有感于TED演讲《怎样预测一个人会成功》

第一篇：有感于TED演讲《怎样预测一个人会成功》

有感于TED演讲《怎样预测一个人会成功》

发布于 2014年10月11日 星期六 12:11

作者：石振勇

TED演讲《怎样预测一个人会成功》中，我最关注的几段内容是：

我开始研究儿童与成人处于各种艰巨挑战中的表现。在每次研究中，我关注的是： 谁会成功？为什么会成功？

我和我的研究团队去了西点军校。我们试着预测哪些学员 能通过军事训练，哪些会放弃。

我们去看全国拼字比赛，试着预测哪些孩子能在比赛中 笑到最后。

我们研究在非常艰苦的环境下 工作的新教师，预测哪些教师在学年末时 还能坚持在岗位上。当然还有，哪些教师教出的学生 成绩的提高最为显着？ 我们和私人公司合作，预测哪些销售人员能保住工作？谁能赚最多钱？ 在这些非常不同的背景下，我们发现有一个特质能够很好地预测成功。它不是社交能力，不是美丽的外貌，不是健康的身体，也不是智商。而是意志力。意志力是面对长远目标时的热情和毅力。意志力是有耐力的表现。意志力是日复一日依然对未来坚信不已---不只是这周、不只是这个月，而是年复一年。用心、努力工作 来实现所坚信的那个未来。意志力是将生活看作是一场马拉松，不是短跑。

点击观看视频《TED演讲：怎样预测一个人会否成功？》

我很同意这个演讲的内容。从我过去十几年对朋友、同事的观察来看，事业的成功者，无一例外都是意志力坚强的人。当然我们不能只给出“成功=意志力”这么简单的回答。我们要去回答怎么培养人的意志力。

我个人认为，意志力的来源有三：

第一，有人确实天生意志力强大，这是一种遗传基因。

第二，有人在人生早期阶段机缘巧合的进入了一种“正反馈”的状态。通俗讲，就是他偶然发现做某件事收到了“甜头”，他就继续加大投入，会收到更大的“甜头”。这样他就进入了正反馈，自然形成了对这件事情的意志力。这种意志力不需要去“坚持”。第三，有的人需要后天自律的去培养意志力。

前两者都属于“幸运”，我们重点需要解决的是上面的第三种，怎么后天培养意志力，我们的答案就是“游戏化”。

游戏化有一系列的机制，比如降低任务的初始难度、自主挑选任务、立即获得反馈、不断晋级获得荣誉、不断增加能力、始终保持趣味性。通过这些机制，循序渐进地提升人的意志力，增强人们实现目标的能力。

正是基于这些考虑，黑马周报会不断加入“游戏化元素”，会始终致力于帮助每个人获得成功所需的“意志力”。让我们拭目以待吧！

第二篇：TED演讲成功的两大秘诀

TED演讲成功的两大秘诀

一 前期准备工作

当我想到要做一个扣人心弦的演讲，在我脑海中浮现的是去带着观众踏上一段旅途。1.做好提纲

除非你有值得一说的东西，不然你就做不了一个好的演讲。而对你想说的内容进行提炼和建立结构是准备过程中最重要的部分。2.讲一个故事

我们都知道人们很喜欢听故事，而那些最引人入胜的叙述结构中都有着大量的隐喻。当我想到要做一个扣人心弦的演讲，在我脑海中浮现的是去带着观众踏上一段旅途。一个成功的演讲是一个小小的奇迹，人们由此看到不同的世界。

如果你把故事当作一段旅途，最重要的便是找出从哪里开始、到哪里结束。想想观众们对你的故事可能已经有了哪些了解、他们有多关心它，以此找到合适的起点。

最棒的演讲者会非常快速地介绍主题，解释他们自己为什么会对这个话题感兴趣，并说服观众相信他们也应该关注这个主题。3.突出重点

我在演讲者的初稿中发现的最大问题是会涵盖太多内容。你无法在一个演讲中去概括整个行业。如果你试图将你知道的所有东西都塞进演讲，那就没时间去举出关键的细节了，而且你的演讲会因各种抽象的语言而晦涩难懂，从而会导致本身就懂的人能听得懂，而之前不懂的人就不知所云了。

你需要举出具体的例子来使你的想法有血有肉，充实起来。

不要一心想把所有东西都纳入到一个短短的演讲。相反地，要深入。不要告诉我们你研究的整个领域，告诉我们你的独特贡献。

当然，过度阐述或者纠结于内容的意义也不可行。对这种情况有另一套补救的方法。记住，观众们很聪明。让他们自己去找寻出一些意义，去各自归纳收获的结论。4.营造悬念

很多顶级的演讲具有着侦探小说般的叙事结构，演讲者引出问题开始演讲，然后介绍寻求解决方法的过程，直到恍然大悟的一刻，这时观众自会看到这一切叙述的意义。

如果一个演讲失败了，几乎都是因为讲者没有设计好整个故事，错误估计了观众的兴趣点，或者忽略了故事本身。即使话题再重要，没有足够的叙述作为铺垫，反而偶然冒出一些武断的意见总会让人感到不爽。没有一个递进的过程，就不会感到自己有所收获。

