第一篇：英语演讲选修课教案7Methods of delivery
Chapter 7Methods of delivery
Four basic methods of delivering a speech
1.Reading from a manuscript: A speech that is written out word for word and read to the audience.2.Reciting from memory
3.Speaking impromptu: a speech delivered with little or no immediate preparation.4.Speaking extemporaneously: A carefully prepared and rehearsed speech that is presented from a brief set of notes.The speaker’s voice
1.volume : the loudness or softness of the speaker’s voice.Too loud, your listeners will think you boorish
Too soft, your listeners will not understand you.To be heard clearly is the principle.2.Pitch: the highness or lowness of the speaker’s voice.Monotone: a constant pitch or tone of voice,(no variation in pitch)should be avoid.3.Rate: the speed at which a person speaks.There is no uniform rate for effective speechmaking.Martin Luther King spoke at roughly 90 words per minute;Franklin Roosevelt spoke at 110 words per minute, John Kennedy at 180,A fast rate helps crate feelings of happiness, fear, anger, and surprise, while a slow rate is better for expressing sadness or disgust.Two obvious faults to avoid are speaking so slowly that your listeners become bored or so quickly that they lose track of your ideas.4.Pauses: A momentary break in the vocal delivery of a speech.Learning how and when to pause is a major challenge for most beginning speakers.Even a moment of silence can seem like an eternity.As you gain more poise and confidence, you will discover how useful the pause can be.It can signal the end of a thought unit, give an idea time to sink in, and lend dramatic impact to a statement.When you do pause, make sure you pause at the end of a thought unit and not in the middle.Otherwise, you may distract listeners from your ideas.Most important, do not fill the silence with vocalized pauses like “uh”, “er”, or “um”.Mark Twain: The right word may be effective, but no word was ever as effective as a rightly timed pause.5.vocal variety: changes in a speaker’s rate, pitch, and volume that give the voice variety and expressiveness.Just as variety is the spice of life, so is it the spice of public speaking.A flat, listless, unchanging voice is just as deadly to speechmaking as a flat, listless, unchanging routine is to daily life.Diagnose your voice to decide which aspects need improvement.Record your speeches to hear how they sound.Try them out on your friends.And make adjustments.If you want to learn more, surf
6.Pronunciation
7.articulation: the physical production of particular speech sounds.WordMisarticulation
ought tootta
didn’tdint
forfur
want towanna
The speaker’s body
Posture, facial expression, gestures, eye contact------all effect the way listeners respond to a speaker.Here are the major aspects of physical action that will affect the outcome of your speeches.Personal appearance : A number of studies have confirmed that personal appearance plays an important role in speechmaking.Listeners always see you before they hear you, so you should dress and groom appropriately.You should try to evoke a favorable first impression—an impression that is likely to make listeners more receptive to what you say.Movement:
As you rise to speak, try to appear calm, poised, and confident, despite the butterflies in your stomach.When you reach the lectern, don’t lean on it, and don’t rush into your speech.Give yourself time to get set.Arrange your notes just the way you want them.Stand quietly as you wait to make sure the audience is paying attention.Establish eye contact with your listeners.Then---and only then---should you start to talk.When you reach the end of your speech, maintain eye contact for a few moments after you stop talking.This will give your closing line time to sink in.All this advice is common sense, yet you would be surprised how many people need it.When practicing your speeches, spend a little time rehearsing how you will behave at the beginning and at the end.It is one of the easiest—and one of the most effective----things you can do to improve your image with an audience.Gestures
The rule is: whatever gestures you make should not draw attention to themselves and distract from your massage.They should appear natural and spontaneous, help clarify or reinforce your ideas, and be suited to the audience and occasion.Eye contact(direct visual contact with the eyes of another person)
One of the quickest ways to establish a communicative bond with your listeners is to look at them personally and pleasantly.Avoiding their gaze is one of the surest ways to lose them.There is a great deal of research to show that speakers in the United States who refuse to establish eye contact are perceived as tentative or ill at ease and may be seen as insincere or dishonest.As you look at your listeners, be alert for their reactions: Can they hear you? Do they understand you? Are they awake? Your eyes will help you answer these questions.It is not enough just to look at your listeners: how you look at them also counts.A blank stare is almost as bad as no eye contact at all.So is a fierce, hostile glower or a series of frightened, bewildered glances.Summary
Speech delivery is a matter of nonverbal communication.It is based on how you use your voice and body to convey the message expressed by your words.You cannot make a good speech without having something to say, but you also need to know how to say it.Rather than calling attention to itself, effective delivery conveys the speaker’s ideas clearly, engagingly, and without distracting the audience.There are four basic methods of delivering a speech:
To use your voice effectively you should work on controlling your volume, pitch, rate, pauses, vocal variety, pronunciation, articulation.Posture, personal appearance, facial expression, gestures, and eye contact also affect the way listeners respond to speakers.
