经贸英语

第一篇：经贸英语

专有名词

金融市场：financial market收入分配：the distribution of income

政府(支出、政策、债券)：government(spending、policy、bond)

预算赤字：budget deficit贸易模式：the patterns of trade

发展中国家：developing country市场机制：the market mechanism

经济周期：business cycle经济扩张：business expansion

大萧条：the Great Depression零和博弈：zero-sum game

后此谬误：The Post Hoc Fallacy合成缪误：The Fallacy of Composition

国民生产总值(GNP)：the gross national product

名义和实际：nominal and real可支配收入：disposable income

留存盈余：retained earning需求总供给：the aggregate demand and supply

转移支付：transfer outlay宏观政策手段：Macroeconomic Policy Levers

自由贸易：free trade货币政策财政政策：monetary policy and fiscal policy公开市场操作：open market operation法定准备金率：reserve requirement

再贴现率：discount rates通货膨胀：actual inflation

充分就业：full employment经济增长：rapid growth of output

价格稳定：price stability(移动、固定)汇率：(free、fixed)exchange rate

绝对优势：absolute advantage比较优势理论：the principle of comparative advantage

机会成本：opportunity cost生产可能边界：production possibility

不兑现纸币：fiat money联邦储存系统：The Federal Reserve system

联邦公开市场委员会(FOMC)：The Federal Open Market Committee

短期交替: a short-run tradeoff活期存款：demand deposit

资产负债表：T-account百分百储存银行：100-Percent-Reserve Banking

货币乘数：the money multiplier超额准备金：excess reserve

法律合同：a legal contract邀约和接受：offer and acceptance

人事保险：life insurance投机风险：speculative risk

单边过程：a one-sided process最大限度利用：make the most of

不可再生资源：nonrenewable energy工业革命：the Industrial Revolution

限定价格：price fix内幕交易：inside trade

常识：common sense公益机构：a nonprofit organization

饱受损失：exposure to loss艺术博物馆：art museum

会计事务所：accounting firm年报：annual report

租赁服务：rental service经验和直觉：experience and intuition

市场细分：market segment目标市场：target market

品牌忠诚度：brand loyalty以收入水平为基础：on the basis of income level

肯接受的准确性：acceptable accuracy市场潜力：market potential

操作系统：operating system临床研究：clinical study

马斯诺的需要层次论：Maslow's Needs Hierarchy Theory

自然灾害：natural disaster有的放矢：plunge right in

第二篇：经贸英语

伦敦人民币交易量大幅上升

金融时报2013-10-09

London has strengthened its position as a global hub for offshore renminbi, as new market players drive a rapid rise in international trading of the Chinese currency.伦敦强化了其作为离岸人民币全球中心的地位。新的市场参与者推动人民币国际交易快速增长。

The UK capital, the world’s dominant centre for foreign exchange

transactions, accounts for per cent of renminbi trading conducted outside China and Hong Kong.That 62 compares with 54 per cent in January, the data from payments group Swift show.支付集团Swift的数据显示，作为世界上首屈一指的外汇交易中心，英国首都目前在中国内地和香港以外的人民币交易中占了62%的比重，高于1月份的54%。London’s increased market share came largely at the expense of Singapore, although the US, France and Switzerland all lost ground.Analysts said the city’s standing as the main global centre for trading the US dollar and the euro makes it the natural home for renminbi trading outside Hong Kong.伦敦新增的市场份额主要是从新加坡夺取的，而美国、法国和瑞士也都失去了一些份额。分析师们表示，伦敦作为全球美元和欧元交易主要中心的地位，使其自然成为香港以外人民币交易的首选场所。

Volumes in London are about $5bn a day, up from about $2.5bn at this time last year.Renminbi trading in Hong Kong has also continued to rise rapidly, from about $8bn in daily volume at the end of 2012 to as much as $13bn, says HSBC.伦敦的人民币日交易量目前达到大约50亿美元，而去年此时只有25亿美元左右。汇丰(HSBC)表示，香港的人民币交易也在继续快速增长，日交易量从2012年底的大约80亿美元增至130亿美元左右。