二 想好演讲方式

我认为最简单且实用的方法就是上台前做一下深呼吸。1.最受欢迎的演讲都是背好了讲

一旦你想好怎么说故事了，就可以开始重点考虑具体的演讲方式。发表一个演讲有三个主要的途径：

1、照着手稿或提词器直接读；

2、记下演讲提纲来提示你要讲的具体内容；

3、记住全部内容。

我的建议是：别照着读，也别使用提词器。一旦被人们看出来你在照着读，观众们的注意力就会转移。突然你就与观众变得疏远。

我们很多最受欢迎的TED演讲都是逐字逐句完全记下来的。如果你有充裕的时间做这样的准备，这其实就是最好的演讲方式。2.使用亲切的谈话式语气

有些讲者倾向于较为权威、装逼、强硬或热切的语气，可是谈话式的语气会听上去更令人舒服。

如果成功的演讲是一次旅途，那就不要在过程中惹恼你的旅伴。有些讲者表现得太过于自我。他们表现得非常优越、人生成功而圆满，但观众们就会感到无语。千万别这样。

3.减少下半身的移动

就那些毫无经验的演讲者而言，肢体表现是演讲中最难的一部分，不过人们却会太容易高估它的作用。用对措辞、说好故事、以及演讲的内容要比你站姿如何、看起来是否紧张更大程度地决定演讲能否成功。对台风而言，一定程度上的训练就有很大帮助。

我们在早期排练时候发现的最常见的错误，是人们会过于频繁地移动身体。他们会晃来晃去，或者把重心在两腿间不停移动。如此容易分散观众的注意力。其实，只要减少下半身的移动就可大大提高台风。4.把握眼神交流

在台上最关键的肢体语言或许应该是眼神交流。在观众席里找五六位看起来顺眼的，演讲时用眼神和她们交流，把他们当成你很久没见的老朋友，想象你正把他们带进你的工作中来。这样的眼神交流相当有效，它比其他任何方法都要对你的演讲有帮助。即使你没有充足的时间做好准备，必须得照着稿子读，那么抬起头做一些眼神上的交流会让一切变得不同。5.如何面对紧张

对无经验的演讲者而言，另一个大挑战就是紧张，不同人应对紧张有不同的处理方法。很多讲者在演讲前会呆在观众席中，这方法很有效，因为听前面的演讲者演讲可以转移注意力并减少紧张。

我认为最简单且实用的方法就是上台前做一下深呼吸。真心有效。

就算不能完全克服紧张，也没关系，观众们其实也预料得到你会紧张。紧张能使你表现得更好：它给予你表现的力量，并保持你思维敏捷。稳住呼吸，一切都没问题的！

甚至，承认紧张也可以带来魅力。大胆展示出你的脆弱，无论是紧张亦或是你的语音语调，只要是实在的，都是赢得观众倾心的有力武器。在2012年TED大会上演讲的苏珊·凯恩就特怕做演讲。你可以感觉到她在台上时的脆弱，这种感受让观众都为她加油—所有人在结束后都想拥抱她。努力使她美丽，也使她的演讲成为当年最受欢迎的一个。

6.恰当采用多媒体技术

现在为我们所用的多媒体技术数不胜数，所以觉得怎么也得用幻灯片吧，什么都不用都觉得对有点不起观众。现在大多数人都知道PPT的诀窍：保持简洁；不要把幻灯片做成演讲稿（就好比列出你所要讲的每一点—这些最好写在你手中的小卡片里）；不要把幻灯片上的内容原封不动地大声念出来。

许多顶尖的TED演讲者不用幻灯片，而且很多演讲内容也不需要它。如果你要用到视频，那么，把它剪辑得足够短—如果长于1分钟，你就有可能失去观众了。还有，任何带配乐的视频都可能会让人倒胃口。而且无论如何，别放你自己被电视台采访的视频。我曾看过有演讲者这么做，而且真不怎么样—没人会想要了解你的自大。观众已经在你面前听你现场演讲了，为什么还要同时让他们到看你出现在新闻采访的特写镜头中呢？

第三篇：TED演讲：成功的秘诀

成功的钥匙

When I was 27 years old, I left a very demanding job in management consulting, for a job that was even more demanding: teaching.I went to teach seventh grades math in the New York City public schools.And like any teacher, I made quizzes and tests, i gave out homework assignments.When the work came back, I calculated grades.What struck me was that I.Q.was not the only difference between my best and my worst students, some of my strongest performers did not have stratospheric I.Q.Scores, some of my smartest kids weren’t doing so well.And that got me thinking, the kinds of things you need to learn in seventh grade math, sure, they’re hard: ratios, decimals, the area of a parallelogram, but these concepts are not impossible.And I was firmly convinced that every one of my students could learn material if they worked hard and long enough。

