板滑雪场地的设计,即使队员们找出相同的出发点,但是在分析过程中仍然对建模的重点方向产生了分歧。场地设计需要的技术参数有很多,到底需要考虑哪些因素,则需要我们对问题进一步的分析。
这次美国数学建模对我们学习英语有很大的帮助。英语论文书写时首先要保证单词语法的正确,其次要符合专业英语方面的要求。我们三个人都是打算明年考研的学生,英语这一学科在考研中也是相当重要的一科,这对我们考研打下了一定的基础。我们平时学习英语,只是一味的应付四六级考试,并没有真正的学习使用这门语言。但是,通过这次的竞赛,我们的英语水平有了明显的提高,“学以致用”是我们在英语方面得到的收获。
数学建模培养的是一种创新合作的精神,以及快速解决问题的能力。参加数学建模竞赛,也给了我们一次简单的科学研究工作的体验。科学工作需要的是严谨、大胆。这次不平凡的经历使我们体会到了科研工作的艰辛,这些将对我们今后的学习和工作产生积极的作用和深远的影响。
数学建模使我门明白了:不管我们遇到什么问题,什么困难,还是我们的能力多么有限,只要我们懂得与人沟通协作,只要我们去拼搏,我们的明天就会更美好。路就在脚下,只要我们自己主动去争取,我们才会有机会,只要我们敢于超越自我,有必胜的信心,明天定会更加美好。
第二篇:2001美国数学建模数学竞赛试题及翻译
Cyclists have different types of wheels they can use on their bicycles.The two basic types of wheels are those constructed using wire spokes and those constructed of a solid disk(see Figure 1)The spoked wheels are lighter, but the solid wheels are more aerodynamic.A solid wheel is never used on the front for a road race but can be used on the rear of the bike.Professional cyclists look at a racecourse and make an educated guess as to what kind of wheels should be used.The decision is based on the number and steepness of the hills, the weather, wind speed, the competition, and other considerations.The director sportif of your favorite team would like to have a better system in place and has asked your team for information to help determine what kind of wheel should be used for a given course.Figure 1: A solid wheel is shown on the left and a spoked wheel is shown on the right.The director sportif needs specific information to help make a decision and has asked your team to accomplish the tasks listed below.For each of the tasks assume that the same spoked wheel will always be used on the front but there is a choice of wheels for the rear. Task 1.Provide a table giving the wind speed at which the power required for a solid rear wheel is less than for a spoked rear wheel.The table should include the wind speeds for different road grades starting from zero percent to ten percent in one percent increments.(Road grade is defined to be the ratio of the total rise of a hill divided by the length of the road.If the hill is viewed as a triangle, the grade is the sine of the angle at the bottom of the hill.)A rider starts at the bottom of the hill at a speed of 45 kph, and the deceleration of the rider is proportional to the road grade.A rider will lose about 8 kph for a five percent grade over 100 meters.Task 2.Provide an example of how the table could be used for a specific time trial course. Task 3.Determine if the table is an adequate means for deciding on the wheel configuration and offer other suggestions as to how to make this decision.选择自行车车轮
有不同类型的车轮可以让自行车手们在自己的自行车上。两种基本的车轮类型是分别用金属辐条和实体圆盘组装而成(见图1)。辐条车轮较轻,但试题车轮更符合空气动力学原理。对于一场公路竞赛,实体车轮从来不会用作自行车的前车轮但可以作为后车轮。
职业自行车手们审视竞赛路线,并且请一位识文断字的人推断应该使用哪种车轮。选择决定是根据沿途山丘的数量和陡度,天气,风速,竞赛本身以及其他考虑作出的,你所喜爱的参赛队的教练希望准备妥当一个较好的系统,并且对于给定的竞赛路线已经向你的参赛队索取有助于确定宜用哪种车轮的信息。
这位教练需要明确的信息来帮助做出决定,而且已经要求你的参赛队完成下面列出的各项任务,对于每项任务都假定同样的辐条车轮总是装在前面,而装在后面的车轮是可以选择的。任务1.提供一个给出风速的表格。在这种速度下试题后轮所需要的体能少于辐条后轮。这个表格应当包括相应于从百分之零到百分之十的不同公路陡度的风速。(公路陡度定义为一座山丘的总升高初一公路长度。如果把山丘看作一个三角形,它的陡度是指山脚处倾角的正弦。)一位骑手以初始速度45kph从山脚出发,他的减速度与公路陡度成正比。对于百分之五的陡度,骑上100米车速要下降8kph左右。
