托福阅读满分心得：首推《黄金阅读》（范文）

第一篇：托福阅读满分心得：首推《黄金阅读》（范文）

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托福阅读满分心得：首推《黄金阅读》

托福阅读单项考了满分，这其中要多多感谢文勇老师的《黄金阅读》，下面我就讲讲我对阅读的一些认知吧。

做题策略

我是先看每段的首句再看题，再看文章。这个办法可行，对文章有个整体把握再做题很好。但说实话在真正的考场上，我发现这个都没时间，果断先看题再看文章。

读完全文再做题这个绝对是悲剧的办法，除非你是顶尖高手，完全不在乎出招的方式，因为你的内功实在太强了，那么你可以用这个方法。实力比较强但还在正常范围的朋友们不要这样，时间耗不起，因为托福阅读中有很多信息不会考的，你多读这么多信息，时间花费太多，不值得。

做题技巧

大家要把握第一要义是，不要想当然，不要yy，文章说什么就是什么，大家经常有这种经验，一个选项说得天衣无缝，符合常识符合设想，合情合理，就是没在文中提过。这种选项果断抛弃，大家记住“文本本位主义”，文章怎么说就怎么选，说了的选，不说的不选，即使是推断题也一定能在文章中某句话找到本源，如果找不到源头，但推断很合理，不能选。

词汇题很多，情况无外乎两种，你认识VS你不认识。你认识的词也要带回原文看意思，这里有一个很细的技巧，我不知道对不对，但我这样做的。就是如果你知道这个词的意思，比如 conceive，你知道它有想象的意思，而选项中出现imagine和describe，(这个是我在考试时遇到的一道题)带回原文你发现describe更能说得通，但你又知道conceive和imagine的意思相近，这个时候我建议你选imagine，就像我选的一样。也就是说如果这个词你知道它的意思，但选项中出现了一个你明知不是这个词的意思，但带回原文却惊人契合的时候，建议你还是选和这个词意思一致的词。

如果这个词你不认识，反而简单，带回原文猜，好好看上下文，很可能有暗示。比如这次我碰到的inadvertently，说实话我1万2的词汇量(对外宣称)还真不知道是什么意思，回原文考察，觉得unintentionally更合意思。果断选，果断得分。

以词汇题肯定是你知道的越多胜率越高，我词汇题基本不纠结，抓住就选了，因为词汇量大嘛。但即使你词汇量大，也不要掉以轻心，词汇千万，肯定有你不知道的。

还有就是你要有常识，没常识有点痛苦，比如还是我遇到的一道插句子的题，如果你不知道哺乳动物是有脊柱动物恐怕你很难做对。

最后一道主旨题，永远没有细节，永远。

总之阅读要重视，复习时用好黄金阅读，练习一定要计时，上场不要慌，时间把握好，不要想当然，基本就可以了。

复习资料

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托福复习的资料首推文勇老师的《黄金阅读》，版本不断在更新。非常感谢文勇老师的贡献。各大论坛都可以下到，很容易，大家上网百度一下就可以了。一般在黄金阅读前面，都有文勇老师“自吹自擂”的一段话，说这个黄金阅读如何如何好。我就一句话，从来没看过那么实在的“自吹自擂”，他对这篇资料的夸奖无丝毫言过其实。的确，你做了黄金阅读，其他模考软件都别做了。差距太大。黄金阅读里面搜集了新托福的真题，从TPO全部都有，还有OG上面的文章，总之篇篇经典。

有段时间我做巴朗的阅读能12分钟全对，做黄金阅读20分钟还要错3个。所以你一定要明确做delta，巴朗这些阅读，你再厉害也不证明什么，做黄金阅读篇篇全对才真正说明实力。

