第一篇:2018年高考英语全国卷1,2长难句分析
2018年高考英语全国卷1,2长难句分析(全国卷1阅读B)
(原文)And the Good Morning Britain presenter says she's been able to put a lot of what she's learnt into practice in her own home, preparing meals for sons, Sam, 14, Finn, 13, and Jack, 11.(译文)这位“早安,英国”的电视节目主持人说,她能够在自己的家里把许多学到的东西付诸实践,为14岁的儿子山姆,13岁的芬恩,和11岁的杰克准备膳食。(分析)这是一个多重复合句,主句And the Good Morning Britain presenter says后面跟的是省略了that的宾语从句。宾语从句本身也是复合句,其中what she's learnt 也是宾语从句,preparing meals for sons, Sam, 14, Finn, 13, and Jack, 11是-ing形式做伴随状语。(全国卷1阅读C)(原文)The general rule is that mild zones have relatively few languages, often spoken by many people, while hot, wet zones have lots, often spoken by small numbers.(译文)一般的规律是,温和地带的通常为许多人所使用的语言相对较少,而炎热潮湿地带的语言较多,通常为少数人所使用。
(分析)这是一个复合句,句中that引导一个表语从句;从句中often spoken by many people和often spoken by small numbers为-ed形式做定语,分别修饰few languages和lots。同时while在句中做并列连词,意为“然而”,表示对比。(全国卷1七选五)(原文)A grasp of how to manage color in your spaces is one of the first steps to creating rooms you’ll love to live in.(译文)懂得这样处理自己居所的颜色选择是营造你喜爱房间的关键步骤之一。(分析)这是一个主从复合句。you’ll love to live in修饰先行词rooms, 省略了关系代词that/which。steps后的to 是介词,所以跟-ing形式creating。(全国卷1完形填空)(原文)In order to pass the class, among other criteria, we had to write a paper on how we plan to apply what we would learn in class to our future professions and ,eventually, to our lives.(译文)按照其他标准,要让这门课过关,我们必须写一篇论文,论述我们如何计划将所学的知识运用到将来的职业中,最终,运用到我们的生活中。(分析)这是一个主从复合句。how we plan to apply what we would learn in class to...用作介词on的宾语从句,其中what we would learn in class to...又用作apply的宾语从句。In order to pass the class为动词不定式短语作目的状语,among other criteria为介词短语,作方式状语。(全国卷1语法填空)(原文)While running regularly can’t make you live forever, the review says it is more effective at lengthening life than walking, cycling or swimming.(译文)虽然定期跑步并不能让你长生不老,但该评论称,它比散步、骑车或游泳更能延长寿命。
(分析)这是一个主从复合句。While引导的是一个让步状语从句,这里相当于Although。the review says后面跟的是宾语从句,省略了连词that。(全国卷2阅读A)
(原文)Thursday sees us make the short journey to Paris where we will visit Disneyland Paris park,staying until late to see the parade and the fireworks.(译文)周四,我们短途旅行去巴黎,游览巴黎迪斯尼乐园,晚些时候,我们观看游行和烟花。
(分析)这是一个主从复合句。where we will visit Disneyland Paris park是一个定语从句修饰先行词Paris;staying until late to see the parade and the fireworks是-ing 形式做伴随状语。另外,本句的主句部分Thursday sees...运用了拟人的修辞格。(全国卷2阅读B)
(原文)When combined with berries or slices of other fruits, frozen bananas make an excellent base for thick, cooling fruit shakes and low fat “ice cream”.(译文)当冰冻香蕉和其他莓类或水果片混合时,就会成为制作浓郁冰凉果昔和低脂肪“冰淇淋”的不错的主要底料。
(分析)这个句子的主干是 frozen bananas make an excellent base。When combined with berries or slices of other fruits是一个-ed形式用作时间状语。(全国卷2阅读C)
(原文)According to the report's key findings, “the proportion(比例)who say they ‘never’ or ‘hardly ever’ read for fun has gone from 8 percent of 13-year-olds and 9 percent of 17-year-olds in 1984 to 22 percent and 27 percent respectively today.”(译文)根据这个报告的重要发现,“那些说他们从来或者几乎不以读书为乐趣的人的比例分别从1984年的13岁中的8%,17岁中的9%上升到了现在的22%和27%。”(分析)这是一个主从复合句。句子主语是the proportion,谓语是has gone。who say they ‘never’ or ‘hardly ever’ read for fun 是一个定语从句修饰先行词the proportion,say 后面跟了一个省略了that的宾语从句。(全国卷2阅读C)
(原文)The most hopeful data shared in the report shows clear evidence of parents serving as examples and important guides for their kids when it comes to reading.(译文)报告中所分享的最令人鼓舞的数据是:在阅读方面,父母是孩子的榜样和重要的楷模。(分析)这是一个主从复合句。句子的主干是The most hopeful data shows clear evidence。shared in the report是-ed形式用作定语修饰data。when it comes to reading是一个时间状语从句。(全国卷2阅读D)(原文)Dismissing small talk as unimportant is easy, but we can't forget that deep relationships wouldn't even exist if it weren't for casual conversation.(译文)认为闲谈不重要而不予考虑很容易,但是我们不要忘记,如果没有随意的的聊天,就不会有深入的人际关系。
(分析)这是一个由but 连接的两个并列句,第一个并列句中Dismissing small talk as unimportant 是主语;第二个并列句中forget后跟了一个that引导的宾语从句,其中还含有一个if 引导的条件状语从句,这里是虚拟语气。(全国卷2七选五)(原文)Exercising makes you more awake and ready to handle whatever is ahead of you for the day.(译文)锻炼会让你更加神清气爽,更好地应对一天当中发生的任何事情。(分析)handle后跟了一个whatever引导的宾语从句,并且在句中作主语。
第二篇:2015-2017年英语高考全国卷中的长难句
精挑细选2015-2017年全国卷中出现的长难句例
准确理解长难句是考生应该掌握的一项阅读技能。遇到长难句,我们先圈出连词,然后分析主句以及分句的句子结构, 先判断句子的主干部分(主谓宾, 或主系表), 而句子的修饰、补充成分, 可以先忽略不看。在理解了句子的主干意思后,再理解修饰、补充成分。
以下是2015-2017年全国卷中出现的长难句,如果这些句子的结构你都能理清,这些句子的意思你都能理解,高考英语阅读理解就不再难了。
1.(2017年全国1卷阅读理解A篇)It’s an amazing accomplishment and one we cannot achieve without generous support from individuals, corporations, and other social organizations.句意:这是一个惊人的成就,一个没有来自个人、公司和其他社会组织的慷慨的支持我们就不可能取得的成就。分析:本句为复合句。其中,one指代前面的accomplishment,后面为定语从句,修饰先行词one,且从句使用了cannot和without表示双重否定。
2.(2017年全国1卷阅读理解D篇)Then lay the tube in place so that one end rests all the way in the 使得管子的一端一直放在杯子里并且管子的其余部分向上延伸到坑的外部。分析:本句为复合句。主句lay the tube in place为祈使句;so that引导目的状语从句,从句是and连接的并列句。cup and the rest of the line runs up — and out — the side of the hole.句意:接着把管子放在恰当的位置,3.(2017年全国1卷阅读七选五)If anyone had told me three years ago that I would be spending most of my weekends camping, I would have laughed heartily.句意:如果三年前有人告诉我会用大部分的周末时间来野营,我会狂笑不已。分析:本句为主从复合句。if引导的是条件状语从句,因表示对与过去事实相反的假设,所以本句中条件句使用过去完成时。此外从句中包含了一个that引导宾语从句。
4.(2017年全国1卷完形填空)Little did I know that I would discover my love for ASL.句意:我不知道我竟然会爱上美式手语。分析:此句为倒装句,little为否定词,当否定词位于句首时,句子要使用部分倒装。
5.(2017年全国1卷完形填空)What I saw was completely unlike anything I had experienced in the past.句意:我所看到的和我之前经历的完全不同。分析:此句中what 引导的是主语从句,作句子的主语。此外,I had experienced in the past为定语从句,修饰先行词anything。
6.(2017年全国1卷完形填空)Instead, if there had been any talking, it would have caused us to learn less.句意:相反,如果有任何交谈,那会导致我们学到较少的东西。分析:本句为复合句。if引导的是虚拟条件句,表示对过去的虚拟,所以本句中条件状语从句使用过去完成时there had been;主句使用“would have done”结构。
7.(2017年全国Ⅱ卷阅读理解A篇)By translating the rich and humourous text of Love’s Labour’s Lost
into the physical language of BSL, Deafinitely Theatre creates a new interpretation of Shakespeare’s comedy and aims to build a bridge between deaf and hearing worlds by performing to both groups as one audience.句意:通过把《爱的徒劳》那丰富、幽默的文本翻译成手语,Deafinitely 剧院创造了一种对莎士比亚喜剧新的解释,通过向失聪人群和听力健全人群演出,旨在在失聪和有声世界之间搭建一座桥梁。分析:在本句中,By translating...BSL为方式状语,and连接creates和aims两个动词作并列谓语。
8.(2017年全国Ⅱ卷阅读理解B篇)The friendship that grew out of the experience of making that film and The Sting four years later had its root in the fact that although there was an age difference, we both came from a tradition of theater and live TV.(同位语从句、让步状语从句)句意:拍电影和四年后出演The Sting的经历所建立起来的友谊源于一个事实:尽管我们存在年龄差距,但我们都源自戏剧和直播电视的传统。分析:本句的主干是 The friendship had its root in the fact.。其中,grew out of...later为that引导的定语从句,修饰先行词friendship;后面的although there was...live TV为that引导的同位语从句,解释说明fact的内容。此外,同位语从句中还包含了一个although引导的让步状语从句。
9.(2017年全国Ⅱ卷阅读理解B篇)We shared the belief that if you’re fortunate enough to have success, you should put something back 一 he with his Newman’s Own food and his Hole in the Wall camps for kids who are seriously ill, and me with Sundance and the institute and the festival.(同位语从句、条件状语从句、定语从句)
句意:我们有着这样的信念——如果足够幸运获得成功,就应该有所回馈。他成立了 Newman’s Own食品公司和为病重的孩子成立了Hole in the Wall camps夏令营,而我成立了圣丹斯协会和电影节。分析:本句中,that引导同位语从句,解释说明belief的内容;同位语从句中包含了一个if引导的条件状语从句;破折号后出现了一个who引导的定语从句,修饰先行词kid。
10.(2017年全国Ⅱ卷阅读理解C篇)Terrafugia says an owner would need to pass a test and complete 20 hours of flying time to be able to fly the Transition, a requirement pilots would find relatively easy to meet.句意:Terrafugia 说机主需要通过测试并且完成20个小时的飞行时间才能驾驶 Transition,这一要求对于飞行员来说相对容易满足。分析:本句中 a requirement 为同位语,是对前面的内容作补充说明,pilots would find relatively easy to meet是定语从句,省略了充当宾语的关系代词that/which,修饰先行词requirement。