任务2.提供一个例证,说明这个表格怎样用于一条时间实验路线。
任务3.请判明这个表格是不是一件决定车轮配置的适当工具,并且关于如何作出这个决定提出其他建议。
2001 MCM B: Escaping a Hurricane's Wrath(An Ill Wind...)
Evacuating the coast of South Carolina ahead of the predicted landfall of Hurricane Floyd in 1999 led to a monumental traffic jam.Traffic slowed to a standstill on Interstate I-26, which is the principal route going inland from Charleston to the relatively safe haven of Columbia in the center of the state.What is normally an easy two-hour drive took up to 18 hours to complete.Many cars simply ran out of gas along the way.Fortunately, Floyd turned north and spared the state this time, but the public outcry is forcing state officials to find ways to avoid a repeat of this traffic nightmare.The principal proposal put forth to deal with this problem is the reversal of traffic on I-26, so that both sides, including the coastal-bound lanes, have traffic headed inland from Charleston to Columbia.Plans to carry this out have been prepared(and posted on the Web)by the South Carolina Emergency Preparedness Division.Traffic reversal on principal roads leading inland from Myrtle Beach and Hilton Head is also planned.A simplified map of South Carolina is shown.Charleston has approximately 500,000 people, Myrtle Beach has about 200,000 people, and another 250,000 people are spread out along the rest of the coastal strip.(More accurate data, if sought, are widely available.)The interstates have two lanes of traffic in each direction except in the metropolitan areas where they have three.Columbia, another metro area of around 500,000 people, does not have sufficient hotel space to accommodate the evacuees(including some coming from farther north by other routes), so some traffic continues outbound on I-26 towards Spartanburg;on I-77 north to Charlotte;and on I-20 east to Atlanta.In 1999, traffic leaving Columbia going northwest was moving only very slowly.Construct a model for the problem to investigate what strategies may reduce the congestion observed in 1999.Here are the questions that need to be addressed: 1.Under what conditions does the plan for turning the two coastal-bound lanes of I-26 into two lanes of Columbia-bound traffic, essentially turning the entire I-26 into one-way traffic, significantly improve evacuation traffic flow? 2.In 1999, the simultaneous evacuation of the state's entire coastal region was ordered.Would the evacuation traffic flow improve under an alternative strategy that staggers the evacuation, perhaps county-by-county over some time period consistent with the pattern of how hurricanes affect the coast? 3.Several smaller highways besides I-26 extend inland from the coast.Under what conditions would it improve evacuation flow to turn around traffic on these? 4.What effect would it have on evacuation flow to establish more temporary shelters in Columbia, to reduce the traffic leaving Columbia? 