另外提醒大家黄金阅读的使用一定要计时，20分钟一篇，绝不多做。只有这样你才能体会托福阅读对你阅读速度的要求，和那种考场上的紧迫感。而且，不要浪费这种宝贵资源，不要一天做个5、6篇，没效果，太多了。一天做1到3篇比较合适，做完了之后好好对答案，思考自己错在哪，为什么错。而且把文章仔仔细细地读，这些文章都是经过精心打磨的文章，它们的表达、用词都十分高明，把这些你不熟悉的优质表达记下来，作文口语都可以用。

我做黄金阅读的感觉就是，看到自己在进步，一开始一篇20分钟根本做不完，后来慢慢有了速度，一篇要错个4道，再后来错3道，2道，1道，慢慢地走上了正轨。所以如果想把阅读考好，黄金阅读实在是绕不过的资料。

如果你觉得黄金阅读的资料还不够你做，那你可以做下高分阅读120分，是个模考软件，整体来说我感觉这个软件难度和真题相仿，但你要小心，有的时候做高分120挫败感很强，我经常狂错。如果你想找信心不要做这个。

文章来源：100教育

第二篇：托福满分作文

托福满分作文

很多新托福考试的考友总是在感叹，这个世界上能拿到的好作文实在是太少了，其实很多时候不是这些作文少，而是很多考友没有努力去发掘这些作文。这不是太傻论坛就有考友分享了自己的满分作文。无老师第一时间转过来，推荐给各位考友！

拿这些满分作文都该做些什么呢？看整篇结构，要看一看这些作文的结构是怎么展开的。要仔细的读一下，这些作文每一段的写作目的，到底是支持还是反对，以及哪几段支持，哪几段反对。看段落结构，要仔细分析在一段之中，每一句话所起到的作用。到底是主题句，还是例证。看句型多样性，要仔细想想这些作文每一句话说话的分寸。比对自己的写法。看每一句话的时候，脑中都要思考，这句话中文是什么意思，如果是我自己来写，我会怎么写！并且在下一篇自己的作文中替换为这些用法。5 用词多样性和准确性。如果有需要的话，再背一下是最好的了，没有输入就没有输出吗！

比如：In this case, computer as a representative of modern technology plays anegative role in learning information.这句话，我们自己很有可能写的就是，In this case, computer that is a equipment of modern technology

have a bad effectin learning information.这里的差距就很十分明显了！因此，当给你美的东西，还要有一双发现美的眼睛！2011-8-2

Independent Writing：Does modern technology help students learn more information and learn it more quickly?

Marvelousas it looks at first sight, modern technology does not help students

learn information at a greater speed and with higher efficiency in most cases;

or it could work towards the opposite direction which led students to lose theirinitiative to learn and explore.First of all, one property of modern technology is latently harmful to any

learning mind – it distracts.One thing we feel about when we are searching forinformation online is that the internet, as an outstanding example of modern

technology and even regarded as the innovator of education, provides us with notonly relevant results to make use of, but also external links to click.More

than once I turned on my computer to check school library for resources, but

ended up watching Youtube videos.In this case, computer as a representative ofmodern technology plays a negative role in learning information.We do acquiremore information with the convenient tool, yet most of them are irrelevant andin the end procrastinating would lower our learning.Also, students would easily become disoriented in the huge sea of information.Although modern technology could equip us with easy access to information, thehuge amount of resources would actually leave us discombobulated.Therefore, itis only we possess information more quickly rather than we learn it more

quickly.An illustrating example is my experience with a HK digital library

which stores almost all the books I desire.At first I enjoyed downloading them

from the database, however, one month later I ended up with hundreds of booksstored in my hardware yet none of them finished or ever clicked.Furthermore, modern technology gives students an illusion that information andreal knowledge is easy to learn – just by clicking mouse or watching videos.Butin fact this forms only the first step towards useful information and effective

learning, as learning of any kind requires full concentration and interactive

thinking, which are almost absent in the pocess of popular e-learning

experience.To summarize, modern technology does not help students learn more informationand learn it more quickly, though it does make access to information and