在我27岁的时候，我辞去了一份非常有挑战性的职业-企业管理咨询，转而投入了一份更加具有挑战性的职业：教育。我来到纽约的一些公立学校教七年级学生数学，和别的老师一样，我会给同学们做小测试和考试，我会给他们布置家庭作业。当这些试卷和作业收上来之后，我计算了他们的成绩，让我震惊的是，I.Q的高低并不是我最好的和最差的学生之间唯一的差别，一些在课业上表现很好的学生并不具有非常高的IQ分数，一些聪明的孩子反而在课业上表现的不那么尽如人意，这引起了我的思考。当然，学生们在七年级需要学习的东西，是有难度的，像比率，小数，平行四边形的面积计算，但是这些概念是完全可以掌握的，我坚信我的每一位学生都可以学会教材内容，只要他们肯花时间和精力的话。

After several more years of teaching, I came to the conclusion that what we need in education is a much better understanding of students and learning from a motivational perspective, from a psychological perspective.In education, the one thing we know how to measure best is I.Q., but what if doing well in school and in life, depends on much more than your ability to learn quickly and easily? So I left classroom, and I went to graduate school to become a psychologist.I started studying kids and adults in all kinds of super challenging settings, and in every study my question was who is successful here and why.My research team and I went to West Point Military Academy, we try to predict which cadets would stay in military training and which would drop out.We went to the National Spelling Bee, and tried to predict which children would advance farthest in competition.We studied rookie teachers in really tough neighborhoods, asking which teachers are still going to be here in teaching by the end of the school year.And of those, who will be the most effective at improving learning outcomes for their students.We partnered with private companies, asking which of these salespeople is going to keep their jobs, and who’s going to earn the most money? 经过几年教学之后，我得出一个结论，我们在教育方面需要做的是从学习动力的角度和心理学的角度对学生和学习行为，进行一次更为深刻的理解。在教育系统中，我们都知道评价优秀学生的标准就是IQ，但如果在学校和生活中的优秀表现远不仅仅依赖于你轻松高效的学习能力呢？所以我离开了讲台，回到学校继续心理学硕士学位。我开始研究，孩子和大人在各种具有挑战性的情况下以及在各项研究中，我的问题是谁才是成功者，为什么他们会成功？我和我的研究团队前往西点军校展开调研，我们试图预测哪些学员能够耐得住军队的训练，哪些会被淘汰出局。我们前去观摩全国拼字比赛，同时也试着预测哪些孩子会晋级到最后的比赛。我们研究，在恶劣的环境下工作的，刚入行的老师，询问他们哪些老师会在学年结束后继续留下来任教。以及他们之中谁能最快地提高学生的学习成绩。我们与私企合作，向他们询问哪些销售人员可以保住工作，哪些赚钱更多？

In all those very different contexts, one characteristic emerged, as a significant predictor of success, and it wasn’t social intelligence, it wasn’t good looks, physical health, and it wasn’t I.Q., it was grit.Grit is passion and perseverance for very long-term goals.Grit is having stamina, grit is sticking with your future, day in, day out.Not just for the week, not just for the month, but for years and working really hard to make that future a reality.Grit is living life like it’s a marathon, not a sprint.A few years ago, I started studying grit in the Chicago public schools.I asked thousands of high school junior to take grit questionnaires, and then waited around more than a year to see who would graduate, turns out that grittier kids were significantly more likely to graduate, even when I matched them on every characteristic I could measure, things like family incomes, standardized achievement test scores, even how safe kids felt when they were at school.So it’s not just at West Point or the National Spelling Bee that grit matters, it’s also in school, especially for kids at risk for dropping out.To me, the most shocking thing about grit is how little we know, how little science knows about building it.在所有那些不同的环境下，一种性格特征凸显了出来，这种特征很大程度上预示了成功，而且他并不是社交智力，不是漂亮的外表，强健的体魄，也不是很高的I.Q.，它是毅力。毅力是对长远目标的激情和坚持，毅力是拥有持久的恒劲，毅力是你对未来的坚持，日复一日，不是仅仅持续一个星期或者一个月，而是几年甚至几十年努力奋斗着，让自己的梦想变为现实。毅力把生活当成一场马拉松而不是一场短跑。几年前，在芝加哥的公立学校里开始研究毅力，我对上千名初中生进行了关于毅力的问卷调查，然后等候了一年多来看最终哪些学生能毕业结果证明那些更具毅力的学生在毕业的概率上占绝对优势，即使是在同样可以量化的外在因素下，像家庭收入，标准化成绩测验的分数，甚至是孩子们在学校能获得多少安全感之类，仍是有毅力的学生更容易毕业，所有不仅仅是在西点军校里或者全国拼字比赛上才需要毅力，在学校亦是如此，尤其是对于那些徘徊在辍学边缘的孩子们。对我来说，关于毅力最让我震惊的事情莫过于对于毅力，我们知之甚少，在培养毅力上，科学对理解的认识又是何等贫乏。