5.In 1999, many families leaving the coast brought along their boats, campers, and motor homes.Many drove all of their cars.Under what conditions should there be restrictions on vehicle types or numbers of vehicles brought in order to guarantee timely evacuation? 6.It has been suggested that in 1999 some of the coastal residents of Georgia and Florida, who were fleeing the earlier predicted landfalls of Hurricane Floyd to the south, came up I-95 and compounded the traffic problems.How big an impact can they have on the evacuation traffic flow? Clearly identify what measures of performance are used to compare strategies.Required: Prepare a short newspaper article, not to exceed two pages, explaining the results and conclusions of your study to the public.Clearly identify what measures of performance are used to compare strategies.Required: Prepare a short newspaper article, not to exceed two pages, explaining the results and conclusions of your study to the public.逃避飓风
1999年,在Floyd飓风预报登录之前,车里南卡罗来纳州沿海地区的行动导致一场永垂青史的交通拥塞。车水马龙停滞在州际公路I-26上,那是内陆上从Charleston通往该州中心Columbia相对安全处所的主要干线。正常时轻松的两个小时驱车路要用18个小时才能开到头。许多车竟然沿途把汽油消耗净尽。幸运的是,Floyd飓风掉头长驱北上,这次放过了南卡罗来纳州,但是,公众的喧嚷正在迫使该州官员们寻找各种办法,以求避免这场交通恶梦再度出现。倾力解决这个问题的主要提议是I-26公路上的车辆转向疏散,因此,包括通往海岸的多条次级公路在内,从两个侧面疏导车流在内陆从Charleston开往Columbia。把提议付诸实施的计划已经由South Carolina Emergency Preparedness Division准备好(而且贴在互联网上)。从Myrtle Beach和Hilton Head通往内地的主干道上车辆转向疏散的方案也在规划中。
这里有一张南卡罗来纳州的简化地图。Charleston有近500000人,Myrtle Beach有200000人左右,而另外一个250000人分散在沿岸其余地区。(如果查找,更精确的数据随处可用。)
州与州之间有两条车辆往来的次级公路,自然大都市地区除外,那里有三条。Columbia,又一个500000人左右的大都市地区,没有充足的旅店空间为撤退者提供食宿(包括咽其他路线来自北边的一些人),所以,若干车辆继续撤离,沿着I-26公路开往Spartanburg市;沿着I-77公路北上Charleston;而且沿着I-20公路东进Atlanta市。在1999年,从Columbia开往西北方向的车辆行进得非常慢。对于这个问题建立一个模型,调查研究哪种策略可以降低在1999年观察到的拥挤。这里有一些问题需要加以考虑:
在什么条件下,把I-26的两条开往海岸的次级公路变成开往Columbia的两条次级公路,特别是把整个I-26变成单行道会使撤离交通状况得到重大改善?
在1999年,南卡罗来纳州的整个沿海地区奉命同时撤离。如果采取另一种策略,逐个郡按某个时间段错开撤离,同时飓风对沿岸影响的模式相协调,撤离交通状况会改善吗?
在I-26公路旁边有若干较小的高速公路从海岸延伸到内陆。在什么条件下,把车辆流转向这些道路会改善撤离交通?
在Columbia建立更多临时收容所来减少离开Columbia的车辆,这会对撤离交通有什么影响?
在1999年,离开海岸的许多家庭一路上携带他们的船只,露宿设备和汽车住宅。许多家庭驾驶他们的所有汽车。在什么条件下,应当对携带的车辆类型或数目加以限制以求保证适时撤离?
在1999年,人们还会记得,若干George州和Florida州的沿岸居民逃避较早预报的Floyd飓风南部登录,沿着I-95公路北上家中了南卡罗来纳州交通问题。他们对于撤离交通的冲击会有多大?
要求清楚地指明,为了比较各种策略,使用什么方法对实施状况予以评测。
要求:预备一篇简短的报刊文章,不超过两页,向公众解释你的研究成果和结论。
第三篇:HIMCM 2014美国中学生数学建模竞赛试题
2014 HiMCM Problems HIMCM 2014美国中学生数学建模竞赛试题
Problem A: Unloading Commuter Trains Trains arrive often at a central Station, the nexus for many commuter trains from suburbs of larger cities on a “commuter” line.Most trains are long(perhaps 10 or more cars long).The distance a passenger has to walk to exit the train area is quite long.Each train car has only two exits, one near each end so that the cars can carry as many people as possible.Each train car has a center aisle and there are two seats on one side and three seats on the other for each row of seats.To exit a typical station of interest, passengers must exit the car, and then make their way to a stairway to get to the next level to exit the station.Usually these trains are crowded so there is a “fan” of passengers from the train trying to get up the