第一篇：山东省中医药大学博士考试英语复习重点
中国医药学 traditional Chinese medicine;TCM
中医基础理论basic theory of traditional Chinese medicine
临床经验clinical experience
辨证论治treatment based on syndrome differentiation 本草materia medica /medicinal herbs养生health-cultivation 医疗实践medical practice
治疗原则therapeutic principles
寒凉药物herbs cold and cool in nature 滋阴降火nourishing yin and reducing fire 瘀血致病diseases caused by blood stagnation 先天之精congenitalessence
气的运动变化 movement and changes of qi 形与神俱inseparability of the body and spirit 神明 spirit/mental activity
脏腑zang-organs and fu-organs/viscera 功能活动functional activities
形神统一unity of the body and spirit 阴阳失调imbalance of yin and yang
正邪相争 struggle between healthy qi and pathogenic factors
治未病prevention of disease 五脏five zang-organs 六腑six fu-organs
经络系统system of meridians and collaterals 形神统一unity of the body and spirit 有机整体organic wholeness
表里关系 exterior and interior relation 开窍opening into
生长化收藏 five element function 脉象pulse conditions
邪正关系the states of pathogenic factors and healthy qi 自然现象 natural phenomena 哲学概念 philosophical concept 对立统一 unity and opposites
相互消长 mutual waning and waxing 阴阳属性 nature of yin and yang 生理功能 physiological functions 病理变化 pathological changes 临床诊断 clinical diagnosis
有机整体 organic wholeness/entirety
正邪斗争struggle between healthy qi and pathogenic factors
五行学说 theory of five elements 运动变化 motion and variation 条达舒畅 free development
相生相克mutual(inter-)generation and mutual(inter-)restriction
生我”“我生” to be generated and to generate传变transmission of disease
母病及子disease of the mother-organ affecting the child-organ
子病犯母 disease of the child-organ affecting the mother-organ
肝肾精血不足 insufficiency of kidney and liver essence and blood
肝阳上亢hyperactivity of liver yang 1．中国医药学有数前年的历史，是中国人民长期同疾病作斗争的经验总结。TCM has a history of thousands of years and is a summary of the Chinese people’s experience in their struggle against diseases.2．中医学在古代唯物论和辩证法思想的影响和指导下，通过长期的医疗实践，逐步形成并发展成为独特的医学理论体系。Under the influence and guidance of classical Chinese materialism and dialectics, TCM has gradually evolved into a medical system with unique theory through long term medical practice.3．中医学是研究人体生理、病理以及疾病的诊断和防治的一门科学TCM is a science that studies the physiology and pathology of the human body as well as diagnosis, treatment and prevention of diseases.4．《黄帝内经》总结了春秋战国以来的医疗成就和治疗经验，确立了中医学的独特的理论体系，成为中医药学发展的基础。Huangdi Neijing(Huangdi’s Canon of Medicine)has summed up the medical achievement and the treatment experience since the Spring-Autumn Period and Warring States, establishing the unique theoretical system of TCM, and laying the foundation for the development of TCM.5．《难经》内容十分丰富，补充了《黄帝内经》的不足，成为后世指导临床实践的理论基础。Nan Jing is rich in content, supplementing what Huangdi Neijing lacks and serving as the theoretical basis for the clinical practice of the latter generations 1．中医学在其形成过程中受到了古代唯物论和辩证法思想的深刻影响。During the long course of its development and practice, TCM has been under the influence of classical Chinese materialism and dialectics.2．中医学认为世界是物质的，是阴阳二气相互作用的结果。TCM holds that the world is material and is the result of the interaction of yin and yang.3．天地合气，命之曰人。The existence of human beings depends on the interaction between the celestial qi and terrestrial qi.4．中医学认为精气是生命的本原物质，这种精气先身而生，具有遗传性。According to TCM, essence is the essential substance for life.Such an essential substance exists prior to the formation of the body and is hereditary.5．父母之精气相合，形成胚胎发育的原始物质。The combination of the parental essence is the primary substance for the formation of fetus.1．中医理论体系的基本特点是整体观念和辨证论治。TCM is characterized by the concept of organic wholeness and treatment based on syndrome differentiation.2．中医学认为人体是一个有机的整体。Tradition Chinese medicine holds that the human body is an organic whole.3．人体各个组成部分在功能上相互为用，在病理上相互影响。The components of human body functionally depend on each other and pathologically affect each other.4．整体观念贯穿于中医生理、病理、诊法、辨证和治疗的各个方面。The concept of holism permeates through all the fields in TCM, including physiology, pathology, diagnosis, syndrome differentiation and treatment.5．人体某一局部区域内的病理变化往往与全身脏腑、气血、阴阳的盛衰有关。The pathological changes in certain part or region of the human body are usually related to the conditions of viscera, qi and blood as well as yin and yang in the whole body.11.