Every day, parents and teachers ask me “how do i build grit in kids?” What do I do to teach kids a solid work ethic, how do i keep them motivated for the long run? The honest answer is, I don’t know.What I do know is that talent doesn’t make you gritty.Our data show very clearly that there are many talented individuals who simply do not follow through on their commitments.In fact, in our data, grit is usually unrelated, or even inversely related to measure of talent.So far, the best idea I’ve heard about building grit in kids is something called “growth mindset”.This is an idea developed at Stanford University by Carol Dweck, and it is the belief that the ability to learn is not fixed, that it can change with your effort , Dr.Dweck has shown that when kids read and learn about the brain and how it changes and grows in response to challenge, they’re much more likely to persevere when they fail, because they don’t believe that failure is a permanent condition.So growth mindset is a great idea for building grit, but we need more, and that’s where I’m going to end my remarks, because that’s where we are, that’s the work that stands before us.We need to take our best ideas, our strongest intuitions, and we need to test them.We need to measure whether we’ve been successful, and we have to be willing to fail, to be wrong, to start over again with lessons learned.In other words, we need to be gritty about getting our kids grittier.Thank you!

每天都有家长和老师来问我“我怎样做才能培养孩子的毅力呢”该做些什么才能教授给孩子们真正的职业道德，我又该怎样调动他们长期的积极性呢？老实说，我不知道。我所知道的是，才华并不能使你坚韧不拔，我们的数据十分清楚的表明，有许多才华横溢的人，他们都无法坚持兑现自己的承诺。事实上，根据我们的数据来看，毅力通常与其他因素无关，甚至与才华的衡量标准背道而驰。到目前为止，我所听说过得在孩子身上培养坚忍品质最有效的方法，叫“成长型思维模式”。斯坦福大学卡洛杜威克提出过一个观点，他相信人的学习能力是可变的，他随着你的努力程度而变化。杜威克教授表示，当孩子们阅读和学习有关大脑的知识，以及它在面对挑战时所发生的变化和成长情况，他们失败之后更容易坚持下去，因为他们不相信一直失败下去，因此，成长性思维模式对培养毅力大有裨益。但是我们需要更多，我决定在次结束我的评论，因为我们正在经历这一切，这是眼前所面临的工作，我们要拿出最好的想法和最强的直觉。我们要对他们进行实践，我们需要估量这一切是否成功，同时还要渴望面对失败和错误，要从这些失败中汲取教训经验重新再来，换句话说，我们只有自己变得更加有毅力才能让我们的孩子变得更有毅力，谢谢大家。

第四篇：TED演讲怎样从错误中学习

TED: 怎样从错误中学习

Diana Laugenberg:How to learn? From mistakes

讲者分享了其多年从教中所认识到的一从错误中学习的观念“允许孩子失败，把失败视为学习的一部分”，以及从教育实践中学到的三件事：“1.体验学习的过程 2.倾听学生的声音 3.接纳错误的失败。” TED演讲文本：

