土木工程专业英语讲稿Lesson_6 Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning

第一篇：土木工程专业英语讲稿Lesson_6 Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning

Lesson 6 Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning

供热、通风和空调

Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning are all aspects of environmental engineering, a recent concept embracing all aspects of the engineering of buildings, such as structure, drainage, acoustics, and internal transportation.供热、通风和空调涵盖了环境工程的全部；环境工程的新理念还包括建筑内部各项工程，比如结构、排水、声学和内部人员流动。

The concept of environmental engineering takes cognizance of the fact that all elements of building are interrelated.环境工程原理认为：建筑物的所有部分都是相关的。

The heat produced by lighting, for instance, affects the need for air-conditioning, calling for ducts, which in turn affect the design of the structure.比如，照明产热需要空调降温，空调要使用管道，从而影响到结构设计。

The present article is confined to buildings, but the subject may be extended to cover mobile vehicles, such as motor coaches, aircraft, ships, railway trains, spacecraft, and submarines, each having highly specialized requirements.本文仅限于建筑物，但是这个主题可以扩大到包括大客车、飞机、轮船、铁路列车、宇宙飞船和潜艇等交通工具，它们要求的专业化程度都很高。

Heating, ventilating, and air conditioning in the present context may be defined in general terms as the control of the environment within enclosed spaces.本文中，供热、通风和空调被笼统地定义为围合空间内部的环境控制。

Apart from comfort, many industrial processes depend on a controlled atmosphere；thus, this branch of engineering covers a considerable range of applications.除了舒适，许多工业过程都与受控的环境有关；因此，本学科应用范围较为广泛。

Heating is concerned with raising the temperature of the thermal environment.供热就是为了提高环境温度。

Ventilating is concerned with the supply of fresh air and removal of air that is vitiated, polluted, or contaminated.通风涉及供应新风、排除混浊或被污染的空气。

Air-conditioning may include the functions of heating and ventilating but in addition is concerned with lowering of temperature of the thermal environment, raising or lowering of humidity, and purifying the air by removal of dust, bacteria, and other airborne matter.空调包括供暖和通风，此外还涉及到环境降温、加湿或除湿，通过清除灰尘、细菌和其它空气中携带的物质而净化空气。

Making fire was among man's earliest achievements, and doubtless wood formed the earliest of fuels, first in caves, as remains of Stone Age hearths show, and later in mud and turf enclosures.用火是人类最早的成就之一，木材无疑是最早的燃料；早期人类在洞穴里生火（石器时代炉膛的遗迹就是证明），后来是在泥土、草皮做成的围堂内生火。

The discovery that charcoal could be made from wood to produce a fuel without smoke seems to have been an early step toward progress in places where only moderate warmth was needed, such as China, Japan, and the Shores of the Mediterranean.木材可以制成木炭，这种无烟燃料的出现是早期的一大进步，这在那些仅需要适度供暖的地方很有必要，比如中国、日本和地中海岸等地区。

Another evolution was the flue or chimney, first as a simple aperture in the centre of the hut roof and later rising from the fireplace, invented in Europe in the 13th century.另一个进展就是烟道或烟囱。最早只是在小屋顶中心开个简单的孔，后来就在壁炉上增加了烟囱（它是13世纪欧洲人发明的）。

Smoke and fumes no longer pervaded the living space.这样，烟气就不会弥漫于生活空间了。

Stoves, far 1ess wasteful of heat than fireplaces, appear to have been used first by the Chinese about 600 BC.大约在公元前600年中国人最早使用炉子，它比壁炉大大减少了热量的浪费。

They can be traced through Russia and into Germany and in the European countries generally, where they are still used today, often as a focus of family life.炉子的足迹遍布俄国、德国以及欧洲的很多国家，如今这些地区仍有使用，且常被视为家庭生活的中心。

The stove crossed the Atlantic to the United States, where Benjamin Franklin in 1744 invented an improved design, the forerunner of the traditional potbellied stove.炉子穿越大西洋来到美国；1744年，弗兰克林·本杰明对它进行了改良设计，这就是传统大肚采暖炉的雏形。

The first scientific refinement of the fireplace seems to be attributable to the physicist Benjamin Thompson, count Rumford, toward the end of the 18th century.到了18世纪末期，壁炉的第一次科学改良似乎应归功于物理学家汤普森·本杰明，拉姆福德伯爵。

His aim was to improve the efficiency of the open fire by the use of lumps of fireclay and by a canopy, both designed to increase the amount of radiant heat.他的目标是通过使用耐火砖和炉盖来提高明火的功效，这两项设计增大了辐射热。

Because his ideas were not accepted, however, a gross fuel waste has continued up to the present day.然而，由于他的想法未被采纳，所以严重的燃料浪费现象一直持续到了今天。