resources much more easily.The popular e-learning still lacks the

concentration, depth, and interaction that are the hallmarkof traditional ways

of educating and learning.2011-8-10

TPO Independent writing：我们生活的时代比父辈们年轻时生活的时代更好还是更坏？ It seems that people always have a desire to compare: am I prettierthan others?Are we living in a better age? Or, as the question goes, is our life easier and

more enjoyable than it was several decades ago? I would say no, as I have

witnessed the struggle and paradox of our generation.First of all, we are now living in an age of revolution with no previous human

experience that could be referred to.Living in such a fast-changing world wouldnot be easy and comfortable at all;with everything keeps changing, everyone hasto move fast in order to catch up with the majority.However, people were muchmore stable and care-free when our grandparents were children;they did not haveto learn a second language in order to get a better job, or read a lot in order

to get informed.Yet in our age, these are supposed to be the responsibility of

young people.Another discomfort of our age is that we are experiencing interpersonal

alienation.With the development of communication technology, people in factbecome alienated with friends and relatives since they could be so easily

accessed via phone or email.Too often we feel that few of our friends are true

friends, without the traditional feeling of mutual affection which could only becreated by longtime apart.But several decades ago, people treasured their

friends and maintained relatively close interpersonal relations, which is much

more enjoyable than the estrangements we are experiencing.The last factor that has made our age so uncomfortable is the abusive use of

technology.Although it brings much convenience, it essentially changes human –we are no longer the master of tools, but instead the slaves of devices.We rushto metro station in order to catch an early train, sit in front of radioactive

computers all day long in order to get our work done, and stay in

air-conditioned rooms all summer without experiencing the natural changes

outside thick cement walls.Several decades ago, people could still live closer

to nature and make rational use of modern technology, which to me is the essenceof human living experience.However, the comparison between different times is itself ridiculous.Thecriteria could not be easily determined, and opinions are highly personal.Anyway, we have a longer life span, more advanced medical facilities, and easiertraffic than our grandparent when they were children, and we should treasure thepresent experience.Imagination of the past might only be nostalgia – if I askmy grandparents the same question, they might as well say that our life is muchbetter than the past generations.Who knows? As long as the world is stillpeaceful, life at any time would not become too difficult to handle.

第三篇：托福满分作文

题目，环境保护和医疗改革哪个更重要）(这个是那篇据作者说是托福满分作文）

“Water and air are the sources of people's lives, and the bases of the world.” This was said by the ancient Greek philosopher ThalesLooking at the dirty air in the sky, smelling the gross smell from Yangtze River, I can't agree with him any more.The environmental issues are always the most important to a country, especially the country I live in, China

When the environment is becoming worse and worse, I have to say it is the most serious problem in this country.My junior high classmate , Anita, lived by the end of the Yangtze River.The industrial area is around there and all the factories pollute the water day by day.Unfortunately she got cancer, like many people who lived there If the polluted environment wants to “kill” you, there is no doctor in this world can save us.Looking at her face in the funeral, I finally understood the importance of protecting environment

It is always early to improve the health care, but never the environment.My dad is the president of the city hospital, and he always tells me “If the government gives us enough money, this hospital can be the best one in this country very quick by hiring best doctors and buying newest equipment but we all know that the environment is always harder to save.After second industrial revolution in Britain, the pollution in Thames River became horrible.When the British government realized that problem, it took them tens of years to solve it.Just like my mom always told me, ” It's easy to make something dirty, really hard to make it clean again.“

It's kind of like the paradox, but many times, the environmental problems cause many health care issues Many data do prove that, the people who live in a good environment have better qualities of lives.In 1970s, LBJ, the president of United States, passed a proposal which was called Clean Water Plan It was made to make the water clean in the US, and it did work.The most amazing thing is that the data show the numbers of patients in hospital decreased rapidly during first 15 years.That does prove my point, the environmental issue is a important factor of the health care issues.As I said, we do realize the seriousness and importance of the environmental issues.We do need a ”Heaven“ with clean water and air, green trees and beautiful mountains.The ”Hell" with doctors and hospitals is always our last choice.