stairway.The stairway could accommodate two columns of people exiting to the top of the stairs.Most commuter train platforms have two tracks adjacent to the platform.In the worst case, if two fully occupied trains arrived at the same time, it might take a long time for all the passengers to get up to the main level of the station.Build a mathematical model to estimate the amount of time for a passenger to reach the street level of the station to exit the complex.Assume there are n cars to a train, each car has length d.The length of the platform is p, and the number of stairs in each staircase is q.Use your model to specifically optimize(minimize)the time traveled to reach street level to exit a station for the following: 问题一:通勤列车的负载问题
在中央车站,经常有许多的联系从大城市到郊区的通勤列车“通勤”线到达。大多数火车很长(也许10个或更多的汽车长)。乘客走到出口的距离也很长,有整个火车区域。每个火车车厢只有两个出口,一个靠近终端, 因此可以携带尽可能多的人。每个火车车厢有一个中心过道和过道两边的座椅,一边每排有两个座椅,另一边每排有三个座椅。走出这样一个典型车站,乘客必须先出火车车厢,然后走入楼梯再到下一个级别的出站口。通常情况下这些列车都非常拥挤,有大量的火车上的乘客试图挤向楼梯,而楼梯可以容纳两列人退出。大多数通勤列车站台有两个相邻的轨道平台。在最坏的情况下,如果两个满载的列车同时到达,所有的乘客可能需要很长时间才能到达主站台。建立一个数学模型来估计旅客退出这种复杂的状况到达出站口路上的时间。假设一列火车有n个汽车那么长,每个汽车的长度为d。站台的长度是p,每个楼梯间的楼梯数量是q。使用您的模型具体来优化(减少)前往主站台的时间,有如下要求:
Requirement 1.One fully occupied train's passengers to exit the train, and ascend the stairs to reach the street access level of the station.要求1.一个满载乘客的火车,所有乘客都要出火车。所有乘客都要出楼梯抵达出主站台的路上。
Requirement 2.Two fully occupied trains' passengers(all passengers exit onto a common platform)to exit the trains, and ascend the stairs to reach the street access level
2014 HiMCM Problems of the station.要求2.两个满载列车的乘客都要出车厢(所有乘客出到一个公用站台), 所有乘客都要出楼梯抵达出主站台的路上。
Requirement 3.If you could redesign the location of the stairways along the platform, where should these stairways be placed to minimize the time for one or two trains' passengers to exit the station? 要求3.如果你能重新设计楼梯沿着站台的位置,那么这些楼梯应放置在哪,以缩短一列或两列火车的乘客出站所用的时间?
Requirement 4.How does the time to street level vary with the number s of stairways that one builds? 要求4.乘客到达出主站台的路上所用的时间跟构建楼梯的台阶数有怎样的关系?
Requirement 5.How does the time vary if the stairways can accommodate k people, k an integer greater than one? 要求5.如果楼梯可以容纳K个人,那么时间会如何变化?(k是大于1的整数)
In addition to the HiMCM format, prepare a short non-technical article to the director of transportation explaining why they should adopt your model to improve exiting a station.除了要遵循HiMCM规范,准备一个简短的非技术物品向运输主管解释为什么他们应该采取你的模型来提高出站效率。
2014 HiMCM Problems
Problem B: The Next Plague? In 2014, the world saw the infectious Ebola virus spreading in western Africa.Throughout human history, epidemics have come and gone with some infecting and/or killing thousands and lasting for years and others taking less of a human toll.Some believe these events are just nature’s way of controlling the growth of a species while others think they could be a conspiracy or deliberate act to cause harm.This problem will most likely come down to how to expend(or not expend)scarce resources(doctors, containment facilities, money, research, serums, etc…)to deal with a crisis.问题二:下一场瘟疫?