Heating by a fire outside the space to be heated, now described as central heating, appears to have been invented by the Lacedaemonians of Greece, who first used heated floors.对供暖空间之外用火取暖，现在被称为集中供热，它好像是由古希腊的斯巴达人发明的，是他们最早使用地暖。

The Great Temple in the city of Ephesus(350 BC)is believed to have been heated by flues laid in the floors, using lignite as fuel.公元前350年，以弗所市的大神殿就是通过放置在地板中的暖气管来供热的，它用褐煤作燃料。

The Greeks perceived the advantages of central heating, but it was the Romans who became the supreme heating engineers of the ancient world with their hypocaust system.虽然希腊人认识到集中供热的优点，但是罗马人才称得上古代最伟大的供暖专家，他们发明了火炕式供暖系统。

The floor was raised on pedestals, and the hot gases from a furnace were guided into the underfloor space, from which they rose through hollow terra-cotta tubes embedded in the walls.地板被架离楼板之上，从炉子里出来的热气被引至地板下的空间，从那里热气又通过埋入墙体中的中空陶瓦管上升。

Such systems are to be found throughout Europe wherever Roman culture flourished.这种供暖方式遍布欧洲，在罗马文化繁荣的地方随处可见。

In Italy, the hypocaust is found only in baths, but in cooler climates, such as Britain’s, not only baths but also the living room and sometimes other rooms were heated.在意大利，这种火炕供暖只能在浴室里找到；但是，在气候更冷的地方，比如英国，浴室和起居室，有时还包括其他的房间都要供暖。

Such scientific development and refinement of life came to an end with the fall of the Roman Empire and the ruin of the cities that followed.这种科学进步和讲究生活随着罗马帝国的衰落和接下来的城市毁灭而结束了。

The Dark Ages saw a return to a less civilized form of life;castles and homesteads employed the crude methods of heating used by primitive man.在欧洲中世纪的黑暗时代，生活又回到了文明退化状态；城堡和家园使用的是原始供暖方法。

Drafty halls were warmed by a log fire in the centre of the stone floor.通风良好的大厅用点燃石地板中间的柴火来供暖。

Enormously heavy fur-lined cloaks were worn to keep warm.为了保暖，用厚重的毛皮作衬里的披风穿在身上。

It has taken 1, 500 years for the comfort of the Roman system of floor heating to be rediscovered by modern civilization.舒适的罗马式地热系统被现代文明重新拾起却用了1500年的时间。

The advent of steam as a source of power in the Industrial Revolution of the 18th and early 19th centuries offered a new way of heating, first used in factories and mills.在18世纪和19世纪早期工业革命中，作为动力来源的蒸汽的出现提供了一种新的供暖方法，该方法最早被用在工厂和磨坊中。

Steam conveyed in pipes was extensively used for heating not only for industrial needs but for schools, churches, courts of justice, assembly halls, and even homes and horticultural greenhouses.在管道中输送蒸汽来供暖不仅被广泛地应用于工厂中，而且也被用于学校、教堂、审判法庭、会议厅，甚至家庭和园艺温室。

The very hot surfaces of steam heating cause a parching effect on the air, often accompanied by a disagreeable odor of burnt dust.蒸汽供暖的高热表面对空气产生烘烤效应，经常伴随着烧焦尘土的难闻气味。

The advantages of hot water, with a lower surface temperature and milder general effect than that of steam, began to be recognized about 1830.比起蒸汽，热水的优势在于具有更低的表面温度，气味淡但烘烤效应小，这在1830年人们就认识到了。

One of the first such systems was installed at the New Westminster Hospital, London.第一套水暖系统安装在伦敦的新威斯敏斯特医院。

Hot water at low pressure has continued from that time to occupy a principal place in methods of heating；it is used in radiators, convectors, embedded floor and ceiling heating systems, and as a means of warming air for distribution by fans in a variety of ways.从那时起，低压热水就一直在供暖方法中占据着重要地位；它被用于散热片、对流加热器、埋置于地板和天花板中的供暖系统中。而且，作为一种升温手段，可通过风机以各种方式进行分配。

In 1831 Jocob Perkins of England patented a revolutionary method of high-pressure hot-water heating in which a continuous circuit of very strong piping, receiving heat from a coil in the furnace, conveyed water in a closed system to coils disposed about the building.1831年，英国的雅各布.帕金斯取得了具有革命性的高压热水供暖的专利权，这种供暖方式通过一个连续循环的坚固管道从锅炉中的螺旋管获取热量，并在一个封闭系统内将热水输送到建筑内部的管道中。

Circulation was by thermo syphon.循环是在热弯管内进行的。

The system achieved considerable popularity in spite of its high temperatures;its tubing was small and neat compared with the massive cast-iron pipes used with low-pressure apparatus.尽管供暖温度较高，但却很受欢迎；其管道系统和在低压设备中使用的巨大铸铁管道相比要小且整洁。