Overall trading volumes in the renminbi have risen 113 per cent this year, according to Swift, overtaking the Swedish krona, the South Korean won and the Russian rouble in the global league table.据Swift介绍，今年人民币总交易量已增长113%，在全球榜单上超越瑞典克朗、韩元和俄罗斯卢布。

Ju Wang, Asian currency strategist at HSBC, said the expansion in renminbi trading had been driven by a wave of deregulation, the emergence of trading centres and fresh sources of demand.汇丰亚洲外汇策略师王菊表示，推动人民币交易量扩大的因素包括：一连串放松管制的措施、若干交易中心的形成，以及新的需求来源。

“We see a lot of new players, like hedge funds, as well as corporates, who use the renminbi for hedging purposes,” said Ms Wang, who added that central banks and private bank clients had also shown strong interest.“我们看到很多新的参与者，比如对冲基金，还有企业，他们将人民币用于对冲

目的，”王菊表示。她补充称，各国央行和私人银行客户也表现出极大兴趣。The rise in trading chimes with the long-term goal of Chinese policy makers to internationalise their currency.Taiwan this year became the second place outside mainland China where renminbi transactions could be settled directly, with Singapore following soon after.The People’s Bank of China has signed currency swap agreements, including with the Bank of England.人民币交易量的增长与中国政策制定者推动人民币国际化的长远目标是一致的。今年，台湾成为中国大陆以外第二个能够直接结算人民币交易的地方，新加坡也在不久后做到这一点。中国央行已签署多项货币互换(互惠外汇信贷)协议，包括与英国央行(Bank of England)达成的此类协议。

The loosening of investment restrictions has widened the options for those holding renminbi as part of broader financial reforms.In March,regulators gave international money managers the freedom to choose how to invest renminbi holdings onshore.放松投资限制作为整体金融改革的一部分，拓宽了人民币持有者的选择范围。今年3月，监管机构让国际基金管理公司自由选择如何投资在岸人民币。

Ms Wang said that the recently opened Shanghai free-trade zone would likely lead to a pick-up in trading, although what would be possible inside the zone has yet to be made clear.汇丰的王菊表示，最近成立的上海自贸区有望推动人民币交易量进一步增长，尽管官方尚未阐明自贸区内具体能够从事哪些活动。

The data back up trends seen in a Bank of International Settlements survey that showed that the renminbi’s share of trading volume jumped from 0.9 per cent in 2010 to 2.2 per cent in 2013.Swift’s numbers suggest much of that increase occurred this year.交易量数据与国际清算银行(BIS)一项调查所显示的趋势吻合。该调查发现，人民币在外汇交易量中所占比重已从2010年的0.9%跃升至2013年的2.2%。Swift的数据似乎表明，相当大一部分增长发生在今年。

Although renminbi volumes remain small compared with the US dollar and the euro, it is fast gaining ground on the Canadian dollar and the Swiss franc.虽然人民币交易量与美元和欧元相比仍很小，但它正在快速赶上加拿大元和瑞士法郎。

