第一篇：初中英语take spend pay cost 的用法
四花费（spend, pay, cost, take）的用法：
人+spend(spent)+时间/金钱+ on sth./(in)doing sth.人+pay(paid)+钱+for+物
物+cost(cost)+sb.+金钱
It takes(took)sb.some time to do sth.如：I spent 200 yuan on the bag.= I paid 200 yuan for the bag.= I bought the bag for 200 yuan
第二篇：初中英语介词用法小结
初中英语介词用法小结
介词主要是用来表示它后面的名词或代词与句中其他某个成分之间的关系。不能独立充当句子成分，必须与后面的宾语构成介词短语后才能做句子成分。
一.介词（短语）语法功能
1.作状语
介词（短语）在句子作状语修饰动词。表示“时间”，‘‘地点”,‘‘条件”,‘‘方式”或‘‘目的”等。
例如:①She gets up at 6:30 in the morning every day.(表时间)
②There are some books on the desk.(表地点)
③People can’t live without air or water.(表条件)
2.作定语介词短语作定语表示某个关系，一般放在它所修饰的名词或代词之后。例如 The girl in the red skirt is Lucy.(后置定语)
3.作表语
介词短语作表语时，多放在be 动词之后。
例如：① She is in the next room.② He is from English.二.常用介词的用法
1.表示时间的介词
①in,on,at.in 表示世纪，年，周，季节，在上午∕下午∕晚上∕白天等。
例如：in the morningin Mayin 2012in his fortiesin an hour
on 表示确定的时间，某日，某日的上午，下午，晚上，星期几，或一般节日等。
例如：on Sundayon a rainy eveningon May 4on the night of May 4on Teachers’
Dayon Children’s Day
at 用于表示时间“点”.夜里.中午及某些词组中
例如.at 4 o’clockat noonat that timeat the end ofat the age of②by ,until∕till
表示期限时通常用介词by ,until ∕till
by表示“不迟于”，“在 ……之前”
例如：They had seen four English films by the end of last night.Until ∕till到……为止
在肯定句中谓语动词要用延续性动词。
例如： Iwaited for my mum until she came home.在否定句中，not … until译成“直到……才”谓语动词用非延续性动词。
例如：I didn’t go to bed until my mum came home.③in ,for ,during ,through
1)in 表示“在。。。时间内”“在。。。时间后”
例如 :Do you work in the day time or at night ?
I hear he’ll be back in a week.2)for 后接一段时间，可与多种时态连用，如与现在完成时连用，谓语动词只能用延续性动词。
例如：She has worked there for 8 years.3)during表示“在。。。期间”，强调“自始自终”.例如：
4)through =from beginning to end“自始自终”“从头到尾 ”
例如：Dr.Bethune went on working through the night.注：对“in+时间段”提问用how soon
对“for+ 时间段”提问用 how long
On the+身体硬部位
in the +身体软部位
④表示时间的起点用since 或from
例如：Tom has worked in the factory since three years ago.From now on ,I will learn English in the morning.⑤in 和after
1)in “在。。。以后”从现在算起，后接时间段，常用于将来时。
例如：We’ll be back in a week.He’ll arrive at Shanghai2)after “在。。。以后”，从过去算起，后接时间段，常用于过去时。
例如：They got there after 8 hours.后接时间点，常用于将来时。
例如：The plane is leaving after nine.2.表示地点.位置的介词
①inontoat
in 在某一范围之内。
例如：Shanghai lies in the east of China.on 表示两个不同的个体相邻或接壤。
例如：Hefei lies on the south of Huainan.to表示两个个体间有一段距离或隔海相望。
例如：Japan is to the east of China.At表示在街道或城镇。
例如： He lives at 158 JianguoStreet.②inat
in后跟较大地方
例如：He lived in China three years ago.at 后接较小地方
例如：We waited at the gate of the school.③aboveoveron
Above表示位置高于某物不接触，在其上方任意一点，但不是正上方。其反义词是below例如：The moon is now above the trees in the east.Over 指正上方,垂直方向。其反义词是under
例如：There is a bridge over the river.On 在。。。上面，相互接触。
