第一篇:倒装用法归纳
倒装用法归纳
江苏 仲卫东
倒装是中学阶段的一个重要的语法知识点,也是高考命题热点之一。下面笔者就来谈谈它的用法。
一、完全倒装
完全倒装是把谓语动词完全置于主语前,其中主语必须是名词,若为代词则不倒装,这种结构中谓语部分无助动词(be,do,have)和情态动词,但可以有连系动词 be。须用完全倒装的情况有:
1.当句首为副词 out,in,up,down,off,here,there 等,且主语为名词时,应用完全倒装。如:
In came the doctor.医生进来了。There goes the bell.铃响了。
2.当表示地点的介词短语位于句首,且主语为名词时,应用完全倒装。如: On top of the hill stands a big pine tree.山顶上耸立着一棵大松树。
Under the tree were some children.树下有一些孩子。
3.在 there be 结构中,there 为引导词,be 动词之后为句子的主语,属完全倒装,be 应与主语保持一致。除 be 以外,能与 there 连用的动词还有 seem,exist,happen,appear,live,stand 等。如:
There were a lot of people in the park last Sunday.上周日公园里有很多人。
Once there lived a king who was cruel to his people.从前有一位对人民很残暴的国王。
4.作表语的形容词、过去分词等较短,而主语相对比较长,为了保持句子平衡而将表语前置时,句子的主谓也应完全倒装。如: Typical for China is the crosstalk show, in which two comedians entertain the audiences with words.中国典型的艺术形式是相声,两名演员用言语来逗乐观众。Gone are the days when we Chinese were looked down upon.中国人民被歧视的日子已成为过去。
5.某些表示祝愿的句子也可用完全倒装(或部分倒装)。如: Long live the Chinese Communist Party of China!中国共产党万岁!May you succeed!祝你成功!
二、部分倒装
部分倒装则是将助动词调到主语前,主语可以是名词也可以是代词。通常应使用部分倒装的情况有:
1.当句首为否定或半否定词 never,neither,nor,little,seldom,hardly,scarcely,in no way,few,not,no 等时,应用部分倒装。如: Seldom does he spend his time playing cards.他很少花时间去玩扑克。
Never have I heard of that place before.我以前从未听说过那个地方。
2.only 修饰时间、地点、方式、原因等状语时,应用部分倒装。如: Only in this way can we solve the problem.只有这样,我们才能解决这个问题。
Only when you told me did I know her name.直到你告诉我,我才知道她的名字。
注意:如果 only 修饰的不是状语,则句子不倒装。如: Only Uncle Li knows how it happened.只有李叔叔知道这件事是怎么发生的。
3.表示对前者的陈述也适用后者时,肯定倒装用“ so + 助动词/情态动词 + 后者”,否定倒装用“ neither / nor + 助动词 / 情态动词 + 后者”。如: He can speak English, so can I.他会说英语,我也会。
If she doesn't go there tomorrow, neither / nor will I.如果她明天不去那儿,我也不去。
注意“ so + 助动词 / 情态动词 + 主语”与“ so + 主语 + 助动词 / 情态动词”的区别: 前者表示所说的主语和前面主语的情况一样,所谈到的是两个人或物,意为“„„也是这样”;后者所谈为同一人或物,说话者表示同意前者的观点,意为“的确如此”。如: — Li Lei likes sports.李雷喜欢运动。
— So he does and so do I.他的确喜欢,我也是的。
4.so 及“ so + 形容词 / 副词”置于句首时,应用部分倒装。如: So frightened was he that he didn't dare move.他如此惊慌以至不敢动弹。
So quietly did she speak that we could not hear a word.她说话声音这么低,以至我们一个字也没听到。
5.such 及“ such + 形容词 + 名词”置于句首时,应用部分倒装。如: Such is Zhong Cheng, a kind and helpful student.这就是仲成,一个善良、乐于助人的学生。
Such good players are they that they often win.他们是好队员,所以他们经常获胜。6.由 not only...but also...引起的并列句,若将 not only 置于句首时,该分句应部分倒装,but also 引导的分句不倒装。而由 neither...nor...引起的并列句,两个分句都倒装。如:
Not only did he give me some advice, but also he lent me some money.他不但给我提了建议,而且还借给了我一些钱。
Neither does he watch TV, nor does he see films in the evening.他晚上既不看电视也不看电影。
7.由连接词 No sooner...than,Scarcely...when,Hardly...when 引起的主从复合句,主句应倒装,从句不倒装。如:
No sooner had he gone to bed than he fell asleep.他一上床就睡着了。
Hardly had I got into the classroom when it began to rain.我刚一进教室天就下起雨来。
8.not until 引起的时间状语置于句首时,句子的主谓应部分倒装。由 not until 引导的时间状语从句位于句首时,主句应部分倒装,从句语序不变。如: Not until 1998 did he return to his hometown.直到 1998 年他才回到家乡。
Not until Father came back did we begin to have supper last night.昨晚直到父亲回来,我们才开始吃晚饭。
注意:当 not until 引导的状语或状语从句用于强调句型时,句子的主语不倒装。如将上两句改为强调句应为:
It was not until 1998 that he returned to his hometown.It was not until Father came back that we began to have supper last night.9.省略 if 的虚拟条件句,可将 were,had,should 提至主语前。如: Were I you, I would go there tomorrow.要是我是你,我明天就会去那儿。Had you been there, you would have met the manager himself.要是你去了那儿,你就会见到经理本人了。
10.表示时间频率且有肯定意义的词语 often,every day,now and again 等置于句首用来强调时,应用部分倒装。如:
Often does he send me e-mails to greet me.他经常给我发电子信件问候我。
三、主谓不倒装的倒装句
1.as / though 引起让步状语从句,可将表语或状语置于句首,但主谓不颠倒顺序。如: Tired as / though he is, he is still working.尽管他很累,他还是在工作。
Carefully as / though she listened, she didn't catch a word.尽管她听得很仔细,她还是什么也没听到。
若将含有不定冠词修饰的表语提前,则应省去不定冠词 a / an。如: Child as / though he is, he knows a lot.尽管他还是个孩子,却已经懂得很多。
2.however, no matter now 修饰形容词或副词时要前置,用以加强语气,该让步状语从句的主谓不倒装。如:
However hard the problem is, I am determined to work it out.不管这道题有多难,我也决心将它算出来。
No matter how heavily it was raining outside, he insisted going there.不管外面下多大的雨,他也要坚持去那儿。
第二篇:英语倒装
英语倒装
倒装是一种语法手段,用于表示一定的句子结构或强调某一句子成分。倒装句有两种:完全倒装和部分倒装。
1.完全倒装
1)完全倒装即把整个谓语放到主语之前(是整个谓语动词,而非助动词)。
例如:In came the teacher and the class began.(老师走了进来,然后开始上课。)
2)there引出的完全倒装句:除了最常见的there be句型以外,there还可以接appear, exist, lie, remain, seem to be, stand等,一般都译成“有”的含义,构成完全倒装句。
例如:There appeared to be a man in black in the distance.(远处有个穿黑色衣服的人。)
3)由地点和时间副词引出的完全倒装句:以地点副词here, there和时间副词now, then 开头,后面的动词是be, come, exist, fall, follow, go, lie, remain, seem, stand等,而主语又是名词时,构成完全倒装句。Up climbed the boy when his mother came.4)表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首,谓语表示运动的动词且主语是名词时使用完全倒装Out rushed a missile from under the bomber.轰炸机肚底下窜出一枚导弹。