地区气候的差异在一定程度上也影响着人体的生理活动。The geographical difference may also affect to some extent the physiological activities of human body.12.四时气候的变化是生物生长化收藏的重要条件之一。The change of the seasons is one of the important factors affecting the sprouting, growth, transformation, reaping and storing of life.13．辨证论治是中医认识疾病和治疗疾病的基本原则，也是中医的基本特点之一。Treatment based on syndrome differentiation is the basic principle for understanding and treating disease in TCM and also one of the basic characteristics of TCM.14．证是机体在疾病发展过程中的某一阶段的病理概括。Syndrome is a pathological summarization of a disease at a certain stage of its development.15．辨证和论治是诊治疾病过程中相互联系不可分割的两个方面。Syndrome differentiation and disease treatment are two inseparable parts in diagnosing and treating disease.1．阴阳是中国古代这些的一对范畴。Yin and yang are two categories in classical Chinese philosophy.2．阴阳的对立和消长是宇宙的基本规律。The opposition and waning-waxing of yin and yang are the basic laws in the universe.3．阴阳是自然界相互关联的某些事物和现象对立双方的概括。Yin and yang refer to two opposite aspects of interrelated things or phenomena in the natural world.4．世界是物质性的整体，是阴阳二气对立统一的结果。The world is a material integrity and is the result of the unity of opposites of yin and yang.5．宇宙间一切事物的发生、发展和变化都是阴阳对立统一矛盾运动的结果。The occurrence development and changes of all things in the universe result from the unity and opposition between yin and yang.1.人生有形，不离阴阳Man has a physical shape which is inseparable from yin and yang.2.对于人体的生理功能，中医学也是用阴阳学说加以概括说明TCM explains and summarizes the physiological functions of human body according to the theory of yin and yang.3.功能属于阳，物质属于阴Function pertains to yang while substance to yin.4.如果阴阳不能相互为用而分离，人的生命也就终止了The separation of yin and yang will lead to the end of life.5.阴阳的协调平衡是健康的表现The balance and harmony of yin and yang are the manifestations of health.1．木、火、土、金、水是不可缺少的物种最基本的物质。Wood, fire, earth, metal and water are the most essential and indispensable materials.2．任何事物都不是孤立的、静止的，而是在不断的相生、相克的运动中维持着协调平衡。Nothing in the world is solitary and static.In fact everything in the universe maintains harmonic balance through constant mutual generation and restriction.3．中医理论体系在形成过程中，受到古代五行学说的深刻影响。The theoretical system of TCM has been under the influence of classical theories of the five elements.4．五行理论主要用以分析各种事物的五行属性和研究事物之间相互联系的基本法则。The theory of five elements is mainly used to analyze the properties of the five elements of various things according to the five elements and study the basic law of the inter-relation between things.11.肾主水而归属于水。Kidney governs water, thus pertains to water.12．相生是指一事物对另一事物具有促进、助长和资生的作用。Inter-generation means that one kind of object generates, strengthens or brings forth another one.13．相克是指一事物对另一事物的生长和功能具有抑制和制约的作用。Restriction means that one kind of object restricts and controls the functions of another one.14．事物之间的相生相克关系维持了自然界的生态平衡和人体的生理平衡。Inter-generation and restriction between objects maintain the ecological equilibrium in nature and the physiological balance in the human body.15．木生火，“生我”者为木；火生土，“我生”者为土。Since wood generates fire, it is the mother of fire;because fire generates earth, earth is the child of fire.1．五行学说以五行的特性来说明五脏的生理功能。The theory of elements is used to explain the physiological function of the five zang-organs according to the properties of the five elements.2．心阳有温煦之功能，故以心属火。Since heart yang functions to warm the body , the heart pertains to fire.3．五脏的功能活动不是孤立的，而是互相联系着的。The functional activities of the five zang-organs are not solitary , but interrelated.4．肝藏血以济心。The liver stores the blood to provide for the heart.5．脾气散精，上归于肺。The spleen distributes the essence upwards to the lung.11．五行学说也可以用以确定治疗原则和制订治疗方法。The theory of five elements also can be used to decide therapeutic principles and methods.12．相克传变包括“相乘”和“相侮”，均属于不正常的相克。Restricting transmission includes “over-restriction” and “reverse-restriction” , both of which are abnormal activities of restriction.13．如面见青色，喜食酸味，脉见弦象，可以诊断为肝病。For example , the signs of bluish complexion , preference for sour taste and taut pulse may suggest liver disease.14．滋水涵木法是滋养肾阴以养肝阴的方法。Enriching water to nourish wood is a therapeutic method used to nourish kidney yin to tonify liver yin.15．益火补土法是温肾阳以补脾阳的一种方法 Boosting fire to supplement earth is a therapeutic method used to warm kidney yang to supplement spleen yang.
