昆工学术英语第10单元译文加课后答案(推荐)

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第一篇:昆工学术英语第10单元译文加课后答案(推荐)

Unit 10

Mechanical Engineering

Section A Pre-reading activities I.Skimming and Scanning.Before class, read Text A quickly and find answers to the following questions.1.What does CNC stand for? And what is it? CNC is the acronym for Computer Numerical Control.It refers to the idea of controlling machine tools programmatically via computer.2.What is the difference between CNC and NC? There is no computer involved in NC.3.What are the key ingredients for the growth of CNC? Standard G-Code language for parts program, CAD and minicomputers.4.Which countries are mentioned in the text to show the development of CNC?

US, Germany and Japanese.5.What makes CNC controls cheaper ?

Microprocessors have made CNC controls cheaper, culminating with the availability of CNC for the hobby and personal CNC market.6.How many kinds of CNC are listed in the text?

Three kinds of CNC are listed including CNC machine lathes, CNC milling machines and CNC routers.Text A 参考译文

计算机数控机床概述及计算机数控史 什么叫计算机数控技术? CNC是计算机数字控制技术的简称,由较早的“NC”发展而来,NC仅仅表示数字控制。CNC指通过计算机程序控制机床。早先的“NC”概念与计算机无关,而是通过像打孔纸带控制机器之类的东西对机床进行控制。

2NC数控技术和CNC数控技术都大大地提高了机床的生产效率,因为这些机床不需要加工技术人员一直关注和操作,机床也能自动运转。在这类自动化技术出现之前,主要是运用自动化程度相对较低的液压仿形装置。液压仿形装置运用液压动力,按照样板或靠模控制车刀或铣刀的运动轨迹。很多普通手动车床用到的锥度仿形部件与液压仿形装置的功能并无不同,只是液压仿形装置不仅能仿形简单的锥形形状,而且能仿形更加复杂的样板或靠模。

3但是当NC数控技术以及后来的CNC数控技术首次出现,最大限度提高了机床的自动化程度。

计算机数字控制技术简史

4第一代商用数字控制机床发明于20世纪50年代,并且是源自打孔纸带。尽管这一构想很快证明它能节约成本,意想不到的是它并未很快获得生产者的青睐。为了推进数控机床更快地使用,美国军方购置了120台数控机床并且租借给各生产商,以使他们能更加熟悉数控机床这一概念。到50年代末期,尽管依旧有不少争议,数控机床已经开始流行起来。例如,当时没有g-代码(go to代码,用于控制刀具运动轨迹的代码),这是我们现在使用的几乎最通用的CNC数控语言。每家厂商均热衷于使用自己的CNC数控语言来表述部件生产程序(指机床用于加工部件的程序)。

5以1959年计算机数控机床为例,我们发现密尔沃基-马蒂克-II是第一台有换刀机构的机床。紧接着,一系列重要开发让计算机数控机床在20世纪60年代得到迅猛发展。

 部件加工标准G代码程序语言:g-代码的源头可以回溯到麻省理工大学。大约在1958年,麻省理工大学伺服机械实验室使用了这一语言,在20世纪60年代初电子工业联盟正式标准化了g代码。

 60年代期间,CAD(计算机辅助设计技术)开始出现并很快取代了手工绘制图纸和绘图技术员。到1970年,CAD已发展成为了相当规模的行业,如鹰图公司、计算机视觉公司均开展了CAD业务,大学期间,我还为这两家公司担任顾问。 60年代,微型计算机开始面世,如DEC PDP-8,General Nova等。这使得计算机数控机床价格更低,效能更高。

6到1970年,多数西方国家经济发展放缓,用工成本不断增加。由于有了60年代期间奠定的坚实的技术基础,计算机数控技术开始腾飞,并逐步取代了较老的技术,如液压仿形技术和普通手工加工技术。美国的一些公司大力推进计算机数控技术革新,但是他们一直以来都过多地关注高端产品。德国人抢先一步,抓住了机会,降低了计算机数控技术的价格,到1979年,德国人出售的计算机数控技术已经超过了美国公司。日本人复制了德国人的模式,并获得了更大的成功,并在一年之后,也就是1980年取代了德国成为领头羊。在1971年,10家最大的计算机数控技术公司都来自美国,但是到了1987年,只剩下辛辛那提米拉克龙一家美国公司了,并且只名列世界第八。8

近来,微处理器的出现让计算机数字控制技术价格更为便宜,个人还可把计算机数控技术当做个人爱好,面向个人的计算机数控技术市场达到顶峰。加强型机器控制器研究计划或者简称EMC2,是一项实施一种开放源代码式(也称为开源式)的计算机数控技术控制器的项目,这一控制器是由美国国家标准技术研究院开发用来展示的。自2000年以来,该项目开始进入公众领域,紧接着开放源控制器和EMC2也于不久后的2003年面世。

9Mach3由Artsoft创建者阿特·芬提所开发,作为早期EMC版本的一个分支,其主要运行环境为Window系统而不是Linux系统,这使得它更容易进入个人计算机数控技术市场。阿特的公司Artsoft成立于2001年。和很多其他计算机数控技术一样,EMC2和Mac3计算机数控技术软件程序现如今仍在使用,并且呈现蒸蒸日上的态势。

CNC机器有哪些类型?