Out he rushed.注意: 1)在here, there引出的倒装句中,当主语是普通名词时用完全倒装句,但当主语是代词时,就要用部分倒装句。
例:Here comes the postman!(邮递员终于来了!注意实意谓语动词位于主语之前。)Here we are.(我们到了。注意系动词位于主语代词之后。)
2)当主语是代词,谓语是系动词,表语是说明性的词、词组和定语从句时,可以使用完全倒装句,起强调作用。
例:Lucky is he who has been enrolled into a famous university.(他真幸运,被一所名牌大学录取了。)
Typical for China is the crosstalk show where a pair of comedians entertains the audience with word play.(中国典型的是相声表演,两个喜剧演员通过文字游戏逗乐观众)
2.部分倒装
1)部分倒装即只把谓语的一部分(如助动词、情态动词等)放到主语前,或把句子的强调成分提前。
Nor did he let the disease stop him from living the kind of life he has always dreamt about(疾病没有使他放弃过上梦想中的生活)
2)以否定词开头的句子要求部分倒装。注意下列句子中助动词或情态动词提前、甚至补充助动词的用法:
例:Not until yesterday did little John change his mind.(小约翰直到昨天才改变了主意。)In no country other than Britain, it had been said, can one experience four seasons in the course of a single day.(据说除了英国世界上没有哪个国家能让人在一天中感受到四季变化)
3)以否定副词开头并加状语放在句首的句子要求部分倒装。这些否定副词有barely, hardly, little, seldom, scarcely…… when, never, no sooner…… than, rarely, no more, not nearly, not only等以及only。
Only in the country can you learn the “true English”.4)一些如scarcely……when, no sooner ……than, hardly……when引导的主从复合句主句要求使用过去完成式。
注意:在部分倒装句中,只有助动词、情态动词或连系动词to be可以置于主语之前,其它部分都要置于主语之后。
5)此外,一些介词+no+名词的结构中需要用部分倒装,这些结构包括at no time;by no means;for no reason;in no case;in/under no circumstances;in no sense;in no way;on no account;on no consideration;at no point例如Under no circumstances should you lend Paul any money.注意:
a)如果含有从句时,只要求主句倒装: 例:Only after he had spoken out the word did he realize he had made a big mistake.(只有当他已经说出那个字后才意识到自己犯了个大错误。)b)如果上述否定副词出现在强调句型中的前半部分,不用倒装:
例: It was not until he went abroad that he know the truth of the fact.(直到他出国以后才了解到事实真相。)
c)如果hardly, scarcely后面接的是any, ever, at all时,意义类似almost no/ not/ never(几乎不、从不),则无须倒装。
例:Hardly any people having been invited went there.(几乎没有什么受到邀请的人去那里了。)
7)由as though引导的部分倒装句:
a)当as作为比较意义时,即用于as + adj./ adv.+ as结构中时,如果把第一个as省略掉,就形成部分倒装句。
例:Cautious as the rest of her family(was), she didn't seem willing to give an immediate reply to my question.(正如她家里人一样谨慎小心,她似乎不愿意立即回答我的问题。)She charged the stairs, quick as a rabbit(ran).(她跑上楼去,跑得象兔子那么快!)b)当 as引导让步状语时,和although, though一样,当用作“尽管”之义时,可以用于部分倒装句。
Hard as he worked, he did not pass the exam.(虽然他很用功,但他还是没及格)
c)表示原因时,为了强调起见,也可以倒装。
例:Tired as he was, we decided not to disturb him.(因为他太累了,我们决定不打扰他。)d)等于so时,意义是“也,也是”
例:She worked hard, so/ as did her husband.(她工作很努力,她的丈夫工作也很努力。)
3.so, neither, nor倒装
除了构成上述倒装句以外,还可以取代上文出现的名词、形容词甚至整句话,构成完全倒装句或部分倒装句。但这两种倒装的意义不同。
a)当so表示“也,相同,那样”时,通常表示对前一句肯定句的赞同、一致内容,要求使用完全倒装句:
He promised to finish my homework, so did I.b)so /such ……that句型可以构成部分倒装句,表示强调so /such和that之间的部分:例:So selfish was she that everyone avoid talking with her.c)也存在such+be+主语的情况用以强调,例如Such was Albert Einstein, a simple man of great achievements.(阿尔伯特•爱因斯坦是一个有伟大成就的普通人)
d)neither和nor共有4种倒装形式,其含义分别为:
1)完全倒装时:表示“也不”,和上文a)用法正好相反,表示对前一句否定句的赞同或一致内容。
例:You don't know what to do now, neither/ nor do I.(你不知道现在该做什么,我也不知道。)
2)和其它否定副词连用,表示“也(不)”,也要求用完全倒装句:
例:The besieged enemy could not advance, nor / neither retreat could they.(被包围的敌人既不能进,也不能退。)
注意:若把这句话改成:“The besieged enemy could neither advance nor retreat.(被包围的敌人既不能进,也不能退。)”就不必倒装。
She never laughed, nor did she ever lose her temper.3)用在肯定句里,构成一般否定倒装:
例:All that is true, nor must we forget it.(那全都是真的,我们可不能忘记。)
4.部分倒装
有承上启下作用,表示同意和赞同:
例:A: I couldn't do anything for her.(我帮不了她。)
B: Nor you could, but you might have got somebody to help her.(你是不能帮她,但你本可以找人帮她的。)
2)在进行比较的句子里,如果主语不是代词时,可以倒装:
例:America consumes more energy than did our country.(美国消耗的能源比我们国家多。)
3)在某些表示祝愿的句型中要求倒装。如May you happy.4)在文学作品中常出现倒装,有些是由于语法习惯,有些是为了简单的修辞,如Not even one cloud will I bring away(不带走一片云彩).5.不用倒装的地方
注:如果only后面的词组不是状语,则不用倒装.Only Wang Ling knows this.如果直接引语后注明引语是什么人说的,而且主语是名词时,用倒装结构;主语是代词时,一般不用倒装。
“ Let' go ,” said the man.倒装句之部分倒装
部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态倒装至主语之前。如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词,则需添加助动词do, does或did,并将其置于主语之前。
1)句首为否定或半否定的词语如no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, at no time, in no way, not until… 等 Never have I seen such a performance.Nowhere will you find the answer to this question.Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room.当Not until引出主从复合句,主句倒装,从句不倒装。
注意: 如否定词不在句首不倒装。
I have never seen such a performance.The mother didn't leave the room until the child fell asleep.典型例题
1)Why can't I smoke here?