0:15 I have been teaching for a long time, and in doing so have acquired a body of knowledge aboutkids and learning that I really wish more people would understand about the potential ofstudents.In 1931, my grandmother--bottom left for you guys over here--graduated from theeighth grade.She went to school to get the information because that's where the informationlived.It was in the books;it was inside the teacher's head;and she needed to go there to getthe information, because that's how you learned.Fast-forward a generation: this is the one-roomschoolhouse, Oak Grove, where my father went to a one-room schoolhouse.And he again hadto travel to the school to get the information from the teacher, stored it in the only portablememory he has, which is inside his own head, and take it with him, because that is howinformation was being transported from teacher to student and then used in the world.When Iwas a kid, we had a set of encyclopedias at my house.It was purchased the year I was born,and it was extraordinary, because I did not have to wait to go to the library to get to theinformation.The information was inside my house and it was awesome.This was different thaneither generation had experienced before, and it changed the way I interacted with informationeven at just a small level.But the information was closer to me.I could get access to it.1:34 In the time that passes between when I was a kid in high school and when I started teaching,we really see the advent of the Internet.Right about the time that the Internet gets going as aneducational tool, I take off from Wisconsin and move to Kansas, small town Kansas, where Ihad an opportunity to teach in a lovely, small-town, rural Kansas school district, where I wasteaching my favorite subject, American government.My first year--super gung-ho--going toteach American government, loved the political system.Kids in the 12th grade: not exactly allthat enthusiastic about the American government system.Year two: learned a few things--hadto change my tactic.And I put in front of them an authentic experience that allowed them tolearn for themselves.I didn't tell them what to do or how to do it.I posed a problem in front ofthem, which was to put on an election forum for their own community.2:27 They produced flyers.They called offices.They checked schedules.They were meeting withsecretaries.They produced an election forum booklet for the entire town to learn more abouttheir candidates.They invited everyone into the school for an evening of conversation aboutgovernment and politics and whether or not the streets were done well, and really had thisrobust experiential learning.The older teachers--more experienced--looked at me and went, “Oh, there she is.That's so cute.She's trying to get that done.”(Laughter)“She doesn't knowwhat she's in for.” But I knew that the kids would show up, and I believed it, and I told themevery week what I expected out of them.And that night, all 90 kids--dressed appropriately,doing their job, owning it.I had to just sit and watch.It was theirs.It was experiential.It wasauthentic.It meant something to them.And they will step up.3:17 From Kansas, I moved on to lovely Arizona, where I taught in Flagstaff for a number of years,this time with middle school students.Luckily, I didn't have to teach them American government.Could teach them the more exciting topic of geography.Again, “thrilled” to learn.But what wasinteresting about this position I found myself in in Arizona, was I had this really extraordinarilyeclectic group of kids to work with in a truly public school, and we got to have these momentswhere we would get these opportunities.And one opportunity was we got to go and meet PaulRusesabagina, which is the gentleman that the movie “Hotel Rwanda” is based after.And hewas going to speak at the high school next door to us.We could walk there.We didn't evenhave to pay for the buses.There was no expense cost.Perfect field trip.4:04 The problem then becomes how do you take seventh-and eighth-graders to a talk aboutgenocide and deal with the subject in a way that is responsible and respectful, and they knowwhat to do with it.And so we chose to look at Paul Rusesabagina as an example of a gentlemanwho singularly used his life to do something positive.I then challenged the kids to identifysomeone in their own life, or in their own story, or in their own world, that they could identify thathad done a similar thing.I asked them to produce a little movie about it.It's the first time we'ddone this.Nobody really knew how to make these little movies on the computer, but they wereinto it.And I asked them to put their own voice over it.It was the most awesome moment ofrevelation that when you ask kids to use their own voice and ask them to speak for themselves,what they're willing to share.The last question of the assignment is: how do you plan to useyour life to positively impact other people? The things that kids will say when you ask them andtake the time to listen is extraordinary.5:05 Fast-forward to Pennsylvania, where I find myself today.I teach at the Science LeadershipAcademy, which is a partnership school between the Franklin Institute and the school district ofPhiladelphia.We are a nine through 12 public school, but we do school quite differently.I movedthere primarily to be part of a learning environment that validated the way that I knew that kidslearned, and that really wanted to investigate what was possible when you are willing to let go ofsome of the paradigms of the past, of information scarcity when my grandmother was in schooland when my father was in school and even when I was in school, and to a moment when wehave information surplus.So what do you do when the information is all around you? Why doyou have kids come to school if they no longer have to come there to get the information? 5:51 In Philadelphia we have a one-to-one laptop program, so the kids are bringing in laptops withthem everyday, taking them home, getting access to information.And here's the thing that youneed to get comfortable with when you've given the tool to acquire information to students, isthat you have to be comfortable with this idea of allowing kids to fail as part of the learningprocess.We deal right now in the educational landscape with an infatuation with the culture ofone right answer that can be properly bubbled on the average multiple choice test, and I amhere to share with you: it is not learning.That is the absolute wrong thing to ask, to tell kids tonever be wrong.To ask them to always have the right answer doesn't allow them to learn.Sowe did this project, and this is one of the artifacts of the project.I almost never show them offbecause of the issue of the idea of failure.6:45 My students produced these info-graphics as a result of a unit that we decided to do at the endof the year responding to the oil spill.I asked them to take the examples that we were seeing ofthe info-graphics that existed in a lot of mass media, and take a look at what were theinteresting components of it, and produce one for themselves of a different man-made disasterfrom American history.And they had certain criteria to do it.They were a little uncomfortablewith it, because we'd never done this before, and they didn't know exactly how to do it.Theycan talk--they're very smooth, and they can write very, very well, but asking them tocommunicate ideas in a different way was a little uncomfortable for them.But I gave them theroom to just do the thing.Go create.Go figure it out.Let's see what we can do.And thestudent that persistently turns out the best visual product did not disappoint.This was done inlike two or three days.And this is the work of the student that consistently did it.7:39 And when I sat the students down, I said, “Who's got the best one?” And they immediatelywent, “There it is.” Didn't read anything.“There it is.” And I said, “Well what makes it great?”And they're like, “Oh, the design's good, and he's using good color.And there's some...” Andthey went through all that we processed out loud.And I said, “Go read it.” And they're like, “Oh,that one wasn't so awesome.” And then we went to another one--it didn't have great visuals,but it had great information--and spent an hour talking about the learning process, because itwasn't about whether or not it was perfect, or whether or not it was what I could create.Itasked them to create for themselves, and it allowed them to fail, process, learn from.And whenwe do another round of this in my class this year, they will do better this time, because learninghas to include an amount of failure, because failure is instructional in the process.8:29 There are a million pictures that I could click through here, and had to choose carefully--this isone of my favorites--of students learning, of what learning can look like in a landscape wherewe let go of the idea that kids have to come to school to get the information, but instead, askthem what they can do with it.Ask them really interesting questions.They will not disappoint.Ask them to go to places, to see things for themselves, to actually experience the learning, toplay, to inquire.This is one of my favorite photos, because this was taken on Tuesday, when Iasked the students to go to the polls.This is Robbie, and this was his first day of voting, and hewanted to share that with everybody and do that.But this is learning too, because we askedthem to go out into real spaces.9:20 The main point is that, if we continue to look at education as if it's about coming to school to getthe information and not about experiential learning, empowering student voice and embracingfailure, we're missing the mark.And everything that everybody is talking about today isn'tpossible if we keep having an educational system that does not value these qualities, becausewe won't get there with a standardized test, and we won't get there with a culture of one rightanswer.We know how to do this better, and it's time to do better.0:15