11.(2017年全国Ⅱ卷阅读理解D篇)Back in 1983, two scientists, Jack Schultz and Ian Baldwin, reported that young maple trees getting bitten by insects send out a particular smell that neighboring plants can get.(宾语从句、非谓语动词、定语从句)句意:早在1983年,杰克·舒尔茨和伊恩·鲍德温两个科学家报道说被昆虫咬的年轻枫树释放会一种邻近的植物能够获得的特殊气味。分析:本句中that引导宾语从句,作reported的宾语,从句中包含一个that引导的定语从句,修饰先行词smell。getting bitten by insects为现在分词作后置定语,修饰maple trees。
12.(2017年全国Ⅱ卷阅读七选五)If someone knocks and it’s not an important matter, excuse yourself and let the person know you’re busy so they can get the hint(暗示)that when the door is closed, you’re not to be disturbed.句意为:如果有人敲门,并且不是什么重要的事情,那就礼貌地谢绝,让别人知道你很忙,这样他们就会得到暗示,当门关着的时候,你不想被打扰。分析:本句为if引导条件状语从句。在主句中,you’re busy是know的宾语从句;so引导结果状语从句,在结果状语从句中包含一个that引导同位语从句,解释说明hint的内容。同时同位语从句又包含了一个when引导时间状语从句,因此句子的主句为you’re not to be disturbed.。
13.(2017年全国Ⅲ卷阅读理解B篇)Bradford sold the building and land to a local development firm, which plans to build a shopping complex on the land where the theater is located.(定语从句)
句意:布拉德福德把建筑物和土地卖给了一家当地的开发商,这家开发商打算在电影院所在的土地上建一个购物中心。分析:本句中which引导非限制性定语从句,修饰先行词a local development firm;此外,定语从句中又包含一个where引导的定语从句。
14.(2017年全国Ⅲ卷阅读理解D篇)The Intelligent Transport team at Newcastle University have turned an electric car into a mobile laboratory named “DriveLAB” in order to understand the challenges faced by older drivers and to discover where the key stress points are.(非谓语动词、宾语从句)句意:纽卡斯尔大学的智能运输团队已经把电动汽车转变成名叫“DriveLAB”的移动实验室,目的是了解老年人司机面临的挑战和发现关键的问题所在。
15.(2017年全国Ⅲ卷阅读理解D篇)For many older people, particularly those living alone or in the country, driving is important for preserving their independence, giving them the freedom to get out and about without having to rely on others.句意:对于很多老年人来说,特别是那些独自居住在乡间的老年人,驾驶对于保持他们(老年人)的独立性是非常重要的,这也给了他们出行而不用依赖他人的自由。
16.(2017年全国Ⅲ卷阅读理解D篇)Research shows that giving up driving is one of the key reasons for a fall in health and well-being among older people, leading to them becoming more isolated(隔绝)and inactive.句意:研究表明,放弃驾驶是导致老年人健康状况下降的主要原因之一,导致他们变得更加隔绝和懒散。分析:that引导宾语从句,宾语从句中giving up driving为动名词短语作主语,leading to...作现在分词作状语。
17.(2017年全国Ⅲ卷完形填空)Axani wrote in his post that he is not looking for anything in return and that the woman who uses the extra ticket can choose to either travel with him or take the ticket and travel on her own.句意:Axani 在他的帖中说:他并不是寻求任何回报,使用这张多余机票的女士可以选择与他一起旅行,或者拿走机票自己旅行。分析:本句中,that…and that…是并列的两个宾语从句,作wrote的宾语,who uses the extra ticket为定语从句,修饰先行词the woman。
18.(2016全国新课标甲卷阅读理解B篇)His presence meant that I had an unexpected teaching assistant in class whose creativity would infect(感染)other students.分析:本句为复合句;that引导的是宾语从句,作meant的宾语;在宾语从句中包含了由whose引导的定语从句,关系词whose在从句中作定语,表示所属关系。句意:他的出现意味着课堂上我有一个意料之外的教学助手,他的创造力会感染其他学生。
19.(2016全国新课标甲卷阅读理解C篇)Then the person leaves it in a public place, hoping that the book will have an adventure, traveling far and wide with each new reader who finds it.分析:Then the person leaves it in a public place为句子的主干,hoping that...是现在分词作伴随状语,that引导的是宾语从句,在宾语从句中又包含了一个现在分词短语traveling...作伴随状语;此外,在后一个伴随状语中还包含了一个由who引导的定语从句,修饰先行词reader。句意:然后,大家可以把它(书)留在一个公共场合,希望这本书经历一场冒险,随着每个发现它的新读者来一场遥远广阔的旅行。
20.(2016全国新课标甲卷阅读理解D篇)Shackleton, a onetime British merchant-navy officer who had got to within 100 miles of the South Pole in 1908, started a business before his 1914 voyage to make money from movie and still photography.分析:Shackleton started a business.为句子主干,a onetime British merchant-navy officer为Shackleton的同位语,同时作定语从句who had got to within 100 miles of the South Pole in 1908的先行词,before his 1914 voyage 为时间状语,to make...为不定式作目的状语。句意:Shackleton,一个曾经的英国上船船队军官,在1908年到达过距离南极点不足100英里的地方,在他1914年航海前开始做生意来从电影和摄影中赚钱。
21.(2016全国新课标甲卷阅读理解D篇)Frank Hurley, a confident and gifted Australian photographer
who knew the Antarctic, was hired to make the images, most of which have never before been published..分析:Frank Hurley was hired.为句子主干,a confident and gifted Australian photographer为Frank Hurley的同位语,同时作定语从句who knew the Antarctic的先行词,to make...为不定式短语作目的状语,此外,还有一个which引导的非限制定语从句,修饰先行词images。句意:Frank Hurley,一个自信的,有天赋的,对南极洲有了解的澳大利亚摄影师,被雇佣去拍照,其中大部分图片以前从未被发表过。
22.(2016全国新课标甲卷阅读七选五)It starts with looking inside yourself and understanding who
you are with respect to the natural world and how you approach the gardening process.分析:It starts with looking inside yourself and understanding为句子主干,在understanding后有who和how引导的两个宾语从句。句意:它始于窥探自己的内心,和明白就自然界而言你是谁,以及如何处理园艺工作流程。(with respect to“就……而言,关于”)
23.(2016全国新课标甲卷完形填空)The woman sitting at the desk, seeing my madness, sympathetically jumped up.分析:本句的主干为The woman jumped up,sitting at the desk为现在分词短语作后置定语,seeing my madness为原因状语。句意:坐在桌子旁的她,看到了我疯狂的举动,同情地跳了起来。
24.(2016全国新课标甲卷完形填空)It could be anything——gardening, cooking, music, sports——but whatever it is, make sure it’s a relief from daily stress rather than another thing to worry about.分析:本句是由but连接的两个并列分句,在后一个分句中含有一个whatever引导的状语从句,主句是一个祈使句。句意:它可以是任何事——园艺活、做饭、音乐或是运动——但是不管是什么事,一定要确保它是一件放松日常压力而不是另外一件需要担心的事情。
25.(2016全国新课标乙卷阅读理解A篇)If it weren’t for Rachel Carson, the environmental movement might not exist today.分析:本句为复合句,主句为the environmental movement might not exist today,if引导条件状语从句。注意本句使用了虚拟语气,表示对现在的虚拟。句意:如果不是Rachel Carson的话,今天的环保运动就可能不会存在。
26.(2016全国新课标乙卷阅读理解B篇)Only after a year of friendly discussion did Ms Garza finally say yes.分析:本句为倒装句,当only+状语位于句首,引起部分倒装,句子可还原为“Ms Garza finally say yes only after a year of friendly discussion”。句意:经过一年友好的协商之后,Garza女士才最终同意。
27.(2016全国新课标乙卷阅读理解B篇)Almost every grandparent wants to be with his or her grandchildren and is willing to make sacrifices, but sometimes it is wiser to say no and visit frequently instead.分析:本句是由but连接的两个并列分句,前一个分句and并列两个谓语动词表示顺承关系,后一个分句中it为形式主语,真正的主语为后面的不定式。句意:几乎每个祖父母都想和自己的孙子住在一起并愿意做出牺牲,但有时拒绝而取而代之以经常探访更为明智。
28.(2016全国新课标乙卷阅读理解C篇)For this courier job, you’re consciously aware that in that box you’ve got something that is potentially going to save somebody’s life.分析:本句为复合句,前一个that引导宾语从句,在宾语从句中包含了一个that引导的定语从句,修饰先行词something。句意:对于这个递送的工作,你意识到在那个箱子里放的很可能是挽救别人生命的东西。
29.(2016全国新课标乙卷阅读理解D篇)Nurses and other care-givers need to be aware of the possible meanings of silence when they come across the personal anxiety their patients may be experiencing.分析:本句的主句为Nurses and other care-givers need to be aware of the possible meanings of silence,when引导时间状语从句,在时间状语从句中,their patients may be experiencing为定语从句,修饰先行词anxiety。句意:当护士和其他看护者遇到的病人可能经历个人焦虑时,他们需要知道沉默的可能含义。
30.(2016全国新课标乙卷阅读理解D篇)Therefore, when a person from one of these cultures is speaking and suddenly stops, what may be implied(暗示)is that the person wants the listener to consider what has been said before continuing.分析:本句中when引导的是时间状语从句;what may be implied为主语从句,that引导表语从句,在表语从句中,包含了一个what引导的宾语从句,作consider的宾语。句意:因此,当一个来自其中某个文化群体的人在说话的时候突然停住时,可能是在暗示讲话者希望听众在继续(讲下去)之前思考一下刚才所讲的内容。
31.(2016全国新课标乙卷完形填空)Approaching the vehicle, they saw that a woman was trying to get out of the broken window.分析:本句中现在分词短语Approaching the vehicle作状语,that引导宾语从句,作saw的宾语,broken为过去分词作定语。句意:他们走进这辆车,看到一位妇女试图从破了的车窗爬出来。
32.(2016全国新课标乙卷语法填空)But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid-1980s, when I was the first Western TV reporter permitted to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild.分析:本句为主从复合句,其中when引导非限制性定语从句,修饰the mid-1980s,过去分词短语permitted…作定语修饰reporter。句意:但我和熊猫的联系可以追溯到20世纪80年代中期的一档电视节目中,我是第一个被允许拍摄野外营救挨饿的熊猫影片的西方电视台记者。