The high-pressure hot-water principle has been revived in a modern system developed first in continental Europe and later spread elsewhere, chiefly for industrial heating.高压水暖原理在现代化供暖中的复兴，最早是在欧洲大陆发展起来，后来传播到其他地方，主要用于工业供暖。

The need for some form of induced ventilation to enclosed spaces probably did not arise until the 19th century, by which time assembly halls, theatres, and churches were being built to hold hundreds and even thousands of people.大概直到19世纪，才产生了需要对封闭空间采取某种形式导流通风，那时所建的集会礼堂、剧院、教堂要容纳成百甚至上千人。

In industry some amelioration of the atmosphere in the steamy, gas-lighted workrooms was forced on mill owners to offset an increasing sickness rate.工业上为了减少持续上升的患病率，厂家被迫对水汽蒙蒙的采用煤气灯照明的车间环境进行改善。

Mines had been ventilated from earliest times by furnace kept burning at the base of vent shafts.矿井从最早开始就一直把炉子放在通风竖井的底部来保持燃烧通风。

Some of the early ventilating systems in buildings followed this method, for example, the New Houses of Parliament in London, rebuilt in 1837.一些早期建筑的通风系统沿用了这种方法，比如伦敦的新国会大厦，它重建于1837年。

There air was exhausted from the chambers by means of coke fires, kept burning day and night in the roof spaces beneath tall shafts, whose Gothic outlines remain a feature of the architecture, though the shafts are no longer used.在竖井下方的屋顶空间昼夜燃烧的炭火耗尽了房间里的氧气。虽然不再使用竖井，但仍保留着哥特式建筑的外形。

The air was drawn in by the suction of these extraction shafts through gratings in the floor of the chambers, which were connected in turn to tunnels leading to the Thames River, from the banks of which the fresh air was drawn.空气抽排管道和通向泰晤士河的隧道相连，抽气泵通过房间地板格栅吸入泰晤士河岸的新鲜空气。

Although a rotary fan had been invented in the 16th century, a convenient power supply was not available until the days of ubiquitous electric current.From the 18th century steam drove fans in industrial installations.虽然16世纪就发明了旋转式风扇，但直到发明无所不在的电流后才有了方便的电力供应。18世纪，工业设备上还用蒸汽驱动风机。

The plenum system was an early method of combining heating with ventilation by using steam in tubes in an air duct to heat the air, the driving force being a fan, also steam driven.压力通风是一种早期通过风道中的蒸汽管加热空气而把供热和通风结合起来的方法，其压力也是由蒸汽驱动的风机提供。

The heated air was delivered through ducts under pressure(or plenum), conveyed to all parts of the building.Schools, hospitals, and factories were often heated by this means.热空气在高压作用下，通过管道传送到建筑内的各个部位。学校、医院和工厂通常采用这种方式供热。

Cooling by evaporation may have originated in India, where mats of wetted grass hung over openings on the windward side resulted in evaporative cooling by as much as 20 to 30 °F(11 to 17℃).蒸发冷可能发源于印度。在那里，湿草席悬挂在通道口的迎风面上，使得蒸发冷却后温度达到11-17℃。

The mats were kept wet by hand or by a perforated trough above.Such a system employs one of the fundamental principles of air conditioning.这些草席通过人工或通过在其上方开孔的水槽保湿。这种方法利用了空调的基本原理。

The term “air conditioning” is credited to Stuart W.Cramer, who in 1907 presented a paper on humidity control for textile mills before the American Cotton Manufacturers Association.“空气调节”这个术语的出现归功于Stuart W.Cramer，他在1907年向美国棉花制造业协会提交了一篇关于纺织厂湿度控制的论文。

Control of moisture content in textiles by addition of steam to the atmosphere had long been known as “conditioning”.It was not, however, until 1911, when Willis Carrier published the results of many years of research, that the scientific basis of air conditioning was laid.增加空气中的水汽来控制纺织品中的含湿度很早就被称为“调湿”了。然而，直到1911年，当Willis Carrier公布多年的研究结果时，才奠定了空气调节的科学基础。

From air conditioning in industry, for the quality of the product, to air conditioning for comfort was but a step.从工业中为产品质量进行空气调节到以舒适为目的的空气调节，这仅仅迈出了第一步。

Comfort air-conditioning was developed in the 1920s for increasingly large theatres, stores, and office blocks, in which the economic value was evident.由于20世纪20年代出现越来越多的大型剧院、商店和办公大楼，舒适的空调是才发展起来，其经济价值是很明显的。

The development of air conditioning as a major industry, however, awaited new refrigerating techniques.然而，空调作为主要产业的发展还期待着新的制冷技术的出现。

