第一篇：英语演讲选修课13informativespeech（小编推荐）
Lesson 13 Informative speech
Teaching contents I． Examples
* Tips for using examples II． Testimony
* Tips for Using testimony III． Statistics Tips for using statistics Iv.# Sample speech with commentary Teaching goals Get students to know how to use examples, testimony and statistics effectively to back up the speech.Assignment What are the four tips for using examples in your speech? Explain the difference between expert testimony and peer testimony.Supporting your ideas Heather Kolpin decided to give her first classroom speech on the benefits of good nutrition.A dedicated fitness enthusiast, she had recently switched to a high-protein diet.Part of her speech ran like this: “ For years we‟ve been told that meat, eggs, and cheese are bad for us and that we should eat more carbohydrates like cereal, grains, pasta, and rice.But too many carbohydrates can unbalance the body and make you tired and overweight.Do you want more energy? Do you want to concentrate better and get higher grades? Do you want to enjoy real meals and still lose those unsightly pounds? If so, you should eat more protein.I‟ve been on a high-protein diet for six months, and I‟ve never felt better or done better in my classes!”
After the speech, Heather’s classmates were interested but skeptical.As one remarked，“I know high-protein diets are popular right now, but Heather is no expert on nutrition.Besides, there are lots of diets around, and they all claim to work wonders.Personally, I’d be more convinced if Heather gave some scientific evidence to back up her opinion.”
Good speeches are not composed of hot air and generalizations.They need strong supporting materials to bolster the speaker’s point of view.In Heather’s case, although there is plenty of evidence on the need to balance protein and carbohydrate consumption, many nutritionists have warned about the dangers of overloading on protein.So Heather’s listeners were right to be skeptical.Heather made a mistake of generalizing from her own experience with nothing concrete to support her ideas.The problem with generalizations is that they do not answer the three questions listeners always mentally ask of a speaker: “What do you mean?”, “Why should I believe you?” “So what?”
The skillful use of supporting materials often makes the difference between a poor speech and a good one.Using supporting materials is not a matter of tossing facts and figures into your speech.You must decide which ideas need to be supported given your audience, topic, and specific purposes.You must do research to find materials that will bring your ideas across clearly and creatively.And you must evaluate your supporting materials to make sure they really do back up your ideas.As you put your speeches together, you will need to make sure your supporting materials are accurate, relevant, and reliable.You will find yourself asking such questions as, “Are my examples representative?”，“Am I quoting reputable, qualified sources?”
There are three kinds of supporting materials we use most often, they are: examples , testimony and statistics I． Examples Examples： a specific case used to illustrate or to represent a group of people, ideas, conditions, experiences or the like.In the course of a speech you may use brief examples—specific instances referred to in passing—and sometimes you may want to give several brief examples in a row to create a stronger impression.Extended examples—often called illustrations, narratives, or anecdotes—are longer and more detailed.Examples are useful when you wish to make an abstract concept or idea concrete.For example, it is difficult for the audience to see exactly what you mean by such abstract concepts as persecution, denial of freedom, friendship, and love unless you provide specific examples of what you mean.Here is one example a student used in a speech about lead poison.„When Denise Waddle and her family moved to a nice, middle-class section of Jersey City, New Jersey, they had dreams of healthy living, block parties, even a big backyard so their kid could make mud pies.In less than one year in their new home, their two-year-old son had been poisoned, and their newborn showed high levels of poisoning in his bloodstream.Unknowingly, the Waddle‟s had been poisoned by their own backyard, for high levels of lead contaminated their water and their lives.”