第二篇：山东省中医药大学公告
三、招聘条件
（一）基本条件
1、具有中华人民共和国国籍;
2、遵守宪法和法律;
3、具有较高的思想政治素质，良好的品行和职业道德，热爱高等教育事业，有强烈的事业心、团队协作和敬业精神，遵纪守法，身心健康;
4、应聘的应届毕业生应于2014年7月底之前取得相应毕业证和学位证;
5、应聘初级岗位年龄在40周岁以下（1973年6月4日以后出生），应聘中级岗位年龄在45周岁以下（1968年6月4日以后出生）, 应聘高级岗位年龄在50周岁以下（1963年6月4日以后出生）;
6、符合山东省事业单位招聘工作人员的其他相关规定和条件。
（二）岗位条件
岗位所需要的身体条件及学历、学位、专业、工作经历等详细见《省属事业单位公开招聘工作人员岗位汇总表》（附件1）。
（三）曾受过刑事处罚和曾被开除公职的人员，在公务员招考和事业单位公开招聘中被认定有严重违纪违规行为且不得报考的人员，在读全日制普通高校非应届毕业生、现役军人，以及法律规定不得聘用的其他情形的人员不得应聘。应聘人员不能报考与本人有应回避亲属关系的岗位。
四、招聘程序
（一）发布招聘信息
经上级主管部门审核后，通过省人力资源社会保障厅网站（http：//，各教学用人单位电子信箱见附件1备注处，邮件及附件2、3电子文档名称一律采用“岗位名称－姓名”方式命名，例如“教师1－李**”。
报名时间：自报名信息发布之日起15日内。
报名结束后，对应聘人数达不到规定比例的招聘岗位，计划招聘1人的，取消招聘岗位；计划招聘2人以上的，按规定比例相应核减招聘人数。
2、资格审查
资格审查采用现场确认的方式进行。学校人事处和相关学院对应聘人员的情况进行资格确认，资格确认标准及需携带的相关材料见附件4。具体资格审查时间、地点另行通知（请注意查看山东中医药大学校园网http：//
八、其他
未尽事宜，按照省委组织部、省人力资源社会保障厅《关于2014年省属事业单位公开招聘工作人员有关问题的通知》（鲁人社发〔2014〕14号）的相关规定执行。
山东中医药大学二〇一四年六月四日
第三篇：山东中医药大学博士考试针灸推拿学试题2012
山东中医药大学2012年博士研究生入学考试
针灸推拿学试题
1.“平补平泻”一词出于何著作？历代有哪几种解释？ 2.简述膝骨关节炎的主要症状特点、病理变化及针灸治疗作用。并例举两种临床常用治法说明之。3.试用经络理论解释《四总穴歌》的治疗意义。
4.循行至眼区周围的经脉有哪几条？请用《灵枢·经脉》的原文描述其在眼周之循行。
5.试述针灸的辨证施治程序及针灸临床上如何具体运用八纲辨证？
6.请写出《灵枢·九针十二原》篇中关于十二原穴的名称、归经和定位。
7.治未病的概念和意义。常用的灸法治未病的方法及穴位有哪些？
8.请写出《灵枢·顺气一日分为四时篇》关于五输穴主治功能的原文。你是如何理解的？ 9.脐疗的理论依据是什么？
10.偏头痛的针灸处方以及耳穴综合疗法的器械药品准备、操作步骤。
第四篇：第三册大学英语期末复习重点句子
1.我们的计算机系统出了毛病，但我觉得问题不大We have a problem with the computer system, but I think it’s fairly minor.2.父亲去逝的时候我还小,不能独立生活。就在那时，家乡的父老接过了教育我的责任。My father died when I was too young to live
on my own.The people of my hometown took over my upbringing at that point.3.这些玩具必须得达到严格的安全要求后才可出售给儿童The toys have to meet strict safety requirements before they can be sold to children.5.一些科学家坚信人们总有一天会喜欢转基 因农作物的，因为它们能够提高产量，帮助发展中国家战胜饥荒和疾病Some scientists hold to the firm conviction that people will come to like genetically modified crops someday since
they can increase yields and help combat hunger and disease in the developing world.1.无论是在城市还是农村，因特网正在改变人们的生活方式。The Internet is changing the way peopleEinstein spent many years trying to unify the theories of electromagnetism and gravity but failed.3.因其在激发学生创造性想象力方面的出色表现，王教授获得了校长奖Professor Wang received the Presidential Award for his
excellence in stimulating students' creative imagination.4.因存在一些设计上的重大缺陷，董事会没有同意那个经济刺激计划As there were some major design flaws, the board of directors didn't approve of the economic
4.作为新闻和舆论的载体，广播和电视补充了而不是替代了报纸。Radio and television have supplemented rather than replaced the newspaper as carriers of news and opinion.5.至于这本杂志，它刊载了世界各地许多报