Until the end of the 19th century, design of heating and ventilating systems was largely empirical.A change to scientific methods began to evolve in the 1890s.直到19世纪末，供热和通风设计大多还是凭经验。朝着科学性的转变始于19世纪90年代。

Research work was undertaken at the University of Berlin-Charlottenburg and in a few other places before World War I.人们着手做研究工作是在第一次世界大战前的柏林夏洛特博格大学和其他几个地方。

After the war, research was begun in several countries, notably in the United Kingdom, the United States, Germany, Sweden, and France.Out of this international research effort modern air conditioning has grown.战后，研究又在几个国家兴起，尤其是在英国、美国、德国、瑞典和法国。由于这些国际化研究成果，现代空调装置才得以发展起来。12

第二篇：土木工程专业英语

水力学 hydraulics水泥 cement桁架 truss 沥青 bitumen混凝土 concrete强度 strength 非线性 nonlinear桩 pile刚性 rigid隧道 tunnel砾石 gravel柱子 column力 force

位移 displacement线性的 linear砂浆 mortar弹性 elastic塑性 plastic沉降 settlement 弯矩 moment扭矩 torque剪力 shear

正应力 normal stress路面 pavement

钢筋混凝土 reinforced concrete抗拉强度 tensile strength抗压强度 compressive strength 土木工程 civil engineering岩体力学 rock mass mechanics粒径 grain diameter 容许应力 allowable stress土力学 soil mechanics斜拉桥 cable stayed bridge 悬索桥 suspension bridge中性面 neutral plane水灰比 water-cement ratio 民用建筑 civil architecture地质成因 geologic origin临界截面 choking section

岩土工程 geotechnical engineering屈服点 yield point

横截面(transverse)cross section 安全系数 safety factor抗剪强度 shear strength反复试验 trial and error

预应力混凝土 priestessed concrete先张法 pretensioning concrete 后张法 post-tensioning concrete 土质勘测 soil investiagation

在这两种应力中，前者是压应力，后者是拉应力。These two kinds of stress, the former is a compressive stress, which is the tensile stress.许多情况下可能会指派土木工程师参与其他项目的工作。In many cases, civil

engineers may be assigned to engaged in the work of other projects.需要强调数学、力学、计算机技术在土木工程应用中的重要性。It should be stressed that mathematics, mechanics and computer applications in civil engineering is importance.钢材和混凝土是桥梁建筑的基本材料，混凝土的主要缺点是抗拉强度很低。Basic

materials are steel and concrete bridge construction, the main disadvantage is the low tensile strength of concrete.混凝土的抗压强度是水泥、骨料、水及混合料中所含的各种添加剂的用量所控制。它们主要用于大型水坝，在大坝中它们能减少水泥硬化时释放出的热量。They are mainly used for large dams;dams in the heat they can reduce cement hardening release.They are mainly used for large dams, the dam in which they can reduce hardening of the cement when the heat release.水力学 hydraulics水泥 cement桁架 truss 沥青 bitumen混凝土 concrete强度 strength 非线性 nonlinear桩 pile刚性 rigid隧道 tunnel砾石 gravel柱子 column力 force

位移 displacement线性的 linear砂浆 mortar弹性 elastic塑性 plastic沉降 settlement 弯矩 moment扭矩 torque剪力 shear

正应力 normal stress路面 pavement

钢筋混凝土 reinforced concrete抗拉强度 tensile strength抗压强度 compressive strength 土木工程 civil engineering岩体力学 rock mass mechanics粒径 grain diameter 容许应力 allowable stress土力学 soil mechanics斜拉桥 cable stayed bridge 悬索桥 suspension bridge中性面 neutral plane水灰比 water-cement ratio 民用建筑 civil architecture地质成因 geologic origin临界截面 choking section

岩土工程 geotechnical engineering屈服点 yield point

横截面(transverse)cross section 安全系数 safety factor抗剪强度 shear strength反复试验 trial and error

预应力混凝土 priestessed concrete先张法 pretensioning concrete 后张法 post-tensioning concrete 土质勘测 soil investiagation

在这两种应力中，前者是压应力，后者是拉应力。These two kinds of stress, the former is a compressive stress, which is the tensile stress.许多情况下可能会指派土木工程师参与其他项目的工作。In many cases, civil

engineers may be assigned to engaged in the work of other projects.需要强调数学、力学、计算机技术在土木工程应用中的重要性。It should be stressed that mathematics, mechanics and computer applications in civil engineering is importance.钢材和混凝土是桥梁建筑的基本材料，混凝土的主要缺点是抗拉强度很低。Basic

materials are steel and concrete bridge construction, the main disadvantage is the low tensile strength of concrete.混凝土的抗压强度是水泥、骨料、水及混合料中所含的各种添加剂的用量所控制。它们主要用于大型水坝，在大坝中它们能减少水泥硬化时释放出的热量。They are mainly used for large dams;dams in the heat they can reduce cement hardening release.They are mainly used for large dams, the dam in which they can reduce hardening of the cement when the heat release.水力学 hydraulics水泥 cement桁架 truss 沥青 bitumen混凝土 concrete强度 strength 非线性 nonlinear桩 pile刚性 rigid隧道 tunnel砾石 gravel柱子 column力 force