这个问题的答案远远不是三言两语能回答的,但是我们还是尽量描述一下数控机床的主要类型,也就是最常见的类型。 数控车床

有人把车床看着是唯一的万能机床,因为车床可以制造其他车床需要的所有部件。车床使工件在主轴上做旋转运动,而固定的切削刀具沿着工件做进给运动,进行切削加工,切下切屑。正是由于这一几何原理,车床是加工轴对称零件的理想机床,这些零件可以用卡盘夹紧,安装在车床主轴上。 数控铣床

在铣床上,铣刀是安装在旋转主轴上的。工件向铣刀进给,从而切下切屑。铣床铣刀切削工件的行为叫“铣削”。

大多数铣床是最常规的计算机数控铣床。更先进的铣床被称为“立式加工中心”。计算机数控机床至少具有三轴联动切割的功能(一些较老式的机床如果第三轴使用受限时,可能只是两轴联动或两轴半联动),轴线指的是X轴线、Y轴线和Z轴线。 数控刳刨机

数控刳刨机实际上是一种计算机数控铣床,尤其是指那种使用所谓的“龙门架”配置的设备。当这类机床用来切割木材时,他们通常被称为数控刳刨机,而不是龙门铣床,但这并不是唯一的情况。

Exercises Comprehension I.The following questions are based on Text A.Read them carefully and decide on the most appropriate choices to either answer them or make them complete.1.C 2.B 3.D

4.A

5.C

6.A

7.B

8.A Vocabulary II.Fill in the blanks with the words given below.Change the form where necessary.1.advent 6.inaccessible 2.formula 7.configure

3.culminating 8.chucked

4.exclusive 9.implementation

5.manually 10.thriving

(句子参考译文)

1.随着互联网和社交媒体的出现,他们必须监控公共信息源,并将这些信息与临床数据进行整合。

2.我们为每一个任务开发了一个视图,并且用XML显示来编码视图中表单的公式。

3.最后一分打了22拍,以费德勒的一个大角度反手回球结束比赛。

4.做好事和正确地做事并不该互相排斥——在该问题上两者更应该互相加强。5.虽然目前数控机床的成本逐渐下降,但还是比普通机床贵。6.我们获取了大量平时难以获得的数据。

7.苹果公司首席运营官蒂姆库克表示,“苹果将为中国消费者提供个性化激光镌刻、个人产品定制以及全部订单免费送货等服务。”

8.工件采用一次装卡,以减少不必要的磨削误差和精度误差。

9.专家们建议将人文课程按照不同的课程模块进行设置,并制定具体的实施措施和计划。10.从这样的照片我们看到的是一个类似美国或欧洲的繁荣社区。

III.Fill in the blanks in the following passage by selecting suitable words from the Word Bank.You may not use any of the words more than once.1.F 2.B

3.D

4.N

5.H

6.G

7.E

8.K

9.A

10.C

Specialist Vocabulary Building In text A, you may have noticed some words with special prefixes, for example, the word microprocessor is prefixed with micro-, and the word minicomputer is prefixed with mini-.If you know the meanings of the prefixes, you will find it easier to denote some specialized vocabulary.Study the examples below and notice the change of meaning

IV.Study the words with mirco-given below and complete the following sentences with them.Change the form where necessary.1.microalloying 2.microcircuit 6.microfiber 7.microchip

3.microcode 8.microform

4.microcontroller

5.microbody

9.microelectronics 10.Microscopic(句子参考译文)

1.该文阐述了利用铌微合金化技术生产高强韧性管线用钢板的工艺技术。2.芯片为集成电路技术构成的微电路。

3.本文给出一种基于新的微操作和微指令描述的微码压缩算法。4.而单片计算机是最常用的微控制器。5.6.7.8.这些研究者讨论了关于老鼠肝脏中微体生物存在多少种模式的问题。

一次性湿纸巾和抹布比可多次使用的手帕和微纤维布要贵,但是功能一样。微芯片的发明预示着新一代计算机的诞生。

本文阐述了建立缩微数据库的重要意义、作用及基本流程;同时作者认为缩微数据库的建立是实现缩微品资源共享的必由之路。

9.该材料在微电子方面使用广泛,并能大量吸收温室气体二氧化碳。10.显微分析是训练有素的手工操作员最通用的技术之一。

V.Study the words with mini-given below and complete the following sentences with them.Change the form where necessary.1.minimum 6.minisome 2.minilab 7.miniaturise

3.minish 8.minimap

4.minibusses 9.Miniscule

5.minipump 10.ministate(句子参考译文)

1.为了完成这个循环,我们需要使用最小数量的反应材料。

2.本发明是一种安全性和可靠性高的微型实验陶瓷基汽车刹车片,其制备方法简单可靠。

3.特殊多层复合流道设计能有效地减小各层分界面变形量。4.我听说这些新研发的小客车能走很远路,却只用很少的汽油。

5.这次实验的目的在于研究微泵维持静脉注射时一次性输液连接管和输液针对硝酸甘油的吸附作用。

6.这类小型染色体对基因变异有十分重要的作用。

7.北朝鲜要将核武小型化以便导弹装载或是飞机空投尚有一段距离。8.目前在微缩地图底部加入了秒表和闹钟的设计。

9.这些微型发动机的零件不能总像一般的大号发动机那样正常运转。10.所有国家哪怕是最小的国度,在联合国都享有平等的地位。

Translation VI.Translate the following paragraph into English.A machine consists of a lot of machine parts.The shaft is one of the most common and important ones.Shafts rotate in some type of supports that we call bearings.Bearings are used to keep the shafts steady, maintain their rotary precision, reduce the friction between shafts and shaft-mounted components, and so on.There are various kinds of bearings.According to types of friction, they are divided into two broad groups: sleeve bearings and rolling contact bearings.Rolling contact bearings consist of ball bearings , straight roller bearings, tapered roller bearings etc.We use different types of bearings for different purposes.Rolling contact bearings are most widely used.They are used in almost every kind of machine and device with rotating parts.They also feature with low friction, high efficiency, ready assembly and disassembly, and so on.VII.Translate the following paragraph into Chinese.EDM(Electrical Discharge Machining)是电火花加工的缩写。它是精加工流程,用于加工复杂件或简单件以及具一定几何形状的单件或组件。EDM依靠侵蚀材料沿着电极刀具和工 件之间形成的弧线放电加工。其加工系统包括成型工具或电极和工件。主要的电火花加工方法有两种:滑枕式电火花加工和线电火花加工,他们之间的主要区别是用于加工的电极方法。在典型滑枕式电火花加工应用中,石墨电极是用传统刀具加工的。现在一种特殊形状的电极和电源连接,系到滑枕上,缓慢地移向工件。当工件浸入液槽,可进行完整的加工工艺。

Writing VIII.Choose a non-fiction writing, especially about your major and write a book report with no less than 300 words.Sample Writing: Book Review on Mind as Machine: A History of Cognitive Science