第四篇：托福写作口号及黄金规则

口号1：没有蛀牙BE PERFECT！

口号2：要想自己爽，先让别人爽

口号3：2-1是框架之王

口号4：例证法是万法之母

口号5：每个论点都要有理由，每个理由都要有例子，每个例子都要有细节。

口号6：要事实，更要雄辩

口号7：一切皆可拆，无所不能拆

口号8：绝不重复使用同一个词，除非万不得已

口号9：能倒的坚决倒，不能倒的创造条件也要倒，死了也要倒

综合写作：

口号10：笔记为王

黄金规则一：The longer, the better!

黄金规则二：万金由

健康与安全（营养/放松心情/缓解压力/食品安全/生活习惯/身体伤害/体育锻炼：早操、眼保健操、游泳、球类/生命/财产）

便利（节省（浪费）时间/时间灵活/交通/休闲/娱乐/健身/吃喝/购物/教育/医疗）

经济（就业/职业/农业/工业/服务业/工资/收入/支出/效益/税收/旅游）

交流（交友/集体活动/与家人/朋友/同学/同事/领导等交流）

幸福与情感（激情/兴趣/亲情/友情/爱情/乐趣/好恶）

成功（成就感/荣誉感/财富/自信/竞争/潜力/动力/压力）

环保（生态平衡：沙漠化，砍伐森林，沙尘暴，干旱，洪水）/动植物的保护/环境污染如：废弃物，水，空气，光，噪音，辐射，酸雨）

品格（能干/聪明/合作/坚忍不拔/勤奋/独立/负责任/宽容/体贴/谦虚/诚实）

科技，教育与培训（科技的发展（电脑，电视，卫星，手机）/效率）

国家与文明（公益：慈善事业，志愿者/人与自然的和谐/文明的传承和发扬the spread of passing down of civilization）

黄三：重述语意技巧

1、使用同义词进行替换

2、用各种形式的同根词进行替换

3、使用同一段与进行替换

4、用全新表达法进行替换

黄四：priceless sentence patterns1、强调句（1-2）

2、The more…, the more…

3、倒装句（2-3）

4、比较结构和倍数关系（1-2）

5、修辞句（1-2）

6、并列结构（5-8）

7、虚拟语气（1-2）

8、插入语（2-3）

综合写作：

黄五：如何确定要点

1、主题句

2、被重复的语意（同根词，同义词，相同词，反义词）

3、原因的结果，结论

4、被解释的词汇

5、表倾向性、否定和变化的词

6、被强调的语意（最高级、比较级、绝对词汇、修辞句、特殊停顿和特殊符号，如引号破

折号等）

7、问题和答案

8、重要例子

9、比较和比喻

10、表示转折的词汇后面的语义

第五篇：托福听力十大黄金原则

托福听力十大黄金原则

第一节TOEFL听力段子十大黄金原则 我深信，这十大原则不仅适用于TOEFL听力的段子，也适用于其它比如IELTS，四、六级，考研等考试 的听力段子。可以说：一次学会，一劳永逸。

1． 听见什么，选什么原则 该原则为“TOEFL听力段子十大黄金原则”之首，因为其它九大原则都建立在它的基础之上。

2． 重复原则 听段子时，要特别注意那些“重复率高的词或概念”。因为重复率高的东西容易引起我们听者的注意。毕竟托福的测试对象是我们这些把英语作为第二语言的人，所以ETS的考点也只能是那些对我们而言，通过努力能听懂的地方。Bonus: 段子中“重复率最高的词或概念”很可能就是这个段子的主题（TOPIC）。

3． 建议原则 听段子时，要特别注意那些“含有建议含义的词或结构”。因为无论段子还是对话，建议的地方永远做 考点。Multiply: 历年TOEFL听力段子中最常考的建议类结构汇编： 1）You should 2）I suggest / I propose / I recommend 3）proposal / tips / suggestion / advice/ recommedation 4）had better do sth./ be better off doing sth.5）How about…? / What about…? 6）Why not…? / Why don’t you…? 7）If I were you, I would…/ I wouldn’t… 8）Would it make things go faster if you…? 9）Maybe / Perhaps you… 10)How does … sound?