第三篇：经贸英语词组

Invest in 投资于inquiry sheet 询价表

Bring together 集合terms of payment 支付方式

Fall short of 缺乏firm offer 实盘

Take advantage of 利用sight draft 即期汇票

Go own 下降be subject to 以…为准Carry on 开展a favorable price 优惠价格

Time consuming 耗费时间captioned goods 标题所列商品prompt shipment 即期装运

Stand a good chance 很有可能ready market 畅销渠道

Join venture 合资企业shipping document 货运单证

Equality and mutual benefit平等互利conclude a deal 成交

Registered capital 注册资金induplicate 一式两份

Property right 产权in position to do sth 能够做

Red tape 繁琐的手续place an order with 订购

Capital goods 资本品negotiate business商谈生意

Profits and losses 盈亏for the sake of 为了

Total investments 总投资sign contract 签订合同

Board of directors 私有财产for one’s reference 供参考

Work efficiency 工作效率long to do sth 渴望

Foreign exchange 外汇be inclined to 倾向于

Appeal to 有吸引力的main board 主板

Global economy 全球经济trial sale 试销

Be aware of 意识到insurance premium 保险费

Associated with 与…有关lodge a claim 提出索赔

Raw materials 原料insurance policy 保险单

Bing in 引进FPA平安险WPA 水渍险

Contribute to 贡献additional risks 附加险

Technology transfer 技术转让special additional risks 特殊附加险

Technical co-operation 技术合作Fall flat 完全失败

Personnel training 人员培训

Process technology 加工技术

Direct investment 直接投资

Down payment 定金

Head office 总部

Commodity housing 商品房

Real estate 房地产

Competent department 职能部门

Terms and condition 贸易条款

Non-firm office 虚盘

Sales literature 销售宣传品

Figure out 计算出

Trial order 试定单

From stock 现货

a wide variety of 各种各样

arts and crafts 工艺

第四篇：经贸英语 创业者

经贸英语 国贸班 张涵爽 1112900091

Considering the characteristics of enterpreneurs, I have right to

speak.Because my uncle Wang has just joined in a corporation to be a franchisee.He is kind of enterprenuer and now he takes charge of a restaurant successfully.Among these characteristics of enterprenuers,I think I can hold a few ,for example,I believe in myself and often cheer myself up before doing things.I can hold my confidence tightly.Moreover,I’m responsible for my jobs, as my mom told,I always do my utmost to guarantee the quality of the works,now that you do it,never take the work too easily and do your best.If I use this trait for enterprenuership,I will seek superlative and perfection for my jobs,until I reach my final goal,which will be my energy and belief on my way to success.As a matter of fact,I’m creative,inquisitive and ethusiastic.In a word,I’m full of energy and I look like a child,always question much and give some interesting ideas and joks as well.Just like my friend says,to be with me,you don’t have to be worried that it’s so boring and you meet surprises anytime and anywhere,sometimes I will be seen as a mad or crazy person,but this characristic really benefit me a lot when I communicate with others,even strangers can be my friend after a while.But I have to point out that I ‘m lack of some important traits,which makes me appreciate those enterprenuers and cannot be one.They are

persistant,risk-taking,restless,goal-oriented and action-oriented characistics.I have to admit that I’m the one who pursues dreams and thinks much of experiences rather than the final results.As long as I participate in and I do what I can,the results are useless for me.In my eyes,process is more important than the result.I have to say that to be an enterprenuer is really not easy.You may meet troubles and obstacles anywhere,but you can not go down on your kneels.Because no pain,no gain.After analysising my advantages and disadvantages,I know it’s a long way for me to fight for my final dream,and right now I have capture one chance to make it,and I would keep going and avoid those shortages to my best！Thanks for watching.——张涵爽1112900091

第五篇：经贸合同英语

近三年来，我给英语系四年级学生讲授对外经贸英语及合同写作的选修课。我发现学生们对 这门课感到困难的地方倒不在于对外经贸方面的知识，也不在专业词汇的理解和记忆，因为有些专

业词汇比中文还好记，比如forward-trading一词，从英文字义上讲是将来的交易，便很快就会明 白，是指中文的“期货交易”，英文比中文还好理解。同样forward exchange是指“远期外汇”,for-ward exchange rate就是“远期汇率”等等。学生们感到困难的是经贸文件、对外经贸合同中英语的 语言现象。对外经贸合同、法律文件，在句子结构、用词、及动词时态上都具有自身的特点和规律，不

掌握这些特点就难以读懂对外经贸合同及具有法律意义的文件，翻译时觉得难以理顺，要想拟订 一份合同更是觉得无从下手，寸步难行。为帮助学生解决这些凝难，本文就经贸合同文件的语言特