Information of the book: Mind as Machine: A History of Cognitive Science.Margaret A.Boden.Two volumes, xlviii + 1631 pp.Oxford University Press, 2006.$225.The term cognitive science is used to refer to the study of cognition—cognitive structures and processes in the mind or brain, mostly in people rather than, say, rats or insects.It includes cognitive neuroscience, artificial intelligence(AI), robotics and artificial life;conceptual, linguistic and moral development;and learning in humans, other animals and machines.An excellent example of cognitive scientists is the philosopher, psychologist and computer scientist Margaret Boden, who founded the School of Cognitive and Computing Sciences at the University of Sussex and is the author of a number of books, including Artificial Intelligence and Natural Man(1977)and The Creative Mind(1990).In her latest book, the lively and interesting Mind as Machine: A History of Cognitive Science, the relevant machine is usually a computer, and the cognitive science is usually concerned with the sort of cognition that can be exhibited by a computer.Furthermore, she also puts to one side such mainstream developments in computer science as data mining and statistical learning theory.It is fortunate that Mind as Machine is highly readable, particularly because it contains 1,452 pages of text, divided into two very large volumes.Her goal is to show how cognitive scientists have tried to find computational or informational answers to frequently asked questions about the mind—―what it is, what it does, how it works, how it evolved, and how it’s even possible.‖ How do our brains generate consciousness? Are animals or newborn babies conscious? Can machines be conscious?

The first five chapters present the historical background of the field, delving into such topics as cybernetics and feedback, and discussing important figures such as René Descartes, Immanuel Kant and John von Neumann.Boden also goes into some details about the situation in psychology and biology during the transition from behaviorism to cognitive science.Chapter 6 introduces the founding personalities of cognitive science from the 1950s.George A.Miller, the first information-theoretic psychologist, wrote the widely cited paper ―The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two,‖ in which he reported that the human mind is limited to about seven items at any given time;more information than that can be taken in only if items are grouped as ―chunks.‖ And Noam Chomsky provided a(very)partial generative grammar of English in Syntactic Structures(1957).In the remainder of Boden’s treatment, individual chapters offer chronological accounts of particular aspects of the larger subject.So, chapter 7 offers an extensive discussion of computational psychology including emotion;in the psychology of language;in how psychologists conceive of psychological explanation;in the psychology of reasoning;in the psychology of vision;and in attitudes toward nativism.Chapter 8 discusses the very minor role of anthropology as the ―unacknowledged,‖ discipline of cognitive science.Chapter 9 describes Noam Chomsky’s early impact on cognitive science, discussing his famous review of B.F.Skinner’s book Verbal Behavior, his characterization of a hierarchy of formal grammars, his development of transformational generative grammar and his defense of nativism and universal grammar.As Boden mentions, many people, raised objections in the 1960s to Chomsky’s so-called nativism—his view that certain principles of language are innate to a language faculty.She seems unaware that Chomsky’s reasons for this view became clearer as time went on and formed the basis for the current, standard principles-and-parameters view, which explains otherwise obscure patterns of differences between languages.This is, as far as I know, the first full-scale history of cognitive science.I am sure that knowledgeable readers may have various quibbles about one or another aspect of this history(like my own objection above to the discussion of Chomsky’s work in linguistics).But I doubt that many, or in fact any, readers will have the detailed firsthand knowledge that Boden has of so much of cognitive science.Future histories of the subject will have to build on this one.Section B Pre-reading Activities

I.Skim and scan Text B and answer the following questions by referring to the above reading skills:

1.What is the main idea of the text? It mainly introduces us what die casting is and how many stages there are in the process cycle for die casting.And finally the author explains the two types of die casting machine.2.How many parts is this text made up of ? What are they?

This text is made up of three parts.They are: Part I(Para 1): Definition of die casting.Part II(Para 2-7): Five stages of die casting.Part III(Para8-11): Two types of die casting machine.3.Find out key words that describe the main idea of the text.Five main stages: clamping, injection, cooling, ejection and trimming.Two types of die casting machine: hot chamber machines and cold chamber machines.7

4.What does die casting mean?

Die casting is a manufacturing process that can produce geometrically complex metal parts through the use of reusable molds, called dies.5.What is the injection pressure in the process of die casting? Typically, the injection pressure ranges from 1,000 to 2,000 psi.III.Vocabulary The following words which will appear in the following text.You may already know some of them.Try to guess the meaning of those words that you do not know and then match column A with column B.1.E 7.K 2.C 8.G 3.A 4.F

5.D 9.H

10.I

11.L

6.B 12.J

Text B 参考译文

压铸 压铸是一种利用可重复使用的模子(称为模具)来生产结构较复杂的金属零件的制造工艺。压铸过程要使用到熔炉、被熔金属、压铸机及模具。被熔金属一般指铝或锌等有色合金。被熔金属在熔炉中熔化后被喷射入压铸机内的模具中,迅速冷却凝固,并最终成型得到所需的零件。这就是压铸。

整个压铸过程包括五个阶段,耗时很短,一般在2~60秒之间。下面分别介绍这五个阶段:

锁模(夹模):第一步,将事先准备好的两个半模分别夹住。每个半模在上一次喷入使用后必须先清洗干净,然后润滑,以备另一半模的脱出。润滑时间与零件大小、型腔及侧抽芯数量有关。不过,并非每次喷射后均要润滑,一般是在2~3次喷射后,根据材料情况进行润滑。润滑后的两个半模分别固定在压铸机内侧,在压铸机的带动下逐渐靠拢,直到彼此牢牢地合在一起。喷入熔融金属的时候,必须对模具施加足够大的压力,以确保两个半模紧紧贴合。

