第一篇：英语演讲选修课Vchapter 9 supporting
chapter 9 supporting
Three kinds of supporting materials
examples 实例
testimony 证词
statistics统计数据
Hypothetical example
An example that describes an imagery or fictitious situation 描述的是想象或虚构的情
形
Tips for using examples
1.Use examples to clarify your ideas说明
2.Use examples to reinforce your ideas强化
3.Use examples to personalize your ideas使思想个人化
II． Testimony
Testimony---quotations or paraphrases used to support a point.引用或释义的用于支持
观点的话
---Expert testimony 专家证词
---Peer testimony普通人证词
Tips for Using testimony
1.quote or paraphrase accurately: make sure you do not misquote someone;make sure you do not violate the meaning of statements you paraphrase;make sure you do not quote out of context
2.Use testimony from qualified sources.That is, use testimony from recognized experts or ordinary citizens with special experience on the speech topic.3.Use testimony from unbiased sources.Be sure to use testimony from credible, competent, objective authorities.4.Identify the people you quote or paraphrase.The usual way to identify your source is to name the person and sketch her or his qualifications before presenting the testimony
ask yourself the following two questions:
Are the statistics representative?
Are the statistics from a reliable source?
Tips for using statistics
1.Use statistics to quantity your ideas
2.Use statistics sparingly
3.Identify the source of your statistics
4.Explain your statistics
5.Round off complicated statistics
6.Use visual aids to clarify statistical trends
第二篇：英语演讲选修课10informative
Lesson 10 Informative Teaching Aim and Requirement Aimed at ensuring the Ss to have a basic knowledge of public speaking.Teaching methods PPt, interact between teacher & student Assignments
What are the essentials of an effective speech? How to overcome nervousness? Teaching procedures
Informative speech: a speech designed to convey knowledge and understanding To enhance the knowledge and understanding of your listeners---to give them information they did not have before Convey clearly accurately interestingly Organizational methods
Chronological order
编年顺序
Spatial order
空间顺序 Topical order
主题顺序 Causal order Problem-solution order
Other methods of speech organization
Causal order: A show a cause-effect relationship.method of speech organization in which the main points
Problem-solution order: A method of speech organization in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem.(Problem-cause-solution order)
Speeches about process
Process: A systematic series of actions that leads to a specific result or product. Speeches of process explain how something is made, how something is done, or how something works.3.Speeches about events
Event: Anything that happens or is regarded as happening. chronological order----to recount the history of an event, causal order----to explain the causes and effects
4.Speech about concepts
Concept: A belief, theory, idea, notion, principle, or the like. Speeches about concepts are usually organized in topical order.One common approach is to list the main features or aspects of your concept.Guidelines for informative speaking
Don’t overestimate what the audience knows.* Lead your audience step by step and explain everything thoroughly.2.Relate the subject directly to the audience
* What is fascinating to the speaker may not be fascinating to everybody.* Get your listeners involved
3.Don’t be too technical
* Simple, clear language is needed.4.Avoid abstractions One way to avoid abstractions is through description(a statement that depicts a person, event, idea, or the like with clarity and vividness)
Another way to escape abstraction is with comparisons(A statement of the similarities among two or more people, events, ideas, etc.)
5.Personalize your ideas
第三篇：英语演讲选修课11persuasive
Lesson 11 Persuasive Teaching Aim and Requirement Aimed at ensuring the Ss to have a basic knowledge of public speaking.Teaching methods PPt, interact between teacher & student Assignments
What are the essentials of an effective speech? How to overcome nervousness? Teaching procedures
I.Persuasive speeches on questions of fact
Questions of fact---A question about the truth or falsity of an assertion. We do not know enough information to know what it is
Will the economy be better or worse next year?
Will another earthquake strike California before the year 2010? The facts are murky or inclusive
What will happen next in the Middle East?
Is sexual orientation genetically determined?
Speeches On questions of fact are usually organized topically II.Persuasive speeches on questions of value
Questions of value?---A question about the worth, rightness, morality, and so forth of an idea or action. What is the best movie of all time? Is the cloning of human beings morally justifiable? What are the ethical responsibilities of journalists? Matter of fact, value judgments
Speeches on questions of value are mostly organized topically
Your first main point is to establish the standards for your value judgment.树立价值判断的标准
Your second main point is to apply those standards to the subject.III.Persuasive speeches on questions of policy
Questions of policy---A question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken.是否采取行动
What to do during spring vocation? Which strategy to use in selling a product? How to maintain economic growth and protect the enviroment ? They are to decide whether something should or should not be done.2.Organizing speeches on Questions of policy
Problem-solution order Problem-cause-solution order
Comparative Advantage order
D.Monroe’s motivated sequence
D.Monroe’s motivated sequence
门罗促动顺序
A method of organizing persuasive speeches that seek immediate action. The five steps of the motivated sequence are:
1.attention
2.need
3.satisfaction
4.visualization
（形象化）
5.action
Part 2: Methods of persuasion
Listeners will be persuaded by a speaker from one or more of four reasons:
I.credibility.II.evidence.III.reasoning.IV.emotions
I.Building credibility
Factors of credibility:
A.Competence---how an audience regards a speaker’s intelligence, expertise, and knowledge of the subject.B.Character---how an audience regards a speaker’s sincerity, trustworthiness, and concern for the well-being of the audience.2.Establishing common ground with your audience
Creating common ground---a technique in which a speaker connects himself or herself with the values, attitudes, or experiences of the audience.3.Deliver your speeches fluently, expressively, and with conviction II.Using evidence
Tips for using evidence 1.Use specific evidence.2.Use novel evidence.3.Use evidence from credible sources 4.Make clear the point of your evidence.III.Reasoning
Reasoning---the process of drawing a conclusion on the basis of evidence. Four types of reasoning:
1.Reasoning from specific instances
2.Reasoning from principle
3.Causal reasoning
4.Analogical reasoning
Guidelines for reasoning from specific instances
A.Avoid generalizing too hastily, make sure your sample of specific instances is large enough to justify your conclusion.B.Be careful with your wording.If your evidence does not justify a conclusion, qualify your argument.C.Reinforce your argument with statistics and testimony 2.Reasoning from principle
---Reasoning that moves from a general principle to a specific conclusion.For instance: All people are mortal. Socrates is a person. Therefore, Socrates is mortal.3.Causal reasoning
---Reasoning that seeks to establish the relationship between causes and effects. There is a patch of ice on the sidewalk.You slip, fall, and break your arm.You reason as follows: “Because that patch of ice was there, I fell and broke my arm.” or
“If the patch of ice hadn’t been there, I wouldn’t have fallen and broken my arm.”