At no time___ in the meeting-room
A.is smoking permitted B.smoking is permitted
C.smoking is it permitted D.does smoking permit
2)Not until the early years of the 19th century ___ what heat is.A.man did know B.man know C.didn't man know D.did man know
倒装结构的用法:
一、副词here,there, in, out,up ,down, away,back,now, then, ahead 等位于句首,当谓语动词是be,come, go, follow,run等表示位置移动的动词,而且主语又是名词时,需要把谓语动词放主语之前,即全部倒装。注意:A 此类倒装不用进行时态度。B若主语是代词时,不用倒装。
1.--Let's hurry.Listen!There________.__Oh,yes.Has the teacher come yet?
---Look!Here________.A the bell goes, is he coming B goes the bell, he comes
C the bell is going,he is coming D goes the bell, comes he
二,含有否定意义的词放句首,部分倒装。
A具有否定意义的副词放句首: not,never,seldom,hardly, rarely.little,scarely,few…
not only, no sooner,hardly.scarely要倒,but also, than, when后面的句子不倒 Neither..nor..两部分都倒装 C, 含有否定意义的介词放句首:by no means, In no time,in no case, on no account,under no
circumstances...On no account must you accept any money against your conscience.三,only+状语,部分到装
6.Only in this way__to make improvement in the operating system.(2003 shang)
A you can hope B you did more C can you hope D did you hope
四、表示上文的状况也适合另外一人或事半功倍有下列:
肯定:so+助动词(动/情态)+主语 *主语与上文一致
否定:neither(nor)+助动(动/情态)+主语
五、as 作“尽管/虽然”,引导让步状语从句,由于语法需要,把表语/状语/动词提于句首.
11.___, he knows a lot of things.A The child as he is B Child as he is C A child as he is D Child as he is
六、so..that.., such..that..的句子结构中,若so,such 和与其所修饰的词置于句首,实行部分倒。
12.So difficult____it to live in an English-speaking country that I determined to learn English well.(2001)
A I have felt B have I felt C I did feel D did I feel
七、若if 引导的虚拟条件句中有were, had, should 时,可将if省,把were, had , should 放主语之前。
13.___it rain tomorrow, we would have put off the visit to the Yangpu Bridge.(94)
A Were B Should C Would D Will
八、充当地点状语的介词短语放句首,全倒。
In a lecture hall of a university sits a professor.九、在表示愿望的感叹句,倒装。
May our country become rich and strong!
Long live the People's Republic of China!
十、There be 句型,eg,There live(stand,appear.seem,remain,exist….)
There is a man at the door wants to see you.There once lived an old hunter in that house.
第三篇:选用英语倒装
倒装是一种语法手段,用于表示一定的句子结构或强调某一句子成分。倒装句有两种:完全倒装和部分倒装。
1.完全倒装
1)完全倒装即把整个谓语放到主语之前(是整个谓语动词,而非助动词)。例如:In came the teacher and the class began.(老师走了进来,然后开始上课。)
2)there引出的完全倒装句:除了最常见的there be句型以外,there还可以接appear, exist, lie, remain, seem to be, stand等,一般都译成“有”的含义,构成完全倒装句。
例如:There appeared to be a man in black in the distance.(远处有个穿黑色衣服的人。)
3)由地点和时间副词引出的完全倒装句:以地点副词here, there和时间副词now, then 开头,后面的动词是be, come, exist, fall, follow, go, lie, remain, seem, stand等,而主语又是名词时,构成完全倒装句。Up climbed the boy when his mother came.4)表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首,谓语表示运动的动词且主语是名词时使用完全倒装
Out rushed a missile from under the bomber.轰炸机肚底下窜出一枚导弹。
Out he rushed.注意:
1)在here, there引出的倒装句中,当主语是普通名词时用完全倒装句,但当主语是代词时,就要用部分倒装句。
例:Here comes the postman!(邮递员终于来了!注意实意谓语动词位于主语之前。)
Here we are.(我们到了。注意系动词位于主语代词之后。)
2)当主语是代词,谓语是系动词,表语是说明性的词、词组和定语从句时,可以使用完全倒装句,起强调作用。
例:Lucky is he who has been enrolled into a famous university.(他真幸运,被一所名牌大学录取了。)
Typical for China is the crosstalk show where a pair of comedians entertains the audience with word play.(中国典型的是相声表演,两个喜剧演员通过文字游戏逗乐观众)
2.部分倒装
1)部分倒装即只把谓语的一部分(如助动词、情态动词等)放到主语前,或把句子的强调成分提前。
Nor did he let the disease stop him from living the kind of life he has always dreamt about(疾病没有使他放弃过上梦想中的生活)
2)以否定词开头的句子要求部分倒装。注意下列句子中助动词或情态动词提前、甚至补充助动词的用法:
例:Not until yesterday did little John change his mind.(小约翰直到昨天才改变了主意。)
In no country other than Britain, it had been said, can one experience four seasons in the course of a single day.(据说除了英国世界上没有哪个国家能让人在一天中感受到四季变化)
3)以否定副词开头并加状语放在句首的句子要求部分倒装。这些否定副词有barely, hardly, little, seldom, scarcely…… when, never, no sooner…… than, rarely, no more, not nearly, not only等以及only。
Only in the country can you learn the “true English”.4)一些如scarcely……when, no sooner ……than, hardly……when引导的主从复合句主句要求使用过去完成式。
注意:在部分倒装句中,只有助动词、情态动词或连系动词to be可以置于主语之前,其它部分都要置于主语之后。
5)此外,一些介词+no+名词的结构中需要用部分倒装,这些结构包括at no time;by no means;by no manner of means;for no reason;in no case;in/under no circumstances;in no sense;in no way;on no account;on no consideration;at no point例如Under no circumstances should you lend Paul any money.注意:
a)如果含有从句时,只要求主句倒装: 例:Only after he had spoken out the word did he realize he had made a big mistake.(只有当他已经说出那个字后才意识到自己犯了个大错误。)
b)如果上述否定副词出现在强调句型中的前半部分,不用倒装:
例: It was not until he went abroad that he know the truth of the fact.(直到他出国以后才了解到事实真相。)
c)如果hardly, scarcely后面接的是any, ever, at all时,意义类似almost no/ not/ never(几乎不、从不),则无须倒装。
例:Hardly any people having been invited went there.(几乎没有什么受到邀请的人去那里了。)
6)由no matter how, however和how引导的状语从句要求部分倒装,因为形容词或副词通常紧跟在这三个引导词后面,然后才是主语和谓语,形成形式上的部分倒装句:
例:I know nothing about this river, neither how long, how wide nor how deep it is.(我一点也不了解这条河,不知道它有多长,多宽或多深。)
7)由as引导的部分倒装句:
a)当as作为比较意义时,即用于as + adj./ adv.+ as结构中时,如果把第一个as省略掉,就形成部分倒装句。
例:Cautious as the rest of her family(was), she didn't seem willing to give an immediate reply to my question.(正如她家里人一样谨慎小心,她似乎不愿意立即回答我的问题。)
She charged the stairs, quick as a rabbit(ran).(她跑上楼去,跑得象兔子那么快!)