33.(2016全国新课标丙卷阅读理解C篇)To people who are used to the limited choice of apples such as Golden Delicious and Royal Gala in supermarkets, it can be quite an eye opener to see the range of classical apples still in existence, such as Decio which was grown by the Romans.分析:本句的主句是it can be quite an eye opener to see the range of classical apples still in existence,其中it为形式主语,真正的主语是后面的不定式;此外,To people who are used to the limited choice of apples such as Golden Delicious and Royal Gala in supermarkets为状语,状语中包含了who引导的定语从句,修饰先行词people;本句最后还有一个which引导定语从句,修饰先行词Decio。句意:对于习惯于在超市卖的黄金美味和皇家嘎啦这种有限苹果种类选择的人来说,看到仍旧存留的传统苹果是很长见识的,比如罗马人种植的Decio。
34.(2016全国新课标丙卷阅读理解D篇)Readers also tended to share articles that were exciting or funny, or that inspired negative feelings like anger or anxiety, but not articles that left them merely sad.分析:本句为复合句,三个that引导的定语从句对articles进行解释说明。句意:读者们也喜欢分享让他们感到兴奋或有 趣的文章,或者是引发愤怒或焦虑的消极感受的文章,而不是仅仅让他们感到悲伤的文章。
35.(2016全国新课标丙卷阅读七选五)When you have bought a fish and arrive home, you’d better store the fish in the refrigerator if you don’t cook it immediately, but fresh fish should be stored in your fridge for only a day or two.分析:本句为复合句,when引导时间状语从句,主句中还包含了if引导条件状语从句。句意:当你买完鱼回家后,如果不立即烹饪你最好把鱼放在冰箱里保存,但新鲜的鱼只能在冰箱保存一到两天。
36.(2016全国新课标丙卷完形填空)We went 10-1 and I was named most valuable player,but I often had crazy dreams in which I was to blame for Miller’ s accident.分析:本句是由but连接的两个并列分句,在后一个分句中包含了一个in which引导的定语从句。句意:我们是以10比1赢得比赛并且我被评为最有价值的球员,但我经常做疯狂的梦,在梦中我因为Miller的事故而受责备。
37.(2016全国新课标丙卷语法填空)Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius, who lived from roughly 551 to 479 B.C., influenced the development of chopsticks.分析:本句的主干为Some people think that Confucius influenced the development of chopsticks,其中that引导宾语从句,在宾语从句中包含了一个who引导的定语从句,修饰先行词Confucius。句意:一些人认为这位生活在公元前约551-479年的中国伟大学者孔子影响了筷子的发展。
38.(2015全国新课标Ⅰ阅读理解B篇)Delighted as I was by the tomatoes in sight, my happiness deepened when I learned that Brown’s Grove Farm is one of the suppliers for Jack Dusty, a newly opened restaurant at the Sarasota Ritz Carlton, where —— luckily for me —— I was planning to have dinner that very night.分析:as引导的是让步状语从句,从句用了倒装结构,表语前置;when引导的是时间状语从句;在时间状语从句中包含了由where引导的是定语从句,修饰先行词restaurant。句意:眼前的西红柿令我欣喜不已,当我听说布朗的格鲁夫农场是杰克达斯蒂餐厅的供应商之一时,我更加高兴了。杰克达斯蒂餐厅是萨拉索塔丽思卡尔顿酒店新开张的一家餐厅——我感到很幸运——那天晚上我计划去那吃晚饭。
39.(2015全国新课标Ⅰ阅读理解C篇)The Pompidou Centre in Paris is showing its respect and admiration for the artist and his powerful personality with an exhibition bringing together over 200 paintings, sculptures, drawings and more.分析: The Pompidou Centre in Paris is showing its respect and admiration…为句子的主干,bringing together...是现在分词短语作后置定语,修饰an exhibition。句意:巴黎的蓬皮社中心正在展出200多幅油画、雕塑和素描等作品,以此表达对这位艺术家及其伟大人格的尊敬和钦佩。
40.(2015全国新课标Ⅰ阅读理解D篇)If life weren’t a battle, people wouldn’t need a special place just to speak.分析:本句If引导的条件状语从句用了虚拟语气;主句中的just to speak作定语修饰place。句意:如果人生不是一场战争,人们也不会需要一个仅仅去说话的特殊场所了。
41.(2015全国新课标Ⅰ阅读七选五)But you can’t be successful when there’s a lack of trust in a relationship that results from an action where the wrongdoer takes no responsibility to fix the mistake.分析:本句中when引导的是时间状语从句;that引导的是定语从句,修饰先行词a lack of trust。此外,句中还包含一个where引导的定语从句,修饰先行词action。句意:但如果一段关系中缺乏信任,过错之人不为错误负责,你也无法获得成功。
42.(2015全国新课标Ⅱ阅读理解B篇)Dark environments are more likely to encourage overeating, for
people are often less self-conscious(难为情)when they’re in poorly lit places —— and so more likely to eat lots of food.分析:本句中for引导表示原因的分句,分句中less self-conscious和后面的so more likely to eat lots of food是并列表语,分句中还有一个由when引导的时间状语从句。句意:黑暗的环境更容易鼓励过量饮食,因为人们在灯光昏暗的地方很少会难为情—— 所以更可能吃大量的食物。
43.(2015全国新课标Ⅱ阅读理解C篇)The gap-year phenomenon originated(起源)with the months left over to Oxbridge applicants between entrance exams in November and the start of the next academic year.分析:本句中,句子主干是The gap-year phenomenon originated(起源)with the months,left over to Oxbridge applicants是过去分词短语作后置定语,between…and…是介词短语作定语,修饰的都是the months。句意:间隔年现象起源于牛津大学和剑桥大学申请在11月份入学考试至下一学年开始前空出的那几个月时间。
44.(2015全国新课标Ⅱ阅读七选五)No one can say which brand will work best for you or feel best on your feet, so you have to rely on your experience and on the feel of each pair as you shop.分析:本句是由so连接的两个并列句;which引导的是宾语从句,作say的宾语;as you shop是由as引导的时间状语从句。句意:没人能说哪个品牌最适合你或你穿哪一双脚最舒服,因此在购买时,你不得不根据你的经验和对每一双鞋的感觉。
第三篇:高考长难句
1.(2017年全国1卷阅读理解A篇)It’s an amazing accomplishment and one we cannot achieve without generous support from individuals, corporations, and other social organizations.句意:这是一个惊人的成就,一个没有来自个人、公司和其他社会组织的慷慨的支持我们就不可能取得的成就。
分析:本句为复合句。其中,one指代前面的accomplishment,后面为定语从句,修饰先行词one,且从句使用了cannot和without表示双重否定。
2.(2017年全国1卷阅读理解D篇)Then lay the tube in place so that one end rests all the way in the cup and the rest of the line runs up — and out — the side of the hole.句意:接着把管子放在恰当的位置,使得管子的一端放在杯子里,管子的其余部分向上延伸到坑的外部。
分析:本句为复合句。主句lay the tube in place为祈使句;so that引导目的状语从句,从句是and连接的并列句。
3.(2017年全国1卷阅读七选五)If anyone had told me three years ago that I would be spending most of my weekends camping, I would have laughed heartily.句意:如果三年前有人告诉我会用大部分的周末时间来野营,我会狂笑不已。
分析:本句为主从复合句。if引导的是条件状语从句,因表示对与过去事实相反的假设,所以本句中条件句使用过去完成时。此外从句中包含了一个that引导宾语从句。
4.(2017年全国1卷阅读七选五)This brief visit with Mother Nature cost me two days off from work, recovering from a bad case of sunburn and the doctor’s bill for my son’s food poisoning.句意:这次跟自然母亲的短暂亲近用去了我两天的假期,被严重晒伤的皮肤还需慢慢恢复,而且还花费了一笔钱为我儿子食物中毒看医生。
分析:句中cost后的直接宾语有三个,即A,B and C三个并列宾语。
5.(2017年全国1卷完形填空)Little did I know that I would discover my love for ASL.句意:我不知道我竟然会爱上美式手语。
分析:此句为倒装句,little为否定词,当否定词位于句首时,句子要使用部分倒装。
6.(2017年全国1卷完形填空)What I saw was completely unlike anything I had experienced in the past.句意:我所看到的和我之前经历的完全不同。分析:此句中what 引导的是主语从句,作句子的主语。此外,I had experienced in the past为定语从句,修饰先行词anything。
7.(2017年全国1卷完形填空)Instead, if there had been any talking, it would have caused us to learn less.句意:相反,如果有任何交谈,那会导致我们学到较少的东西。
分析:本句为复合句。if引导的是虚拟条件句,表示对过去的虚拟,所以本句中条件状语从句使用过去完成时there had been;主句使用“would have done”结构。
8.(2017年全国Ⅱ卷阅读理解A篇)By translating the rich and humourous text of Love’s Labour’s Lost into the physical language of BSL, Deafinitely Theatre creates a new interpretation of Shakespeare’s comedy and aims to build a bridge between deaf and hearing worlds by performing to both groups as one audience.句意:通过把《爱的徒劳》那丰富、幽默的文本翻译成手语,Deafinitely 剧院创造了一种对莎士比亚喜剧新的解释,通过向失聪人群和听力健全人群演出,旨在在失聪和有声世界之间搭建一座桥梁。
分析:在本句中,By translating...BSL为方式状语,and连接creates和aims两个动词作并列谓语。9.(2017年全国Ⅱ卷阅读理解B篇)The friendship that grew out of the experience of making that film and The Sting four years later had its root in the fact that although there was an age difference, we both came from a tradition of theater and live TV.(同位语从句、让步状语从句)
句意:拍电影和四年后出演The Sting的经历所建立起来的友谊源于一个事实:尽管我们存在年龄差距,但我们都源自戏剧和直播电视的传统。
分析:本句的主干是 The friendship had its root in the fact.。其中,grew out of...later为that引导的定语从句,修饰先行词friendship;后面的although there was...live TV为that引导的同位语从句,解释说明fact的内容。此外,同位语从句中还包含了一个although引导的让步状语从句。
10.(2017年全国Ⅱ卷阅读理解B篇)We shared the belief that if you’re fortunate enough to have success, you should put something back 一 he with his Newman’s Own food and his Hole in the Wall camps for kids who are seriously ill, and me with Sundance and the institute and the festival.(同位语从句、条件状语从句、定语从句)
句意:我们有着这样的信念——如果足够幸运获得成功,就应该有所回馈。他成立了
Newman’s Own食品公司和为病重的孩子成立了Hole in the Wall camps夏令营,而我成立了圣丹斯协会和电影节。
分析:本句中,that引导同位语从句,解释说明belief的内容;同位语从句中包含了一个if引导的条件状语从句;破折号后出现了一个who引导的定语从句,修饰先行词kid。