第二篇：英语演讲选修课10informative
Lesson 10 Informative Teaching Aim and Requirement Aimed at ensuring the Ss to have a basic knowledge of public speaking.Teaching methods PPt, interact between teacher & student Assignments
What are the essentials of an effective speech? How to overcome nervousness? Teaching procedures
Informative speech: a speech designed to convey knowledge and understanding To enhance the knowledge and understanding of your listeners---to give them information they did not have before Convey clearly accurately interestingly Organizational methods
Chronological order
编年顺序
Spatial order
空间顺序 Topical order
主题顺序 Causal order Problem-solution order
Other methods of speech organization
Causal order: A show a cause-effect relationship.method of speech organization in which the main points
Problem-solution order: A method of speech organization in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem.(Problem-cause-solution order)
Speeches about process
Process: A systematic series of actions that leads to a specific result or product. Speeches of process explain how something is made, how something is done, or how something works.3.Speeches about events
Event: Anything that happens or is regarded as happening. chronological order----to recount the history of an event, causal order----to explain the causes and effects
4.Speech about concepts
Concept: A belief, theory, idea, notion, principle, or the like. Speeches about concepts are usually organized in topical order.One common approach is to list the main features or aspects of your concept.Guidelines for informative speaking
Don’t overestimate what the audience knows.* Lead your audience step by step and explain everything thoroughly.2.Relate the subject directly to the audience
* What is fascinating to the speaker may not be fascinating to everybody.* Get your listeners involved
3.Don’t be too technical
* Simple, clear language is needed.4.Avoid abstractions One way to avoid abstractions is through description(a statement that depicts a person, event, idea, or the like with clarity and vividness)
Another way to escape abstraction is with comparisons(A statement of the similarities among two or more people, events, ideas, etc.)
5.Personalize your ideas
第三篇：英语演讲选修课11persuasive
Lesson 11 Persuasive Teaching Aim and Requirement Aimed at ensuring the Ss to have a basic knowledge of public speaking.Teaching methods PPt, interact between teacher & student Assignments
What are the essentials of an effective speech? How to overcome nervousness? Teaching procedures
I.Persuasive speeches on questions of fact
Questions of fact---A question about the truth or falsity of an assertion. We do not know enough information to know what it is
Will the economy be better or worse next year?
Will another earthquake strike California before the year 2010? The facts are murky or inclusive
What will happen next in the Middle East?
Is sexual orientation genetically determined?
Speeches On questions of fact are usually organized topically II.Persuasive speeches on questions of value
Questions of value?---A question about the worth, rightness, morality, and so forth of an idea or action. What is the best movie of all time? Is the cloning of human beings morally justifiable? What are the ethical responsibilities of journalists? Matter of fact, value judgments
Speeches on questions of value are mostly organized topically
Your first main point is to establish the standards for your value judgment.树立价值判断的标准
Your second main point is to apply those standards to the subject.III.Persuasive speeches on questions of policy
Questions of policy---A question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken.是否采取行动
What to do during spring vocation? Which strategy to use in selling a product? How to maintain economic growth and protect the enviroment ? They are to decide whether something should or should not be done.2.Organizing speeches on Questions of policy
Problem-solution order Problem-cause-solution order
Comparative Advantage order
D.Monroe’s motivated sequence
D.Monroe’s motivated sequence
门罗促动顺序
A method of organizing persuasive speeches that seek immediate action. The five steps of the motivated sequence are:
1.attention
2.need
3.satisfaction
4.visualization
（形象化）
5.action
Part 2: Methods of persuasion
Listeners will be persuaded by a speaker from one or more of four reasons:
I.credibility.II.evidence.III.reasoning.IV.emotions
I.Building credibility
Factors of credibility:
A.Competence---how an audience regards a speaker’s intelligence, expertise, and knowledge of the subject.B.Character---how an audience regards a speaker’s sincerity, trustworthiness, and concern for the well-being of the audience.2.Establishing common ground with your audience
Creating common ground---a technique in which a speaker connects himself or herself with the values, attitudes, or experiences of the audience.3.Deliver your speeches fluently, expressively, and with conviction II.Using evidence
Tips for using evidence 1.Use specific evidence.2.Use novel evidence.3.Use evidence from credible sources 4.Make clear the point of your evidence.III.Reasoning
Reasoning---the process of drawing a conclusion on the basis of evidence. Four types of reasoning:
1.Reasoning from specific instances
2.Reasoning from principle
3.Causal reasoning
4.Analogical reasoning
Guidelines for reasoning from specific instances
A.Avoid generalizing too hastily, make sure your sample of specific instances is large enough to justify your conclusion.B.Be careful with your wording.If your evidence does not justify a conclusion, qualify your argument.C.Reinforce your argument with statistics and testimony 2.Reasoning from principle
---Reasoning that moves from a general principle to a specific conclusion.For instance: All people are mortal. Socrates is a person. Therefore, Socrates is mortal.3.Causal reasoning
---Reasoning that seeks to establish the relationship between causes and effects. There is a patch of ice on the sidewalk.You slip, fall, and break your arm.You reason as follows: “Because that patch of ice was there, I fell and broke my arm.” or
“If the patch of ice hadn’t been there, I wouldn’t have fallen and broken my arm.”