在2014年,世界看到了感染埃博拉病毒在西非蔓延。纵观人类历史,流行病来了又走,有些感染带到来然后杀死成千上万的人并且持续数百年,另外一些流行病导致少量的人员伤亡的。一些人认为,这些事件只是大自然控制物种的生长方式,而其他人则认为,这可能是一个阴谋,或者是故意行为造成伤害。这个问题很可能会归咎到如何花费(或不花费)稀缺资源(医生,防护设施,资金,科研,精华素等),以应对危机。
Section A:
A routine humanitarian mission on an island in Indonesia reported a small village where almost half of its 300 inhabitants are showing similar symptoms.In the past week, 15 of the “infected” have died.This village is known to trade with nearby villages and other islands.Your modeling team works for a major center of disease control in the capital of your country(or if you prefer, for the International World Health Organization).A部分:
一个常见的人道主义报道:在印度尼西亚的一个岛上的一个小村庄,那里的300名居民中几乎有一半都出现了类似的症状。在过去的一周,15个“传染”着已经死亡。这个村与附近的村庄和其他岛屿进行交易而出名。您的建模团队工作的疾病控制的一个主要中心是在贵国的首都(或者,如果你喜欢,可以说是国际世界卫生组织)。
Requirement 1: develop a mathematical model that performs the following functions as well as how/when to best allocates these scarce resources and…
-Determines and classifies the type and severity of the spread of the disease确定和分类的疾病传播的类型和严重程度-或者,确定疫情是否受控(爆发)
-引发适当的措施(什么时候治疗,什么时候运送受害者,什么时候限制转移,什么时候让疾病听其自然,等等)去控制某种疾病。
2014 HiMCM Problems 注意:此时你可能要开始使用著名的“SIR”模型或该模型的部分,或者考虑别的修正后的SIR模型,多个模型,或者创建自己的模型。
Requirement 2: Based on the information given, your model, and the assumptions your team has made, what initial recommendations does your team have for your country center for disease control?(Given 3-5 recommendations with justifications)
Additional Situational Information: A multi-national research team just returned to your country capital after spending days gathering information in the infected village.要求2:根据所给出的信息、你的模型以及你的团队所做的假设,你的团队需要为你的国家疾病预防控制中心给出哪些初步建议?(3-5给出建议,理由)
附加态势信息:多国研究小组花7天聚集在村里被感染后的信息返回给你的国家首都。
Requirement 3: You can ask them up to 3 questions to improve your model.What would your ask and why? Additional Situational Information: The mulit-national research team concluded that the disease:-Appears to spread through contact with bodily fluids of an infected person-The elderly and children are more likely to die if infected-A nearby island is starting to show similar signs of infection-One of the researchers that returned to your capital appears infected
要求3:你可以要求问他们3个问题,以改进你的模型。你需要问什么问题和原因? 附加情境信息:多国研究小组得出结论一致认为,本病:-出现传播是通过与受感染者的体液接触-如果感染,老人和儿童更容易感染-附近的岛上开始出现类似感染的迹象-一个研究者返回到贵国首都出现感染
Requirement 4:How does the additional information above change/modify your model? 要求4:如何根据以上的附加信息改版/修改模型?
Requirement 5:Write a one-page synopsis of your findings for your local non-technical news outlet.要求5:写下你的发现,为当地的非技术广播电台(或电视台)提供新闻稿。
第四篇:2005美国数学建模数学竞赛试题及翻译
2005 年美国大学生数学建模竞赛 MCM试题
2005 MCM A: Flood Planning 洪水计划
Lake Murray in central South Carolina is formed by a large earthen dam, which was completed in 1930 for power production Model the flooding downstream in the event there is a catastrophic earthquake that breaches the dam
Two particular questions:
Rawls Creek is a year-round stream that flows into the Saluda River a short distance downriver from the dam How much flooding will occur in Rawls Creek from a dam failure, and how far back will it extend?
Could the flood be so massive downstream that water would reach up to the SC State Capitol Building, which is on a hill overlooking the Congaree River? South Carolina中部的Murray河是由北部的一个巨大水坝形成的,这是在1930年为了发电而修建的。模拟一起洪水淹没下游的事件,这起事件是由于一次灾难性的地震损坏了水坝造成的。两个问题:
1、Rawls Creek是水坝下游流入Saluda河的一条终年流动的河流,在当水坝损坏后,在Rawls Creek将会出现多大的洪流,洪水的波及面将有多大?
2、S.C.国会大厦大楼在一座小山上,在S.C.国会大厦大楼能俯视Congaree河。洪水能如此巨大顺流以至于水将扩展到S.C.国会大厦大楼吗?