我从事教师工作很长一段时间了，而在我教书的过程当中 我学了很多关于孩子与学习的知识 我非常希望更多人可以了解 学生的潜能。1931年,我的祖母 从你们那边看过来左下角那位--从八年级毕业。她上学是去获取知识 因为在过去,那是知识存在的地方 知识在书本里,在老师的脑袋里，而她需要专程到学校去获得这些知识，因为那是当时学习的途径 快进过一代： 这是个只有一间教室的学校,Oak Grove，我父亲就是在这间只有一个教室的学校就读。而同样的,他不得不去上学 以从老师那儿取得知识，然后将这些知识储存在他唯一的移动内存,那就是他自己的脑袋里，然后将这些随身携带，因为这是过去知识被传递的方式 从老师传给学生,接着在世界上使用。当我还小的时候，我们家里有一套百科全书。从我一出生就买了这套书，而那是非常了不起的事情，因为我不需要等着去图书馆取得这些知识，这些信息就在我的屋子里 而那真是太棒了。这是 和过去相比,是非常不同的 这改变了我和信息互动的方式 即便改变的幅度很小。但这些知识却离我更近了。我可以随时获取它们。

1:34

在过去的这几年间 从我还在念高中 到我开始教书的时候，我们真的亲眼目睹网络的发展。就在网络开始 作为教学用的工具发展的时候，我离开威斯康辛州 搬到勘萨斯州,一个叫勘萨斯的小镇 在那里我有机会 在一个小而美丽的勘萨斯的乡村学区 教书，教我最喜欢的学科 “美国政府” 那是我教书的第一年,充满热情,准备教“美国政府” 我当时热爱教政治体系。这些十二年级的孩子 对于美国政府体系 并不完全充满热情。开始教书的第二年,我学到了一些事情,让我改变了教学方针。我提供他们一个真实体验的机会 让他们可以自主学习。我没有告诉他们得做什么,或是要怎么做。我只是在他们面前提出一个问题，要他们在自己的社区设立一个选举论坛。

2:27

他们散布传单,联络各个选举办公室，他们和秘书排定行程，他们设计了一本选举论坛手册 提供给全镇的镇民让他们更了解这些候选人。他们邀请所有的人到学校 参与晚上的座谈 谈论政府和政治 还有镇里的每条街是不是都修建完善，学生们真的得到强大的体验式学习。学校里比较资深年长的老师 看着我说 “喔,看她,多天真呀,竟想试着这么做。”(大笑)“她不知道她把自己陷入怎么样的局面” 但我知道孩子们会出席 而我真的这样相信。每个礼拜我都对他们说我是如何期待他们的表现。而那天晚上,全部九十个孩子 每个人的穿戴整齐,各司其职,完全掌握论坛 我只需要坐在一旁看着。那是属于他们的夜晚,那是经验,那是实在的经验。那对他们来说具有意义。而他们将会更加努力。

3:17

离开堪萨斯后,我搬到美丽的亚利桑纳州，我在Flagstaff小镇教了几年书，这次是教初中的学生。幸运的,我这次不用教美国政治。这次我教的是更令人兴奋的地理。再一次,非常期待的要学习。但有趣的是 我发现在这个亚历桑纳州的教职 我所面对的 是一群非常多样化的,彼此之间差异悬殊的孩子们 在一所真正的公立学校。在那里,有些时候,我们会得到了一些机会。其中一个机会是 我们得以和Paul Russabagina见面，这位先生 正是电影“卢安达饭店”根据描述的那位主人翁 他当时正要到隔壁的高中演讲 我们可以步行到那所学校,我们甚至不用坐公共汽车 完全不需要额外的支出,非常完美的校外教学