b)当 as引导让步状语时,和although, though一样,当用作“尽管”之义时,可以用于部分倒装句。
Hard as he worked, he did not pass the exam.(虽然他很用功,但他还是没及格)
c)表示原因时,为了强调起见,也可以倒装。
例:Tired as he was, we decided not to disturb him.(因为他太累了,我们决定不打扰他。)
d)等于so时,意义是“也,也是”
例:She worked hard, so/ as did her husband.(她工作很努力,她的丈夫工作也很努力。)
3.so, neither, nor倒装
除了构成上述倒装句以外,还可以取代上文出现的名词、形容词甚至整句话,构成完全倒装句或部分倒装句。但这两种倒装的意义不同。
a)当so表示“也,相同,那样”时,通常表示对前一句肯定句的赞同、一致内容,要求使用完全倒装句:
He promised to finish my homework, so did I.b)so /such ……that句型可以构成部分倒装句,表示强调so /such和that之间的部分:
例:So selfish was she that everyone avoid talking with her.c)也存在such+be+主语的情况用以强调,例如Such was Albert Einstein, a simple man of great achievements.(阿尔伯特•爱因斯坦是一个有伟大成就的普通人)
d)neither和nor共有4种倒装形式,其含义分别为:
1)完全倒装时:表示“也不”,和上文a)用法正好相反,表示对前一句否定句的赞同或一致内容。
例:You don't know what to do now, neither/ nor do I.(你不知道现在该做什么,我也不知道。)
2)和其它否定副词连用,表示“也(不)”,也要求用完全倒装句:
例:The besieged enemy could not advance, nor / neither retreat could they.(被包围的敌人既不能进,也不能退。)
注意:若把这句话改成:“The besieged enemy could neither advance nor retreat.(被包围的敌人既不能进,也不能退。)”就不必倒装。
She never laughed, nor did she ever lose her temper.3)用在肯定句里,构成一般否定倒装:
例:All that is true, nor must we forget it.(那全都是真的,我们可不能忘记。)
4.部分倒装
有承上启下作用,表示同意和赞同:
例:A: I couldn't do anything for her.(我帮不了她。)
B: Nor you could, but you might have got somebody to help her.(你是不能帮她,但你本可以找人帮她的。)
2)在进行比较的句子里,如果主语不是代词时,可以倒装:
例:America consumes more energy than did our country.(美国消耗的能源比我们国家多。)
3)在某些表示祝愿的句型中要求倒装。如May you happy.4)在文学作品中常出现倒装,有些是由于语法习惯,有些是为了简单的修辞,如Not even one cloud will I bring away(不带走一片云彩).5.不用倒装的地方
注:如果only后面的词组不是状语,则不用倒装.Only Wang Ling knows this.如果直接引语后注明引语是什么人说的,而且主语是名词时,用倒装结构;主语是代词时,一般不用倒装。
“ Let' go ,” said the man.【倒装专练】
1.So _________ that even the people in the next room could hear him.A.loudly he spoke
C.loudly did he speakB.he spoke loudlyD.loudly spoke did he
2.Only when one loses freedom _________ its value.A.does one know
C.does know oneB.one does knowD.know one does
3.He never went to see her again, _________ to apologize.A.nor did he writeB.nor he did write
C.he did writeD.nor he wrote
4._________ to sleep than the telephone rang once again.A.No sooner had he goneB.No sooner did he go
C.He no sooner wentD.He had gone no sooner
5.No sooner _________ down than the phone rang.A.had I sat
C.have I satB.I had satD.I have sat
6.No sooner _________ than he was asked to leave again.A.has he arrived
C.had he arrivedB.he has arrivedD.he had arrived
7.Little _________, but we’re flying to Geneva next weekend to celebrate his birthday.A.does he know
C.knows himB.he knows D.did he know
8.Never in my wildest dreams _________ to win first place last time.A.I expectedB.did I expect
C.I have expected D.have I expected
9.Never before _________ so many people here are still starving.A.had I known
C.have I known
B.I had knownD.I have known
10.Little _________ about his own safety, though he was in great danger himself.A.does he care
C.he caresD.he cared B.did he care
11.Only after my friend came _________.(from)
A.did the computer repairedB.be repaired the computer
C.was the computer repaired D.the computer was repaired
12._________ about wild plants that they decided to make a trip to Madagascar for further research.A.So curious the couple was
C.How curious the couple were B.So curious were the couple D.The couple was such curious
13.Only by shouting _________ to make himself heard.A.he was able
C.he did ableB.was he able D.did he able
14.Only when we landed _________ how badly the plane had been damaged.A.we realizedB.did we realize
D.we had realized C.had we realized
15._________ was the attack that we had no time to escape.A.So sudden
C.So suddenly B.Too suddenD.Too suddenly
16.Not only _________ a pay increase, they want reduced hours as well.A.do the nurses want B.the nurses want
C.did the nurses want D.the nurses wanted
17.Not only _________ to her, I even got her autograph!
A.I spokeB.did I speak
C.I have spokenD.have I spoken
18.The service was terrible and _________ the food.A.so that
C.so was B.so as D.so as to
【参考答案】1—5 CAAAA6—10 CABCB11—15 CBBBA16—18 ABC
第四篇:倒装语法总结
倒装语法总结
一、定义
自然语序:Iwillneverdothat.倒装语序: Whenwillyoucometoseeme?
HerecomesMs.Shao.二、倒装例句
I will never do that.Never will I do that.Mr.Su, Mr.Yang and three other teachers were present at the meeting.Present at the meeting were Mr.Su, Mr.Yang and three other teachers.There was a farm house.There was little boy sitting in front of it.There was a farm house.In front of it sat a little boy.三、倒装的分类:倒装分为完全倒装和部分倒装:完全倒装:整个谓语移至主语之前,例如:Here comes the bus.;
部分倒装:只把系动词,情态动词,助动词或表语,即谓语的一部分放在主语之前,例如: Only then did he realize that he was wrong.四、倒装的应用
(一)完全倒装 1.直接引语在句首 “You are late,” whispered the little child.“Do you think it is beautiful?” he asked.“Look out!” the little child was crying.2.Here/There/Now/Then + 不及物动词(come/go/begin/follow)Now comes your turn to give us a talk.Then began the revolution.Herehecomes.2.表示方位或方向的介词短语或副词短语放在句首,用倒装语序。
Out rushed the boy from the house.In came a girl he had never seen before.Behind the tree was a house.Out he rushed.1
3.强调表语或状语,或使上下文紧密衔接时,用倒装语序。
South of the city lies a big steel factory.Gone are the days when women were looked down upon.He arrived at an old church, in front of which stood a big crowd of people.Written on the blackboard are the key words of this unit.4.There + 不及物动词
be/lie/stand/hang/appear/seem/exist/live… There lives an old man in the mountain.There stood a pine tree in front of the house.There still exist some problems.(二)部分倒装
1.以so/nor/neither开头的句子,表示前文情况同样适用于后文。谓语时态,形式与前句一致。
Society has changed and so have the people in it.I don’t like math and neither does Tom.I don’t know and nor do I care.—It is cold today.—So it is.—So was it yesterday.2.否定意义的副词或短语用在句首
Little did he know who the woman was.In no way should we give up fighting.直到我开始工作,我才意识到我之前浪费了很多时间:I realize I had wasted much time.他不仅读完了那本书,而且能记住大部分内容。Not onlybut Not until…
Not only did he read the book, but also he remembered what he had read.never
seldomnowhereno longerlittle not a bit not only…but… barely not untilin no way by no means in no case in vainnot onceon no account at no timeunder no circumstances 3.Hardly/Scarcely…when…;No sooner…than…
4.某些频度副词用在句首
often, always, once, many a time,now and then…
Often do I think of him.Many a time has he helped me with my homework.5.so/such…that…中 so + adj./adv.或such…用在句首
In such a hurry did he leave that he forgot to lock the door.So loudly did he speak that he was heard upstairs.6.only在句首修饰状语(副词、介词短语或状语从句)时用倒装语序
7.多数疑问句都为倒装语序
Where do you live?