Examples may be real and factual on one hand or hypothetical and imagined on the other.The hypothetical and imagined ones are called hypothetical examples.Hypothetical example: an example that describes an imagery or fictitious situation
Here is one student used a hypothetical example to illustrate the need for college students to protect themselves against crime:
You’re tired;you’re hungry.You’ve just spent a long day at College Library and you cannot wait to get back to your room.Glancing outside, you remember how quickly it becomes dark.You don’t think much of it, though, as you bundle up and head out into the gusty wind.Not until you spy the shadows on the sidewalk or hear the leaves rustling beside you do you wish you weren’t alone.You walk quickly, trying to stop your imagination from thinking of murderers and rapists.Only when you are safely inside your room do you relax and try to stop your heart from pounding out of your chest.Can you remember a time when you felt this way? I would be surprised if you never have.The FBI reported last year that there were three murders, approximately 430 aggravated assaults, 1400 burglaries, and 80 rapes here in Madison alone.And while these statistics are quite alarming, they don’t compare to the numbers of larger metropolitan areas.This hypothetical example is particularly effective.The speaker creates a realistic scenario, relates it directly to her listeners, and gets them involved in the speech.In addition, she uses figures from the FBI to show that the scenario could really happen to any of her classmates.Whenever you use a hypothetical example, it is a good idea to follow it with statistics or testimony to show that the example is not far-fetched.Tips for using examples 1.Use examples to clarify your ideas
Examples are an excellent way to clarify unfamiliar or complex ideas.This is why so many teachers use examples in the classroom.Examples put abstract ideas into concrete terms that listeners can easily understand.This principle works exceptionally well in speeches.Suppose you are talking about suspension bridges, you could give a technical description
The suspension bridge has a roadway suspended by vertical cables attached to two or more main cables.The main cables are hung on two towers and have their ends anchored in concrete or bedrock.If your listeners were made up of people familiar with structural systems, they might be able to visualize what a suspension bridge looks like.But for listeners lacking this background, you might want to add a simple example:
Two well-known suspension bridges are the Golden Bridge in San Francisco and the Brooklyn Bridge in New York.Because almost everyone has at least seen a picture of the Golden Bridge in San Francisco and the Brooklyn Bridge in New York, using them as examples clarifies your meaning quickly and effectively.2.Use examples to reinforce your ideas In a speech entitled “Boxing: The most dangerous sport”, the speaker argued that professional boxing should be banned.To reinforce his point, he cited the example of Muhammad Ali, who suffers a severe case of Parkinson’s disease brought on by his years in the ring.The example is very effective.It put the medical facts about boxing and brain damage in vivid, human terms that everyone could understand.When you use examples, make sure it is representative.The example of Muhammad Ali is quite representative.3.Use examples to personalize your ideas
People are interested in people.AS social psychologist Eliot Aronson said, “Most people are more deeply influenced by one clear, vivid, personal example than by an abundance of statistical data.” Whenever you talk, you can include examples that will add human interest to your speech.SEE WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING WOULD YOU BE MORE LIKELY TO RESPOND TO? There are many hungry families in our community who could benefit from food donations.Or: Let me tell you about Arturo.Arturo is four years old.He has big brown eyes and a mop of black
hair and an empty belly.In all his four years on this earth, Arturo has never once enjoyed three square meals in a single day.You can also use personal examples: personal examples are an excellent way to clarify ideas and to build audience interest.To be most effective, they should be delivered sincerely and with strong eye contact.II． Testimony Testimony---quotations or paraphrases used to support a point..People tend to respect the opinions of people who have special knowledge or experience on the topic.By quoting or paraphrasing such people, you can give your ideas greater strength and impact.The two major kinds of testimony are expert testimony and peer testimony.Expert testimony: Testimony from people who are recognized experts in their fields.It is a good way to lend credibility to your speeches by citing the viewpoints of people who are experts.It shows that you are not just mouthing your own opinions, but your position is supported by people who are knowledgeable about the topic.Expert testimony is more important when a topic is controversial or when the audience is skeptical about a speakers’ point of view.As Einstein has put it;as Li Siguang said…
Peer Testimony---Testimony from ordinary people with firsthand experience or insight on a topic.Testimony not from famous people, but from ordinary citizens who have firsthand experience on the topic.This kind of testimony is especially valuable because it gives a more personal viewpoint on issues than can be gained from expert testimony.It conveys the feelings, the knowledge, the insight of people who speak with the voice of genuine experience.For example, if you were speaking about the barriers faced by people with physical disabilities, you would surely include testimony from doctors and other medical authorities.But in this case, the expert testimony would be limited because it cannot communicate what it really means to have a physical disability.To communicate that, you need statements from people who have physical disabilities---such as the following:
Itzhak Perman, the world-renowned violinist whose legs are paralyzed, once said: “When you are in a wheelchair, people don‟t talk to you.Perhaps they think it is contagious, or perhaps they think crippled legs mean a crippled mind.But whatever the reason, they treat you like a thing.”