4:04

然后接着的问题是 你要怎么和七八年级的学生谈论种族屠杀 用怎么样的方式来处理这个问题 才是一种负责任和尊重的方式，让学生们知道该怎么面对这个问题。所以我们决定去观察PaulRusesabagina是怎么做的 把他当作一个例子 一个平凡人如何利用自己的生命做些积极的事情的例子。接着,我挑战这些孩子,要他们去找出 在他们的生命里,在他们自己的故事中,或是在他们自己的世界里，找出那些他们认为也做过类似事情的人。我要他们为这些人和事迹制作一部短片。这是我们第一次尝试制作短片。没有人真的知道如何利用电脑制作短片。但他们非常投入,我要他们在片子里用自己的声音。那实在是最棒的启发方式 当你要孩子们用他们自己的声音 当你要他们为自己说话，说那些他们愿意分享的故事。这项作业的最后一个问题是 你打算怎么利用你自己的生命 去正面的影响其他人 孩子们说出来的那些话 在你询问他们后并花时间倾听那些话后 是非常了不起的。

5:05

快进到宾州,我现在住的地方。我在科学领导学院教书，它是富兰克林学院 和费城学区协同的合办的。我们是一间9年级到12年级的公立高中，但我们的教学方式很不一样。我起初搬到那里 是为了亲身参与一个教学环境 一个可以证实我所理解孩子可以有效学习方式的方式，一个愿意探索 所有可能性的教学环境 当你愿意放弃 一些过去的标准模式，放弃我祖母和我父亲上学的那个年代 甚至是我自己念书的那个年代，因为信息的稀缺，到一个我们正处于信息过剩的时代。所以你该怎么处理那些环绕在四周的知识? 你为什么要孩子们来学校? 如果他们再也不需要特意到学校获得这些知识?

5:51

在宾州,我们有一个人人有笔记本的项目，所以这些孩子每天带着他们笔记本电脑，带着电脑回家,随时学习知识。有一件事你需要学着适应的是 当你给了学生工具 让他们可以自主取得知识，你得适应一个想法 那就是允许孩子失败 把失败视为学习的一部分。我们现在面对教育大环境 带着一种 迷恋单一解答的文化 一种靠选择题折优的文化，而我在这里要告诉你们，这不是学习。这绝对是个错误 去要求孩子们永远不可以犯错。要求他们永远都要有正确的解答 而不允许他们去学习。所以我们实施了这个项目，这就是这个项目中一件作品。我几乎从来没有展示过这些 因为我们对于错误与失败的观念。

6:45

我的学生们制作了这些信息图表 结果是我们决定以这个汇报作为我们学年的总结报告 内容是回应漏油事件。我要求他们拿 他们看过的资讯图表当做范例 就是在媒体里展示的那些信息图表，仔细看看那里头什么是有趣的，然后自己设计一个 以美国历史中其他的人为灾难为主题。我为这项作业设了一些其他的条件 他们觉得这个作业有些困难，因为我们从来没有出过这样的作业,而他们不完全知道要怎么进行。他们可以谈论这议题,相当顺畅，他们也能写得非常非常得好，但当被要求要用一种其他的方式来表达想法的时候 他们有点无所适从。但我给了他们空间去做这个作业。去创造,去自己发现该怎么做。让我们拭目以待我们可以完成些什么。最后那些总是 呈现最佳视觉效果作品的学生,这次也没有让人失望 这个作品大概花了两三天的时间 而这是来自一个经常很棒得完成作业的学生。

7:39

然后当我要所有学生坐下来,我问他们“谁交出了最好的作品?” 他们立刻指着这个作品回答“这件” 他们并没有细读其中的内容,就回答了“这件” 然后我说,“那么,是什么因素让这个作品这么好?” 他们回答说,“喔,设计得很好,他用了很好的颜色组合,还有一些...” 他们分别说了想法,我们一起讨论了之后 我说,“现在去读读内容” 接着他们说“喔,现在看起来好像其实没有那么好” 后来我们谈到另外一个作业--那个作品没有很好的视觉设计,但是有非常好的资讯内容--我们接着花了大概一个小时来讨论这个学习过程，因为那并不是关于哪个作品比较完美，或是我能或不能创造出这样的东西； 这作业是要他们为自己创作。这作业也让他们有失败的可能，消化思考之后,从失败中学习。今年,当我们又再一次尝试类似的作业，他们都将会比去年做的更好。因为学习必须包含一定程度的失败，因为失败具有教学意义 在学习的过程中。