例如：There is a pen on the desk.特殊用法：on在树上<本身具有> There are some apples on the tree.in在树上< 外来物> There are some birds in the tree.3表示方向的介词：bywithin
by后跟动名词或抽象化的可数名词（其前不用冠词）意为“用„„手段或方法” 例如: He goes to school by bus every day.The old man had to make money by selling vegetables.with表示用工具，借助于某一具体的手段，工具，材料或人体器官。
例如：People here build houses with stones.With the help of my teacher ,I did well in my English.We see with our eyes.in 用材料.语言.声音等媒介，以„„方式.What is this in English ? She said in a loud voice.He wrote the words in red ink.4.to 的两种用法的区别
① to+v.(不定式)
例如：to do sth
② to+v-ing(介词)
例如：look fordward to doing sth
get /be used to doing sth
pay attention todoing sth
make a contribution to doing sth
prefer doing sthto doing sth
6.时间状语前不用介词的情况。
当morning等词前有this ,that ,next ,last 等词修饰时，介词须省去。下列介词须省去：
修饰语中心词
① this /thatmorning/week /year/January/spring② next /lastSunday /week /term/year/spring/May③ tomorrow/yesterday/lastmorning/afternoon/evening
④ the dayafter tomorrow /before yesterday
⑤ after/before/nextthe week /month
第三篇：初中英语时态用法小结
英语时态用法小结 根据试题统计，动词语法占语法考题中的50%左右，其内容主要包括动词的时态、语态、要掌握英语的时态和语态，必须掌握好英语中的助动词(do, be, have)和时间状语这两个核心问题。现将各考点分别归纳如下。
1.一般现在时
主要用来表示人、事物的现在状况和特点；表示经常或习惯性的动作，句子中常有often, always, from time to time 等时间状语；表示客观规律和永恒真理等。
He usually goes to work at 7 o’clock every morning.She has a brother who lives in New York.The earth goes around the sun.Guangzhou is situated in the south of China.考点一：表示永恒的真理，即使出现在过去的语境中，仍用一般现在时。如：I learned that the earth goes around the sun when I was in primary school.考点二：在时间和条件状语从句中，代替一般将来时，常用的引导词有：时间：when, until, after, before, as soon as, once, the moment / minute / day / year
条件：if, unless, provided If he accepts the job, he will get more money soon.考点三：在make sure(certain), see to it, mind, care, matter ＋宾语从句中，从句用一般现在时代替一般将来时。
So long as he works hard, I don’t mind when he finishes the
experiment.只要他努力工作，我不介意他什么时候做完试验。
考点四：在the more… the more …(越…越…)句型中, 若主句是一般将来时, 从句通常用一般现在时。
The harder you study, the better results you will get.2.现在进行时
表说话时或目前一段时间内正在进行的活动；与频率副词，如always，constantly，continually，again等连用，表示说话人的某种感情色彩(赞叹、厌烦、埋怨等)。
We are having English class.The house is being built these days.The little boy is always making trouble.考点一：在时间状语或条件状语从句中表示将来正在进行的动作。Look out when you are crossing the street.Don't wake him up if he is still sleeping at 7 tomorrow morning.考点二： 表示在最近按计划或安排要进行的动作(这时多有表示将来的时间状语)。
Marry is leaving on Friday.3.现在完成时
表示动作发生在过去，完成在过去，但强调与现在情况仍有联系，其结果或影响仍存在。现在完成时有一些标志性的时间状语。
考点一：for + 时间段；since + 时间点
They have lived in Beijing for five years.They have lived in Beijing since 1995.I have learned English for ten years.考点二：常见的不确定的时间状语：lately, recently, just, already, yet, up to now;till now;so far, these days
Has it stopped raining yet?