4.Analogical reasoning（类比推理）
---Reasoning in which a speaker compares two similar cases and infers that what is true for the first case is also true for the second. If you are good at racquetball, you’ll be great at Ping-Pang. In Great Britain the general election campaign fro Prime Minister lasts less than three weeks.Surely we can do the same with the U.S presidential election.IV.Appealing to emotions
Emotional appeals are intended to make listeners feel sad, angry, guilty, afraid, happy, proud, sympathetic, reverent, or the like.These are often appropriate reactions when the question is one of value or policy.
Guidelines for generating emotional appeal
1.Use emotional language 2.Develop vivid example 3.Speak with sincerity and conviction
第四篇：英语演讲选修课Chapter_10_informative
Lesson 10 informative Teaching Aim and Requirement Aimed at ensuring the Ss to have a basic knowledge of public speaking.Teaching methods PPt, interact between teacher & student Assignments
What are the essentials of an effective speech? How to overcome nervousness? Teaching procedures
Informative speech: a speech designed to convey knowledge and understanding To enhance the knowledge and understanding of your listeners---to give them information they did not have before Convey clearly accurately interestingly Organizational methods
Chronological order
编年顺序
Spatial order
空间顺序 Topical order
主题顺序 Causal order Problem-solution order
Other methods of speech organization
Causal order: A show a cause-effect relationship.method of speech organization in which the main points
Problem-solution order: A method of speech organization in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem.(Problem-cause-solution order)
Speeches about process
Process: A systematic series of actions that leads to a specific result or product. Speeches of process explain how something is made, how something is done, or how something works.3.Speeches about events
Event: Anything that happens or is regarded as happening. chronological order----to recount the history of an event, causal order----to explain the causes and effects
4.Speech about concepts
Concept: A belief, theory, idea, notion, principle, or the like. Speeches about concepts are usually organized in topical order.One common approach is to list the main features or aspects of your concept.Guidelines for informative speaking
Don’t overestimate what the audience knows.* Lead your audience step by step and explain everything thoroughly.2.Relate the subject directly to the audience
* What is fascinating to the speaker may not be fascinating to everybody.* Get your listeners involved
3.Don’t be too technical
* Simple, clear language is needed.4.Avoid abstractions One way to avoid abstractions is through description(a statement that depicts a person, event, idea, or the like with clarity and vividness)
Another way to escape abstraction is with comparisons(A statement of the similarities among two or more people, events, ideas, etc.)
5.Personalize your ideas
第五篇：英语演讲选修课4introduction
Lesson Four Introduction 1.Getting attention and interest(1)Relate the topic to the audience(2)State the importance of your topic(3)Startle the audience(4)Arouse the curiosity of the audience(5)Question the audience(6)Begin with a quotation(7)Tell a story 2.Reveal the topic 3.Establish credibility
Credibility: the audience’s perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic.Your credibility need not be based on firsthand knowledge and experience.It can come from reading, from classes, from interviews, from friends.4 Preview the body of the speech
Preview statement
A statement in the introduction of a speech that identifies the main points to be discussed in the body of the speech.Tips for preparing the introduction
1.Keep the introduction relatively brief.Under normal circumstances it should not constitute more than 10 to 20 percent of your speech.2.Be on the lookout for possible introductory materials as you do your research.File them with your notes, so they will be handy when you are ready for them.3.Be creative in devising your introduction.Experiment with two or three different openings and choose the one that seems most likely to get the audience interested in your speech.4.Don’t worry about the exact wording of your introduction until you have finished preparing the body of the speech.After you have determined your main points, it will be much easier to make final decisions about how to begin the speech.5.Work out your introduction in detail.Some teachers recommend that you write it out word for word;others prefer that you outline it.Whichever method you use, practice the introduction over and over until you can deliver it smoothly from a minimum of notes and with strong eye contact.This will get your speech off to a good start and give you a big boost of confidence.Some common faults of introductions
Don’t apologize.Don’t pretend
Don’t make hollow promises
Don’t rely on gimmicks
Don’t preface your introduction
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