位移 displacement线性的 linear砂浆 mortar弹性 elastic塑性 plastic沉降 settlement 弯矩 moment扭矩 torque剪力 shear

正应力 normal stress路面 pavement

钢筋混凝土 reinforced concrete抗拉强度 tensile strength抗压强度 compressive strength 土木工程 civil engineering岩体力学 rock mass mechanics粒径 grain diameter 容许应力 allowable stress土力学 soil mechanics斜拉桥 cable stayed bridge 悬索桥 suspension bridge中性面 neutral plane水灰比 water-cement ratio 民用建筑 civil architecture地质成因 geologic origin临界截面 choking section

岩土工程 geotechnical engineering屈服点 yield point

横截面(transverse)cross section 安全系数 safety factor抗剪强度 shear strength反复试验 trial and error

预应力混凝土 priestessed concrete先张法 pretensioning concrete 后张法 post-tensioning concrete 土质勘测 soil investiagation

在这两种应力中，前者是压应力，后者是拉应力。These two kinds of stress, the former is a compressive stress, which is the tensile stress.许多情况下可能会指派土木工程师参与其他项目的工作。In many cases, civil

engineers may be assigned to engaged in the work of other projects.需要强调数学、力学、计算机技术在土木工程应用中的重要性。It should be stressed that mathematics, mechanics and computer applications in civil engineering is importance.钢材和混凝土是桥梁建筑的基本材料，混凝土的主要缺点是抗拉强度很低。Basic

materials are steel and concrete bridge construction, the main disadvantage is the low tensile strength of concrete.混凝土的抗压强度是水泥、骨料、水及混合料中所含的各种添加剂的用量所控制。它们主要用于大型水坝，在大坝中它们能减少水泥硬化时释放出的热量。They are mainly used for large dams;dams in the heat they can reduce cement hardening release.They are mainly used for large dams, the dam in which they can reduce hardening of the cement when the heat release.

第三篇：土木工程专业英语讲稿Lesson_8 Bridge Design and Construction

Lesson 8 Bridge Design and Construction

桥梁设计和施工

Planning 规划

The first step leading to the construction of a modern major bridge is a comprehensive study to determine whether a bridge is needed.建一座现代化大型桥梁的第一步就是广泛研究并确定建桥的必要性。

If it is to be a highway bridge, in the United States for example, a planning study is initiated by a state bridge authority, possibly in cooperation with local governments or the federal government.比如在美国，如果要建一座公路桥梁，州桥梁专家发起规划研究，且需要与当地政府或联邦政府合作。

Studies are made to estimate the amount of bridge traffic, the relief of jammed traffic in nearby highway networks, the effects on the regional economy, and the cost of the bridge.要评估过桥的交通量，能否缓解附近公路网交通拥堵情况，对区域经济的影响以及桥的造价。

The means for financing the project, such as public taxes or sale of revenue bonds repaid by toll charges, are considered.还要考虑工程资金的筹措，如公共税收，或通过收取过路过桥费偿还借贷的国债。

If the studies lead to a decision to go ahead with the project, the land needed for the bridge and its approaches is acquired at the selected site.At this point, field engineering work is started.若经过研究决定要实施路桥工程，那么就需要征用选址处的建桥用地和建设通向桥址的道路占地。此后，现场工作便开始了。

Accurate land surveys are made.Tides, flood conditions, currents, and other characteristics of the waterway are carefully studied.Boring samples of soil and rock are taken at possible foundation locations, both on land and under the water.现场要做好精确的勘测工作。潮汐、洪水状况、水流以及航道特点等都要进行仔细研究。尽量在基础施工现场（包括岸上和水下）进行土体和岩石的钻孔取样。

Selection of bridge design 桥梁设计的选择

The chief factors in deciding whether a bridge will be built as a girder, cantilever, truss, arch, suspension, or some other type are：(1)location； for example, across a river;(2)purposes；for example, a bridge for carrying motor vehicles；(3)span length；(4)strength of available materials；(5)cost；(6)beauty and harmony with the location.决定将桥建成梁桥、悬臂桥、桁架桥、拱桥、悬索桥还是其他类型桥的主要因素有：（1）桥梁位置；如跨越河流；（2）用途，如汽车运输；（3）跨距；（4）可用材料强度；（5）造价；（6）美观以及与场地环境的协调性。

Each type of bridge is most effective and economical only within a certain range of span lengths, shown in the following table：