Paul Longmore, who lost the use of his legs as a child, notes that most people are uncomfortable in the presence of someone who is handicapped, “It‟s only when they really go out of their way to get to know us,” he says, “that they realize we are just as bright, witty, and companionable as they are.”
There is no way expert testimony can express theses ideas with same authenticity and emotional impact.Tips for Using testimony 1.quote or paraphrase accurately: make sure you do not misquote someone;make sure you do not violate the meaning of statements you paraphrase;make sure you do not quote out of context(quoting a statement in such a way as to distort its meaning by removing the statement from the words and phrases surrounding it.).2.Use testimony from qualified sources.That is, use testimony from recognized experts or ordinary citizens with special experience on the speech topic.3.Use testimony from unbiased sources.Be sure to use testimony from credible, competent, objective authorities.4.Identify the people you quote or paraphrase.The usual way to identify your source is to name the person and sketch her or his qualifications before presenting the testimony.For instance: John Silber, Chancellor of Boston University and Chairman of the Massachusetts Board of Education, remarks: “It is quite clear that remarkable competence in a language can be achieved in three years---if theses years are the ages three, four, and five.There is no question that for the average child to become bilingual, the earlier the better.”
After this statement, there is no doubt about Silber’s qualifications or why the audience should respect his judgment on the subject of education.III． Statistics We live in an age of statistics.Day in and day out we are bombarded with numbers.When used properly, statistics is an effective way to clarify and support ideas.Like brief examples, statistics are often cited in passing to clarify or strengthen a speaker’s point.The following examples show how three students used statistics in their speeches:
To show the dangers posed by running red lights: “According to the U.S.Department of Transportation, 200,000 people are injured and more than 800 are killed every year in the U.S.due to motorists who run red lights.”
To illustrate the growing popularity of organic foods: “Consumers Union reports that sales of organic crops now exceed $9 billion a year and are increasing at the rate of 20 percent annually.”
To document the problem of identity theft: “As stated by Newsweek magazine, identity theft has become the leading source of consumer fraud in the U.S., with an estimated 500,000 to 700,000 victims each year.”
When using statistics, ask yourself the following two question:
Are the statistics representative?
Are the statistics from a reliable source? Tips for using statistics Use statistics to quantity your ideas
The main value of statistics is to give your ideas numerical precision.This can be especially important when you are trying to document the existence of a problem.Examples can bring the problem alive and dramatize it in personal terms.But your listeners may still wonder how many people the problem actually affects.In such a situation, you should turn to statistics.Research has shown that the impact of examples is greatly enhanced when they are combined with statistics that show the examples to be typical.Suppose you are talking about the need for tougher driver’s license requirements for elderly drivers.Part of your speech deals with the growing number of auto accidents caused by drivers aged 70 and older.You give an example, you personalize it, you provide many details, as follows:
Marie Wyman‟s 87th birthday celebration at the Lobster Trap and Steakhouse in Winslow, Maine, ended with a bang.As Wyman backed out of her parking spot, she lost control of her Buick and plowed right through the restaurant‟s crowded dining room.Tables and chairs scattered as
terrified diners scrambled for cover.Twenty-seven people were injured, and police say it was a miracle that no one was killed.Then the speaker used figures to quantity the problem:
According to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, almost 5,000 drivers age 70 or older were killed last year, a 33 percent increase over the past 10 years.In few than 20 years, there will be more than 30 million drivers over age 70 in the United States, and highway safety experts warn that the number of people killed in crashes involving elderly motorists is likely to exceed the drunk-driving death toll.Use statistics sparingly
Nothing puts an audience to sleep faster than a speech scattered with numbers from beginning to end.Insert statistics only when they are needed, and then make sure that they are easy to grasp.Identify the source of your statistics
As we have seen, figures are easy to manipulate.This is why careful listeners keep an ear out for the sources of a speaker’s statistics.Tell your listeners where your statistics is from, and it is reliable.Explain your statistics