11.(2017年全国Ⅱ卷阅读理解C篇)Terrafugia says an owner would need to pass a test and complete 20 hours of flying time to be able to fly the Transition, a requirement pilots would find relatively easy to meet.句意:Terrafugia 说机主需要通过测试并且完成20个小时的飞行时间才能驾驶 Transition,这一要求对于飞行员来说相对容易满足。
分析:本句中 a requirement 为同位语,是对前面的内容作补充说明,pilots would find relatively easy to meet是定语从句,省略了充当宾语的关系代词that/which,修饰先行词requirement。
12.(2017年全国Ⅱ卷阅读理解D篇)Back in 1983, two scientists, Jack Schultz and Ian Baldwin, reported that young maple trees getting bitten by insects send out a particular smell that neighboring plants can get.(宾语从句、非谓语动词、定语从句)句意:早在1983年,杰克•舒尔茨和伊恩•鲍德温两个科学家报道说被昆虫咬的年轻枫树释放会一种邻近的植物能够获得的特殊气味。
分析:本句中that引导宾语从句,作reported的宾语,从句中包含一个that引导的定语从句,修饰先行词smell。getting bitten by insects为现在分词作后置定语,修饰maple trees。13.(2017年全国Ⅱ卷阅读七选五)If someone knocks and it’s not an important matter, excuse yourself and let the person know you’re busy so they can get the hint(暗示)that when the door is closed, you’re not to be disturbed.句意为:如果有人敲门,并且不是什么重要的事情,那就礼貌地谢绝,让别人知道你很忙,这样他们就会得到暗示,当门关着的时候,你不想被打扰。
分析:本句为if引导条件状语从句。在主句中,you’re busy是know的宾语从句;so引导结果状语从句,在结果状语从句中包含一个that引导同位语从句,解释说明hint的内容。同时同位语从句又包含了一个when引导时间状语从句,因此句子的主句为you’re not to be disturbed.。
14.(2017年全国Ⅲ卷阅读理解B篇)Bradford sold the building and land to a local development firm, which plans to build a shopping complex on the land where the theater is located.(定语从句)句意:布拉德福德把建筑物和土地卖给了一家当地的开发商,这家开发商打算在电影院所在的土地上建一个购物中心。分析:本句中which引导非限制性定语从句,修饰先行词a local development firm;此外,定语从句中又包含一个where引导的定语从句。
15.(2017年全国Ⅲ卷阅读理解D篇)The Intelligent Transport team at Newcastle University have turned an electric car into a mobile laboratory named “DriveLAB” in order to understand the challenges faced by older drivers and to discover where the key stress points are.句意:纽卡斯尔大学的智能运输团队已经把电动汽车转变成名叫“DriveLAB”的移动实验室,目的是了解老年人司机面临的挑战和发现关键的问题所在。
16.(2017年全国Ⅲ卷阅读理解D篇)For many older people, particularly those living alone or in the country, driving is important for preserving their independence, giving them the freedom to get out and about without having to rely on others.句意:对于很多老年人来说,特别是那些独自居住在乡间的老年人,驾驶对于保持他们(老年人)的独立性是非常重要的,这也给了他们出行而不用依赖他人的自由。
17.(2017年全国Ⅲ卷阅读理解D篇)Research shows that giving up driving is one of the key reasons for a fall in health and well-being among older people, leading to them becoming more isolated(隔绝)and inactive.句意:研究表明,放弃驾驶是导致老年人健康状况下降的主要原因之一,导致他们变得更加隔绝和懒散。分析:that引导宾语从句,宾语从句中giving up driving为动名词短语作主语,leading to...作现在分词作状语。
18.(2017年全国Ⅲ卷完形填空)Axani wrote in his post that he is not looking for anything in return and that the woman who uses the extra ticket can choose to either travel with him or take the ticket and travel on her own.句意:Axani 在他的帖中说:他并不是寻求任何回报,使用这张多余机票的女士可以选择与他一起旅行,或者拿走机票自己旅行。
分析:本句中,that…and that…是并列的两个宾语从句,作wrote的宾语,who uses the extra ticket为定语从句,修饰先行词the woman。
第四篇:2010-2018年英语高考全国卷中长难句及解析
2010-2018年全国卷长难句
1、(2018全国卷1阅读B)And the Good Morning Britain presenter says she's been able to put a lot of what she's learnt into practice in her own home, preparing meals for sons, Sam, 14, Finn, 13, and Jack, 11.译文: 这位“早安,英国”的电视节目主持人说,她能够在自己的家里把许多学到的东西付诸实践,为14岁的儿子山姆,13岁的芬恩,和11岁的杰克准备膳食。
分析:这是一个多重复合句,主句And the Good Morning Britain presenter says后面跟的是省略了that的宾语从句。宾语从句本身也是复合句,其中what she's learnt 也是宾语从句,preparing meals for sons, Sam, 14, Finn, 13, and Jack, 11是-ing形式做伴随状语。
2、(2018全国卷1阅读C)The general rule is that mild zones have relatively few languages, often spoken by many people, while hot, wet zones have lots, often spoken by small numbers.译文:一般的规律是,温和地带的通常为许多人所使用的语言相对较少,而炎热潮湿地带的语言较多,通常为少数人所使用。
分析:这是一个复合句,句中that引导一个表语从句;从句中often spoken by many people和often spoken by small numbers为-ed形式做定语,分别修饰few languages和lots。同时while在句中做并列连词,意为“然而”,表示对比。
3、(2018全国卷1七选五)A grasp of how to manage color in your spaces is one of the first steps to creating rooms you’ll love to live in.译文:懂得这样处理自己居所的颜色选择是营造你喜爱房间的关键步骤之一。
分析:这是一个主从复合句。you’ll love to live in修饰先行词rooms, 省略了关系代词that/which。steps后的to 是介词,所以跟-ing形式creating。、(2018全国卷1完形填空)In order to pass the class, among other criteria, we had to write a paper on how we plan to apply what we would learn in class to our future professions and ,eventually, to our lives.译文:按照其他标准,要让这门课过关,我们必须写一篇论文,论述我们如何计划将所学的知识运用到将来的职业中,最终,运用到我们的生活中。
分析:这是一个主从复合句。how we plan to apply what we would learn in class to...用作介词on的宾语从句,其中what we would learn in class to...又用作apply的宾语从句。In order to pass the class为动词不定式短语作目的状语,among other criteria为介词短语,作方式状语。
5、(2018全国卷1语法填空)While running regularly can’t make you live forever, the review says it is more effective at lengthening lifethan walking, cycling or swimming.译文:虽然定期跑步并不能让你长生不老,但该评论称,它比散步、骑车或游泳更能延长寿命。分析:这是一个主从复合句。While引导的是一个让步状语从句,这里相当于Although。the review says后面跟的是宾语从句,省略了连词that。
6、(2018全国卷2阅读A)Thursday sees us make the short journey to Paris where we will visit Disneyland Paris park,staying until late to see the parade and the fireworks.译文:周四,我们短途旅行去巴黎,游览巴黎迪斯尼乐园,晚些时候,我们观看游行和烟花。分析:这是一个主从复合句。where we will visit Disneyland Paris park是一个定语从句修饰先行词Paris;staying until late to see the parade and the fireworks是-ing形式做伴随状语。另外,本句的主句部分Thursday sees...运用了拟人的修辞格。
7、(2018全国卷2阅读B)When combined with berries or slices of other fruits, frozen bananas make an excellent base for thick, cooling fruit shakes and low fat “ice cream”.译文:当冰冻香蕉和其他莓类或水果片混合时,就会成为制作浓郁冰凉果昔和低脂肪“冰淇淋”的不错的主要底料。
分析:这个句子的主干是 frozen bananas make an excellent base。When combined with berries or slices of other fruits是一个-ed形式用作时间状语。、(2018全国卷2阅读C)According to the report's key findings, “the proportion(比例)who say they‘never’ or ‘hardly ever’read for fun has gone from 8 percent of 13-year-olds and 9 percent of 17-year-olds in 1984 to 22 percent and 27 percent respectively today.”
译文:根据这个报告的重要发现,“那些说他们从来或者几乎不以读书为乐趣的人的比例分别从1984年的13岁中的8%,17岁中的9%上升到了现在的22%和27%。” 分析:这是一个主从复合句。句子主语是the proportion,谓语是has gone。who say they‘never’ or ‘hardly ever’read for fun 是一个定语从句修饰先行词the proportion,say 后面跟了一个省略了that的宾语从句。
9、(2018全国卷2阅读C)The most hopeful data shared in the report shows clear evidence of parents serving as examples and important guides for their kids when it comes to reading.译文:报告中所分享的最令人鼓舞的数据是:在阅读方面,父母是孩子的榜样和重要的楷模。分析:这是一个主从复合句。句子的主干是The most hopeful data shows clear evidence。shared in the report是-ed形式用作定语修饰data。when it comes to reading是一个时间状语从句。
10、(2018全国卷2阅读D)Dismissing small talk as unimportant is easy, but we can't forget that deep relationships wouldn't even exist if it weren't for casual conversation.译文:认为闲谈不重要而不予考虑很容易,但是我们不要忘记,如果没有随意的的聊天,就不会有深入的人际关系。
分析:这是一个由but 连接的两个并列句,第一个并列句中Dismissing small talk as unimportant 是主语;第二个并列句中forget后跟了一个that引导的宾语从句,其中还含有一个if 引导的条件状语从句,这里是虚拟语气。、(2018全国卷2七选五)Exercising makes you more awake and ready to handle whatever is ahead of you for the day.译文:锻炼会让你更加神清气爽,更好地应对一天当中发生的任何事情。分析: handle后跟了一个whatever引导的宾语从句,并且在句中作主语。
12、(2017年全国1卷阅读理解A篇)It’s an amazing accomplishment and one we cannot achieve without generous support from individuals, corporations, and other social organizations.译文:这是一个惊人的成就,一个没有来自个人、公司和其他社会组织的慷慨的支持我们就不可能取得的成就。
分析:本句为复合句。其中,one指代前面的accomplishment,后面为定语从句,修饰先行词one,且从句使用了cannot和without表示双重否定。
13、(2017年全国1卷阅读理解D篇)Then lay the tube in place so that one end rests all the way in the cup and the rest of the line runs up — and out — the side of the hole.译文:接着把管子放在恰当的位置,使得管子的一端一直放在杯子里并且管子的其余部分向上延伸到坑的外部。
分析:本句为复合句。主句lay the tube in place为祈使句;so that引导目的状语从句,从句是and连接的并列句。