喷射:将熔炉中保持某一设定温度的熔融金属输入压室,准备喷注入模具。输入方式取决于压铸机类型,即是热室压铸机还是冷室压铸机。

熔融金属进入压铸室后就会在高压作用下被射入模具。喷射压一般在1000~20,000 psi之间。该压力可以使熔融金属在凝固过程中不泄溢出模具。喷射入模具的金属量即为一注。喷射时间是指熔融金属填充模具所有槽及型腔所需的时间。该时间很短,一般不到0.1秒,以免有任何熔融金属过早凝固。合理喷射时间可根据被熔材料的热力学特性及模具壁厚计算得出。冷却:熔融金属一进入型腔就开始冷却凝固。当金属填满整个型腔并凝固后,铸件最终压铸成型。在冷却时间未到及铸件凝固之前不能开模。受其他的热阻因素的影响,结构复杂的模具冷却的时间通常较长。脱模:经过预定冷却时间之后,各半模可以打开:脱模机构将铸件推出型腔。开模时间可以根据压铸机的烘干周期进行估算,脱模时间取决于铸件外型大小,并应考虑到铸件完全脱模所需的时间。脱模机构必须施加一定的外力方可将铸件完全推出,这是因为冷却时零件会收缩并粘附在模具上。一旦铸件被顶出,模具就会被夹住并切换接受下一次喷射。8

修模:冷却过程中,模具槽内的材料会凝固粘附在铸件上。铸件上这些多余的材料(包括其他可能的飞边)必须修剪干净,要么手工切削或锯除,要么用切边压力机。修剪多余材料的时间可根据铸型外型大小估算。

对于压铸而言,其设备十分重要。一般说来,压铸机有两种类型:热室压铸机和冷室压铸机。

热室压铸机用于熔点较低的合金压铸,如锌,锡和铅。若用于其他较高熔点合金场合,过高的熔解温度可能会烧坏与熔融金属直接接触的泵。待熔金属被置于熔炉内的开口储料坩埚中,当熔点温度达到的时候开始熔解。随后,熔融金属通过进口流入压室,并在液压柱塞推动下通过鹅颈槽进入模具。当熔融金属注入型腔后,柱塞依旧向下并保持压力,直至铸件凝固。凝固完成后,液压系统抽出柱塞,零件就能被夹模单元顶出了。

1在注入熔融金属前,夹模单元合拢并同时锁住模具的两个半模。当模具被固定在压铸机上后,每个半模都被固定在一个较大的金属板即定模板上。模具的前半模称为凹压模,固定在静态定模板上,且与鹅颈槽平行。模具的后半模称为凸压模,固定在可沿着系杆滑动的定模板上。液压夹持单元可通过夹杆推动定模板向凹压模靠拢,并施以足够大的压力使之在熔融金属注入时紧紧贴住定模板。型腔内熔融金属凝固后,夹模单元释放两个半模。同时,脱模系统将铸件推出开口型腔。然后,模具合上并准备下一次注入。冷室压铸机用于熔点较高的合金压铸,这类合金不宜采用热室压铸机压铸,因为金属熔解温度过高有可能破坏泵送系统。这类合金包括铝、铜和镁。待熔金属仍然被置于熔炉内的开口储料坩埚中,达到熔点温度时开始熔化。但是,这个储料坩埚与压铸机是分离的。每次压铸时,将熔融金属从坩埚中舀出而不是用泵压抽出。金属通过倾注口从铸桶中倒入压室。冷室压铸机喷注系统的功能与热室压铸机的相似,但通常是卧式的,且没有鹅颈槽。熔融金属在液压驱动的柱塞推挤下通过压室,进入模具中的喷注筒。当金属注入型腔后,柱塞仍然向前,持续施压,直至铸件凝固。铸件凝固后,液压系统抽出柱塞,夹持单元顶出零件。冷室压铸机的夹持单元及模具的固定与热室压铸机的一样。

Exercises Comprehension I.Read the following statements that contain information given in one of the paragraph in Text B.Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived.You may choose a paragraph more than once.Each paragraph is marked with a number.Answer the questions by marking the corresponding number.A – 3

B – 6

C – 5

D – 9

E – 1

F – 11

G –12

H – 2

I – 7

J – 10

II.Fill in the blanks with the words given below.Change the form where necessary.1.molten 6.simultaneously 11.retract 2.solidification 3.predetermined 7.non-ferrous 12.elapse

8.occurred 13.align geometrically 9.clamping 14.exert

5.maintain 10.injection 15.inlet

(句子参考译文)1.把熔化的金属倒入铸模是热处理中重要的一个环节。

2.快速凝固技术是改善镁合金组织结构、提高镁合金各项性能的重要技术。3.人的体质通常是由遗传决定的。4.但是,现在我们需要尽量将这个分析得更详细一点:它意味着什么,它物理意义是什么,如何从几何学上审视它等等。

5.精神科医生务必要学会保持超乎寻常的客观态度。

6.在一台机器上使用数种刀具来顺次或同时进行几项机器操作,将节省大量加工时间。7.飞机的外壳都是由有色金属合金制造的。

8.管理员在每个域都有一个监控点,在那里可以检测到在所有客户和服务器上发生的系统崩溃。9.在相同装夹顺序、加载方式下,施加均布载荷优于施加集中载荷,均布载荷能优化垫铁的厚度。

10.然而,往管道内注入少量的噬菌体,就可以清理整个管道系统,因为噬菌体在消耗生物膜的同时可以自我复制。

11.史密斯先生急忙试图收回声明,但是它刚刚已经在国家电台播出了。

12.昨天,汤姆很开心地在超市附近的街上遇见了玛丽。要知道他们在多年后才得以再次相逢。

13.他把花整齐地摆在窗台上。

14.这些组织在公共生活中发挥着巨大的影响,我们却没办法发现它们代表着谁的利益。15.这台发动机由一个进气道,一个燃烧室和一个尾喷管组成。

III.Complete the following sentences with the help of the first letters.1.mill 6.plunger 11.workpiece 2.thermodynamic 7.sawing

12.pump

3.die-casting 8.cavity 13.rear

4.lubricate 9.injected 14.platen

5.furnace 10.chamber 15.trimmed

(句子参考译文)