纸杂志上文章的摘要When it comes to this magazine, it is/ carries a digest of articles
from
manynewspapers
and
magazines around the world.1.虽然受到全球金融危机后果的巨大影响，但是我们仍然相信我们能够面对挑战，克服
危机。Though greatly affected by the consequences of the global financial crisis, we are still confident that we can face up to the challenge and overcome the crisis.2.在持续不断的沙尘暴的威胁下，我们被迫
离开我们喜爱的村庄，搬迁到新的地方。Under threat of constant sand storms, we were compelled to leave our cherished village and move to the new settlement.3.根据最近的网上调查，许多消费者说他们也许会有兴趣考虑购买电视广告中播放的产
品。According to a recent online survey, a lot of consumers say they may be motivated to consider buying products shown in TV commercials.4.看到卡车司机把受污染的废弃物倒在河边，老人马上向警方报告
Having spotted a truck driver dumping contaminated waste alongside the river, the old man reported to the police at once.live, whether they are in urban or rural areas.2.和大公司相比，中小公司更容易受到金融危机的威胁。
Medium-sized and small companies are more vulnerable to the threat of the global
economic crisis than large ones.3.关于期末论文，教授要求我们先分析失业图表，然然后对过家的经济发展提供批评性的见解。
With regard to our term paper, the professor asked us to analyze the
unemployment chart first, and then provide critical reflections on the nations economic development.4.他从来也没有想到他们队会大比分赢得那场篮球赛。It never occurred to him that their team
would win the basketball match by a large margin.5.回顾二十年得中学教学，我把我的成功归结为耐心、才能和对知识的不断追求 Looking back on my twenty years' teaching in high school, I attribute my success to
patience, talent, and the constant pursuit of knowledge.1.红十字会派遣的志愿人员非常小心地对村里的饮用水进行消毒，以避免爆发瘟疫 The volunteers sent by the Red Cross disinfected, with great caution, the
drinking water in the village so as to avoid an outbreak of plague.2.爱因斯坦用了多年时间试图把电磁学理论和引力理论结合起来，但没有成功。
stimulus package.5.乔丹意识到没人能给他帮助，终于得出结论他必须面对现实，独自接受挑战Having realized that nobody could help him, Jordan finally came to the conclusion that he had to face reality and take up
the challenge by himself.1.奶奶想当然地认为粮价要涨，所以买了许多大米Grandma took it for granted that food prices would soar, so she bought a lot of rice.2.我可以给你引用几个例子来说明她献身科
学的精神I can quote you several instances of her dedication to science.3.20世纪80年代中国一些经济特区开始迅速发展起来The 1980s saw the start of the swift development of some special economic zones in China.4.两国关系的紧张部分是由最近的间谍事件引起的Tension between the two countries stemmed in part from the latest spy affair.5.彼得已在一家律师事务所当了多年律师。你可以考虑请他做你的律师，当你需要法律
援助时，由他代你行事Peter has worked in a law firm for many years.You can consider having him as your lawyer to act on your behalf when you need legal help.