点作初步探讨。

对外经贸合同文件的形式有:协议书、合同条款、银行保函、信用证、装运单据等等，这些均属于

法律文件。法律文件具有用词准确、规范、多用法律用语、结构严谨、句子较长等特点。

一、结构严谨、句式较长

由于是法律文件，要求我们在起草每一条款时必须做到准确、严密、清楚、易解，要避免模棱两

可，似是而非，含糊不清。既要防止遣漏，又要堵绝有随意增添的可能性，这样才能避免日后因语言

上的疏忽而相互发生争议。要在一个句子中把某件事面面点到，又要严密到滴水不漏，无隙可击，势

必造成英语长句结构。常常是插入语接插入语，从句中套从句，一连套若于个从句，下面这句英文，摘自银行履约保函，我们作一些分析，便可一斑见豹。

Now the Condition of the above一written Guarantee is such that if the Contractor shall duly perform and observe all the terms provisions conditions and stipulations of the said Contract on the Contractor's part to be performed and observed according to the true purpor intent and mean-ing thereof or if on default by the Contractor the Guarantor shall satisfy and discharge the dam-ages sustained by the Employer up to the amount of the above-written Guauantee then this obli-gation shall be null and void but otherwise shall be and remain in full force and effect but no alter-ation in terms of the said contract or in the extent or nature of the Works to be executed complet-ed，and defects therein remedied thereunder and no allowance of time by the Employer or the engi-veer under the said Contract nor any forbearance or forgiveness in or in respect of any matter or thing concerning the said Contract on the part of the Employer or the said Engineer shall in any way release the Guarantor from any liability under the above-written Guarantee.这句话由170个词构成，只用了一个逗号，由if。:,but等连接词把几层意思连成一个整体。为了便于分析，阐述，笔者将原句分成几个部分，并简称各部分为a,b,c.d，我们先看a部分:Now the Condition of the above一written Guarantee is such

a部分是句子的主要部分，比较简单，除the above-written及such具有合同文件语言特点外，其它部分与普通英语表达别无两样，如果不是写在合同条款里，就可以写成:

Now the Condition of the Guaratee is that…

在英语里用定冠词“the”已有限定作用，限定Guarantee保证书，但合同语言为了更明确限定 “Guarantee”又以above-written分词短语作强调限定。”Such”在此部分中也是进一步限定that引

起的表语从句。

b部分的原文如下，也即第一个if从句:

that if the Contractor shall duly perform and observe all the terms provisions conditions and stipulations of the said Contract on the Contractor's part to be performed and observed according to the true purpor intent and meaning therelf

如果按一般非文件体写，可以写成:

if the Contractor duly perform all the terms provisions conditions and stipulations of the Con-tract

英语if条件从句的将来时应由现在时代替，可此句中duly前面却用“shall”来表示动词的时 态，这个shall属合同语言的特点，shall在这里表明主语Contractor应尽责任。文中又以Observe 和perform两个并列动词，对主语行为职责规定得非常清楚，使日后不会因为职权不清而产生纠 纷。b部分的后半部分仅以“of the said Contract”来限定provisions Conditions and stipulations还 觉得不够明确，又补以on the Confractor's part to be performed and Observed把责任限定到合同 中规定的承包人一方所要履行和遵守的所有条款，条件及规定，继尔又以according to the true purport intent and meaning thereof明确指出承包人履行这些条款条件及规定的根据。这样就以三 个介词短语和一个不定式短语把前后两部分严密地组织在一起，把承包人对于合同应承担的责任 作为此保证书有效的一个条件讲得清清楚楚。本部分中出现的thereof及d部分中出现的thereun-der等都是文件用词，后文有专门论述。

C部分原文是:

or if on default by the Contractor the Guarantor shall satisfy and discharge the damages sus-tained by the Employer up to the amount of the above-written Guarantee then this obligation shall be null and void but otherwise shall be and remain in full force and effect

C部分以。r if引出另一种可能性，如果承包人不执行所规定的条款如何?则保证人应负有赔 偿业主损失的责任。原文在阐述这一层意思时既简明又严密。仅用on default就省去了条件从句，接着对于赔偿金额以up to the amount of the above-written Guarantee给于明确规定，使违约者无 可抵赖，也无从讨价还价，以保证书上的数目为准。后又接then引出赔偿后，保证书将何去何从?以

shall be null and void这样一个法律用语来宣告保证书对于责任保证作用已无效。然，又以but otherwise假设出另一种相反的情况，也就是同一问题的另一个方面。此部分语言十分精练，以oth-

er-wise代替了一个完整的条件从句，主句的主语也省略，以be和remain来强调保证书具有的全

部效力。C部分把如果承包人违约的两种情况，两种结果，说得滴水不漏。

d部分的原文是:

but no alteration in terms of the said Contract or in the extent or nature of the Works to be executed，completed and defects therein remedied thereunder and no allowance of time by the Employer or the Engineer under the said Contract nor any forgearance or forgiveness in or in re-spect of any matter or thing concerning the said Contract on the part of the Employer or the said Engineer shall in any way release the Guarantor from any liability under the above-written Guar-antee.d部分较长，以but引出一个并列句。句子长主要是由于对三个并列主语的修饰、限制部分较 多，如果简而言之的话，原句可以缩简为:

no alteration and no allowance nor any forbearance or forgiveness shall release the Guarantor from any liability.这样一简写能使我们的学生很快看清句子结构，弄明白这一部分的主要内容，但作为合同文件，必