1.端面铣刀是铣削金属件表面所用的一种刀具,这种刀具有一个带几个由螺旋槽形成的切削刃的平端面。

2.这一点必须和热力学循环的运行情况一起考虑,这个循环像发电机一样将自发过程和非自发过程联系在一起。

3.由于熟悉注塑、冲压模具、电镀或者压铸这些领域的知识,他很容易就在那个公司谋得了那个职位。

4.它还拥有动力系统,你按一下按钮,就能润滑汽车球形接头和所有零部件。

5.火车头的空间里主要是台蒸汽机,蒸汽机有一堆的阀门,喷口,压力计和庞大的火炉。6.当弹簧最终抬高柱塞,将开关推向“打开”位置时,雨刷开始运行。7.长齿刀经常被称为面包刀,人们前后拉锯式地切割面包时,用长齿刀最适合。

8.金属型铸造也有一些不足之处, 其中之一是耐热合金钢和在它上面做出中空型腔的加工都比较昂贵,所以金属型的模具费用不菲。

9.假日经济为消费增长注入了新的活力。

10.压铸是目前生产效率最高的铸造工艺。压铸机分为热室压铸机和冷室压铸机两类。11.这既可减轻铸件重量、减少切削加工量以降低成本,又可避免穿透表面致密层,露出皮下气孔,造成工件报废。

12.心脏是一种天生的泵,它能使血液在全身流动。

13.为了安全起见,生产商不得不在所有的新车上安装后部座椅安全带。

14.为了提高生产效率,你最好全部使用注塑机的四柱空间、模板空间及注塑重量来达到最高的腔数。

15.政府决定根据市民的反馈修改其政策。

第二篇:学术综合英语第1单元 参考译文

Unit 1 如何发表演说 斯蒂芬·卢卡斯

1.在人类创造的万物中,语言可能是最卓越的一项创造。通过语言,我们可以分享经验、阐明价值观念、交流思想、传播知识、传承文化。确实,语言对于思想本身至关重要。和流行的信仰不同的是:语言并不是简单地反映事实,而是通过对事件意义的思考来帮助人们感悟现实。

2.优秀的演说者尊重语言并懂得如何驾驭语言。语言是演说者展示才能的工具,对于他们来说,如同其他职业的工具一样,语言也有特殊的功用。作为一名演说者,你应该意识到话语的意义,并懂得如何准确无误地使用语言,使其表达清楚,趣味横生,恰如其分。

3.如同数字对于会计的重要性一样,准确地使用语言对于演说者至关重要。在没有确切知道一个词语的意思之前,千万不要盲目使用。碰到没有把握的词语,一定要查词典追根究底。当你准备演讲之前,一定要不断地问自己:“我究竟想说些什么?我究竟想表达什么样的意思?”因此,对于一篇演讲稿的用词来说,必须准确无误。

4.语言表达清楚无误,听众就能很快抓住你的意思。鉴于此,演说者应该使用那些对于大多数人来说非常熟悉的词语,这些词语不需要任何专业背景就能够理解;演说者应该使用那些表达具体而不是相对抽象的词语;并且千万不要乱堆砌辞藻,哗众取宠。

5.准确生动地使用语言能够使你的演说贴近生活。有一种方法可以使你的语言更加生动形象,那就是通过展开联想或创造语言图示。通过使用表达具体的词语、明喻或者暗喻等手法可以展开想象。明喻是对事物不同之处的比较,不过有些是相同的:它们总是包含“像……一样”或者“如同……一样”这样的连词。暗喻是一种隐性的比喻,它能够把两个形式不同但是有一些相通之处的事物联系在一起,暗喻不包含“像……一样”或者“如同……一样”这样的连词。

6.另一种让你的演说生动形象的方法是注重语言的节奏感。有四种修辞格可以让你的语言富有节奏感:排比、重复、头韵和对比。排比是将一组或一系列具有相似结构的词语、短语或者句子排列在一起;重复是在一系列短句或者长句的开头或者结尾使用相同的一句话或者一组词语;头韵是指邻近或者相邻的几个句子中的首个词语的辅音字母相同;对比是将一些意思相反的词语或者句子并列在一起,通常使用排比结构。

7.恰当地使用语言是指语言的运用要符合特定的场合、特定的观众和特定的主题。同时,恰当地使用语言还意味着演说者要有自己的语言风格,而不是模仿他人的口吻。如果演说者的语言在各个方面都能够做到恰如其分,那么这篇演说成功的机率就会大大提高。

8.优秀的演说并不是空穴来风、缺乏论据的决断。演说者必须找到强有力的论据来支持其观点。实际上,熟练地使用论据经常是区别一篇优秀演说词和一篇空洞演说词的关键所在。一般来说,通常有三种论据材料:事例、统计数据和证词。

9.在演说过程中,你可以使用一些简明扼要的例子——比如过去发生的一个很具体的事件——有时候,你可以罗列好几个简明的例子,借此增强听众的印象。扩展性的例子——描述、叙述或者奇闻轶事——通常长一些,但更具体。夸张性的例子描述想像中的情形,这种例子能够将相关的想法有效地传达给听众。这三种例子都能够帮助演说者理清思绪、加强印象或者使演说更加娓娓动听。为了使表达更加富有效果,例子应该生动活泼,丰富多彩。

10.只要演说者对于统计数据用之得当并且加以解释,这些数据将有助于有效地传达信息,听众也能从统计数据中获益匪浅。最重要的是:演说者应该对统计数据了如指掌,并且运用得恰如其分。由于数据很容易操纵和捏造,因此,对于演说者来说,一定要确保图表没有张冠李戴,并且要确保统计方法正确,数据来源可靠。

11.证词对于那些学生演说者来说特别重要,因为他们都不是演讲主题方面的专家,所以引用那些权威的观点对于增加演说者观点的可信度来说是一种好方法。演说者在演讲中引用证词,可以一字不差地引用别人的话,或者对他们的话进行解释说明。和统计数据一样,证词的使用也需要遵循一定的程式。例如,一定要确保引用或者解释别人的话准确无误,并且确保引文来源可靠公正。如果听众对你的引文不太熟悉,请一定要确立引文作者的可信度。