第五篇：大学英语写作教程复习重点
Sentence fragments：
句子碎片：
sentences are complete thoughts because they are have subjects and verbs and because they require no other elements to complete their meaning.句子是完整的主题有完整的主语和谓语，而且并不需要成分来补充它的意思。
When any one of these dependent units is punctuated with a capital letter at the beginning and a full stop（period，exclamation point，or question mark）at the end，it is called a sentence fragment.当任何一个非独立成分被句首大写字母强调并且末尾有一个停顿（句号，感叹号，问号），他被称为句子片段
A sentence fragment can be corrected in various ways：
句子碎片可以用多种不同的方法修正
a.by joining it to another sentence 把它加入进另一个句子
b.by supplying a subject and a predicate提供一个主语和谓语
c.by rewriting the passage in which it occurs在不改变句意的范围内重写
Any verbless or subjectlessfragment of a sentence，whether you can classify it or not，should not be allowed to stand as a sentence.任何没有主语或谓语的句子碎片，不管是否分类，都不应该当做句子。
A.A verbless or subjectless fragment can be corrected by adding a subject or verb accordingly；by attaching the fragment to the sentence that comes before it or the sentence that comes after it，whichever makes sense ；or by rewriting the fragment entirely.一个缺少主语或谓语的句子碎片可以通过增加一个相应的主语或谓语来改正；或通过把句子碎片加入它前面或后面的句子使其合理的完整；或完全的重写句子碎片。
B.Added—detail fragments also lack a subject and a verb.They often begin with one of the following words.；for example，also，except，such as，including，especially，namely 额外的碎片也是缺少主语和谓语的。大多是以以下的词开始的；例如，并且，除了，像，包含，特别，即
An added—detail fragments can be corrected in one of the three ways below： 额外碎片可以通过以下三种方式改正
a.Attach the fragment to the complete thought that precedes it.附加到他之前的完整意思中
b.Add a subject and a verb to the fragment to make it a complete sentence.在碎片中加入主语和谓语使他成为一个完整的句子
c.Change words necessary to make the fragment part of the sentence.改变必要的词汇使句子碎片成为一个句子
Run—on sentence
连写句
A run—on sentence is tow or more complete thoughts（or independent clauses）without adequate sign given to mark the break between them.连写句是两个或两个以上的写在一起且中间没有明显停顿标记的完整的意思（独立句）They may be corrected in four principal ways：
连写句的四种主要的改正方法：
a.Use a period and write two separate sentence.用一个句号把它写成两个分开的不同的句子。b.Use a comma and a coordinating conjunction用逗号和适合的连词
c.Use a semicolon用一个分号
d.Make one of the clauses dependent 使其中的一个句子变为从句
Misplaced and dangling modifiers
错位修饰语和悬垂修饰语
A modifier is a word，a phrase，or a clause that functions in the sentence to modify，that is，to limit，qualify，or restrict the meaning of another word, phrase ,clause.Misplaced and dangling modifiers break a fundamental rule that all modifiers must be near the word they modify.Misplaced and dangling modifiers modify either the wrong word or no word at all。错位修饰语和悬垂修饰语修饰语在句子中的职能就是去修饰和限定句子中的另一个词的意思。错位修饰语和悬垂修饰语破坏了修饰语必须挨着他所修饰的那个词的基本的规则。错位修饰语和悬垂修饰语都修饰了错误的词或没有起到修饰的作用。
Misplaced modifiers
错位修饰语
A modifier is misplaced when it appears so far from what it is supposed to modify that the connection is no longer clear or modifier seems to modify something else
当一个修饰语出现在离他要修饰的词很远的地方时，修饰看起来不再明显或像在修饰其他的什么。
Squinting modifiers
偏斜修饰语
A squinting modifier is a word or phrase that appears to modify both the words that precede and follow it.Such a modifier seems to be looking in two directions at once.The result is a sentence with two possible meanings。
偏斜修饰语就是指一个修饰词看起来在同时修饰他前后的两个词,看起来是在一次修饰两个方向，结果句子就出现了两种可能的意思。
Split infinitives
分裂不定式
A split infinitive is a construction in which the sign of the infinitive “to”has been separated from the verb with which it is associated.分裂不定式是将to 和有联系的那个动词隔离开的结构。
Dangling modifiers
悬垂修饰语
A dangling modifier is a group of word that has no grammatical connection to any element in the sentence.悬垂修饰语是一组在句子中与任何元素都没有语法联系的修饰语。