8:29

我有上百万个照片 可以展示，可我得小心的选择--好,这是我最喜欢的一张--学生正在学习的照片，学习可以是什么样子 在一个我们放弃传统观念的环境中 学生非得来学校以获得知识这样的想法，取而代之,问他们,他们可以利用这些知识来做些什么? 问他们真正有趣的问题。他们不会让人失望。要求他们去不同的地方，去亲眼见识不同的事情，去真正的体验学习，去玩,去查询。这是我最喜欢的照片之一 因为这是一张星期二照的照片，当我要求学生们去投票。这是Robbie,这是他第一次投票，而他想要和大家分享这个投票的经历。但这也是学习，因为我们要他们到外头真实的世界去。

9:20

重点是 如果我们继续把教育 当作是要来学校 取得知识 而不是体验学习的过程，倾听学生的声音,接纳错误和失败，我们将会误解上学的意义。而今天每个人在谈论的每件事情 都将不可能达成,如果我们继续这样的教育系统 而不重视这些价值，因为我们是不可能依靠标准化测试，一种只有一个标准答案的文化是没有办法引领我们达到目标的。我们知道怎么样可以做得更好，而现在,需要做得更好的时刻到了。

第五篇：TED演讲：成功的要诀是什么Angela Lee

TED Angela Lee Duckworth: When I was 27 years old, I left a very demanding job in management consulting for a job that was even more demanding: teaching.I went to teach seventh graders math in the New York City public schools.And like any teacher, I made quizzes and tests.I gave out homework assignments.When the work came back, I calculated grades.What struck me was that I.Q.was not the only difference between my best and my worst students.Some of my strongest performers did not have stratospheric IQ scores.Some of my smartest kids weren’t doing so well.And that got me thinking.The kinds of things you need to learn in seventh grade math, sure, they’re hard: ratios, decimals, the area of a parallelogram.But these concepts are not impossible, and I was firmly convinced that every one of my students could learn the material if they worked hard and long enough.After several more years of teaching, I came to the conclusion that what we need in education is a much better understanding of students and learning from a motivational perspective, from a psychological perspective.In education, the one thing we know how to measure best is I.Q., but what if doing well in school and in life depends on much more than your ability to learn quickly and easily? So I left the classroom, and I went to graduate school to become a psychologist.I started studying kids and adults in all kinds of super challenging settings, and in every study my question was, who is successful here and why? My research team and I went to West Point Military Academy.We tried to predict which cadets would stay in military training and which would drop out.We went to the National Spelling Bee and tried to predict which children would advance farthest in competition.We studied rookie teachers working in really tough neighborhoods, asking which teachers are still going to be here in teaching by the end of the school year, and of those, who will be the most effective at improving learning outcomes for their students? We partnered with private companies, asking which of these salespeople is going to keep their jobs? And who’s going to earn the most money? In all those very different contexts, one characteristic emerged as a significant predictor of success.And it wasn’t social intelligence.It wasn’t good looks, physical health, and it wasn’t I.Q..It was grit.Grit is passion and perseverance for very long-term goals.Grit is having stamina.Grit is sticking with your future, day in ,day out, not just for the week, not just for the month, but for years, and working really hard to make that future a reality.Girt is living life like it’s a marathon, not a sprint.A few years ago, I started studying grit in the Chicago public schools.I asked thousands of high school juniors to take grit questionnaires, and then waited around more than a year to see who would graduate.Turns out that grittier kids were significantly more likely to graduate, even when I matched them on every characteristic I could measure, things like family income, standardized achievement test scores, even how safe kids felt when they were at school.So it’s not just at West Point or the National Spelling Bee that grit matters.It’s also in school, especially for kids at risk for dropping out.To me, the most shocking thing about grit is how little we know, how little science knows, about building it.Every day, parents and teachers ask me, ‘How do I build grit in kids? What do I do to teach kids a solid work ethic? How do I keep them motivated for the long run? ‘

The honest answer is, I don’t know.What I do know is that talent doesn’t make you gritty.Our data show very clearly that there are many talented individuals who simply do not follow through on their commitments.In fact, in our data, grit is usually unrelated or even inversely related to measures of talent.So far, the best idea I ‘ve heard about building grit in kids is something called ‘ growth mindset.‘ This is an idea developed at Stanforld University by Carol Dweck, and it is the belief that the ability to learn is not fixed, that it can change with your effort.Dr.Dweck has shown that when kids read and learn about the brain and how it changes and grows in response to challenge, they ‘re much more likely to persevere when they fail, because they don’t believe that failure is a permanent condition.So growth mindset is a great idea for building grit.But we need more.And that’s where I ‘m going to end my remarks, because that’s where we are.That’s the work that stands before us.We need to take our best ideas, our strongest intuitions, and we need to test them.We need to measure whether we’ve been successful, and we have to be willing to fail, to be wrong to start over again with lessons learned.In other words, we need to be gritty about getting our kids grittier.Thank you.