2005 MCM B: Tollbooths收费亭
Heavily-traveled toll roads such as the Garden State Parkway, Interstate 95, and so forth, are multi-lane divided highways that are interrupted at intervals by toll plazas Because collecting tolls is usually unpopular, it is desirable to minimize motorist annoyance by limiting the amount of traffic disruption caused by the toll plazas Commonly, a much larger number of tollbooths is provided than the number of travel lanes entering the toll plaza Upon entering the toll plaza, the flow of vehicles fans out to the larger number of tollbooths, and when leaving the toll plaza, the flow of vehicles is required to squeeze back down to a number of travel lanes equal to the number of travel lanes before the toll plaza Consequently, when traffic is heavy, congestion increases upon departure from the toll plaza When traffic is very heavy, congestion also builds at the entry to the toll plaza because of the time required for each vehicle to pay the toll
Make a model to help you determine the optimal number of tollbooths to deploy in a barrier-toll plaza Explicitly consider the scenario where there is exactly one tollbooth per incoming travel lane Under what conditions is this more or less effective than the current practice? Note that the definition of “optimal” is up to you to determine
像 Garden State Parkway, Interstate 95这类的长途收费公路,通常是多行道德,被分成几条高速公路,在这些高速公路上每隔一段会设立一个通行税收费广场。因为征收通行税通常不受欢迎,所以应该尽量减少通过通行税收费广场引起的交通混乱给汽车司机带来的烦恼。通常,收费亭的数量要多于进入收费广场的道路的数量。进入通行税收费广场的时候,流到大量收费亭的车辆呈扇形展开,当离开通行税广场的时候,车流只能按照收费广场前行车道路的数量排队,按次通过!从而,当交通拥挤的时候,拥挤在违背通行税广场增加。当交通非常拥挤的时候,因为每辆车付通行费的时间要求,阻塞也会出现在通行税收费广场的入口处。建立一个模型来确定一个容易造成阻塞的通行税收费广场中应该部署的最优的收费亭数量。需要保证每一个进入收费广场的交通路线都仅有一个收费亭。与当今的实践相比较,在什么条件下,这或多或少有效。注意:最佳的定义由你自己决定。
第五篇:2009美国数学建模数学竞赛试题及翻译
2009年美国数学建模题
PROBLEM A: Designing a Traffic Circle
Many cities and communities(社区)have traffic circles—from large ones with many lanes(小巷、车道)in the circle(such as at the Triumphal Arch in Paris and the Victory Monument in Bangkok(曼谷))to small ones with one or two lanes in the circle.Some of these traffic circles position a stop sign or a yield sign on every incoming road that gives priority(优先权)to traffic already in the circle;some position a yield sign in the circle at each incoming road to give priority to incoming traffic;and some position a traffic light on each incoming road(with no right turn allowed on a red light).Other designs may also be possible.The goal of this problem is to use a model to determine how best to control traffic flow in, around, and out of a circle.State clearly the objective(s)(客观的、目标)you use in your model for making the optimal(最理想的)choice as well as the factors that affect this choice.Include a Technical Summary of not more than two double-spaced pages that explains to a Traffic Engineer how to use your model to help choose the appropriate flow-control method for any specific traffic circle.That is, summarize the conditions under which each type of traffic-control method should be used.When traffic lights are recommended, explain a method for determining how many seconds each light should remain green(which may vary according to the time of day and other factors).Illustrate how your model works with specific examples.问题A : 设计圆形交通路口
许多城市和社区有环形通道——从那些繁华、交通拥挤的地方(例如巴黎的凯旋门和曼谷的胜利纪念碑)到拥有一两条车道的小巷。一些圆形交通路口放置了停止或等待信号灯来决定等待中的车辆通行的优先权;一些在路口安置等待信号来控制每条车道的流通量;还有一些在每个路口安置红绿灯(红灯时不允许的向右转)。其他设计也许也是可能的。这个问题的目标是使用模型来确定怎样最好地控制车辆的进、出、绕行的流通量。清楚陈述模型的目标及做出最优选择的原因和影响因素。包括一个给交通工程师的不超过两页关于如何使用模型来选择具体圆形交通路口的适当的流量控制的方法的一个技术总结。也就是说,总结交通控制方法的每种类型应该使用的条件。当能够使用时红绿灯,确定的路灯亮的时间间隔(根据时刻和其他因素变化)。结合具体例子来说明说明模型的使用。