There are five kinds of dangling modifiers：五种悬垂修饰
a.dangling participles 悬垂分词
b.dangling gerunds悬垂动名词
c.dangling infinitives 悬垂不定式
d.dangling elliptical clauses悬垂精简句
e.dangling prepositional phrases悬垂介词短语
Correcting dangling modifiers
校正悬垂修饰语
a.One way is to leave the modifier as it is and to rewrite the main clause so that its subject what the writer meant to modify。
一种方法是舍弃修饰语照现在的样子改写主句，以便明白什么才是作者修饰的主题。
b.Another way to correct sentence containing dangling modifiers is to change the dangling construction into a subordinate clause.另一种改正包含悬垂修饰语的句子方法是将悬垂结构改成一个从句。
c.The third way to eliminate dangling modifiers is to recast the entire sentence.第三种方法是省略悬垂修饰语，重写完整的句子。
Pronoun reference
指示代词
Pronouns are useful because they take the place of nouns（persons，places，or things），which otherwise would have to repeated over and over.指示代词代替那些在句子中多次出现的名词。Antecedent先行词代词所指代的那个词。每个代词有且只有一个先行词
Pronoun must be used in such a way as to make their exact reference clear.代词必须在这样的方式中使用已明确他们的职权
a.more than one possible antecedent 不可以有多个先行词
b.it has no antecedent at all没有先行词
Weak reference
暗示指代
Weak reference refers to the type of the sentence in which the antecedent of a pronoun is implied or unspecified.暗示指代是代词的先行词是暗示或未指定的句子类型
Implied pronoun reference also refers to the type of sentence in which the same pronoun stands for different implied antecedents.暗含代词也引用同样的代名词代表不同的隐含先行词的句子类型
Broad reference
宽泛指代
There are two ways to improve broad reference：两种改善宽泛指代的方法
a.Eliminate the pronoun 不要使用代词
b.Change the pronoun to a demonstrative adjective by giving it a noun to modify
把代词变为指示形容词
Parallelism
平行 排比
Parallelism is the rhetorical principle that sentence elements having the same grammatical function should be put in the same grammatical form.It is the writer’s technique of balancing like with like —noun with noun，verb with verb，infinitive with infinitive，phrase with phrase，clause with clause，and so forth.平行的修辞原则就是句子中有相同的语法功能的成分要放在相同的语法结构中。这是作家们对类似物的平衡技巧，名词和名词，动词和动词，不定式和不定式，短语和短语，分句和分句，等等。
Value of parallelism
排比的价值
It is used by writers for two reasons ：to make a sentence smooth and coherent rather than jerky and awkward，and to give sentences rhythm，balance，and greater force.作者用排比来保持句子的流畅和连贯，和给句子 节奏平衡 强调语气
Techniques used in gaining parallelism
排比的使用方法
a.Elements joined by coordinating conjunctions加入并列连词
b.Elements joined by correlative conjunctions 加入关联连词
c.Repetition of certain word 重复一些有特点的词
Unnecessary shifts
不必要的变幻
An unnecessary shift，as the name implies，is a sudden—andinexplicable shift in the point of view used by the writer.不必要的变幻就像名字的暗示是作者不可说明的观点
A good writer needs to keep consistency in voice，tense，mood，person and discourse.一个好的作者要保持语态 时态 语气 人称 以及叙事方式的一致
a.Unnecessary shifts in voice or subject语态一致
b.Unnecessary shifts in tense时态上的一致
c.Unnecessary shifts in mood语气上的一致
d.Unnecessary shifts in person or number人称 数上的一致
e.Unnecessary shifts in discourse叙事方式上的一致
f.Discourse（speech）can be either direct or indirect叙事方式可以是直接引语或间接引语 Sentence emphasis
句子重点
There are some useful ways of gaining emphasis，covering order，voice，from，repetition，omission，sentence patterns and mechanical devices.一些获得重点的途径，包括：顺序 语态 形式 重复 省略 句型 和机械的技巧。
A.Considering the order of words as a means achieving emphasis
句子中词的的顺序表示的重要性
a．use position for emphasis用位置来表现强调end begin middle
b．invert the normal sentence order for emphasis 颠倒句子中的正常顺序来表现强调 c.use periodic sentences for occasional emphasis 用圆周句来表现偶尔的强调
The periodic sentences is one in which the main thought is held suspended until the end or near the end when it is suddenly released.圆周句是一种其主题思想直到句子结束或者接近结束的时候才停止之前的暂停说明而突然释放的句子