14、(2017年全国1卷阅读七选五)If anyone had told me three years ago that I would be spending most of my weekends camping, I would have laughed heartily.译文:如果三年前有人告诉我会用大部分的周末时间来野营,我会狂笑不已。
分析:本句为主从复合句。if引导的是条件状语从句,因表示对与过去事实相反的假设,所以本句中条件句使用过去完成时。此外从句中包含了一个that引导宾语从句。
15、(2017年全国1卷完形填空)Little did I know that I would discover my love for ASL.译文:我不知道我竟然会爱上美式手语。
分析:此句为倒装句,little为否定词,当否定词位于句首时,句子要使用部分倒装。
16、(2017年全国1卷完形填空)What I saw was completely unlike anything I had experienced in the past.译文:我所看到的和我之前经历的完全不同。
分析:此句中what 引导的是主语从句,作句子的主语。此外,I had experienced in the past为定语从句,修饰先行词anything。
17、(2017年全国1卷完形填空)Instead, if there had been any talking, it would have caused us to learn less.译文:相反,如果有任何交谈,那会导致我们学到较少的东西。
分析:本句为复合句。if引导的是虚拟条件句,表示对过去的虚拟,所以本句中条件状语从句使用过去完成时there had been;主句使用“would have done”结构。
18、(2017年全国Ⅱ卷阅读理解A篇)By translating the rich and humourous text of Love’s Labour’s Lost into the physical language of BSL, Deafinitely Theatre creates a new interpretation of Shakespeare’s comedy and aims to build a bridge between deaf and hearing worlds by performing to both groups as one audience.译文:通过把《爱的徒劳》那丰富、幽默的文本翻译成手语,Deafinitely 剧院创造了一种对莎士比亚喜剧新的解释,通过向失聪人群和听力健全人群演出,旨在在失聪和有声世界之间搭建一座桥梁。
分析:在本句中,By translating...BSL为方式状语,and连接creates和aims两个动词作并列谓语。
19、(2017年全国Ⅱ卷阅读理解B篇)The friendship that grew out of the experience of making that film and The Sting four years later had its root in the fact that although there was an age difference, we both came from a tradition of theater and live TV.(同位语从句、让步状语从句)
译文:拍电影和四年后出演The Sting的经历所建立起来的友谊源于一个事实:尽管我们存在年龄差距,但我们都源自戏剧和直播电视的传统。
分析:本句的主干是 The friendship had its root in the fact.。其中,grew out of...later为that引导的定语从句,修饰先行词friendship;后面的although there was...live TV为that引导的同位语从句,解释说明fact的内容。此外,同位语从句中还包含了一个although引导的让步状语从句。
20、(2017年全国Ⅱ卷阅读理解B篇)We shared the belief that if you’re fortunate enough to have success, you should put something back 一 he with his Newman’s Own food and his Hole in the Wall camps for kids who are seriously ill, and me with Sundance and the institute and the festival.(同位语从句、条件状语从句、定语从句)
译文:我们有着这样的信念—如果足够幸运获得成功,就应该有所回馈。他成立了 Newman’s Own食品公司和为病重孩子成立了Hole in the Wall camps夏令营,而我成立了圣丹斯协会和电影节。分析:本句中,that引导同位语从句,解释说明belief的内容;同位语从句中包含了一个if引导的条件状语从句;破折号后出现了一个who引导的定语从句,修饰先行词kid。
21、(2017年全国Ⅱ卷阅读理解C篇)Terrafugia says an owner would need to pass a test and complete 20 hours of flying time to be able to fly the Transition, a requirement pilots would find relatively easy to meet.译文:Terrafugia 说机主需要通过测试并且完成20个小时的飞行时间才能驾驶 Transition,这一要求对于飞行员来说相对容易满足。
分析:本句中a requirement 为同位语,是对前面内容作补充说明,pilots would find relatively easy to meet是定语从句,省略了充当宾语的关系代词that/which,修饰先行词requirement.22、(2017年全国Ⅱ卷阅读理解D篇)Back in 1983, two scientists, Jack Schultz and Ian Baldwin, reported that young maple trees getting bitten by insects send out a particular smell that neighboring plants can get.(宾语从句、非谓语动词、定语从句)译文:早在1983年,杰克·舒尔茨和伊恩·鲍德温两个科学家报道说被昆虫咬的年轻枫树释放会一种邻近的植物能够获得的特殊气味。
分析:本句中that引导宾语从句,作reported的宾语,从句中包含一个that引导的定语从句,修饰先行词smell。getting bitten by insects为现在分词作后置定语,修饰maple trees。
23、(2017年全国Ⅱ卷阅读七选五)If someone knocks and it’s not an important matter, excuse yourself and let the person know you’re busy so they can get the hint(暗示)that when the door is closed, you’re not to be disturbed.译文:如果有人敲门,并且不是什么重要的事情,那就礼貌地谢绝,让别人知道你很忙,这样他们就会得到暗示,当门关着的时候,你不想被打扰。
分析:本句为if引导条件状语从句。在主句中,you’re busy是know的宾语从句;so引导结果状语从句,在结果状语从句中包含一个that引导同位语从句,解释说明hint的内容。同时同位语从句又包含了一个when引导时间状语从句,因此句子的主句为you’re not to be disturbed.。
24、(2017年全国Ⅲ卷阅读理解B篇)Bradford sold the building and land to a local development firm, which plans to build a shopping complex on the land where the theater is located.(定语从句)
译文:布拉德福德把建筑物和土地卖给了一家当地的开发商,这家开发商打算在电影院所在的土地上建一个购物中心。
分析:本句中which引导非限制性定语从句,修饰先行词a local development firm;此外,定语从句中又包含一个where引导的定语从句。
25、(2017年全国Ⅲ卷阅读理解D篇)The Intelligent Transport team at Newcastle University have turned an electric car into a mobile laboratory named “DriveLAB” in order to understand the challenges faced by older drivers and to discover where the key stress points are.译文:纽卡斯尔大学的智能运输团队已经把电动汽车转变成名叫“DriveLAB”的移动实验室,目的是了解老年人司机面临的挑战和发现关键的问题所在。
分析:非谓语动词、宾语从句
26、(2017年全国Ⅲ卷阅读理解D篇)For many older people, particularly those living alone or in the country, driving is important for preserving their independence, giving them the freedom to get out and about without having to rely on others.译文:对于很多老年人来说,特别是那些独自居住在乡间的老年人,驾驶对于保持他们(老年人)的独立性是非常重要的,这也给了他们出行而不用依赖他人的自由。
27、(2017年全国Ⅲ卷阅读理解D篇)Research shows that giving up driving is one of the key reasons for a fall in health and well-being among older people, leading to them becoming more isolated(隔绝)and inactive.译文:研究表明,放弃驾驶是导致老年人健康状况下降的主要原因之一,导致他们变得更加隔绝和懒散。
分析:that引导宾语从句,宾语从句中giving up driving为动名词短语作主语,leading to...作现在分词作状语。
28、(2017年全国Ⅲ卷完形填空)Axani wrote in his post that he is not looking for anything in return and that the woman who uses the extra ticket can choose to either travel with him or take the ticket and travel on her own.译文:Axani 在他的帖中说:他并不是寻求任何回报,使用这张多余机票的女士可以选择与他一起旅行,或者拿走机票自己旅行。
分析:本句中,that„and that„是并列的两个宾语从句,作wrote的宾语,who uses the extra ticket为定语从句,修饰先行词the woman。
29、(2016全国新课标甲卷阅读理解B篇)His presence meant that I had an unexpected teaching assistant in class whose creativity would infect(感染)other students.译文:他的出现意味着课堂上我有一个意料之外的教学助手,他的创造力会感染其他学生。分析:本句为复合句;that引导的是宾语从句,作meant的宾语;在宾语从句中包含了由whose引导的定语从句,关系词whose在从句中作定语,表示所属关系。
30、(2016全国新课标甲卷阅读理解C篇)Then the person leaves it in a public place, hoping that the book will have an adventure, traveling far and wide with each new reader who finds it.译文:然后,大家可以把它(书)留在一个公共场合,希望这本书经历一场冒险,随着每个发现它的新读者来一场遥远广阔的旅行。
分析:Then the person leaves it in a public place为句子的主干,hoping that...是现在分词作伴随状语,that引导的是宾语从句,在宾语从句中又包含了一个现在分词短语traveling...作伴随状语;此外,在后一个伴随状语中还包含了一个由who引导的定语从句,修饰先行词reader。
31、(2016全国新课标甲卷阅读理解D篇)Shackleton, a onetime British merchant-navy officer who had got to within 100 miles of the South Pole in 1908, started a business before his 1914 voyage to make money from movie and still photography.译文:Shackleton,一个曾经的英国上船船队军官,在1908年到达过距离南极点不足100英里的地方,在他1914年航海前开始做生意来从电影和摄影中赚钱。
分析:Shackleton started a business.为句子主干,a onetime British merchant-navy officer为Shackleton的同位语,同时作定语从句who had got to within 100 miles of the South Pole in 1908的先行词,before his 1914 voyage 为时间状语,to make...为不定式作目的状语。
32、(2016全国新课标甲卷阅读理解D篇)Frank Hurley, a confident and gifted Australian photographer who knew the Antarctic, was hired to make the images, most of which have never before been published..译文:Frank Hurley,一个自信的,有天赋的,对南极洲有了解的澳大利亚摄影师,被雇佣去拍照,其中大部分图片以前从未被发表过。
分析:Frank Hurley was hired.为句子主干,a confident and gifted Australian photographer为Frank Hurley的同位语,同时作定语从句who knew the Antarctic的先行词,to make...为不定式短语作目的状语,此外,还有一个which引导的非限制定语从句,修饰先行词images。
33、(2016全国新课标甲卷阅读七选五)It starts with looking inside yourself and understanding who you are with respect to the natural world and how you approach the gardening process.译文:它始于窥探自己的内心,和明白就自然界而言你是谁,以及如何处理园艺工作流程。(with respect to“就……而言,关于”)分析:It starts with looking inside yourself and understanding为句子主干,在understanding后有who和how引导的两个宾语从句。
34、(2016全国新课标甲卷完形填空)The woman sitting at the desk, seeing my madness, sympathetically jumped up.译文:坐在桌子旁的她,看到了我疯狂的举动,同情地跳了起来。
分析:本句的主干为The woman jumped up,sitting at the desk为现在分词短语作后置定语,seeing my madness为原因状语。