Who did that?
(三)特殊结构
1.虚拟条件句的倒装。
Had you reviewed your lessons, you might have passed the exam.If I were to do the work, I should do it some other way.Were I to do the work, I should do it some other way.2.让步状语从句
形容词/名词/副词/实义动词 + as + 主语 + 动词/系动词/助动词
Pretty as she is, she is not clever.as I like it, I won’t buy it.Try as he might, he couldn’t open the door.五、倒装翻译句子
1.大约在二十三个世纪之前,在希腊有一位叫做亚里士多德的思想家。
About twenty-three centuries ago, there lived in Greece a great thinker named Aristotle.2.门开了,进来一些手里拿着花的女孩儿。
The door opened, and in came some girls with flowers in their hands.3.要是他以前每天练习阅读和口语的话,他现在就会说得非常好了
Had he practiced reading and speaking English every day, he would speak it well enough now.4.字典是我们最好的老师。它不但教我们词汇的意思,还教我们如何使用它们。
A good dictionary is our best teacher.Not only does it teach us the meaning of words, but also teaches us how to use them.5.雨一停士兵们就又上路了。
Scarcely had it stopped raining when the soldiers started on their way again.6.我昨晚睡觉的时候还在下雨。雨直到半夜才停。
It was still raining when I went to bed.Not until midnight did it stop raining.7.经过了一天繁重的劳动后,我累得都快站不住了。
So tired was I after a whole day’s heavy work that I could hardly stand on my feet.8.山顶上有一座庙,这些僧侣们曾经在那里住过。
On the top of the hill stands a temple, where the monks once lived.9.尽管她很年轻,她对于这项工作很有经验。
Young as she is, she is quite experienced in the work.10.昨天晚上直到我写完作业才睡觉。
Last night, not until I finished my homework did I go to bed.
第五篇:文言倒装句子
文言倒装句
【概念点】文言倒装句
【类型】
(1)宾语前置句
(2)定语后置句
(3)谓语前置句
(4)介词结构后置句和多项修饰语
【概念点】宾语前置
【定义】文言文中,动词或介词的宾语一般置于动词或介词之后,但在特定条件下要放在动词或介词的前面,这样就形成了宾语前置。【类型】1.疑问代词充当宾语前置
【重要特征】这种类型的句子关键是当“谁、孰、何、曷、害、奚、安、焉、胡”等疑问代词作宾语时,要放在动词或介词之前。
【实例】
(1)吾谁欺?欺天乎?(《论语·子罕》). [译文:我欺骗谁?欺骗天吗?](2)王者孰谓?谓文王也。(《公羊传·隐公元年》). [译文:王者是指谁?指文王呢。](3)彼且奚适也?(《庄子·逍遥游》). [译文:它将要往哪里去呢?](4)何由知吾可也? .
[译文:从哪里知道我可以呢?](5)汝安从知之?(《汉书·黥布传》). [译文:你从什么地方了解他呢?](6)胡为至今不朝也?(《战国策·齐策四》). [译文:为什么到现在还不让他上朝呢?] 【辨析】疑问代词作宾语,放在动词或介词之前,文言文中很少例外。常见的只有“云何”“于焉”这种动宾结构的疑问代词宾语在动词之后。
(1)子夏云何?(《论语·子张》).. [译文:子夏说什么?](2)于焉逍遥?(《诗经·白驹》).. [译文:在哪里逍遥自在呢?] 【类型】2.否定句中代词充当宾语前置
【重要特征】句中必须有“不、未、毋、无、莫、非、否”等等否定词。
【实例】
(1)不患人之不己知,患不知人也。(《论语·学而》). [译文:不必担心别人不了解自己,要担心不了解别人。](2)吾有老父,身死,莫之养也。(《韩非子·五蠹》). [译文:我有年老的父亲,我若死了,没有谁养活他。](3)古之人不余欺也。(《石钟山记》). [译文:古代的人没有欺骗我。](4)七十者衣帛食肉,黎民不饥不寒,然而不王者,未之有也。(《孟子·梁惠王上》). [译文:七十岁的老人穿绸吃肉,老百姓不挨饿受冻,做到这样却不能成为王的,没有这种事情呢。] 【辨析】
(1)否定句宾语前置,只限于代词宾语。名词作宾语(包括表尊称的名词“君”“子”之类)一般不能前置,译时不必移动位置。如:
①我非子,固不知子矣。(《庄子·秋水》).. [译文:我不是您,本来就不了解您。](2)否定句代词宾语,在文言文中也有后置的,与现代汉语一致,译时不必移动位置。如:①不知我者,谓我何求?(《诗经·黍离》). [译文:不了解我的人,以为我寻求什么?] ②九合诸侯,一匡天下,诸侯莫违我。(管子·封禅)).
[译文:多次会合诸侯,统一、匡救天下,诸侯没有谁违抗我。](3)肯定句中,代词宾语(包括表敬称的“子”)也有前置的,译时应将宾语移后。① 赫赫师尹,民具尔瞻。(《诗经·节南山》). [译文:显赫的尹太师呀,百姓都望着你。] ②民献有十夫予翼。(《尚书·大诰》). [译文:百姓中有十个贤人辅佐我。] 【类型】3.宾语前置时,动词和宾语之间插入“之”、“之为”、“是”、“焉”等字作标志。
【重要特征】宾语是代词时,一般只能用“之”作前置标志。后来,形成了一种凝固格式“是之谓”、“此之谓”,有时可以活译为“这叫做”。
【实例】
(1)姜氏何厌之有?(《左传·隐公元年》).. [译文:姜氏有什么满足呢?](2)我周之东迁,晋郑焉依。(《左传·隐公元年》).. [译文:我们周朝东迁时,依靠那晋国、郑国。](3)唯利是图(唯是图利).