考点三：在表示“最近几世纪/年/月以来……”时间状语中，谓语动词用现在完成时。
in the past few years/months/weeks/days, over the past few years, during the last three months, for the last few centuries, through centuries, throughout history 等
In the past 30 years China has made great advances in socialist construction.考点四：表示“的过去”，句中有明显的参照动作或时间状语，这种时态从来不孤立使用。There had been 25 parks in our city up till 2000.By the end of last term we had finished the book.They finished earlier than we had expected.考点一：用于hardly/scarcely...when;no sooner...than句型中，主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。
I had hardly finished my work when he came to see me.I had no sooner got into the room than it began to snow.No sooner had I arrived home than the telephone rang.(注意倒装)考点二：表示“
“be about to + 动词原形”表示按照预定计划或打算准备着手进行的动作。“be to + 动词原形”表示必须、必然或计划将要做的事。
They are to be married in May.8.将来进行时
表示将来某个时间正在发生的动作，或按计划一定会发生的事情。
I’ll be doing my homework this time tomorrow.明天这会我正在写作业。The President will be meeting the foreign delegation at the airport.9.将来完成时
表示在将来某时刻之前业已完成的事情，时间状语非常明显。
考点一：常用的时间状语一般用by + 将来时间，如：by the end of this year, by 8 o’clock this evening, by March next year以及由by the time…, before或when等引导的从句。
By the end of next month, he will have traveled 1000 miles on foot.By the time you reach the station, the train will have left.By next Tuesday, I will have got ready for the exams.考点二：在时间和条件状语从句中，将来完成时则由现在完成时表示。The children will do their homework the moment they have arrived back from school.10.动词的语态
一般用于强调受者，做题时谓语动词后通常不再有名词或宾语。动词的语态一般不单独考，而是和时态、语气和非谓语动词一起考，需要注意以下考点。考点一：不能用于被动语态的动词和词组
come true, consist of, take place, happen, become, rise, occur, belong, break out, appear, arrive, die, fall, last, exist, fail, succeedIt took place before liberation.考点二：下列动词的主动语态表示被动意义, 而且常与well, quite, easily, badly等副词连用：lock, wash, sell, read, wear, blame, ride , write
Glass breaks easily.玻璃容易破碎。The car rides smoothly.这车走起
来很稳。
The case locks easily.这箱子很好锁。The book sells well.这本书很畅销。
考点三：一些常用经典被动句型
It is said…, It is reported…, It is widely believed…，It is expected…, It is estimated…,这些句子一般翻译为“据说…”，“人们认为…”，而“以前人们认为…”则应该说：It was believed…, It was thought…
第四篇：初中英语被动语态用法小结
初中英语被动语态用法小结
一、语态概述
英语的语态是通过动词形式的变化表现出来的。英语中有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。
主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者。
例如：Many people speak Chinese.谓语：speak的动作是由主语many people来执行的。
被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，即行为动作的对象。例如：Chinese is spoken by many people.英语English是动词speak的承受者。
二、被动语态的构成被动语态由“助动词be＋及物动词的过去分词”构成。人称、数和时态的变化是通过be的变化表现出来的。现以speak为例说明被动语态在各种时态中的构成。一般现在时：am／is/are＋spoken
一般过去时：was／were＋spoken
一般将来时：will／shall be＋spoken
现在进行时：am／is／are being＋spoken
过去进行时：was/were being＋spoken
现在完成时：have／has been＋spoken
过去完成时：had been + spoken
三、被动语态的用法
（1）不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁。
例如：Some new computers were stolen last night.一些新电脑在昨晚被盗了。（不知道电脑是谁偷的）
This bridge was founded in 1981.这座桥竣工于1981年。
（2）强调动作的承受者，而不强调动作的执行者。
例如：The glass was broken by Mike.玻璃杯是迈克打破的。
This book was written by him.这本书是他写的。
Your homework must be finished on time.你们的家庭作业必须及时完成。
四、主动语态变被动语态的方法