4． 强调原则 乍听上去，强调原则显得很笼统。其实具体可分为两大类：语义强调和语气、语调强调。语义强调包括含义强调、解释强调、举例强调、级别强调、结论强调、对比强调等六种。语气、语调强调包括重音强调、停顿强调、清晰强调等三种。下面我们就来一一论述，先讲“语义强调的六大分支”。

1）含义强调： 第一节TOEFL听力段子十大黄金原则 听段子时，要特别注意那些“本身含义上就给我们以震撼或触动的词或结构”。比 如：“Especially”一词后面的内容一定是考点，因为它本身就表示“尤其是”，体现了ETS的“求异 思想”。再比如：“new theory”周围也一定存在考点，因为这体现了ETS的“求新思想”。有时 ETS为强调某事，还特意用一些极其显而易见的表达方式提醒我们，例如：“indeed（真正 得）”、“certainly（当然）”、“Just remember（一定要记住）”、“And again.（再说一 遍）”、“special feature（特殊的特征）”、“Most importantly（最为重要的是）”、“One thing I should mention（我应该提及的是……）”、“Make / Be sure to…（一定要……）”等等。更多的 含义强调词还靠大家自己积累和体会。

2）解释强调： 听段子时，要特别注意那些“本身含义上带有解释性质的词或结构”。比如：“…, which is / that is…（那就是说……）”显然，“which is / that is…”引导的定语从句是ETS为防止我们考生听不懂 前面的内容（生僻的词或概念），而特意添加上去，用来进一步加以解释的。所以这种解释性的定语 从句理所当然就成了强调考点所在的重要标志。类似的结构如“What I mean is…”、“All that means is…”等等不胜枚举。

3）举例强调： 听段子时，要特别注意那些“带有举例或列举性质的词或结构”。比如：“for example…（例 如……）”因为例子总比道理简单易懂得多。ETS清楚地知道：考生明白了后面的举例，自然也就理 解了前面的概念，然后再考前面的概念也就顺理成章了。这点显然跟解释原则类似。所以这种举例或 列举式的结 1 构也成了强调考点所在的重要标志。类似的结构如“for instance”、“such as…”“namely…”、“as an example”、“take example for ”等等不胜枚举。

4）级别强调： 听段子时，要特别注意那些“带有级别比较（比较级或最高级）性质的词或结构”。比如：“much higher than…（比……高得多）”，因为有比较就有观点，是观点就是考点。所以这种带有级别比较（比较级或最高级）性质的词或结构也成了表明考点所在的重要标志。类似的结构还有“-er”、“est”“more”、“most”、“mostly”、“first”、“last”、“majority（多数派）”、“minority（少数派）”、“above all（首要的是）”等等举不胜举。

5）结论强调： 听段子时，要特别注意那些“带有结论、总结性质的词或结构”。比如：“I concluded that…（我的 结论是……）”，不可否认，结论性言语在哪里都是最重要的，所以这种带有结论、总结性质的词或 结构也标志着考点的存在。类似的结构还有“conclusion”、“summarize”、“make a summary（总结）”、“in brief（概括说）”、“in short（简而言之）”、“in a word（简而言 之）”、“in a conclusion”、“finally”、“all in all”、“to sum up”等等举不胜举。