(4)将虢是灭,何爱于虞?(《左传·僖公五年》). [译文:将要灭掉虢国,对虞国又有什么爱惜?](5)语曰:“唇亡则齿寒。”其斯之谓与?(《谷梁传·僖公二年》). [译文:俗语说:“没有嘴唇,牙齿就会寒冷。”大概是说这类事吧?] 例(1)至(4)是名词宾语前置,例(5)是代词宾语前置。
(6)太上有立德,其次有立功,其次有立言,虽久不废,此之谓不朽。(《左传·襄公二四年》)
[译文:最上等的是树立德行,其次是建立功劳,再次是创建学说,即使年代久远也不会废弃,这叫做不朽。] 【类型】4.介词“以”“于”等的宾语前置。【实例】
(1)楚国方城以为城,汉水以为池。(《左传·僖公四年》).... [译文:楚国用方城山作为城墙,用汉水作为护城河。](2)是以君子远庖厨也。(《孟子·梁惠王上》).
[译文:因为这个原因,君子让屠宰烹煮的地方远远离开自己。](3)启乃淫溢康乐,野于饮食。(《墨子·非乐上》). [译文:夏启便放纵享乐,在野外吃喝。](4)谚所谓“室于怒市于色”者,楚之谓也。(《左传·昭公一九年》)..
[译文:俗话所讲的“在家里生气却在大街上显出一脸怒气”这句话,是说楚国呀。] 【类型】5.还有一些具体的字词要求宾语前置:“自”、“请”。【实例】
(1)轸自为厚而为王薄也。(《史记·张仪列传》). [译文:陈轸为自己打算多,为大王打算少。](2)山木自寇也,膏火自煎也。(《史记·张仪列传》).. [译文:山上的树木侵害着自己,点灯的油脂煎熬着自己。](3)王请无好小勇。(《孟子·梁惠王下》). [译文:请求大王不要喜欢微不足道的勇敢。](4)释齐秦,他国请相见。(《左传·襄公二七年》).. [译文:除开齐国、秦国,请其他国家的君臣相见。] 【概念点】定语后置
【定义】定语是用来限制或修饰中心词名词或名词性短语的,一般放在中心词的前面,这是古今汉语的共同规律。但在文言文里,有时为了强调和突出定语,把它放到中心词的后面,这种语法现象就称为定语后置。【类型】1.数量词定语后置:中心词+数量词。文言文中数量词或数词作定语,可以前置,与现代汉语相同;也可以后置,与现代汉语相反。后置时,翻译应改为前置。
【实例】
(1)命子封帅车二百乘以伐京。(《左传·隐公元年》).. [译文:命令子封率领两百辆战车去讨伐京。](2)我持白璧一双,欲献项王。(《鸿门宴》).. [译文:我拿来一双白璧,想献给项王。] 【类型】2.中心词+之+后置定语。
【实例】
(1)驾八龙之蜿蜿兮,载云旗之委蛇。(《离骚》).... [译文:驾驶着八条蜿蜒的长龙,插着迎风招展的云旗。](2)蚓无爪牙之利,筋骨之强。(《劝学》).. [译文:蚯蚓没有锋利的爪牙,强健的筋骨。] 【类型】3.用“者”字结构将定语后置。也就是说,将定语化成一个者字结构,放在中心语的后面。有时,在中心语与定语之间插上“之”字(个别的插“而”字),还有的插上“有”字。
【实例】
(1)太子及宾客知其事者,皆白衣冠送之。(《史记·刺客列传》).... [译文:太子和知道那件事的宾客,都白衣白帽去送别荆轲。](2)村中少年好事者,驯养一虫。(《促织》)... [译文:村里好事的少年,养了一只蟋蟀。](3)五谷者,种之美者也。(《孟子·告子上》).. [译文:五谷是美好的植物品种。](4)此四者,天下之穷民而无告者。(《孟子·梁惠王下》)... [译文:这四种人是天下没处伸诉的穷苦百姓。](5)郑人有欲买履者。(《韩非子·外储说左上》)..... [译文:有个想买鞋的郑国人。] 【概念点】谓语前置句
【定义】文言文中有时为了突出谓语或表达某种感情,可以把主语谓语的顺序颠倒过来,这就叫做谓语前置句,或者叫主谓倒装句。
【类型】主谓倒装句有三种情况:语气强烈的疑问句;语气强烈的感叹句;旧诗词为了韵律相合。
【实例】
(1)甚矣,汝之不惠!——汝之不惠,甚矣!
(2)安在公子能急人之困也?——公子能急人之困安在也?
(3)竹喧归浣女,莲动下渔舟。——竹喧浣女归,莲动渔舟下。
【概念点】介词结构后置句
【定义】在现代汉语中状语置于谓语之前,若置于谓语之后便是补语。但在文言文中,处于补语的成分往往要以状语来理解,即翻译时大多数时候要提到谓语前面去翻译。
【类型】1.动+ 以 + 宾
【实例】
(1)请以矢,盛以锦囊。.
[译文:请出那三支箭,用锦囊装着。] 【类型】2.动 + 于(乎,相当“于”)+ 宾 【实例】
(1)风乎舞雩。(《子路·曾皙·冉有·公西华侍坐》). [译文:在舞雩台上吹风。](2)亟请于武公,公弗许。(《左传·隐公元年》). [译文:多次向武公请求,武公不同意她。] 【类型】3.形 + 于 + 宾
【实例】
(1)人固有一死,或重于泰山,或轻于鸿毛。(司马迁《报任安书》).. [译文:人本有一死,有的比泰山还重,有的比鸿毛还轻。](2)荆国有余于地而不足于民。(《墨子·公输》).. [译文:楚国在土地方面有余,在人口方面不足。] 【辨析】当“于字结构”充当动词“在”、“至”的补语时,译时只需去掉“于”字而不需要调整语序,或者保持“在于”不译。
(1)盖儒者所争,尤在于名实。(王安石《答司马谏议书》).. [译文:读书人的争论,特别注重名称和实际的关系。](2)欲民务农在于贵粟。(贾谊《论贵粟疏》)..
[译文:想使百姓致力农业生产,在于提高粮食的地位。] 【概念点】多项修饰语的次序
【定义】文言文中多项修饰语(包括状语和定语)的相互次序,大都与现代汉语相同,但也有个别不同之处,理解和翻译时应加注意。
【类型】1.几项定语次序不合篇二:文言文倒装句
文言文倒装句
倒装句有下面几种情况
一、主谓倒装(谓语前置或主语后置)
二、定语后置(定语放在中心词之后)
三、宾语前置(宾语置于动词谓语或介词之前)(复习重点)
四、介宾短语后置,也叫状语后置(状语处在动词谓语之后)
古汉语中,谓语的位置也和现代汉语中一样,一般放在主语之后,但有时为了强调和突出谓语的意义,在一些疑问句或感叹句中,就把谓语提前到主语前面。①子耶,言伐莒者?(言伐莒者,子耶?)
②甚矣,汝之不惠!(汝之不惠!甚矣!)③美哉室!(室美哉!)
④大哉,尧之为君也!(尧之为君也,大哉!)
⑤灼灼其华。(其华灼灼)
⑥竹喧归浣女,莲动下渔舟。(竹喧浣女归,莲动渔舟下。)
⑦安在公子能急人之困也?(公子能急人之困安在也!“在安”,宾语前置)⑧美哉,我少年中国!(我少年中国,美哉!)