（1）把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语。
（2）把谓语变成被动结构（be＋过去分词）（根据被动语态句子里的主语的人称和数，以及原来主动语态句子中动词的时态来决定be的形式）。
（3）把主动语态中的主语放在介词by之后作宾语，将主格改为宾格。例如：All the people laughed at him.He was laughed at by all people.They make the bikes in the factory.The bikes are made by them in the factory.He cut down a tree.A tree was cut down by him.五、含有情态动词的被动语态
含有情态动词的主动句变成被动句时，由“情态动词＋be＋过去分词”构成，原来带to的情态动词变成被动语态后“to”仍要保留。
We can repair this watch in two days.This watch can be repaired in two days.They should do it at once.It should be done at once.六、特殊情况
1.He made the boy work for two hours yesterday.The boy was made to work by him for two hours yesterday.2.Mother never lets me watch TV.被动语态同步达标练习】
Ⅰ.单项选择(选自各地中考题)
()1.The medicine______in a dry and cool place.(2000年重庆市中考题)
A.keep B.must keep C.must be kept D.must be keep
()3.Today ,the forests have almost gone.People must______down too many trees.(2001年安徽省中考题)
A.stop to out B.stop from cutting
C.be stopped to cut D.be stopped from cutting
()5.The key ______ for locking the classroom door.(2001年广西省中考题)
A.uses B.is used C.is using D.use
()6.A new school______over there in two years.(2001年四川省中考题)
A.may build B.may be built C.is built
()8.Computers are very useful.For example ,they can______sending e-mail.(电子邮件)(2001年苏州市中考题)
A.use for B.be used of C.be used for D.use of
()9.—What a nice garden!
—It______every day.(2000年武汉市中考题)
A.is cleaning B.has cleaned C.must clean D.is cleaned
()10.This work ______next week.(2000年广西省中考题)
A.may finish B.finish C.finishes D.may be finished
()11.My house______in 1995.We have lived there for nearly five years.(2000年广西省中考题)
A.was built B.has built C.is built D.were built
()12.The lost boy______early this morning.(2000年四川省中考题)
A.found B.was founded C.was found D.founded
()13.That white building______two years ago ,but it is quite old now.(2000年河北省中考题)
A.built B.was built C.is built D.builds
()14.The big tree______by my mother ten years ago.(2000年甘肃省中考题)
A.was planted B.planted C.has planted D.was planting【综合能力训练】 Ⅱ.用括号中动词被动结构的适当形式填空。.English______widely______(use)in the world..These pictures must(keep)well..She______(fall)ill last night ,and she______(take)to the hospital at once.4.Now rice and wheat______(grow)in my hometown ,too.Look!The
crops__________(grow)fast in the fields..The Great Wall(know)all over the world..______the street lights usually ______(turn)on at seven in summer evening ? 7.______this kind of car______(produce)in Wuhan ?.______the doctor______(send)for last night ?.We used a teapot before the thermos______(invent)..Three children______(take)good care of by the nurse..Some new houses______(build)by the villagers themselves..What language ______(speak)in Japan ?.The black bike______(buy)in that shop three days ago..The doctor said Jim must ______(operate)on at once..The big tree______(blow)down in the storm last night.【创新备考训练】
Ⅲ.将下列主动语态改为被动语态。.You needn’t do it now..You must finish your homework now..We can do the work today..They founded that hospital in 1996..Yesterday we played football after school..People all over the world know the Great Wall.11.He often helps his brother.