4.Analogical reasoning（类比推理）
---Reasoning in which a speaker compares two similar cases and infers that what is true for the first case is also true for the second. If you are good at racquetball, you’ll be great at Ping-Pang. In Great Britain the general election campaign fro Prime Minister lasts less than three weeks.Surely we can do the same with the U.S presidential election.IV.Appealing to emotions
Emotional appeals are intended to make listeners feel sad, angry, guilty, afraid, happy, proud, sympathetic, reverent, or the like.These are often appropriate reactions when the question is one of value or policy.
Guidelines for generating emotional appeal
1.Use emotional language 2.Develop vivid example 3.Speak with sincerity and conviction
第四篇：英语演讲选修课Chapter_10_informative
Lesson 10 informative Teaching Aim and Requirement Aimed at ensuring the Ss to have a basic knowledge of public speaking.Teaching methods PPt, interact between teacher & student Assignments
What are the essentials of an effective speech? How to overcome nervousness? Teaching procedures
Informative speech: a speech designed to convey knowledge and understanding To enhance the knowledge and understanding of your listeners---to give them information they did not have before Convey clearly accurately interestingly Organizational methods
Chronological order
编年顺序
Spatial order
空间顺序 Topical order
主题顺序 Causal order Problem-solution order
Other methods of speech organization
Causal order: A show a cause-effect relationship.method of speech organization in which the main points
Problem-solution order: A method of speech organization in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem.(Problem-cause-solution order)
Speeches about process
Process: A systematic series of actions that leads to a specific result or product. Speeches of process explain how something is made, how something is done, or how something works.3.Speeches about events
Event: Anything that happens or is regarded as happening. chronological order----to recount the history of an event, causal order----to explain the causes and effects
4.Speech about concepts
Concept: A belief, theory, idea, notion, principle, or the like. Speeches about concepts are usually organized in topical order.One common approach is to list the main features or aspects of your concept.Guidelines for informative speaking
Don’t overestimate what the audience knows.* Lead your audience step by step and explain everything thoroughly.2.Relate the subject directly to the audience
* What is fascinating to the speaker may not be fascinating to everybody.* Get your listeners involved
3.Don’t be too technical
* Simple, clear language is needed.4.Avoid abstractions One way to avoid abstractions is through description(a statement that depicts a person, event, idea, or the like with clarity and vividness)
Another way to escape abstraction is with comparisons(A statement of the similarities among two or more people, events, ideas, etc.)
5.Personalize your ideas
第五篇：英语演讲选修课4introduction
Lesson Four Introduction 1.Getting attention and interest(1)Relate the topic to the audience(2)State the importance of your topic(3)Startle the audience(4)Arouse the curiosity of the audience(5)Question the audience(6)Begin with a quotation(7)Tell a story 2.Reveal the topic 3.Establish credibility
Credibility: the audience’s perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic.Your credibility need not be based on firsthand knowledge and experience.It can come from reading, from classes, from interviews, from friends.4 Preview the body of the speech
Preview statement
A statement in the introduction of a speech that identifies the main points to be discussed in the body of the speech.Tips for preparing the introduction
1.Keep the introduction relatively brief.Under normal circumstances it should not constitute more than 10 to 20 percent of your speech.2.Be on the lookout for possible introductory materials as you do your research.File them with your notes, so they will be handy when you are ready for them.3.Be creative in devising your introduction.Experiment with two or three different openings and choose the one that seems most likely to get the audience interested in your speech.4.Don’t worry about the exact wording of your introduction until you have finished preparing the body of the speech.After you have determined your main points, it will be much easier to make final decisions about how to begin the speech.5.Work out your introduction in detail.Some teachers recommend that you write it out word for word;others prefer that you outline it.Whichever method you use, practice the introduction over and over until you can deliver it smoothly from a minimum of notes and with strong eye contact.This will get your speech off to a good start and give you a big boost of confidence.Some common faults of introductions
Don’t apologize.Don’t pretend
Don’t make hollow promises
Don’t rely on gimmicks
Don’t preface your introduction
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