以上例子分别体现了谓语前的三种情况:①⑦疑问句; ②③④⑧感叹句;⑤⑥旧诗词合韵律。
2、宾语前置
文言文中,动词或介词的宾语,一般置于动词或介词之后,但在一定条件下,宾语会前置,其条件是:第一、疑问句中,疑问代词作宾语,宾语前置。这类句子,介词的宾语也是前置的。如:“沛公安在?”(《史记.项羽本记》)这种类型的句子关键是作宾语的疑问代词(像:谁、何、奚、曷、胡、恶、安、焉等)。值得注意的是,介词“以”的宾语比较活跃,即使不是疑问代词,也可以前置。如:“余是以记之,以俟观人风者得焉。”(柳宗元《捕蛇者说》)其中的“是”是一般代词,但也前置了。第二、文言否定句中,代词作宾语,宾语前置。这类句子有两点要注意,一是否定句(一般句中必须有“不”、“未”“毋”、“无”、“莫”等否定词);二是代词作宾语。如:“时人莫之许也。”(陈寿《三国志.诸葛亮传》)正常语序应该是“时人莫许之也。”
第三、用“之”或“是”把宾语提前取动词前,以突出强调宾语。这时的“之”只是宾语前置的标志,没有什么实在意义。如:“句读之不知,惑之不解。”(韩愈《师说》)有时,还可以在前置的宾语前加上一个范围副词“唯”,构成“唯......是......”的格式。如:“唯利是图”、“唯命是从”等。
第四、介词宾语前置的情况除了第一种情况外,还有一种情况,就是方位词、时间词作宾语时,有时也前置;例如:“业文南向坐。”(《史记.项羽本记》)意思是“业文面向南坐。” 1.否定句中代词宾语,宾语前置。
①古之人不余欺也。(不欺余)
②三岁贯汝,莫我肯顾。(莫肯顾我)
③我无尔诈,尔无我虞。(我无诈尔,尔无虞我)
④每自比于管仲、乐毅,时人莫之许也。(时人莫许之)
⑤先生??肩举驴上,而狼未之知也。(而狼未知之也)
⑥忌不自信,而复问其妾曰??(忌不信自)2.疑问句中疑问代词作宾语,宾语前置。
①大王来何操?(大王来操何)
②沛公安在?(沛公在安)
③噫!微斯人,吾谁与归?(吾与谁归)
④夫晋,何厌之有?(夫晋,有何厌)
⑤沛公安在?(沛公在安)
⑥孔子云:“何陋之有?”(有何陋。“之”,宾语前置标志)3.用“之”“之为”或“是”将宾语前置,用这种宾语前置的格式时,还可以在宾语之前加上“唯(惟)”,构成“唯(惟)??是??”或“惟?之?”的格式,强调宾语的作用就更大。
①日居月诸,下土是冒。(日居月诸,冒下土——日月曾经照临,阳光离去后露出了这片赤裸的土地)
②君亡之不恤,而群臣是忧。(忧群臣)
③率师以来,唯敌是求。(唯求敌)④余虽与晋出入,余唯利是视。(余唯视利)
⑤父母唯其疾之忧。(唯其疾之忧唯其疾之忧)
⑥句读之不知,惑之不解。(不知句读,不解惑)
⑦惟弈秋之为听。(惟听弈秋)
⑧皇天无亲,惟德是辅。(惟辅德)
⑨唯利是图。(唯图利)
⑩唯吾马首是瞻。(唯瞻吾马首)
⑾孜孜焉唯进修是急。(唯急进修——只急迫地进德修业)4.介宾短语中宾语前置
①不然,籍何以至此?(籍以何至此)
②全石以为底。(以全石为底)
③长安君何以自托于赵?(长安君以何自托于赵)
④夜以继日。(以夜继日)
⑤长安君何以自托于赵?(长安君以何自托于赵)
3、定语后置
文言文中,定语的位置一般也在中心词前边,但有时为了突出,中心词的地位,强调定语所表现的内容,或使语气流畅,往往把定语放在中心词之后,并用“者”结句,形成“中心词+后置定语+者”或“中心词+之+后置定语+者”的形 式。如:“求人可使报秦者,未得。”(《史记.廉颇蔺相如列传》)以及:“石之铿然有声者,所在皆是也。”(苏轼《石钟山记》)等。应注意的是,文言文中定语后置只限于表示修饰关系的句子,表领属关系的定语则不后置。定语后置有下面四种情况: 1.中心语+定语+者
①计未定,求人可使报秦者,未得。(求可使报秦者人)
②村中少年好事者,驯养一虫。(村中好事者少年)
③遂率子孙荷担者三夫。(遂率荷担者子孙三夫)
④太子及宾客知其事者,皆白衣冠以送之。(知其事者太子及宾客)⑤人马烧溺死者甚众。(烧溺死者人马甚众)
⑥亦雁荡具体而微者。(亦具体而微者雁荡)
⑦客有吹洞箫者,倚歌而和之。(有吹洞箫者客)
⑧人马冻死者相望。(冻死者人马相望)
⑨当其时,巫行视小家女好者。(当其时,巫行视小家好者女)
⑩楚人有涉江者(有涉江者楚人)2.中心语+之+定语,“之”是定语后置的标志。
①蚓无爪牙之利,筋骨之强。(蚓无利爪牙,强筋骨)
②居庙堂之高则忧其民,处江湖之远则忧其君。(居高庙堂则忧其民,处远江湖则忧其君)
③四海之大,有几人欤?(大四海,有几人欤?)