35、(2016全国新课标甲卷完形填空)It could be anything——gardening, cooking, music, sports——but whatever it is, make sure it’s a relief from daily stress rather than another thing to worry about.译文:它可以是任何事——园艺活、做饭、音乐或是运动——但是不管是什么事,一定要确保它是一件放松日常压力而不是另外一件需要担心的事情。
分析:本句是由but连接的两个并列分句,在后一个分句中含有一个whatever引导的状语从句,主句是一个祈使句。
36、(2016全国新课标乙卷阅读理解A篇)If it weren’t for Rachel Carson, the environmental movement might not exist today.译文:如果不是Rachel Carson的话,今天的环保运动就可能不会存在。
分析:本句为复合句,主句为the environmental movement might not exist today,if引导条件状语从句。注意本句使用了虚拟语气,表示对现在的虚拟。
37、(2016全国新课标乙卷阅读理解B篇)Only after a year of friendly discussion did Ms Garza finally say yes.译文:经过一年友好的协商之后,Garza女士才最终同意。
分析:本句为倒装句,当only+状语位于句首,引起部分倒装,句子可还原为“Ms Garza finally say yes only after a year of friendly discussion”。
38、(2016全国新课标乙卷阅读理解B篇)Almost every grandparent wants to be with his or her grandchildren and is willing to make sacrifices, but sometimes it is wiser to say no and visit frequently instead.译文:几乎每个祖父母都想和自己的孙子住在一起并愿意做出牺牲,但有时拒绝而取而代之以经常探访更为明智。
分析:本句是由but连接的两个并列分句,前一个分句and并列两个谓语动词表示顺承关系,后一个分句中it为形式主语,真正的主语为后面的不定式。
39、(2016全国新课标乙卷阅读理解C篇)For this courier job, you’re consciously aware that in that box you’ve got something that is potentially going to save somebody’s life.译文:对于这个递送的工作,你意识到在那个箱子里放的很可能是挽救别人生命的东西。分析:本句为复合句,前一个that引导宾语从句,在宾语从句中包含了一个that引导的定语从句,修饰先行词something。
40、(2016全国新课标乙卷阅读理解D篇)Nurses and other care-givers need to be aware of the possible meanings of silence when they come across the personal anxiety their patients may be experiencing.译文:当护士和其他看护者遇到的病人可能经历个人焦虑时,他们需要知道沉默的可能含义。分析:本句的主句为Nurses and other care-givers need to be aware of the possible meanings of silence,when引导时间状语从句,在时间状语从句中,their patients may be experiencing为定语从句,修饰先行词anxiety。
41、(2016全国新课标乙卷阅读理解D篇)Therefore, when a person from one of these cultures is speaking and suddenly stops, what may be implied(暗示)is that the person wants the listener to consider what has been said before continuing.译文:因此,当一个来自其中某个文化群体的人在说话的时候突然停住时,可能是在暗示讲话者希望听众在继续(讲下去)之前思考一下刚才所讲的内容。
分析:本句中when引导的是时间状语从句;what may be implied为主语从句,that引导表语从句,在表语从句中,包含了一个what引导的宾语从句,作consider的宾语。
42、(2016全国新课标乙卷完形填空)Approaching the vehicle, they saw that a woman was trying to get out of the broken window.译文:他们走进这辆车,看到一位妇女试图从破了的车窗爬出来。
分析:本句中现在分词短语Approaching the vehicle作状语,that引导宾语从句,作saw的宾语,broken为过去分词作定语。
43、(2016全国新课标乙卷语法填空)But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid-1980s, when I was the first Western TV reporter permitted to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild.译文:但我和熊猫的联系可以追溯到20世纪80年代中期的一档电视节目中,我是第一个被允许拍摄野外营救挨饿的熊猫影片的西方电视台记者。
分析:本句为主从复合句,其中when引导非限制性定语从句,修饰the mid-1980s,过去分词短语permitted„作定语修饰reporter。
44、(2016全国新课标丙卷阅读理解C篇)To people who are used to the limited choice of apples such as Golden Delicious and Royal Gala in supermarkets, it can be quite an eye opener to see the range of classical apples still in existence, such as Decio which was grown by the Romans.译文:对于习惯于在超市卖的黄金美味和皇家嘎啦这种有限苹果种类选择的人来说,看到仍旧存留的传统苹果是很长见识的,比如罗马人种植的Decio。
分析:本句的主句是it can be quite an eye opener to see the range of classical apples still in existence,其中it为形式主语,真正的主语是后面的不定式;此外,To people who are used to the limited choice of apples such as Golden Delicious and Royal Gala in supermarkets为状语,状语中包含了who引导的定语从句,修饰先行词people;本句最后还有一个which引导定语从句,修饰先行词Decio。
45、(2016全国新课标丙卷阅读理解D篇)Readers also tended to share articles that were exciting or funny, or that inspired negative feelings like anger or anxiety, but not articles that left them merely sad.译文:读者们也喜欢分享让他们感到兴奋或有趣的文章,或者是引发愤怒或焦虑的消极感受的文章,而不是仅仅让他们感到悲伤的文章。
分析:本句为复合句,三个that引导的定语从句对articles进行解释说明。
46、(2016全国新课标丙卷阅读七选五)When you have bought a fish and arrive home, you’d better store the fish in the refrigerator if you don’t cook it immediately, but fresh fish should be stored in your fridge for only a day or two.译文:当你买完鱼回家后,如果不立即烹饪你最好把鱼放在冰箱里保存,但新鲜的鱼只能在冰箱保存一到两天。
分析:本句为复合句,when引导时间状语从句,主句中还包含了if引导条件状语从句。
47、(2016全国新课标丙卷完形填空)We went 10-1 and I was named most valuable player,but I often had crazy dreams in which I was to blame for Miller’ s accident.译文:我们是以10比1赢得比赛并且我被评为最有价值的球员,但我经常做疯狂的梦,在梦中我因为Miller的事故而受责备。
分析:本句是由but连接的两个并列分句,在后一个分句中包含了一个in which引导的定语从句。
48、(2016全国新课标丙卷语法填空)Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius, who lived from roughly 551 to 479 B.C., influenced the development of chopsticks.译文:一些人认为这位生活在公元前约551-479年的中国伟大学者孔子影响了筷子的发展。分析:本句的主干为Some people think that Confucius influenced the development of chopsticks,其中that引导宾语从句,在宾语从句中包含了一个who引导的定语从句,修饰先行词Confucius。
49、(2015全国新课标Ⅰ阅读理解B篇)Delighted as I was by the tomatoes in sight, my happiness deepened when I learned that Brown’s Grove Farm is one of the suppliers for Jack Dusty, a newly opened restaurant at the Sarasota Ritz Carlton, where —— luckily for me —— I was planning to have dinner that very night.译文:眼前的西红柿令我欣喜不已,当我听说布朗的格鲁夫农场是杰克达斯蒂餐厅的供应商之一时,我更加高兴了。杰克达斯蒂餐厅是萨拉索塔丽思卡尔顿酒店新开张的一家餐厅——我感到很幸运——那天晚上我计划去那吃晚饭。
分析:as引导的是让步状语从句,从句用了倒装结构,表语前置;when引导的是时间状语从句;在时间状语从句中包含了由where引导的是定语从句,修饰先行词restaurant。
50、(2015全国新课标Ⅰ阅读理解C篇)The Pompidou Centre in Paris is showing its respect and admiration for the artist and his powerful personality with an exhibition bringing together over 200 paintings, sculptures, drawings and more.译文:巴黎的蓬皮社中心正在展出200多幅油画、雕塑和素描等作品,以此表达对这位艺术家及其伟大人格的尊敬和钦佩。
分析: The Pompidou Centre in Paris is showing its respect and admiration„为句子的主干,bringing together...是现在分词短语作后置定语,修饰an exhibition。
51、(2015全国新课标Ⅰ阅读理解D篇)If life weren’t a battle, people wouldn’t need a special place just to speak.译文:如果人生不是一场战争,人们也不会需要一个仅仅去说话的特殊场所了。
分析:本句If引导的条件状语从句用了虚拟语气;主句中的just to speak作定语修饰place。
52、(2015全国新课标Ⅰ阅读七选五)But you can’t be successful when there’s a lack of trust in a relationship that results from an action where the wrongdoer takes no responsibility to fix the mistake.译文:但如果一段关系中缺乏信任,过错之人不为错误负责,你也无法获得成功。
分析:本句中when引导的是时间状语从句;that引导的是定语从句,修饰先行词a lack of trust。此外,句中还包含一个where引导的定语从句,修饰先行词action。
53、(2015全国新课标Ⅱ阅读理解B篇)Dark environments are more likely to encourage overeating, for people are often less self-conscious(难为情)when they’re in poorly lit places —— and so more likely to eat lots of food.译文:黑暗的环境更容易鼓励过量饮食,因为人们在灯光昏暗的地方很少会难为情—— 所以更可能吃大量的食物。
分析:本句中for引导表示原因的分句,分句中less self-conscious和后面的so more likely to eat lots of food是并列表语,分句中还有一个由when引导的时间状语从句。
54、(2015全国新课标Ⅱ阅读理解C篇)The gap-year phenomenon originated(起源)with the months left over to Oxbridge applicants between entrance exams in November and the start of the next academic year.译文:间隔年现象起源于牛津大学和剑桥大学申请在11月份入学考试至下一学年开始前空出的那几个月时间。
分析:本句中,句子主干是The gap-year phenomenon originated(起源)with the months,left over to Oxbridge applicants是过去分词短语作后置定语,between„and„是介词短语作定语,修饰的都是the months。
55、(2015全国新课标Ⅱ阅读七选五)No one can say which brand will work best for you or feel best on your feet, so you have to rely on your experience and on the feel of each pair as you shop.译文:没人能说哪个品牌最适合你或你穿哪一双脚最舒服,因此在购买时,你不得不根据你的经验和对每一双鞋的感觉。
分析:本句是由so连接的两个并列句;which引导的是宾语从句,作say的宾语;as you shop是由as引导的时间状语从句。
56、(2014全国新课标Ⅰ阅读理解A篇)The challenge invites, even dares school students between the ages of 5 and 14 to create artwork or a piece of writing that shows their curiosity and how it inspires them to explore their world.译文:这个挑战赛邀请,甚至挑战5到14岁的在校生创作艺术品或写一篇文章,来展示他们的好奇心,并告诉我们它如何激发他们去探索自我世界。
分析:that引导定语从句,在定语从句中,their curiosity和how引导的从句并列作show的宾语。