The loose sentence is one in which the main thought is complete well before the end.松散句是一种其中心思想在句子结束之前就很好的表达了的句子
The periodic sentences is usually emphatic and conclusive because the weight of statement falls on the long—awaited predication.圆周句通常是很论述力和决定性作用的，因为其重量型的观点建立在之前期待已久的预测上的。
d.ordinarily arrange a series of items in climactic order
层进结构
climactic order is the order that goes from the least important to the most important（or in the order that goes from the general to the specific）
层进结构是从最不重要的到最重要的，或是从总体到细节。
B.Using the voice that is most emphatic and appropriate 用最明确的语态
C.Putting statements in positive form 用肯定句式
D.Repeating words，structures，or ideas for occasional emphasis 重复要强调的E.Omitting unimportant words省略不必要的词
F.Making use of special emphatic sentence patterns 强调句型
G.Using mechanical devices for emphasis用这些机械的技巧
Italics 斜体 boldface 黑体 capital 大写 punctuation marks 标点符号
Sentence variety
句子多样性
A.Varying the beginning of sentences
句子开头的多样性
a． begin sentences with an appositive用同位语做句子开头
b． begin sentences with an adverb用副词做句子开头
c． begin sentences with an adjective or adjective phrase用形容词或形容词短语做句子开头 d． begin sentences with participial phrase用分词短语做句子开头
e． begin sentences with an infinitive phrase用不定式短语做句子开头
f． begin sentences with a prepositional phrase用介词短语做句子开头
g． begin sentences with clause modifiers用从句做句子开头
B.Varying the kinds of sentences
句子种类的多样性
A)Use simple，compound，and complex sentences 用简单句并列句以及含有从句的复杂句
B）use rhetorical sentences 运用修辞手法
a．the loose sentences 松散句
b．the periodic sentences 圆周句
c．Sentences are not necessarily periodic or loose throughout句子不一定是松散句或圆周句 d．the balanced sentence is one that contains two or more phrases or clauses similar in form about the same length，but often contrasted in meaning.平衡句子是在对相同长度中的句子包括两个或两个以上的相似形式短语或分句
C.Varying the length of sentences
句子长度的多样性
Coordination 并列连词
Coordination is the linking of equally weighed elements.连词可连接相等重量的元素
Intelligent use of coordination can help give smoothness , variety , emphasis and unity to our writing.聪明的运用连词可以使句子通顺，多样性，加强语气，增强我们文章的统一性。Patterns of coordination
连词的模式
A.simple coordination
简单的连词
B.a second pattern of coordination makes use of correlative conjunctions to strengthen the connection between two coordination elements
第二种连词的模式利用相关加强协调两个连词元素的连接
C.a third pattern of coordination involves the series , a list of three or more items.第三种连词的模式包含一系列、列表、三个或更多的物品
Try eliminating all conjunctions;it is even possible to combine in a single sentence a series that repeats conjunctions with one that eliminates the rest completely;they can be grouped into pairs.试着消除所有连词,它甚至可以用一句话概括了一系列与重复合用,消除了其余的全部，它们可以分组配对。
Avoidance of excessive coordination 避免通篇使用连词
Subordination
从句
subordination is the technique of putting together ideas that are unequal in weight so that the relative importance of each will be quickly apparent to the reader.从句是把重要性不相等概念放在一起的手法，通过相对的比较使读者更容易明白
Subordination helps you to avoid choppy sentences or excessive coordination and to achieve variety and smoothness.从句帮助我们避免断断续续的句子或者过多的连词以达到多样性和句子的通顺
Ways of subordination
从句的方法
a.subordination by and adverbial clause状语从句
b.subordination by and attributive clause 定语从句
c.subordination by a modifying phrase 修饰短语从句
d.subordination by an appositive 同位语从句
e.subordination by a word.用单词
Avoidance of inverted subordination.避免倒装的从句
Avoidance of expressive overlapping of subordination constructions
避免过量的重叠的从句
Avoidance of expressive subordination 避免表达过多的从属
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