每类桥梁都只在某个跨距范围内才省钱、有用，如下表所列：

As indicated in the table, there is a considerable overlap in the range of applicability of the various types.表中数据表明，不同类型桥的跨距值存在相当大的交叠。

In some cases, alternative preliminary designs are prepared for several types of bridge in order to have a better basis for making the final selection.有时，为了使最终方案论据充分，通常要准备多种类型桥梁设计方案进行初步比较。

Selection of materials 选材

The bridge designer can select from a number of modern high-strength materials, including concrete, steel, and a wide variety of corrosion-resistant alloy steels.桥梁设计人员可以选择多种现代高强材料，如混凝土、钢材和不同类型的抗腐蚀合金钢。

For the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge, for example, the designer used at least seven different kinds alloy steel, one of which has a yield strength of 50, 000 pounds per square inch(psi)(3, 515 kg／sq cm)and does not need to be painted because an oxide coating forms on its surface and inhibits corrosion.比如，维拉扎诺海峡大桥的设计者用了至少7种不同类型的合金钢，其中任何一种的屈服强度都达到3, 515 kg／平方厘米, 而且无需喷涂，因为在其表面已经形成了氧化层可以抑制侵蚀。

The designer also can select steel wires for suspension cables that have tensile strengths up to 250, 000 psi(17, 577 kg／sq cm).设计人员还可以选择抗拉强度高达250000磅每平方英寸的钢丝束作悬索。

Concrete with compressive strengths as high as 8,000 psi(562.5 kg／sq am)can now be produced for use in bridges, and it can be given high durability against chipping and weathering by the addition of special chemical agents and control of the hardening process.如今用于桥梁的混凝土其抗压强度高达8000psi。通过添加特殊的化学添加剂可控制硬化过程；这种砼使用年限长，可抗剥落和抗风化。

Concrete that has been prestressed and reinforced with steel wires has a tensile strength of 250, 000 psi(17, 577 kg／sq cm).预应力混凝土和钢筋混凝土的抗拉强度为250000psi。

Other useful materials for bridges include aluminum alloys and wood.其他建桥材料还包括铝合金和木材。

Modern structural aluminum alloys have yield strengths exceeding 40,000 psi(2,812 kg／sq cm).现代结构使用的铝合金其屈服强度超过40000psi。

Laminated strips of wood glued together can be made into beams with strengths twice that of natural timbers；glue-laminated southern pine, for example, can bear working stresses approaching 3,000 psi(210.9 kg／sq cm).多层胶合木材能制成强度比普通木材多一倍的梁。比如，层压胶合的南方松木，能承受接近3000psi的有效应力。Analysis of forces 受力分析

A bridge must resist a complex combination of tension, compression, bending, shear, and torsion forces.桥梁必须能抵抗拉、压、弯、剪和扭的合力作用。

In addition, the structure must provide a safety factor as insurance against failure.此外，结构还必须保有抵抗破坏的安全系数。

The calculation of the precise nature of the individual stresses and strains in the structure, called analysis, is perhaps the most technically complex aspect of bridge building.精确计算结构的应力和应变变化，称为受力分析，这也许是桥梁建造技术中最繁复的方面。

The goal of analysis is to determine all of the forces that may act on each structural member.受力分析的目的是确定可能作用在每个构件上的所有力。

The forces that act on bridge structural members are produced by two kinds of loads—static and dynamic.这些力分为两种：静荷载和动荷载。

The static load—the dead weight of the bridge structure itself—is usually the greatest load.静荷载——桥梁结构本身的恒载——通常是最大的荷载。

The dynamic, or live load, has components, including vehicles carried by the bridge, wind forces, and accumulations of ice and snow.动荷载，或活荷载，有很多分力组成，包括桥梁承担的交通工具的作用、风力和冰雪堆积物的作用。

Although the total weight of the vehicles moving over a bridge at any time is generally a small fraction of the static and dynamic load, it presents special problems to the bridge designer because of the vibration and impact stresses created by moving vehicles.尽管桥上移动车辆的总重任何时候都只是静、动荷载的一小部分，但因为车辆的移动会产生振动和冲击，所以对于桥梁设计人员而言这仍然是一个需要特别注意的问题。

For example, the severe impacts caused by irregularities of vehicle motion or bumps in the roadway may momentarily double the effect of the live load on the bridge.比如，由公路上车辆移动或颠簸的不规则性产生的剧烈冲击可以瞬间使得动荷载对桥梁的影响倍增。

Wind exerts force on a bridge both directly by striking the bridge structure and indirectly by striking vehicles that are crossing the bridge.风通过直接作用于桥梁结构和间接作用于穿过桥梁的车辆上而对桥梁施加荷载。

If the wind induces aeroelastic vibration, as in the case of the Tacoma Narrows Bridge, its effect may be greatly amplified.如果风引起空气弹性振动，就像塔科马海峡大桥的情况一样，其效应可能会被无 限放大。