12.演说的方式也会极大影响其质量。如果一篇演说言之无物当然无人喝彩,但是只有内容是远远不够的,你还必须懂得如何演说。良好的演说方式虽然不能增添更多的信息量,但是它能够帮助演说者清晰地表达思想,使演说妙趣横生,让观众全神贯注。

13.演说的表达方式基本上有四种:通读手稿中的段落、复述背诵过的一段文章、幻灯片辅助的演说以及即兴发挥或即席演说。最后一种方法在课堂讲座经常会用到,大部分课外讲座也会采用这种即席演说的方式。当你即席演说时,你只需要准备一小段简短的提要或者一个演讲大纲即可。幻灯片辅助演说的方式现在运用得很广泛,事实证明这种方式也非常有效。

14.当然,还有其他的因素你需要考虑,如个人的外表、肢体语、手势、目光接触、讲话的声调、停顿等。总之,如果你能够留心上述的方法,相信你的演讲一定会妙语连珠,赢得满堂喝彩。

第三篇:新视野大学英语第三册第1346910单元课后答案

第一单元 X just as we gained fame in victory, we lost nothing in defeat just as the head teacher plays a significant role in the school, Jane plays a significant role f leader in the classroom.3 whoever was out there obviously couldn’t see him just as he couldn’t see them.she has been searching all her life for the perfect chocolate just as I have been searching for the perfect beer.5 you can make those kinds of comparisons just as you were doing the analyses a minute ago.XI

1.No matter how experienced a speaker you are, and how well you have prepared your speech, you will have difficulty making a speech at such a noisy reception.2.Just as all his sister’s friends cared about him, Jimmy cared about them.3.Car manufacturers stamp a vehicle identification number at several places on new cars to help track down stolen vehicles.4.If you dare tell on me when the teacher gets back I won’t say a word to you any more.5.Some elderly people prefer to live on their own while the great majority choose to live with their children.6.Here is something that needs to be reckoned with: how to get the necessary finances to establish the company.XII

1.每当有人帮了你,无论事情大小,无论他地位高低,你都应该对他说声“谢谢”。

2.蒸汽机的发明使船舶发生了变化,正如其已经改变了陆地运输一样。

3.尽管经理努力帮忙,他还是不能找到问题的根源所在。

4.这个女孩的生活天天围着哥哥转,完全明白该做什么来使哥哥高兴。

5.如果你不知道自己想要什么,你最终得到的可能都是自己不想要对。

6.吉米有他妹妹帮助他度过那些没有父亲的艰难日子。

XIII 2005日本残奥会

BACAD ADDCB BBACD CACDA 第三单元 XI

1.In his thinking, as in his behavior, he is very traditional.2.Once the teachers agree to accept the new teaching program, they have to face the strain it puts on them.3.In the long run, it is worthwhile to pursue one’s study after graduating from university instead of going to work directly.4.As the school operates on the Character First principle, moral values and academic achievements are stressed equally.5.It is said that the meeting, which is scheduled to be held this month, will be put off till next month.6.The school sees its job as preparing its students for life by cultivating a comprehensive set of principles that can benefit all of them.XII

1.跟在法国一样,美国在20世纪60年代也发生过文化革命。

2.他一旦下定决心去干一件事,就根本拦不住他。

3.学校强调的观点是:家长和孩子一起参加学校的活动是值得的。

4.快下课时,老师让学生用最后的五分钟来展开激烈的讨论,依照1—10的评分标准相互评价他们当天的课堂表现。

5.为了避免引发针对他们的品格培养方案的争论,该校校长解释说,品格第一并不是要强迫学生接受某 一套道德原则或宗教观念。

6.并非所有的家长都相信海德中学的办学原则,即如果你向学生传授诸如求真、勇敢、正直领导能力、好奇心和关心他人等美德的话,学生的学习成绩就自然会提高。

XIII Hyde BDABD BADCB BACCA BCADB 第四单元 XI

1.Everything considered, this city is the world’s most exciting city.2.Though with no approval from his parents, he went ahead with his plan to study abroad.3.The bridge was named after the hero who gave his life for the cause of people.4.It is said that the painter used his mother as the model in the painting whose face represented suffering yet strength.5.The writer instantly rose to fame in 1950 with the publication of a novel inspired by his experience with a girl on a farm.6.One story says that “US” was short for “Uncle Sam” whose real name was Sam Wilson, who had once worked with a man who had signed a contract with the government to provide meat to the US Army.XII

1.这副画上一个神色严肃的男子,身旁站着一位女子,身后是所农舍。他们的原型分别是画家的牙医和姐姐。

2.公司的申请书,不管是代表自己还是代表他人,都应该有官员的签名。

3.做了脱口秀之后,约翰和妻子在广播和电视节目上出了名,这些节目给普通民众以启迪,而不只是向他们提供信息。

4.尽管有些人不赞同,可市领导还是决定实施这个计划,在湖边建造两个五星级宾馆,以吸引更多的游客。

5.那位著名画家去世了,曾经给他当模特的妻子立即担任了他装潢公司的总经理职务。

6.宴会上,他们的衣着都很华丽,但吸引我注意力的却是他们的交谈方式,使得我很想和他们交谈。

XIII

Henry Ford automobile ACBDB DACAB ACACC ADDAD

第六单元 XI

1.We should try our best to forecast earthquakes so that destruction of property caused by them could be prevented as much as possible.2.A farmer noticed large schools of fish swimming near the surface of the water, which, he said, indicated the possible occurrence of an earthquake.3.Keep an English-English dictionary handy, and when you cannot understand a word with accuracy, you may refer to it any time.4.If necessary, people who live in the area where an earthquake is about to occur may sleep in tents.5.A master’s degree does make a great difference to a student who wants to get a job.6.In addition to the knowledge about earthquakes, the book tells us how to prepare for them.XII