PROBLEM B: Energy and the Cell Phone
This question involves the “energy” consequences of the cell phone revolution.Cell phone usage is mushrooming, and many people are using cell phones and giving up their landline telephones.What is the
consequence of this in terms of electricity use? Every cell phone comes with a battery and a recharger.这个问题涉及到手机革命的能源问题。手机使用率迅速增加,许多人使用手机并放弃了固定电话。这方面的使用会给供电系统带来什么后果?每个手机都配备了电池和充电器。
Requirement 1
Consider the current US, a country of about 300 million people.Estimate from available data the number H of households, with m members each,that in the past were serviced by landlines.Now, suppose that all the landlines are replaced by cell phones;that is, each of the members of the household has a cell phone.Model the consequences of this change for electricity utilization in the current US, both during the transition and during the steady state.The analysis should take into account the need for charging the batteries of the cell phones, as well as the fact that cell phones do not last as long as landline phones(for example, the cell phones get lost and break).要求1
目前认为美国是一个人口约为3亿人的国家,从现有数据估计家庭用电量为h,每个家庭有M个成员,以前是使用座机电话的。现在,假设所有的座机被手机取代,也就是说每个家庭成员都有手机。分别建立美国在过渡转换电能和稳定电能转换的模式下的用电模型,分析应该考虑到对移动电话充电的需要,同时移动电话不能像固定电话那样持续使用也是一个现实问题(比如说移动电话可能会丢失或者损坏)Requirement 2
Consider a second “Pseudo US”——a country of about 300 million people with about the same economic status as the current US.However, this emerging country has neither landlines nor cell phones.What is the optimal way of providing phone service to this country from an energy perspective? Of course, cell phones have many social consequences and uses that landline phones do not allow.A discussion of the broad and
hidden consequences of having only landlines, only cell phones, or a mixture of the two is welcomed.考虑到第二个“伪美国”——一个约3亿人口、具有跟当前美国相同的经济地位的国家,然而,这个新兴国家既没有固定电话也没有移动电话,从这个国家的能源角度看,用什么最佳方式为这个国家提供电话服务,当然,手机有很多固定电话所不具有的用处和社会影响。这个讨论是关于单独使用固定电话或者单独使用移动电话,或者混合使用两种电话带来的广泛或潜在的影响。
Requirement 3
Cell phones periodically need to be recharged.However, many people always keep their recharger plugged in.Additionally, many people charge their phones every night, whether they need to be recharged or not.Model the energy costs of this wasteful practice for a Pseudo US based upon your answer to Requirement 2.Assume that the Pseudo US supplies electricity from oil.Interpret your results in terms of barrels of oil.手机需要定期充电。但是许多人在不考虑手机是否要充电的情况下,总是将充电器一直插在电器插槽上。在前两个假设成立的基础上,建立能源浪费的数学模型。另外,假定美国以石油作为电力来源,计算、解释浪费的石油量。
Requirement 4
Estimates vary on the amount of energy that is used by various recharger types(TV, DVR, computer peripherals, and so forth)when left plugged in
but not charging the device.Use accurate data to model the energy wasted by the current US in terms of barrels of oil per day.在估计不同电器设备(电视、DVR、电脑外围设备等)所使用的能源数量时,电器特性:没有充电设备。要求用精确的数据建立关于当前美国每天所浪费的能源数量的模型,以原油(桶/天)计量。Requirement 5
Now consider population and economic growth over the next 50 years.How might a typical Pseudo US grow? For each 10 years for the next 50 years, predict the energy needs for providing phone service based upon your analysis in the first three requirements.Again, assume electricity is provided from oil.Interpret your predictions in term of barrels of oil.现在考虑人口及经济增长在未来的50年内的情况。如何使这个假设中的美国发展壮大。对于每一个10年的今后50年内进行能源的需求预测,前提是在你前三次的分析基础上而进行的提供的电话服务。另外还有一个假设是:电力来自石油。解释你预测到的石油桶数目。