第五篇：初中英语be动词用法教案
Be动词的用法教案
1、b 用Be动词的正确形式填空。
1．Jane and Tom my friends.2.My parents very busy every day.3.She my best friend.1).只需在be（am, is, are，was, were）后面加上not 就行。但要注意缩写形式。如：I am not a student.You aren’t a teacher.He isn’t a good man.I wasn’t a student.You weren’t a student.(is not=isn’t are not =aren’t was not= wasn’t were not=weren’t)总结：am与not 一起时不缩写；is 与not 缩写为isn’t，are not 缩写为aren’t , 2).如：
I am a student.--------Are you a student? Yes, I am.He is reading books.--------Is he reading books? No, he isn’t.There is a new school in my hometown.-------Is there a new school in your hometown(家乡)？Yes, there is.Practice: 用be动词的正确形式填空。1.5.______ your brother in the classroom? 6.Where _____ your mother? She ______ at home.7.How _______ your father? 8.Mike and Liu Tao ______ at school.9.Whose dress ______ this? 10.Whose socks ______ they? 11.That ______ my red skirt.12.Who ______ I? 13.The jeans ______ on the desk.14.Here ______ a scarf for you.15.Here ______ some sweaters for you.16.The black gloves ______ for Su Yang.17.This pair of gloves ______ for Yang Ling.2、助动词be 1）be + 动词不定式即be+to do，表示“按计划安排将要做某事”。如：The new shop is not to be opened until next Monday.Mary told me that she was to have class at that night.2)be+going to do，表示“打算或将要做某事”。如：We are going to plant trees in the park.I didn't know if she was going to come here.be going to, will do, be to do都是用来表示将来时，区别如下： 1.be going to 表将来
a)按计划，安排要发生的事eg.The book is going to be published next month.b)有迹象要发生的事eg.Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm.2.will do 是表意愿eg.I will go back home tomorrow.在说话时突然作出的决定时，一般用will的缩约式’ll I’m tired.I think I’ll go to bed.在有条件从句的主句中，一般不用 be going to, 而多用will, 如： If you meet difficulties, I'll stay with you and help you 3.be to do表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事eg.We are to discuss the report next Saturday.I am to play football tomorrow afternoon.(客观安排，如这儿有场比赛定在明天下午，不去不行，不能由主观决定)I'm going to play football tomorrow afternoon.(主观安排，如我只是和朋友约了明天下午踢足球以消遣时间，可去可不去，可由主观决定)
3、There be句型
there be句式为：there be+主语部分＋状语部分，表示“某处存在某物”，be常用现在时，过去时和将来时等。如： There is a park in Sanya.There were many books here last night.There will be a football match in your school next week.注意：There be句型中be动词的单复数形式由后面挨近的一项名词的单复数决定，这就是就近原则。
如：There is a pen, two books and many pencils on the desk.在本句中尽管有钢笔、书和铅笔，但是由于离be动词最近的一项是单数a pen，因此，be动词用单数is。There is a book and three cats there.There are three cats and a book there.针对数量提问的特殊疑问句的基本结构是：
How many + 名词复数 + are there + 介词短语？ How much + 不可数名词 + is there + 介词短语？
Eg: How many books are there in your bag? How much water is there in the bottle? There be与have的区别
用法不同：there be 表示某个时间或地方“存在”某人或某物，而have表示主语“拥有”某人或某物，作宾语的某人或某物属主语所有。注意：there be句型不能与have连用 如：不能说There have three students in the classroom.There be句型与have，has有时也可以通用。
如：The classroom has ten desks.= There are ten desks in the classroom.教室里有十张桌子。Practice: 选择填空
()1.--Again, my computer does't work.--＿＿ must be something wrong with the CPU A.There B.That C.It D.This()2.There ＿＿ some milk ,some eggs and a few apples on the table.A.is B.are C.has D.have()3.There are so many green trees on ＿＿ sides of the street.A.either B.each C.both D.neither()4.There ＿＿ anything new in today's newspaper.A.is B.are C.isn't D.aren't()5.＿＿ there ＿＿books on the shelf ？
A.are﹔a B.is ﹔a C.have ﹔some D.are﹔any()6.There ＿＿ many elephants in Africa.A.is B.has C.are D.have()7.--Is there a hotel near here？
--＿＿.A.Yes,please B.Not at all C.Sorry,I don't know D.Here you are()8.Are there any ＿＿on the table？
A.meat B.cheese C.tomatoes D.paper()9.--Where is my wallet ？
--There ＿＿ a black ＿＿ on the floor.A.is﹔it B.are﹔ones C.is﹔one D.are﹔one()10.There's ＿＿ eraser on ＿＿ desk.A.an﹔the B.the﹔a C.the﹔the D.an﹔/ 答案： 一.1.A“there is something wrong with”意为“„„有些问题”。2.A 根据英语主谓一致中的就近原则，应用is，因为milk是不可数名词。3.C 4.C 5.D 6.C 7.C 8.C 9.C 10.A
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