1.由于在地震中遇难的人大部分都是被倒塌的建筑物砸死的,所以一定要改进建筑结构,以便它们能够抵御地震的力量。

2.人们应该在家里和工作地点储备些水和食物,这在可能发生地震时是特别必要的。

3.在日本和中国,人们长期以来一直相信通过观察动物行为可以预测地震。

4.除了努力改进建筑结构之外,地震多发地区的人们还应该在其他几个方面为可能发生的大地震做好准备。

5.明智的做法是每个家庭都制定地震应急计划,而且所有的家庭成员都应该知道在地震过后的混乱中如何离开那个地区。

6.由于剩下的几条可用电话线路将会很忙,所有的家人都应该往往在远离地震区域的某个朋友或亲戚家中打电话报平安。

XIII Earthquake BCABC DACDA BBDCD BACDD

第九单元 XI.1.Word came yesterday that they were killed while trying to reach the summit.2.Under no circumstances shall I mention to anyone that I have turned down the invitation to her wedding.3.It made the headlines that the president’s wife threatened her husband with public exposure.4.That wealthy lady’s repeated demand for a premarital agreement greatly harmed her prospective husband’s self-esteem and ended up in his refusal to get married.5.Make no mistake about it, some women would insist on the right to get a divorce if their husbands did not earn as much as they expected.6.The casual discovery of the fingerprint shed some light on the murder he had been looking into.XII.1.现如今太多的人似乎都是边看电视边吃东西,几乎没注意自己吃的是什么、吃了多少。

2.我怎么也没有料到没有我你会生活得这么惬意。

3.他在支票上伪造他哥哥的签名,以不正当手段得到了这笔钱,这件事后来被媒体曝了光。

4.他举了个典型的例子来说明警官是出于自卫朝那人开的枪,因为那人先朝他开枪。

5.专家普遍认为包含对人的健康有很重要的影响。

6.在中国婚前协议的例子不多,这说明婚前协议尚不为众人接受,尽管离婚会涉及财产分配问题。

XIII.financial BCADB ABDCD CCADB BDBAC 第十单元 XI.1.1 went to the library and read whatever I could find about the causes of the mysterious disappearances of the ships and planes in the Bermuda Triangle.2.Continue treating friends like this, and you will lose them all.3.They must know their product thoroughly and know how to promote sales by word of mouth, telephone or letter.4.It suddenly dawned on me that money couldn't make up for all that he had suffered in the past five years.5.Some people refer to translation as science while others take it as art.6.Instead of imposing personal views upon others, we should promote democracy.XII.1.当然新演员绝对不能停步不前,而应该尽可能地创造机会。

2.他得寸进尺。

3.我想我们的关系很好,我们是朋友。但是外面现在正在竞争,将来也会。无论我们做什么,无论我们在什么地方,我们将还会相互竞争。

4.退休后,他远离政治,开始打网球。他发现打网球是一种很好的放松方式。

5.过了一会,显然带着不情愿,他在电话里承认了自己的身份,并请求我原谅他。

6.在我看来,当老师的唯一缺陷,是它不太会引起公众的注意。

XIII.Conflict BCABD ABDCB BABDB ACDAB

第四篇:大学英语第课后翻译答案

1.她砰地关上门,一声不吭地走了,他们之间那场争执就此结束。Their argument ended when she slammed the door and left without a word.2.出席晚宴的客人对那个美国人威严的语气感到有点意外。The guests at the dinner party were slightly surprised at the commanding tone of the American.3.约翰尼已长大成熟,不再害怕独自呆在家里了。Johnny has outgrown the fear of staying at home alone.5.这封信必须交给威尔逊博士本人。The letter is to be handed to Dr.Wilson himself.6.南希虽然很想参加辩论,但腼腆得不敢开口。While she felt like joining in the argument, Nancy was too shy to open her mouth.7.你觉得什么时候最有可能在家里找到他?What do you think is the likeliest time to find him at home? 1)会上有人建议任命一个十一人委员会来制定新章程。It was suggested at the meeting that a committee of eleven be appointed to make a new constitution.2)这些青年科学家通过现场观察,获得了研究工作所需的第一手资料。By making on-the-spot observations, the young scientists obtained first-hand information they needed in their research work….3)他很可能会因视力不好而被拒收入伍。It is very likely that he will be rejected by the army because of his bad eyesight…….4)委员会成员在新机场最佳选址(location)这一问题上持有不同意见。The committee members have conflicting opinions as to the best location of the new airport.5)亨利创作的艺术品在许多方面比他兄弟的要好。Henry's works of art are superior in many respects to those of his brother's……….1.She got a post as a cashier at a local bank.But she was soon fired because she proved to be incompetent.她在当地一家银行找到一份出纳员的工作,但不久因不称职而被解雇了。2.It is obviously/clearly his young assistant who is running the book store.很明显是他的年轻助手在经营这家书店。3.No sooner had the proposal been announced at the meeting than she got to her feet to protest.这项建议在会上一宣布,她就站起来提出异议。5.Being short of funds, they are trying to attract foreign capital.由于缺乏资金,他们正在想办法吸引外资。6.The room smells of stale air.It must have been vacant for a long time.这个房间有股霉味,一定是好久没人住了。1)那小女孩跑得太快,身体一下失去平衡,跌倒了。3)千万别说可能会被人误解的话。4)我被他们互相矛盾的意见搞糊涂了,不知如何去做才是。6)体育代表团团长在少先队员向他献上一束鲜花时愉快地笑了。8)我相信比较高级的|(higher)|动物是由比较低级的|(lower)|动物进化而来|(develop from)|的这一学说。3)吉姆的朋友说,他们那个城市的噪音污染十分严重,但是他们只好忍着。4)汤姆起初认为,凭他的知识、技术和经验,一定能够找到一份称心如意的工作。5)冷静耐心地处理这个微妙(delicate)问题是明智的。6)迪克以为,如果他拆不开那台机器,那么很可能厂里别的工人也拆不开。7)你是否认为公共汽车司机应对乘客的安全负完全的责任? 1)在当地政府的领导下,村民们奋起应付由水灾造成的严重粮食危机。2)这个展览会很受欢迎,吸引着源源而至的参观者。3)妈妈上楼来查看我们这些孩子时,我转过身假装睡着了

完形填空:

一、1、bewildered

2、impressed

3、modest

4、profound

5、displayed

6、ambition

7、singled out

8、puzzle

9、capable

10、at ease

二、1、advertised

2、local

3、slim

4、apply

5、disapproval

6、consisted

7、attached importance

8、obriously

9、incommon

10、salary

11、praspect

三、1、action

2、obtain

3、humble

4、origins

5、go out of one’s way

6、conflict

7、acted on

8、own to

9、behind

四、1、surgical

2、confident

3、dwell on

4、emergency

5、sweat

6、competent

7、at one time or another

8、relax

五、1、moved in

2、waged 3.property 4.take a stand 5.drifted 6.trageday 7.prompt 8.impact 9.took to 10.get through to 11.run into 12.fussing 1.她砰地关上门,一声不吭地走了,他们之间那场争执就此结束。Their argument ended when she slammed the door and left without a word.2.出席晚宴的客人对那个美国人威严的语气感到有点意外。The guests at the dinner party were slightly surprised at the commanding tone of the American.3.约翰尼已长大成熟,不再害怕独自呆在家里了。Johnny has outgrown the fear of staying at home alone.5.这封信必须交给威尔逊博士本人。The letter is to be handed to Dr.Wilson himself.6.南希虽然很想参加辩论,但腼腆得不敢开口。While she felt like joining in the argument, Nancy was too shy to open her mouth.7.你觉得什么时候最有可能在家里找到他?What do you think is the likeliest time to find him at home? 1)会上有人建议任命一个十一人委员会来制定新章程。It was suggested at the meeting that a committee of eleven be appointed to make a new constitution.2)这些青年科学家通过现场观察,获得了研究工作所需的第一手资料。By making on-the-spot observations, the young scientists obtained first-hand information they needed in their research work….3)他很可能会因视力不好而被拒收入伍。It is very likely that he will be rejected by the army because of his bad eyesight…….4)委员会成员在新机场最佳选址(location)这一问题上持有不同意见。The committee members have conflicting opinions as to the best location of the new airport.5)亨利创作的艺术品在许多方面比他兄弟的要好。Henry's works of art are superior in many respects to those of his brother's……….1.She got a post as a cashier at a local bank.But she was soon fired because she proved to be incompetent.她在当地一家银行找到一份出纳员的工作,但不久因不称职而被解雇了。2.It is obviously/clearly his young assistant who is running the book store.很明显是他的年轻助手在经营这家书店。3.No sooner had the proposal been announced at the meeting than she got to her feet to protest.这项建议在会上一宣布,她就站起来提出异议。5.Being short of funds, they are trying to attract foreign capital.由于缺乏资金,他们正在想办法吸引外资。6.The room smells of stale air.It must have been vacant for a long time.这个房间有股霉味,一定是好久没人住了。

1)那小女孩跑得太快,身体一下失去平衡,跌倒了。3)千万别说可能会被人误解的话。4)我被他们互相矛盾的意见搞糊涂了,不知如何去做才是。6)体育代表团团长在少先队员向他献上一束鲜花时愉快地笑了。8)我相信比较高级的|(higher)|动物是由比较低级的|(lower)|动物进化而来|(develop from)|的这一学说。3)吉姆的朋友说,他们那个城市的噪音污染十分严重,但是他们只好忍着。4)汤姆起初认为,凭他的知识、技术和经验,一定能够找到一份称心如意的工作。5)冷静耐心地处理这个微妙(delicate)问题是明智的。6)迪克以为,如果他拆不开那台机器,那么很可能厂里别的工人也拆不开。7)你是否认为公共汽车司机应对乘客的安全负完全的责任? 1)在当地政府的领导下,村民们奋起应付由水灾造成的严重粮食危机。2)这个展览会很受欢迎,吸引着源源而至的参观者。3)妈妈上楼来查看我们这些孩子时,我转过身假装睡着了 完形填空:

一、1、bewildered

2、impressed

3、modest

4、profound

5、displayed

6、ambition

7、singled out

8、puzzle

9、capable

10、at ease

二、1、advertised

2、local

3、slim

4、apply

5、disapproval

6、consisted

7、attached importance

8、obriously

9、incommon

10、salary

11、praspect

三、1、action

2、obtain

3、humble

4、origins

5、go out of one’s way

6、conflict

7、acted on

8、own to

9、behind

四、1、surgical

2、confident

3、dwell on

4、emergency

5、sweat

6、competent

7、at one time or another

8、relax

五、1、moved in

2、waged 3.property 4.take a stand 5.drifted 6.trageday 7.prompt 8.impact 9.took to 10.get through to 11.run into 12.fussing

第五篇:报关英语第1单元答案

句子翻译

1. 中华人民共和国海关是国家的进出关境监督管理机关。

The P.R.C.Customs is an administering organ responsible for supervision over the Customsterritory.2.海关依法独立行使职权,向海关总署负责。

The Customs establishments exercise their functions and posers independently in accordance with the law and are responsible to the Customs General Administration.3.国家在对外开放口岸和海关监管业务集中的地点设三海关。

The State sets up Customs establishments at ports opening to foreign countries and places which call for concentrated Customs operations.4. 海关依照海关法和其他有关法律、法规,监管进出境运输工具、货物、行李物品、邮递

物品和其他物品。

The Customs exercises supervision and control over means of transport, goods, luggage, postal items and other articles entering or leaving the Customs territory according to “Customs Law” and other regulations and statutes concerned..5. 海关总署对全国各海关实行统一管理。

The Customs General Administration conducts unified administration to Customs offices throughout the country.6.海关总署审议有关纳税争议和海关处罚决定的复议申请。

The Customs General Administration examines the applications for reviewing Customs decisions on penalties and applications for reviewing disputes on duty payments.完形填空

Supervision and Control over Inward and Outward Passengers’ Luggage

The “Customs Law” provides that inward and outward luggage and articles carriedpassengers are limited personal use and reasonable quantities.The passengers are “Declaration Form for passengers’ Luggage” and accept Customs inspection.The Customs have fixed different quantity and value allowances the dutiable or duty-free articles permitted to be brought different categories passenger.The articles which the passengers are carrying in them _for____ personal use

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