④带长铗之陆离兮,冠切云之崔嵬。(带陆离长铗,冠崔嵬切云——佩着长长的宝剑,戴着高高的切云帽)
3.中心语+之(而)+定语+者,“之”是定语后置的标志。
①石之铿然有声者,所在皆是也。(铿然有声石,所在皆是也)
②此四者,天下之穷民而无告者。(此四者,天下之穷民而无告者此四者,天下
之穷民而无告者)
③马之千里者,一食或尽粟一石。(千里马)
④群臣吏民能面刺寡人之过者,受上赏。(能面刺寡人之过者群臣吏民,受上赏)⑤荆州之民附操者,逼兵势耳。(附操者荆州之民)
⑥大阉之乱,缙绅而能不易其志者。(而能不易其志者缙绅)
⑦国之孺子之游者。(国之游者孺子)
⑧僧之富者不能至。(富者僧不能至)
4.用数量词作定语时,数量词大多数放在中心词的后面。例如:
①吏二缚一人诣王。(二吏二缚一人诣王)②尝贻余核舟一。(尝贻余一核舟)
③遂率子孙荷担者三夫。(遂率荷担者三夫子孙)
④我持白璧一双,欲献项王;玉斗一双,欲与亚父。(一双白璧 一双玉斗)⑤比至陈,车六七百乘,骑千余,卒数万人。(比至陈,六七百乘车,千余骑,数万卒)
⑥一食或尽粟一石。(一食或尽一石粟)
4、介词结构作状语后置
介词结构即介宾短语,文言文中常见的是用“以”、“于”组成的介宾短语,作状语后置有以下几种情况:
第一、用介词“于”组成的介宾短语在文言文中大都处在补语的位置,译成现代汉语时,除少数仍作补语外,大多数都要移到动词前作状语。如:“青,取之于蓝,而青于蓝。”(荀子《劝学》)两个“于蓝”在翻译时,都要放在动词前做状语。
第二、介词“以”组成的介宾短语,在今译时,一般都作状语。如:“具告以事。”(《史记.项羽本记》)即“以事具告。”这种句子往往是承前省略了动词宾语,实际就是“以事具告(之)。”
还有一种情况要注意,介词“乎”组成的介宾短语在补语位置时,在翻译时,可视情况而定其成分。如:“生乎吾前,其闻道也固先乎吾。”(韩愈《师说》)句子中的“生乎吾前”既可译为“在我的前面出生”,作状语,又可译为“生在我的前面”,作补语,一般来说仍作补语,而“固先乎吾”的“乎吾”则一定要作状语。
介宾短语后置(状语后置)
介词结构即介宾短语,文言文中常见的是用“以”“于”组成的介宾短语,在句中一般作状语。介宾短语后置有以下几种情况:
第一种:用介词“于”组成的介宾短语在文言文中大都处在补语的位置,译成现代汉语时,除少数仍作补语外,大多数都要移到动词前作状语。
①事急矣,请奉命求救于孙将军。(请奉命于孙将军求救)
②贫者语于富者曰??(贫者于富者语曰)
③公与之乘,战于长勺。(于长勺战)
④以勇气闻于诸侯。(以勇气于诸侯闻)
⑤此所谓战胜于朝廷。(此所谓于朝廷战胜)
⑥故燕王欲结于君。(故燕王欲于君结)
⑦臣头今与璧俱碎于柱矣!(臣头今与璧俱于柱碎矣)
⑧设九宾于廷(于廷设九宾)
⑨赵岂敢留璧而得罪于大王乎?(赵岂敢留璧而于大王得罪乎?)
⑩青取之于蓝,而青于蓝。(青于蓝取之,而于蓝青)
⑾李氏子蟠,......不拘于时,学于余。(不于时拘,于余学。)
⑿魏惠王兵数破于齐秦,国内空。(魏惠王兵数于齐秦破,国内空。)⒀且立石于其墓之门(且于其墓之门立石)
⒁至于负者歌于途,行者休于树(至于负者于途歌,行者于树休。)
第二种:用介词“以”组成的介宾短语在文言文中也大都处在补语的位置,在今译时,一般要移到动词前作状语。
①形似酒樽,饰以山龟鸟兽之形。(以山龟鸟兽之形饰)
②具告以事。(以事具告)
③何不试之以足。(何不以足试之)
④五亩之宅,树之以桑。(以桑树之)
⑤为坛而盟,祭以尉首。(以尉首祭)
⑥掭以尖草。(以尖草掭)
⑦覆之以掌。(以掌覆之)
⑧咨臣以当世之事。(以当世之事咨臣)
⑨虽董之以严刑,振之以威怒。(虽以严刑董之,以威怒振之)
第三种:用介词“乎”组成的介宾短语在补语位置时,“乎”通“于”。在翻译时,可视情况而定其成分,“乎”字结构或作状语,或作补语。
①生乎吾前,其闻道也固先乎吾。(乎吾前生,其闻道也固乎吾先)②名垂乎后世。(乎后世名垂)
文言文中的倒装句 文言句子成分的排列形式与现代汉语大致相同,但也有一些变化,这些变化突出地表现在宾语前置、定语前置和状语后置上。下面分别说明。
一、宾语前置
宾语的前置包括动词的宾语前置和介词的宾语前置。
1.动词的宾语前置
宾语前置是古汉语中的一种特殊句式,它的语序是主语+宾语+谓语动词。以下三种情况宾语可以前置。
(1)疑问句中,疑问代词作宾语必定前置。常见的疑问代词有谁、何、焉、奚、安、曷等。如:
①何有于我哉?(《论语六则》)②皮之不存,毛将安傅?(《左传?僖公十四年》)
③且焉置土石?(《愚公移山》)
例①何是疑问代词,提到了动词有前,何有于我哉就是有何于我哉,译为:对我来说有什么呢?例②疑问代词安提到动词傅前,安傅就是傅安,相当于附在哪儿。例③焉作置的宾语,全句译为把土石放在哪里?
这种前置宾语须有两个条件:一是疑问句,二是宾语必须是疑问代词,缺一不可。2)否定句中,代词作宾语可能前置。常见的否定词有不、未、毋、无、莫等。(例如:
④城中皆不之觉。(《李朔雪夜入蔡州》)⑤三岁贯女,莫我肯顾。(《诗经?硕鼠》)例④中有否定副词不,表示句子是否定句,之指代官军进城,是动词觉的宾语。不之觉是不觉之,译为不知道官军进城了。例⑤莫是表否定的不定代词,相当于没
有谁,莫我肯顾即是莫肯顾我,译为没有谁肯顾念我。
请思考:“古之人不余欺。”(《石钟山记》
这句的宾语在哪里?
(3)利用结构助词,将宾词前置。有的句子为了强调宾语,可利用结构助词之、是等,将宾语提到谓语动词前。如: ⑥孔子云:何陋之有?(《陋室铭》) ⑦句读之不知,惑之不解??(《师说》)例⑥何陋作有的前置宾语,之作标记,全句译为有什么简陋呢?例⑦中,句读作知的宾语惑是解的宾语,都是借助之提到动词前的。例⑦译为不知句读,不解疑惑。
结构助词是作标志的前置,这种用法保留至今,如唯利是图、唯你是问等。2.介词的宾语前置 疑问句中,疑问代词作介词的宾语,它必须放在介词的前面,构成宾语+介词的形式。
如:
⑧问:何以战?(《曹刿论战》)
⑨微斯人,吾谁与归?(《岳阳楼记》) 例⑧译为(曹刿)问(他),凭什么作战?这里疑问代词何是介词以的宾语,何以即以何的意思。例⑨吾谁与归即吾与谁归,谁是介词与的宾语。
二、定语后置
定语后置有两种格式:
1.在后置定语的末尾,加结构助词者,形成中心词+定语+者的格式。
例如:村中少年 好事 者,驯养一虫。(《促织》)
求人 可使报秦 者,未得。(《廉颇蔺相如列传》)
2.在中心词与后置定语之间加进结构助词之或而,形成中心词+之(而、有)+定语+者的格式。
例如:马 之 千里 者,一食或尽粟一石。
(《马说》)
齐人有一妻一妾共处一室者。(《齐人有一妻一妾》)
三、介词短语后置(状语后置)
介词是以、于(乎)的介宾短语在动词后作补语,今译时却要把它放在谓语前作状语,这种情况称介宾短语后置。例如:
1、屠惧,投以骨。(《狼》)
2、公与之乘,战于长勺。(《曹刿论战》)例1投以骨中以骨是介宾短语,在动词投后作补语。投(以骨)应理解为?以骨?投,即?把骨头?投给(狼)。例2战(于长勺)应理解为?于长勺?战,译为在长勺作战。