Statistics don’t speak for themselves, they need to be interpreted and related to your listeners.A speech made by US Secretary of State Collins Powell on the international AIDS crisis Many speakers have noted the dreadful toll that AIDS is taking….But let me try to make it more relevant.This hall holds about 2,000 people.By the time the three hours of this session elapse, 2,000 people around the world---just about the same number who are here---will be newly infected with HIV/AIDS.That‟s one for every person in this room.In some countries the infection rate is so high that one in three of us---the delegate to your right, the delegate to your left, or you, yourself---would be HIV positive.Explaining what statistics mean is particularly important when you deal with large numbers, since they are hard to visualize.Here is an example to explain the $6.5 trillion U.S.national debt.How much money is a trillion dollars? Think of it this way.If you had $1million and spent it at the rate of $1,000 a day, you would run out of money in less than three years.If you had $1 billion and spent it at the rate of $1,000 a day, you would not run out of money for almost 3,000 years.And if you had $ 1 trillion and spent it at the rate of $1,000 a day, you wouldn‟t run out of money for nearly 3 million years！
Round off complicated statistics
Sometimes you do not have to give the exact number;they are too complicated to be really understood by listeners.Unless there is an important reason to give exact numbers, you should round off most statistics.For instance, Mount Kilimanjaro is 19,341, you should say , it is 19,300.The moon is 238,855 miles from earth, you should say: it is 239,000 miles from earth.Use visual aids to clarify statistical trends Visual aids can save you a lot of time, as well as make your numbers easier to understand.Summary Good speeches are not composed of hot air and unfounded assertions.They need strong supporting materials to bolster the speaker’s point of view.In fact, the skillful use of supporting
materials often makes the difference between a good speech and a poor one.The three basic types of supporting materials are examples, statistics, and testimony.In the course of a speech you may use brief examples—specific instances referred to in passing—and sometimes you may want to give several brief examples in a row to create a stronger impression.Extended examples—often called illustrations, narratives, or anecdotes—are longer and more detailed.Hypothetical examples describe imaginary situations and can be quite effective for relating ideas to the audience.All three kinds of examples help clarify ideas, reinforce ideas, or personalize ideas.To be most effective, though, they should be vivid and richly textured.Testimony is especially helpful for student speakers because students are seldom recognized as experts on their topics.Citing the views of people who are experts is a good way to make your ideas more credible.When you include testimony in a speech, you can either quote or paraphrase his or her words.As with statistics, there are guidelines for using testimony.Bu sure to quote or paraphrase accurately and to cite qualified, unbiased sources.If the source is not generally known to your audience, be certain to establish his or her credentials.Statistics can be extremely helpful in conveying your message as long as you can use them sparingly and explain them so that they are meaningful to your audience.Above you should understand your statistics and use them fairly.Numbers can easily be manipulated and distorted.Make sure your figures are representative and reliable.
第二篇：英语演讲选修课10informative
Lesson 10 Informative Teaching Aim and Requirement Aimed at ensuring the Ss to have a basic knowledge of public speaking.Teaching methods PPt, interact between teacher & student Assignments
What are the essentials of an effective speech? How to overcome nervousness? Teaching procedures
Informative speech: a speech designed to convey knowledge and understanding To enhance the knowledge and understanding of your listeners---to give them information they did not have before Convey clearly accurately interestingly Organizational methods
Chronological order
编年顺序
Spatial order
空间顺序 Topical order
主题顺序 Causal order Problem-solution order
Other methods of speech organization
Causal order: A show a cause-effect relationship.method of speech organization in which the main points
Problem-solution order: A method of speech organization in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem.(Problem-cause-solution order)
Speeches about process
Process: A systematic series of actions that leads to a specific result or product. Speeches of process explain how something is made, how something is done, or how something works.3.Speeches about events
Event: Anything that happens or is regarded as happening. chronological order----to recount the history of an event, causal order----to explain the causes and effects
4.Speech about concepts
Concept: A belief, theory, idea, notion, principle, or the like. Speeches about concepts are usually organized in topical order.One common approach is to list the main features or aspects of your concept.Guidelines for informative speaking
Don’t overestimate what the audience knows.* Lead your audience step by step and explain everything thoroughly.2.Relate the subject directly to the audience
* What is fascinating to the speaker may not be fascinating to everybody.* Get your listeners involved
3.Don’t be too technical
* Simple, clear language is needed.4.Avoid abstractions One way to avoid abstractions is through description(a statement that depicts a person, event, idea, or the like with clarity and vividness)
Another way to escape abstraction is with comparisons(A statement of the similarities among two or more people, events, ideas, etc.)