Because of this danger, the bridge designer makes provisions for the strongest winds that may occur at the bridge location.因此，桥梁设计人员采取措施对可能作用在桥梁上的最大风力做出防范。

Other forces that may act on the bridge, such as stresses created by earthquake tremors, must also be provided for.其他可能作用在桥梁上的力，如地震作用，也须加以预防。

Special attention must often be given to the design of the bridge piers, since heavy loads may be imposed on them by currents, waves, and f1oating ice and debris.设计时必须特别留心，因为桥墩要遭受水流、波浪、浮冰和碎块产生的重荷冲击。

Occasionally a pier may even be hit by a passing ship.有时，桥墩甚至可能被一艘过往的船只撞到。

Electronic computers are playing an ever-increasing role in assisting bridge designers in the analysis of forces.电子计算机在桥梁设计人员进行受力分析的过程中起到了越来越重要的作用。

The use of precise model testing, particularly for studying the dynamic behavior of bridges, also helps designers.使用精确的模型进行测试对设计人员会有所帮助，尤其是在桥梁动力特性的研究过程中。

A scaled-down model of the bridge is constructed, and various gauges to measure strains, accelerations, and deformations are placed on the model.有时还要建造桥梁的缩尺模型，并且在模型上安装能测量应变、加速度和变形的各种测量仪器。

The model bridge is then subjected to various scaled-down loads or dynamic conditions to find out what will happen.然后，对模型桥梁施加不同的按比例缩减的荷载或动力条件来观测结果。

Wind tunnel tests may also be made to ensure that nothing like the Tacoma Narrows Bridge failure can occur.可能还要进行风洞实验，以确保不再发生像塔科马海峡大桥一样的破坏事件。

With modern technological aids, there is much less chance of bridge failure than in the past.在现代技术的帮助下，桥梁损坏的几率比起过去小得多。Construction the foundations 桥梁基础的施工

Construction starts with the foundations, which may cost almost as much as the superstructure.桥梁施工是从基础开始，这部分的造价可能和上部结构差不多。

Foundations built in water usually present the greatest difficulties.通常水中修建桥梁基础遇到的困难最多。

One of the older methods, which is still used in shallow waters, is to erect cofferdams similar to the ring of closely spaced piles that the Romans used.在浅水区仍然使用较原始的方法，即修建围堰，这类似于罗马人使用过的环形密 排桩。

For constructing foundations in deep water, caissons have long been used.深水区内基础施工，一直都采用沉箱法。

The caisson, which is a huge box closed on all sides except the bottom, is lowered onto the river bed.沉箱是指除了底面的所有面都被密封起来的巨大箱体，它被沉降到河床上。

Workers inside the caisson, which is filled with compressed air to keep out the water, dig deeper and deeper, and the caisson sinks as the digging proceeds.箱体内充满压缩空气而将水排出。施工人员在箱体内开挖的越来越深，箱体随着开挖的进行而下沉。

When a suitable depth is reached, the caisson is filled with concrete and becomes part of the foundation itself.当到达适当深度时，箱体内浇筑混凝土，而后沉箱就成为基础的一部分。

Another deep-water method, less hazardous and less costly than the caisson method, uses steel or concrete piles.另一种比沉箱方法危险性更小、更经济的深水基础施工法是使用钢桩或混凝土桩。

With modern pile drivers, long heavy piles can be driven even in deep water.The piles can be cut off and capped either above the water level or below it.If they are capped below the water level, a prefabricated hollow pier case is floated out to the site, sunk on the piles, and then filled with concrete to form the pier.现代打桩工具能把长重桩夯入深水中，在水面或水下截桩并套上桩帽。若在水下套上桩帽，那么要将预制好的中空墩架运到现场，沉到桩头上，然后浇筑混凝土形成桥墩。

Erecting the superstructure 上部结构施工

After all piers and abutments are in place, the erection of the superstructure begins.The method of construction used depends largely on the type of bridge being built.There are six construction methods：falsework, flotation, cantilevering, sliding, direct lifting, and suspension.所有的墩台完工后，就开始上部结构的施工。施工方法很大程度取决于建造的桥梁类型。共有六种施工方法：临时支架法、浮船施工法、悬臂法、滑动施工法、直接起吊法和悬索法。

In falsework construction, mainly used in building concrete arch bridges, metal or wood supports are built temporarily to support the erection.临时支架法，主要用于混凝土拱桥的施工，搭建临时金属支架或木支架支撑结构。

A great deal of ingenuity is often required just to erect the falsework, especially for structures over swift rivers or deep canyons.Temporary piles and trestles are commonly used in wide shallow rivers.通常要求脚手架搭建要做工熟练，特别是对湍急河流和深山峡谷的结构施工有用。一般在宽浅的河流中搭设临时桩柱和脚手架。