57、(2014全国新课标Ⅰ阅读理解B篇)It was calculated that when its population reached its highest point, there were more than 3 billion passenger pigeons – a number equal to 24 to 40 percent of the total bird population in the United States, making it perhaps the most abundant birds in the world.译文:据统计,当旅鸽数量达到最多时,曾超过了30亿只,这个数量相当于美国鸟类总数的24%-40%,使旅鸽成为世界上数量最为庞大的鸟类。
分析:本句在“It be+过去分词+that从句”结构;从句中含有when引导的时间状语从句;3 billion passenger pigeons和 a number equal„是同位关系。此外,还有一个现在分词短语“making„”作结果状语。
58、(2014全国新课标Ⅰ阅读理解C篇)This upsets me to no end because while all the experts are busy debating about which option is best , the people who want to improve their lives are left confused by all of the conflicting information.译文:这让我陷入无休无止的烦恼之中,因为当所有的专家们都在忙着辩论哪个选择最好时,那些想改善自己生活的人们却被所有这些矛盾的信息弄得困惑不堪。
分析:本句中because引导的是原因状语从句,从句中while引导的是时间状语从句;此外,which引导宾语从句,作about的宾语;who引导宾语从句,修饰先行词people。
59、(2014全国新课标Ⅰ阅读七选五)By helping them develop classic skills that will serve them well no matter what the future holds.译文:不管未来如何变化,帮助他们开发经典的技能会对他们大有帮助的。
分析:that引导的是定语从句,修饰先行词skills;从句中还含有一个no matter what引导的状语从句。
60、(2014全国新课标Ⅱ阅读理解A篇)He reported the case to the police and then sat there, lost and lonely in a strange city, thinking of the terrible troubles of getting all the paperwork organized again from a distant country while trying to settle down in a new one 译文:他向警方报了案,然后失落孤独地坐在一个陌生的城市里,想着要在一个遥远的国家把所有的材料重新整理是多么的麻烦,而同时他还要试着在一个新的国家安顿下来。
分析:句子的主干是He reported the case to the police and then sat there,lost and lonely in strange city在此处为形容词短语,作补语,用来补充形容主语he当时的心情。thinking of„为现在分词短语作状语,在现在分词短语中,organized为过去分词作get的宾补,from a distant country为介词短语作状语。此外,while trying to settle down in a new one为时间状语。
61、(2014全国新课标Ⅱ阅读七选五)The moments when I think cooking is a pain are when I’m already hungry and there’s nothing ready to eat.译文:当我已经饿了却没有准备好可以吃的东西的时候,我认为做饭是一种痛苦。
分析:第一个when引导定语从句,修饰先行词moment,“cooking„”为宾语从句,作think的宾语;后面的when引导的从句由and连接的两个并列句构成,作句子的表语。
62、(2013全国新课标ⅠC篇)However, he then went on to talk about Mr Obama in a way which suggested he had no idea of his background at all.I sensed that I was talking to a book liar.译文:但是他接下来谈论奥巴马的方式表明他对奥巴马的背景一无所知。
分析:本句中in a way为介词短语作方式状语;which引导的定语从句修饰先行词way;he had no idea of his background at all为省略了引导词that的宾语从句,作suggested的宾语。
63、(2013全国新课标Ⅱ阅读理解A篇)It further requires that when opinions are from the opposite, the doctor doesn't overreact, which might prevent fellow doctors from voicing opinions again.译文:它进一步要求,当碰到与自己相反的意见时,医生不能反应过度,那样可能会让其他医生下次不敢说出自己的看法。
分析:本句中that引导宾语从句,从句中when引导的是时间状语从句,which引导的是非限制性定语从句,指代先行词overreact。
64、(2013全国新课标Ⅱ阅读理解B篇)Today the “Fringe”, once less recognized, has far outgrown the festival with around 1,500 performances of theatre, music and dance on every one of the 21 days it lasts.译文:曾经不被怎么人们认可的“艺穗节”如今的规模已经远远超越了艺术节,在艺为期21天的活动中,每天要上演约1500场戏剧、音乐和舞蹈。
分析:本句中“once less recognized”为省略句,省略了it was;此外还含有一个with sth.on结构,on在此处意为“上演”;“it last”是定语从句,修饰先行词21days。
65、(2013全国新课标Ⅱ阅读理解C篇)Given that many people's moods(情绪)are regulated by the chemical action of chocolate, it was probably only a matter of time before somebody made the chocolate shop similar to a drug store of Chinese medicine.译文:鉴于很多人的情绪是由巧克力的化学作用来调节的,那么有人把巧克力商店做成好像中药店一样可能只是个时间问题了。
分析:given that意为“考虑到,鉴于„„情况”,引导原因状语从句;主句中还含有一个before引导的时间状语从句。
66、(2012全国新课标阅读理解B篇)Once it has their attention, it flies through the forest, waiting from time to time for the curious animal or person as it leads them to the nest.译文:一旦吸引了他们的注意,它就飞过森林,并时不时地等着那好奇的动物或人跟上来,因为它要带着他们找到蜂巢。
分析:Once引导的是条件状语从句,waiting from time to time for„为现在分词短语做伴随状语;as 引导的是原因状语从句。
67、(2012全国新课标阅读理解C篇)An actor and actress stood infront of the scene so that they looked as if they were at the water’s edge on an island.译文:一名男演员和一名女演员站在场景前,好让他们看起来像是站在一个小岛的水边。分析:so that引导的是结果状语从句;as if引导的是表语从句。
68、(2011全国新课标阅读理解C篇)They are among the growing number of Americans who, driven by higher living costs and a falling economy(经济), have taken up vegetable gardening for the first time.译文:越来越多的美国人迫于生活成本的上升和经济的衰退,首次开始经营蔬菜园子,他们就在其中。
分析:句子主干是They are among the growing number of Americans。“driven by higher„”是过去分词短语作定语,修饰Americans;“who,„have taken up vegetablegardening for the first time”是定语从句,修饰Americans。
69、(2011全国新课标阅读理解D篇)When you join the them in our Revenue Administration Unit, you will be providing assistance within all parts of the Revenue Division, dealing with post and other general duties.译文:当你加入我们财务管理单位的这团队,你将协助财务部各部门的工作,处理邮件和其他日常事务。
分析:when引导的是时间状语从句;“dealing with„”是现在分词短语作伴随状语。
70、(2010大纲卷Ⅱ阅读理解A篇)One thing that most touched my heart was that she would go to whoever was sick and just be with them.译文:最感动我的一件事情是无论谁生病了,狗狗都在其身边陪伴着他。
分析:本句中that引导定语从句,修饰先行词the thing,that she would go to whoever was sick and just be with them.中that引导表语从句,to 后又接一个宾语从句,表示无论是谁生病,and并列would go 和 be with。
71、(2010大纲卷Ⅱ阅读理解C篇)Mr.Wei, a manager of a newly-opened ski resort in Beijing, sees the growth of an industry that could soon lead Chinese to head for the ski resorts of Europe, In recent years ski resorts offering natural snow have opened in China.译文:北京第一家滑雪旅游开发商经理魏先生,看到了中国旅游市场迅猛发展,很快便借鉴了欧洲滑雪的经验,最近几年滑雪旅游在中国流行起来。
分析: a manager of a newly-opened ski resort in Beijing作为Mr.Wei 的同位语,that could soon lead Chinese to head for the ski resorts of Europe引导一个定语从句修饰industry。最后部分用了offering分词做后置定语对resort的修饰。
72、(2010大纲卷Ⅱ阅读理解C篇)The ski resort where Mr.Wei works cost nearly $4m to set up and as so often in China when someone comes up with a good idea,many others hash in and price wars break out.译文:魏先生工作的滑雪场将近花费了4百万,并且在中国,当其他人想出了一个主意,其他人就会爆发一场声势浩大的价格战。
分析:where引导了一个小的定语从句,when引导了一个状语从句,由此构成了这个句子。
73、(2010大纲卷Ⅱ阅读理解D篇)Science can't explain the power of pets, but many studies have shown that the company of pets can help lower blood pressure(血压)and raise chances of recovering from a heart attack, reduce loneliness and spread all-round good cheer.译文:科学无法解释宠物的力量,不过很多研究表明,有宠物的陪伴能帮助降低血压和增加心脏病发作后康复的机会,减少孤独感,并向周围传递喜悦的心情。
分析:本句是由表转折but连接的并列句。前一分句是一个简单句,but的后一分句中, 主干是many studies have shown that,that引导一个宾语从句,而这个宾语从句又是由一个较为复杂的简单句构成:动词help后面接的是四个省略to的并列宾语lower„and raise„,reduce„and spread„。
第五篇:长难句分析
长难句分析专题
(一)---句子主干成分(2010-04-29 10:37:49)转载▼分类:考研英语 很久了,总想为同学们写点什么,但是由于忙碌,或者是行为上的懒惰,一拖再拖,现在无论上考研还是六级课,总有种深深的感触,那就是很多的同学基础太差或比较差,以至于强化班老师讲什么,都无法很好的接受。今天下定决心,无论多忙,都要坚持把长难句分析的东西,一层层的给同学们作为专题,用心的一个字一个字的写下来。真心希望能帮助到大家。
其实无论是哪类英语考试,同学们寻求的总是做阅读的方法是什么?翻译的方法是什么?写作的模板是什么?听力的方法是什么?太重视方法了,而忽视了英语的根本,那就是单词和语法。单词还好,就是背,不管方法是什么,我们总知道把它记下就好了。语法呢?这样说吧,你阅读时可能每个单词都认识,但是却不知道这句话什么意思。作文也是,不会语法,作文就根本无法来写。今天这个专题只讲述句子主干成分。
同学们知道,句子的主干就分为主谓宾表; 看下面几句话:
A boy comes;(主谓)he is attractive;(主谓表)
I like him;
(主谓宾)I will give him all my love;(主谓双宾)
he can make me happy(主谓宾宾补)
这五个句子就是英语的基本句型,也就是说,不管多难多长的句子,其句子都一定是五种中的一种。要不就是错误的。中国人是不讲究什么主谓宾的,比如说,小时候妈妈总是让我喂猪,每次妈妈总是问:猪,你喂了吗?或者:猪,喂了吗?你;或者:喂了吗?猪,你?疯了,一个句子能说成无数种表达,但是英语只有一种表达方式,那就是:你喂猪了吗?
一)知道了句子的这几个结构,同学们想知道的是主谓表和主谓宾的区别?(4、5中可以不掌握的,考试用的很少)
1.主谓宾的谓语是实意动词(包括及物不及物动词)
2.主谓表的谓语是系动词(包括be动词;感官动词;表变化的单词eg become;表保持的单词eg keep;)
也就是说区别的关键就是看是谓语是实意动词还是系动词。
二)词性
中国人也曾经讲究过词性,但是实际使用中没有太大意义。eg我很美;我爱美;我动作很美;虽然是一个美,但是写成英语,一个beautiful是解决不了这三个美的。因为英语及其重视词性。同学们下面想知道哪些词能做主,谓,宾,表。1.谓语
1)谁能做谓语?
同学们一般的回答是动词。说动词是对的,但是并不具体,因为不是所有的动词都做谓语的。比如说:he must go out;谓语是谁?不是must,是go;那哪些动词作谓语呢?实意动词和系动词;那看下面的句子
i be a beauty;be 是谓语吗?不是,因为它没有时态,应该写成am 才是对的,也就是要写成be的一般现在时am;
总结:什么是谓语:有时态的系动词或实意动词就是谓语。(有句子就需要有时态,所以如果同学们不知道具体时态的,去google上搜一下,一定要弄明白各种时态的构成)2)谓语能不能少?
显然不能,因为无论是哪种句子,都需要谓语;那如果一句话没有谓语怎么办?比如:我很美;显然里面是没有动词的。翻译的时候不能写i very pretty;,一定要写i am very pretty;也就是说没有动词一定要加be动词作为谓语。再比如,我一定要超过你。不能译为i must beyond you;因为没有动词就不是句子,那就只能在must后加上be了,这就对了、3)谓语能不能多?