5.Personalize your ideas
第三篇：英语演讲选修课11persuasive
Lesson 11 Persuasive Teaching Aim and Requirement Aimed at ensuring the Ss to have a basic knowledge of public speaking.Teaching methods PPt, interact between teacher & student Assignments
What are the essentials of an effective speech? How to overcome nervousness? Teaching procedures
I.Persuasive speeches on questions of fact
Questions of fact---A question about the truth or falsity of an assertion. We do not know enough information to know what it is
Will the economy be better or worse next year?
Will another earthquake strike California before the year 2010? The facts are murky or inclusive
What will happen next in the Middle East?
Is sexual orientation genetically determined?
Speeches On questions of fact are usually organized topically II.Persuasive speeches on questions of value
Questions of value?---A question about the worth, rightness, morality, and so forth of an idea or action. What is the best movie of all time? Is the cloning of human beings morally justifiable? What are the ethical responsibilities of journalists? Matter of fact, value judgments
Speeches on questions of value are mostly organized topically
Your first main point is to establish the standards for your value judgment.树立价值判断的标准
Your second main point is to apply those standards to the subject.III.Persuasive speeches on questions of policy
Questions of policy---A question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken.是否采取行动
What to do during spring vocation? Which strategy to use in selling a product? How to maintain economic growth and protect the enviroment ? They are to decide whether something should or should not be done.2.Organizing speeches on Questions of policy
Problem-solution order Problem-cause-solution order
Comparative Advantage order
D.Monroe’s motivated sequence
D.Monroe’s motivated sequence
门罗促动顺序
A method of organizing persuasive speeches that seek immediate action. The five steps of the motivated sequence are:
1.attention
2.need
3.satisfaction
4.visualization
（形象化）
5.action
Part 2: Methods of persuasion
Listeners will be persuaded by a speaker from one or more of four reasons:
I.credibility.II.evidence.III.reasoning.IV.emotions
I.Building credibility
Factors of credibility:
A.Competence---how an audience regards a speaker’s intelligence, expertise, and knowledge of the subject.B.Character---how an audience regards a speaker’s sincerity, trustworthiness, and concern for the well-being of the audience.2.Establishing common ground with your audience
Creating common ground---a technique in which a speaker connects himself or herself with the values, attitudes, or experiences of the audience.3.Deliver your speeches fluently, expressively, and with conviction II.Using evidence
Tips for using evidence 1.Use specific evidence.2.Use novel evidence.3.Use evidence from credible sources 4.Make clear the point of your evidence.III.Reasoning
Reasoning---the process of drawing a conclusion on the basis of evidence. Four types of reasoning:
1.Reasoning from specific instances
2.Reasoning from principle
3.Causal reasoning
4.Analogical reasoning
Guidelines for reasoning from specific instances
A.Avoid generalizing too hastily, make sure your sample of specific instances is large enough to justify your conclusion.B.Be careful with your wording.If your evidence does not justify a conclusion, qualify your argument.C.Reinforce your argument with statistics and testimony 2.Reasoning from principle
---Reasoning that moves from a general principle to a specific conclusion.For instance: All people are mortal. Socrates is a person. Therefore, Socrates is mortal.3.Causal reasoning
---Reasoning that seeks to establish the relationship between causes and effects. There is a patch of ice on the sidewalk.You slip, fall, and break your arm.You reason as follows: “Because that patch of ice was there, I fell and broke my arm.” or
“If the patch of ice hadn’t been there, I wouldn’t have fallen and broken my arm.”