须把主语的三个部分的事项、范围、程度规定得一清二楚。所以三个主语都分别以若干个介词短语

和不定式短语加以限定，且用n。的名词否定形式比用动词的否定式更具有法律的权威性，谓语部

分又以“in ,any ,way'‘加强力度，以under the above-written Guarantee限定职责范围。原文中b,c,d三部分把a部分的condition条件作了严密的阐述。监于一条款文需要就某个问题讲清楚，要排

除不必要的情况，限定所需的情况，这就需要有许多起限定作用的介词短语，分词短语、起排除或附

加作用的插入语、假设各种情况发生的从句，这样一来，势必造成长句，学生初步接触时往往感到困

难重重。其实句子结构如同房子结构，弄不清一座大楼的结构，就会在楼里转来转去出不来，所以掌

握合同文件的句子结构，是读懂合同，译好合同，写好各种合同的重要一环。

归纳上述分析，要理出句子结构首先要找出主句的主语谓语部分，先去掉与之相关的各种限制

短语或从句，再找出并列句或主从句之间的连接词，把并列部分或从属部分进行适当切割，再对每一切割部分进行上述过程的分解，就可缕顺各部分之间的关系。这就好比看一棵大树，要从树枝树

叶上弄清各自关系很难，首先从根部找到树干，再把各大支干取下，支干中的小枝再取下，就可弄清

这棵大树枝枝叶叶之间的关系。

提供下列译文，以便参考

兹将履行上述书面保证书的条件规定如下:如果承包人切实履行并遵守所签署的上述合同中

规定的承包人一方按合同的真实旨意(实际目的)意图(向)和含义所应履行和遵守的所有条款、条

件及规定或者如果承包人违约，则保证人应赔偿业主因此而蒙受的损失，直至到达上述保证金额，届时，本保证书所承担的义务即告终止，否则保证书仍保持完全效力，但所签合同条款的改变或对

工程的施工、完成及根据合同修补其缺陷的性质和范围的任何变更，以及业主或工程师根据上述合同给于的时间宽限或上述工程师方面对上述合同合同有关事宜所做的任何容忍或宽恕，均不解除

保证人所承担的上述保证书规定的义务

二、用词特点(wording /Diction)

对外经贸合同文件在用词上要求准确，简洁，常常同义词连用，多用法律条文用词。

1)简洁

英语中的某些副词如“here“"there“以及“where'‘在法律文件中往往当作前辍，与另一个词

构

成一个正式法律语汇中的副词，在法律文件中用这些词，可以避免重复，使行文准确、简洁。这些词

有:

hereafter，hereby，herein，hereinafter，hereinbefore，hereof，hereto，hereunder，hereupon，herewith;thereafter，thereby，therefrom，therein，thereinafter，thereinbefore，thereon，there-of，thereunder，thereunupon，therewith;

whereas，whereby，wherein，whereof，whereon etc.现在我们举例说明这些词所起的准确、简洁作用:

例一:The headings and marginal notes in these conditions shall not be deemed part thereof or be taken into consideration in the interpretation or construction thereof or of the Contract.句中两处用了thereof，都表示of the conditions很显然part thereof, the interpretation or construction thereof，分别比part of the coditions和in the interpretation or construction of the conditions要简洁得多，尤其是两者中的后者，以一个字取代了八个字的短语。in the interpretation

or construction thereof or of the Contract(在合同条件或合同本身的解释中)，这里的thereof只能

是指“合同条件的”，而合同本身则用of the Contract，可见用词之准确，使人无法钻词义间的细微

差别之隙做文章。

例二:The form of this Contract:

This Contract shall be in duplicate to be held each by the Parties hereto and shall have two copies each kept by the parties hereto for record.此句有两处用hereto，都表示the Parties to the Contract(合同双方)。在这样短的句中，1如

果，不用’'hereto'‘来代替to the Contract，那么在这一短句子里就会出现四个’'the Contract'‘一词。

显然使用hereto使句子准确、简洁，避免重复。

2)同义词连用

英语中许多词具有一词多义的特点。要使法律文件中英语用词准确，不被误解，避免不必要的争议，在写法律文件时，对一些关键性的词采取同义词连用的办法，以确保其不被曲解。尽管从形式

上来看是一种罗嗦，有时显得繁锁，然而这样以词的重复形式，保证了内容上的准确无误，维护了法

律文件的独解性尊严。

我们还是举例说明。

例一;The Bidder shall bear all costs associated with the preparation and subnission of its bid and(hereinafter referred to as the Buyer),will in no case be responsible or liable for these costs，regardless of the conduct or outcome of the bidding process.此句中出现两对同义词连用，第一对responsible or liable，这一对词都是表示法律上有责任的。re-

sponsible一词除“应负责任的”外，还有认真的，可靠的，可信赖的等义，liable除“有(法律)责任的，有义务的”外，还有“应受罚的，”“应付税的”，“应服从的”“易于…的”等等意思。很显然，如不采取两

词连用，就有可能产生不必要的误解，而这两个词连用时，就只能取两词共有的意义，即“应负有责

任。”就不会产生别解，误解。同样，第二对连用Conduct or outcome都含有“result“的意思，”the

conduct or outcome of the bidding process“意为“投标的结果，’，这是一对名词同义词的连用。例二:This contract shall at all times be subject to and governed by the General Terms and Conditions on the back hereof which are an integral part hereof.此句的译文是:本合同服从背面所附的一般条款，该条款是本合同不可分割的一部分。从译文可以

看出句中的subject to与governed都取其“应服从于”和“受支配于”的意思。

例三:The Leasee, AA Plant, Shanjian(hereinafter referred to as Party A)and the Lessor,BB Lease，Tokyo(hereinafter referred to as Party B)hereby agree to make and enter into this A-greement in accordance with the following terms:

文中，make this Agreement与 enter into this Agreement同义，都表示签订本合同，这是同义词的谓语动词连用。

3)、行文中使用正式的或法律上的用词:

由于经贸合同文件是法律性的正式书面文件，为了维护法律文件的权威性，使用那些我们平时

不常用的、法律的、正式的用词是必要的，要掌握使用这些用词，就要求我们多读，多实践。我们看看

法律用词在行文中的作用。

例一:If the Contractor shall duly perform and observe all the terms provisions conditions and stipulations of鱼e said cor些哩on the Contractor's part to be performed and observed according

to the true purport intent and meaning thereof.这句话中除上面所提到的同义词连用外，(如:terms, provisions, conditions and stipulations 都是指合同条款)有两处使用T正式的法律用词:the said Confract(上述合同)”the said“或“said“ 是公文体，法律文体，合同文体经常使用，意思是“该”或“上述的”。另一词是)”intent”意为)“inten-

tion,purpose”(意图)intent主要用于法律语言，比intention正式。

例二:The Chairman may convene aninterim meeting based on a proposal made by one-third of the total number of directors.句中convene与interim都是正式用词，从下面的译文中，便可知道，这两个词的含义。译文:董事长得根据三分之一董事的的提议，召集临时董事会议。

例三:In witness whereof the Parties hereto have caused this Form of Agreement to be exe-cuted the day and year first before written in accordance with their respective laws and have caused their respective common seals to be hereunto affixed.文中的the day and year表示日期。“executed'‘是法律用语，较”sign“正式，在句中意为签字生效。In

witness whereof是法律合同用语，用于合同结尾条款，意为“特立此据。”另一个是in accordance

with，意为根据，按照，同under,pursuantto一样，都是正式用语，要比according to正式。例四:Whereas Party B will enter into a Contract for Work with Party A for the later's air

conditioning equipment，and the Parties hereto，in consideration of the mutual covenants and a-greement，do hereby agree as follows.文中covenants是法律用词，意为legal formal agreement(法律契约),whereas也是法律用词，意为