也就是一句话能不能有两个以上的动词作谓语?不能。一句话只能有一个动词作谓语,其他不做谓语的动词要变成不是动词;比如看下面的句子
love you is my fault;i come buy water;that cry boy is my little brother;he said sth smile;以上四个句子中都有两个动词,既然只能有一个动词作谓语,所以love, buy, cry 和smile 都要变成不是动词的;那如何把动词变成不是东西呢?那就是分词(现在分词和过去分词)和不定式(to do)
什么时候变成现在分词?当动作表示主动时或动作进行; 什么时候变成过去分词?当动作表示被动时或动作完成 什么时候变成不定式?当动作表示目的或动作尚未发生时; 这就很简单了,所以以上不做谓语的动词就变成了:
to love/loving;to buy;crying;smiling
总结:这就是世界上为什么会有分词和不定式了。就是因为动词只能做谓语,谓语只能是动词,所以我们需要把不做谓语的动词变成不是动词。那分词和不定式能做什么成分呢?想一下----除了不能做谓语,什么成分都能做。主语
1)谁能做主语
首先分词和不定式可以(上面已经讲过)还有名词,代词eg he/a dog loves me;由于从句比较复杂,这章内容不涉及从句,下面会一一讲解从句; 2)不能无主
Eg应该采取措施保护运动员。
(×)Shouldn’t shun responsibilities.时间地点不作主
这下雪了。(x)
这个问题政府已经重视。
(×)This issue the government has attached much importance to.3)无主解决没有主语在译成英语时要加上主语。
1)被动
比如必须指出英语很重要
English must be pointed out to be important.2)It
比如这里很冷。It is cold here.3)There be
比如有很多人认为婚姻是爱情的坟墓。
There are many people who believe marriage is the end of love.4)One/we
比如应当保护环境、We should protect the environment.宾语
首先分词和不定式可以(上面已经讲过)还有名词和代词egi love you/my boyfriend;可以看出做宾语和主语的成分是完全一样的。表语
首先还是分词和不定式
eg success is to get/getting what you want;还有名词,代词egi am a teacher/me 除此之外,还有形容词和介词短语 egi am beautiful i am in the office 总结:能做主语的词性都能做宾语,能做宾语的都能做表语,但是能做表语的成分有形容词和介词短语只能做表语,不能做宾语。
讲完第一讲,同学们认为分析长难句,先找什么?一定不是主语,因为能做主语的成分很多,并且有时很长,那找什么?那个有时态的动词,谓语;明白了这点,第一讲我们就成功了。破解考研长难句(2009-10-28 11:50:17)转载▼标签:杂谈分类:考研英语
无论是什么种类的英语考试,让同学们头痛的事有两个,一个是单词不认识,另一个就是单词都认识,但句子却看不懂。相信只要这两个问题解决了,那所有的英语考试的难度就降低了一大半。
首先就考研的阅读理解来看,我做过很多调查,同学们存在的问题不是找不到题目答案的定位点,而是能找到答案所在的句子,句子的单词也认识,但是这句话却怎么也读不懂,导致费了很大的劲,最终还是功亏一篑,失败在最后一步。
其次,长难句分析在翻译中的作用就更毋庸置疑了。考研翻译评分标准就是分段给分,微观扣分。也就是说考生在做考研翻译之前就要做一个句子切分的工作,拆分的依据就是长难句分析的依据。
最后,考研作文和长难句也是息息相关的,如果你能准确把握长难句难的原因,那作文何愁写不来长句子呢?
基于此,笔者一直在思考用什么更直白的语言来让学生更快准地把握、分析长难句呢?
一、为什么英语会存在长难句?
这时同学们会去思考,汉语为什么不存在这种读起来就想让人自杀的句子?这要从英语的基本句型开始。
1.名词惹的祸
有名词就会存在修饰成分。名词后可能是of 短语、介词短语、形容词短语、分词、不定式或者从句,不管其后是哪种成分,一般情况下,名词后面有一堆东西,这一堆东西一定是修饰或解释这个名词的。
我们最常用的句型就是主谓宾结构。
比如说 I love you.这句话每个人都能读懂,巨简单无比,但是在考研英语中这种句子如果能存在,就说明出题人今年一定是更年期了。
首先,英语中只要存在名词,就会存在修饰名词或解释名词的东西。所以,I 后面可能跟有这些成分.比如liuxiaoyan,这个东西也是名词,名词后面还可能有修饰或限定成分,比如 who comes from chongqing university.这个句子中最后一个成分还是名词,又可能存在着修饰限定成分,于是又可能来对chongqing university 做解释,which is the most important universities in china;这时同学们已经可以自己推出来了,china后面还可能有修饰限定成分。
同样的道理,you 后面也可以跟修饰限定成分。这样,一个所谓的长难句就诞生了。
I, liuxiaoyan, who comes from chongqing university, which is the most important universities in china, who is my motherland, love you,who can make everybody stop to look at you in the street in which there are so many people who „;
在这个句子当中,你还能找出I love you 吗?所以有了名词的存在就有了这么复杂的限定成分。
2.动词惹的祸
说到动词,首先要明白动词能做什么成份?动词只能做谓语,谓语只能是动词,并且一个句子中谓语不能多,只能有一个,所以我们需要把不做谓语的动词变成不是动词,如何把一个动词变成不是动词呢?三种变法:A、变成to do(不定式);B、变成v-ing(现在分词);C、变成 done(过去分词)。
比如说“他来看我”,不能翻译成“he comes see me”;因为这个句子中只有comes 是谓语,所以see,变成了 to see,这就是动词不定式了。
再如这句话,beat you is my fault.显然is 是句子的谓语,所以beat 这个动词就不能作为动词出现了,要把它变成beating或者是to beat。
也就是说,由于以上原因,英语中就存在了分词或动词不定式了。也就是说分词和不定式可以做英语句子的任何成分,除了不能作谓语。这也就是英语长难句存在的依据之二。
3.逗号惹的祸
这就要从标点来说起了.在汉语中,逗号完全可以连接两个并列完整的句子。比若说,“我爱你,你爱那条狗”。显然,写到作文中,是没有任何问题的。但是,译成英语:I love you, you love that dog.是显然存在问题的,因为逗号不能连接两个完全并列的句子。
所以正确说法如下:
A 用连词连接两个并列的句子
I love you ,but you love that dog.这样就有了英语的并列句,在考研英语中,并列句是个难点也是重点。因为一般来说,有并列的句子,就会考到代词指代或省略。
比如:2002年65题 Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.主句是有一个连词and 连接的两个并列的句子,后面的句子就省略了will continue to be rejected.B 用主从句来解决
逗号不能连接两个并列的句子,那把两个句子变得不并列就可以了,所以两个句子中的一个变成从句也是解决办法。
即是:although I love you, you love that dog.(状语从句)或I love you ,who loves that dog.(定语从句)
C 用分词做状语来解决
逗号不能连接两个并列的句子,那只需要把其中的一个句子变成不是句子就行了。如何把句子变成不是句子?如上所述,只需要把谓语动词变成不是动词就可以了。于是,把前面句子中的love 变成loving 就搞定了。
即是:my loving you , you love that dog.综上所述,由于逗号的原因,我们就有了并列句、从句和分词或动词不定式作状语。
二、如何分析长难句?
知道了为什么会有长难句,那么我们就要知道如何分析这些句子的成分。首先,纠正一下同学们分析长难句的误区。那就是拿到一个句子时不要上来就开始读,读完就开始一个一个词地来翻译,这不叫句子分析,而是字字对译。
根据上面第一部分的分析和总结,分析长难句首先需要寻找下面几个点:
1.寻找谓语动词
找到了谓语动词,就说明有句子存在。首先,如何寻找谓语动词呢?很简单,有时态的动词就一定是谓语。
然后,顺着谓语动词往前找,如果有引导词存在,说明这个谓语动词所在的句子就是个从句,再根据引导词前的单词判定这是个什么从句:
A.如果引导词前是个名词,那就根据情况区别是定语从句还是同位语从句;
B.如果引导词前是实意动词,那就说明这个从句是宾语从句;
C.如果引导词前面是系动词,那就说明这个从句是表语从句;
D.如果其前面是状语从句的引导词,那就说明这是个状语从句;
如果顺着谓语动词往前找,却没有引导词存在,那说明这是主句的谓语动词,那它的前面就是主语,后面就应该是宾语或表语。
例如:2005年48题 This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in, a fact underlined by statistics that show that out of eighty European television networks no less than 50% took a loss in 1989.该句中的谓语动词已经用蓝色体标出来。Demonstrates 前面没有引导词,它就是主句的谓语动词;is 前有引导词 that,且that 前是实意动词,所以这是宾语从句;show前有引导词that,其前是名词fact,且that在从句中显然做主语,所以这里有一个that引导的定语从句;最后一个动词是took,其前也存在着that,且that前是实意动词,所以took 所在的句子是宾语从句。综上,本题主句是一个主谓宾结构,并且宾语中又有一个定语从句和宾语从句。
2.寻找并列连词
常见的并列连词有and, but, yet, or, so, for ,not only„but also„看到这批单词,一般就有并列结构存在,并且很可能存在着省略问题。
Eg 2002年64题 They are the possessions of the autonomous(self-governing)man of traditional theory, and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements.并列连词如上已经标出,显然第一个and 前后的两个句子是完全并列的;后面的and 前后两句话也应该是并列的,并且其前的谓语动词前有引导词in which,in which 前又是个名词,所以这是由and 引导的两个定语从句。因为存在并列,所以第二个定从和第一个相比,少了in which a person is.综上,本句话是由第一个and 连接的两个并列的句子,并且两个句子都是主谓表结构。且and 后面的句子中还有一个and 引导的两个并列定语从句,共同修饰practices.3.寻找引导词
什么是从句?从句就是句子前面有一个引导词。所以找到引导词就找到了从句,再根据引导词前的单词确定其是什么从句(前面已做过讲解此处不再讲述)
Eg 2005年65题 Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism which, in its strongest form, states that language imprisons the mind, and that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce far-reaching consequences for the culture of a society.如上,引导词已经标注出来,which 前面是名词determinism 名词,并且which在从句中做主语,显然这是个定语从句,修饰其前的名词。第二个引导词that 前面是实意动词 state,所以这是个宾语从句。最后的引导词that 前有并列连词and,显然后两个that 从句是完全并列的宾语从句。所以该句是个简单的主谓宾结构,宾语的最后一个单词是名词,存在一个定语从句,定语从句中又有两个并列的宾语从句。
4.寻找名词
一般的长句子中,名词后只要不是谓语动词,一般都有修饰限定成分,即定语或同位语。
也就是说,我们只要能寻找到名词,其后的东西就确定是修饰或解释前面的名词的。
Eg 2001年73题 Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place.如上,分析各个名词,第一个名词pearson后显然是谓语动词;第二个名词work 后面of短语显是然修饰work 的;第三个名词后也有修饰成分;calendar 后从句也是修饰该名词的;
最后,两个并列的名词后仍然是修饰名词的。那如果把所有修饰名词的动词划去,句子的主干就显示出来了:Pearson has pieced together the work to produce a calendar.除了以上四个主要分析长难句的切入点以外,其实我们还应当注意两点。
5.寻找动词不定式和分词
如上所述,动词只能做谓语,不做谓语的动词要变成不是动词,即分词和不定式;那就意味着分词和不定式虽然表达的意义不同,但是其在句子中所做的成分是完全一样的。也就是说,分词和不定式除了不能做谓语以外,任何成分都可以充当。
6.寻找介词
有介词一般都会有介词短语,在句子中充当表语、定语、状语等。
三小结
当同学们看到长难句时,一定按照我们的讲解寻找相应的提示线索,不要不分主次地翻译。当然,长难句的解决不但要有好的方法,更要注意自己单词量的积累和基本英语语法问题的解决,这是个基础加方法的长期练习和背诵的过程,希望大家在学习长难句时擅长总结和复习,才会有很快的提高。