6）对比强调： 听段子时，还要特别注意那些“带有对比性质的词或结构”。比如：“compare to…（与……相 比）”这种带有对比性质的词或结构也标志着考点就在周围。类似的结构还有“unlike（不 象）”、“similar to（与……类似）”、“in contrast to（与……对 照）”、“differently”、“alike（象）”、“resemble（类似）” “on the other hand” “instead” “likewise” “in the same way”等等。接下来讲语气、语调强调的三大分支。

1）重音强调： 听段子时，我们作为听者，都会下意识地注意听那些“读音很重的词或结构”。因为它们got our attention（抓住了我们的注意力）。这就是ETS本能强调的突出体现。所以重音所在必为考点所在。

2）停顿强调： 第一节TOEFL听力段子十大黄金原则 一个段子读得好好的，突然一个停顿，过了一两秒种后才恢复过来。这种嘎然而止的现象特别能引起 我们考生的注意。同样也达到了ETS get attention的目的，成为本能强调的又一突出体现。所以停顿 所在必为考点所在。

3）清晰强调： 该强调方式最具隐蔽性。因为大多数考生有一种奇怪的想法：认为容易听清听懂的地方不会考，最会 考的是那些生僻难懂之处。所以不惜花大量时间和精力去分析、猜测难点含义，却忽略以致放弃已经 听懂的地方。不要忘记TOEFL是第二语言测试，不会“没有人性”到“专考生僻所在”。所以应引 起我们充分重视的还是那些读得清晰的易懂之处。切记：清晰之处一样是考点所在。

5． 因果原则 听段子时，要特别注意那些“含有因果含义的词或结构”。因为无论段子还是对话，有因果的地方永远 做考点。因果类标志词又可细分为原因类和结果类。Multiply: 历年TOEFL听力段子中最常考的因果类结构汇编： 原因类:

1）because … 2）because of … 3）due to … 4）since … 5）as … 6）for … 7）The reason is … 8）That’s why … 9）By reason of … 10）Owing to …

结果类:

1）so … 2）so that … 3）therefore … 4）thereby … 5）hereby … 6）thus … 7）As a result 8）consequently … 9）hence … 10）accordingly … 第一节TOEFL听力段子十大黄金原则

6．转折原则 听段子时，还要特别注意那些“含有转折含义的词或结构”。因为无论段子还是对话，转折的地方永远 做考点。Multiply: 历年TOEFL听力段子中最常考的转折类结构汇编： 1）but … 2）however … 2 3）nevertheless … 4）while … 5）yet … 6）unless … 7）except for … 8）actually … 9）in fact … 10)To tell you the truth … 11)practically … 12)virtually … 13)as a matter of fact …