4.Analogical reasoning（类比推理）
---Reasoning in which a speaker compares two similar cases and infers that what is true for the first case is also true for the second. If you are good at racquetball, you’ll be great at Ping-Pang. In Great Britain the general election campaign fro Prime Minister lasts less than three weeks.Surely we can do the same with the U.S presidential election.IV.Appealing to emotions
Emotional appeals are intended to make listeners feel sad, angry, guilty, afraid, happy, proud, sympathetic, reverent, or the like.These are often appropriate reactions when the question is one of value or policy.
Guidelines for generating emotional appeal
1.Use emotional language 2.Develop vivid example 3.Speak with sincerity and conviction
第四篇：英语演讲选修课Chapter_10_informative
Lesson 10 informative Teaching Aim and Requirement Aimed at ensuring the Ss to have a basic knowledge of public speaking.Teaching methods PPt, interact between teacher & student Assignments
What are the essentials of an effective speech? How to overcome nervousness? Teaching procedures
Informative speech: a speech designed to convey knowledge and understanding To enhance the knowledge and understanding of your listeners---to give them information they did not have before Convey clearly accurately interestingly Organizational methods
Chronological order
编年顺序
Spatial order
空间顺序 Topical order
主题顺序 Causal order Problem-solution order
Other methods of speech organization
Causal order: A show a cause-effect relationship.method of speech organization in which the main points
Problem-solution order: A method of speech organization in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem.(Problem-cause-solution order)
Speeches about process
Process: A systematic series of actions that leads to a specific result or product. Speeches of process explain how something is made, how something is done, or how something works.3.Speeches about events
Event: Anything that happens or is regarded as happening. chronological order----to recount the history of an event, causal order----to explain the causes and effects
4.Speech about concepts
Concept: A belief, theory, idea, notion, principle, or the like. Speeches about concepts are usually organized in topical order.One common approach is to list the main features or aspects of your concept.Guidelines for informative speaking
Don’t overestimate what the audience knows.* Lead your audience step by step and explain everything thoroughly.2.Relate the subject directly to the audience
* What is fascinating to the speaker may not be fascinating to everybody.* Get your listeners involved
3.Don’t be too technical
* Simple, clear language is needed.4.Avoid abstractions One way to avoid abstractions is through description(a statement that depicts a person, event, idea, or the like with clarity and vividness)
Another way to escape abstraction is with comparisons(A statement of the similarities among two or more people, events, ideas, etc.)
5.Personalize your ideas
第五篇：英语演讲选修课4introduction
Lesson Four Introduction 1.Getting attention and interest(1)Relate the topic to the audience(2)State the importance of your topic(3)Startle the audience(4)Arouse the curiosity of the audience(5)Question the audience(6)Begin with a quotation(7)Tell a story 2.Reveal the topic 3.Establish credibility
Credibility: the audience’s perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic.Your credibility need not be based on firsthand knowledge and experience.It can come from reading, from classes, from interviews, from friends.4 Preview the body of the speech
Preview statement
A statement in the introduction of a speech that identifies the main points to be discussed in the body of the speech.Tips for preparing the introduction
1.Keep the introduction relatively brief.Under normal circumstances it should not constitute more than 10 to 20 percent of your speech.2.Be on the lookout for possible introductory materials as you do your research.File them with your notes, so they will be handy when you are ready for them.3.Be creative in devising your introduction.Experiment with two or three different openings and choose the one that seems most likely to get the audience interested in your speech.4.Don’t worry about the exact wording of your introduction until you have finished preparing the body of the speech.After you have determined your main points, it will be much easier to make final decisions about how to begin the speech.5.Work out your introduction in detail.Some teachers recommend that you write it out word for word;others prefer that you outline it.Whichever method you use, practice the introduction over and over until you can deliver it smoothly from a minimum of notes and with strong eye contact.This will get your speech off to a good start and give you a big boost of confidence.Some common faults of introductions
Don’t apologize.Don’t pretend
Don’t make hollow promises
Don’t rely on gimmicks
Don’t preface your introduction
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