鉴于(considering)之意。

例五:This Agreement is made by and between AA Corporation(hereinafter called Party A)and BB Company(hereinafter called Party B)where互y the Parties hereto agree to enter into com-

pensation trade under the terms

文中whereby是法律合同用语，例六:The contractor shall

and conditions set forth below.意为”by the agreement“ ,凭此协议。

indennify and keep indemnified the Employer aga

ages and compensation，other than those for which the Employer is lible as

inst all such dam-

aforesaid，and all

claims，proceedings，damages，costs，charges，and expenses whatsoever in respect thereof or in

relation thereto.文中in respect thereof是正式用语，在法律文件中常常使用。表示与本合同，本协议，本条款，本文

件有关的事，要比about,Concerning,as,reguards正式。文中的另一词whatsoever，是whatever的强势语，也常在法律文件中使用。

总之，正式的，法律的词语是法律文件文体的需要，只有通过大量的实践，才能逐渐地掌握。此

类法律正式用词还有:

In the event that;In the event of;Provided that;Be deemed;In case;In question;Be liable for;Known All Men by these presents;Notwithstanding;Unless other，ctc.等等，就不在本文中累述。

三、若干语法现象

1)shall

在法律文件中shall一词用得相当多。”shall”并非单纯表示将来时，而是常常用来表示法律上

必须强制执行的义务，在译文中消译为“应”“应该”“必须”。例如:

This Contract shall be written in English in duplicate to be held each by the Parties hereto.译文:本合同应以英文写成，一式两份，合同双方各执一份。

文中的shall一般不能用will或should来代替。“will'‘在法律文件中有时也用作承担义务，但语气

要比”shall”弱，强制力也比’'shall'‘差，在英译中时，往往译为“将”“愿”“要”，”should”在英语中可以

表示”“应该”，但在法律文件中极少有”should'，表示“应该。”关于”shall”表示“应该”“必须”的概

念，在本文前面的例句中，频繁出现，学生在练习合同写作时，应正确运用，笔者就不再举例了。

2)such...as引导定语从句

我们通常用which ,who,whom, that等来引导定语从句，由于法律文件的语言要求严密，准

确，避免是是而非，造成误解除，因此常用such......as作关系代词，引导定语从句，请看:例一:The Engineer shall have authority to issue to the Contractor，from time to time, su些 supplementary Drawings and instructions as shall be necessary for the purpose of the proper and adequate excution and completion of the Works and the remedying of any defects therein.译文:工程师有权随时向承包人发出为合理和恰当施工、完成工程及维修缺陷所必须的补充图纸和

指令。

从文中可以看出，用such“"”as来修饰supplementary Drawing and instructions要比which , that引导的定语从句来修饰严密，因为such“"”as分别放在s supplementary Drawing and instruc-

lions这一需要修饰的名词词组的一前一后，把修饰范围死死地定住了。如果用which或taht来引

导定语从句修饰前面的名词，就很不明确，到底修饰的是instructions还是Drawings and instruc-

lions两者，日后可能会引起纠纷，或许有空可钻。

例二:The Contractor shall provide on the site in connection with the execution and comple-tion of the works and the remeding of any defects therein.(a)Only such technical assistants are skilled and experienced in their respective callings and such foreman and leading hands as are competent to give proper superintendence of the Works.译文:承包人应为施工，完成工程及维修缺陷向现场提供

(1>在本行业中技术熟练，经验丰富的技术助理，及能对工程施工予以正确监督的监工和领班。

文中关系代词such“"”as所修饰的两组名词相隔较远，于是用了两个such，出现了such“"”and

such“"” as的形式，分别修饰technical assistants(技术助理)和foreman and leading hands(监工 和领班)，这样的语言是十分严谨的，这种严谨是法律文件所要求的。

本文只是从几年来所从事的“对外经济贸易及合同文本的写作的教学中，对合同文件语言的特

点作了些粗线条的研究归纳，更深入的研究、探讨和总结有待于在日后的教学工作中进行。参考书目:

1)世界银行贷款项目招标采购文件范本

中国财政经济出版社

2)国际招标与投标实务

中国对外经济贸易出版社

3)土木工程施工合国条件应用指南