7． 问答原则 听段子时，还要特别注意那些“含有一问一答或自问自答形式的句子或结构”。往往问题就会做为考 题，而对问题的回答就是考点所在，即正确答案的出处。

8．开头原则 听段子时，要特别注意听清“段子开头的一两句话”。往往TOPIC（主题）会在这一带出现，而主题 必为考点。

9．尾巴原则 同样，还要特别注意听清“段子结束时的一两句话”。往往CONCLUSION（结论）会在这一带出现，而结论也必为考点。10． 人名原则 切记：听段子时，不论是文科段还是理科段，只要出现人名的地方，往往“埋伏着”考点。因为后面必 有一道题会问这个人的地位、作用和所做出的特殊贡献。故含有人名之处必为考点。以上十大原则匆匆讲完，想必有点“纸上谈兵”的感觉。下面我们就试着运用一下。先给大家一个段 子，请在60秒内，通过迅速扫描，把可能会出题的地方在原文中划出来。开始！第一节TOEFL听力段子十大黄金原则 [2000.1.（47）——（50）] Questions 47-50.Listen to the beginning of a lecture given by a history professor.Good morning, class.Before we begin today, I would like to address an issue that one of you reminded me of after the last lecture.As you may recall, last time I mentioned that Robert E.Pierre was the first person to reach the North Pole.What I neglected to mention was the controversy around Pierre’s pioneering accomplishment.In 1910, a committee of the national geographical society examined Comeydore Pierre’s claim to have reached the North Pole on April 6th 1909 and found no reason to doubt him.This judgment was actually confirmed by a committee of the US congress in 1911.Nevertheless, Pierre’s claim was surrounded by controversy.This was largely due to the competing claim of Doctor Frederic Cook who told the world he had reached the Pole a fouryear earlier.Over the decades Pierre was given the benefit of the doubt, but critics persisted in raising questions about his navigation and the distances he claimed to have covered.So the Navigation Foundation spent an additional 12 months of exhaustive examination of documents relating to Pierre’s polar expedition.The documents supported Pierre’s claims about the distances he covered.After also conducting an extensive computer analysis of photos taken by Pierre at the pole, they concluded that Pierre and his companions did in fact reach the near vicinity of the North Pole on April 6th, 1909.OK, today we’re going to talk about exploration of the opposite end of the world.I assume you all read chapter 3 in our text and are now familiar with the names: Emerson and Scott.OK，下面我把考点用粗体阴影标出。看看你划得对吗？ Good morning, class.Before we begin today, I would like to address an issue that one of you reminded me of after the last lecture.（开头原则）As you may recall, last time I mentioned that Robert E.Pierre was the first person（级别强调原则）to reach the North Pole.What I neglected to mention（含义强调原则）was the controversy around Pierre’s pioneering accomplishment.In 1910, a committee of the national geographical society examined Comeydore Pierre’s claim to have reached the North Pole on April 6th 1909 and found no reason to doubt him.This judgment was actually confirmed by a committee of the US congress in 1911.Nevertheless,（转折原则）Pierre’s claim was surrounded by controversy.This was largely due to（因果原则）the competing claim of Doctor Frederic Cook who told the world he had reached the Pole a fouryear earlier.Over the decades Pierre was given the benefit of the doubt, but（转折原则）critics persisted in raising questions about his navigation and the distances he claimed to have covered.So（因果原则）the Navigation Foundation spent an additional 3 12 months of exhaustive examination of documents relating to Pierre’s polar expedition.The documents supported Pierre’s claims about the distances he covered.After also conducting an extensive computer analysis of photos taken by Pierre at the pole, they concluded that（结论强 调原则）Pierre and his companions did in fact（转折原则）reach the near vicinity of the North Pole on April 6th, 1909.OK, today we’re going to talk about exploration of the opposite end of the world.I assume you all read chapter 3 in our text and are now familiar with the names: Emerson and Scott.（尾 巴原则）中文参考译文： 早上好。在我们开始之前，我想提一下上节课后一位同学给我提出的一个问题。（开头原则）你们 第一节TOEFL听力段子十大黄金原则 可能还记得，上节课我说过Robert E.Pierre是第一个（级别强调原则）到达北极的人。而我没提到过（含义强调原则）对Pierre这次历险成就的争论。1910年，一个国家地理学会小组考察了“宣布 Comeydore Pierre在1909年4月6日登上北极点”的报告，发现没有理由怀疑他的成功。这个决定被美国 国会在1911年就核实了。然而，（转折原则）Pierre的成就却被疑问包围着。这是因为（因果原则）Frederic Cook医生宣布他比Pierre早4年到达北极点。在以后的年代里Pierre赚了怀疑的便宜，但是（转折 原则）批评家坚持对他所走方向和所走距离提出疑问。所以，（因果原则）领航基金会又用了12个月的 难熬时间来考察Pierre的历险。文件支持了Pierre对路程的主张。在用了大量电脑分析Pierre在北极点拍 的照片以后，他们作出结论：（结论强调原则）Pierre和他的伙伴们实际上的确（转折原则）在1909年4 月6日到达了北极点。好，今天我们将要讨论对地球另一个极点的探索。我猜你们在读过书中的第三章 以后，一定对Emerson和Scott这两个名字不陌生了吧？（尾巴原则）