In the floatation method, mainly used in building long bridges, large bridge sections are prefabricated on shore and floated out on barges to the bridge site.The sections are then hoisted into place, either by floating derricks or by winches placed on previously constructed sections of the bridge.浮船施工方法，主要用于长桥施工。先在岸上预制好型的桥梁部件，用驳船运到施工地点。然后用移动的起重机或用桥上事先固定好的绞盘把这些部件吊装到位。

The cantilevering technique is used not only for cantilever bridges but also for steel arch bridges.Construction starts at an abutment and extends toward the center piece by piece.Moving derricks and cranes on the completed portion of the structure handle the heavy material.悬臂技术不仅用于悬臂桥而且也用于钢拱桥。施工是从桥台开始，向着中间一段一段地延伸。在部分已完工结构上移动吊车起吊超重材料。

Sliding construction is used only rarely.In this method, a prefabricated unit, such as a truss, is erected on shore and slid out over a temporary or permanent support until it comes to rest on another support.滑动施工法很少使用。它事先在岸上制作好预制构件，比如桁架，然后在临时或永久的支架上滑运直到它静置在另一个支座上。

In the direct lifting method, mainly used for light, short-span highway bridges a prefabricated bridge unit is lifted by a hoist and swung directly onto the bridge supports.直接吊装法，主要适用于轻型、短跨的公路桥，预制好的桥梁构件用起重机起吊，直接摆放到桥梁支座上。

In all methods of construction, it is necessary to determine the stresses and deformations at every stage of construction.Stresses in a partly completed bridge—constructed by the cantilever method—can exceed the stresses in a completed bridge because of the totally different conditions of support and loading.在所有的施工方法中，每个施工阶段都必须确定应力和变形。在悬臂法施工的桥梁中，因为完全不同的支撑和荷载条件，部分完工桥梁中的应力会超过竣工桥梁中的应力。

When the roadway is surfaced, and signs, lighting, guardrails, and other accessories are installed, the bridge is ready for use.当铺好路面，安装好标志牌、照明设施、栏杆和其他的附属设施后，桥梁即可投入使用。

第四篇：土木工程专业英语讲稿Lesson_2 Building and Architecture

Lesson 2 Building and Architecture

建筑物和建筑学

Building

The purpose of a building is to provide a shelter for the performance of human activities．

建筑物的作用就是为人类活动提供一个庇护场所。

From the time of the cave dwellers to the present，one of the first needs of man has been a shelter from the elements．

从穴居时代到现在，人类最重要的需求之一就是有个躲风避雨的地方。

In a more general sense, the art of building encompasses all of man’s efforts to control its environment and direct natural forces to his own needs．

从更一般的意义上讲，建筑的艺术包含了人类为了他自己的需求而控制环境并改造环境的所有努力。

This art includes，in addition to buildings，all the civil engineering structures such as dams，canals，tunnels，aqueducts，and bridges．

除了建筑物，这门艺术还包括所有的土工结构，比如大坝、运河、隧道、沟渠和桥梁等。

The scientific basis for the design of buildings as shelters and for the design of civil engineering structures for other purposes is identical．

对于作为庇护用的建筑和作为其他用途的土工结构，其设计的科学依据都是相同的。

It is only as a result of the specialized requirements of our modern society that these two fields have developed along separate paths．

只是由于现代社会的特殊需求，这两个领域才沿着不同的方向发展。

In a similar manner，the master builder concerned with the building as a shelter is no longer an individual；instead，his work is done by a team of several specialists：the planner，the architect，the engineer，and the builder．

同样，和作为躲避用的建筑相关的建筑大师就不再是一个个体；相反，他的工作是由多个专家（规划者、建筑师、工程师和建筑工人）组成的团队来完成的。

The execution of a modern building depends on the collective talents of this team．

一座现代化建筑的完成要依靠团队的集体智慧。

The form of a building is an outgrowth of its function，its environment，and various socioeconomic factors．

建筑物的形式是其功能、环境和各种社会经济因素的产物。

An apartment building，an office building，and a school differ in form because of the difference in the functions they fulfill．

一幢公寓，一座办公楼和一所学校在形式上各有不同，因为它们要完成的功能不同。

In an apartment building every habitable space，such as living rooms and bedrooms，must have natural light from windows while bathrooms and kitchens can have artificial light and therefore can be in the interior of the building．

公寓内每处居所，比如起居室和卧室必须有从窗户进来的阳光，而浴室和厨房则可以用人工照明，因此可以布置在建筑内部。

This set of requirements places a natural limit on the depth of an apartment building．

这些要求自然就限制了公寓的进深。

In office buildings，on the other hand，artificial light is accepted for more uniform illumination，and therefore the depth of such buildings is not limited by a need for natural light．

相反，办公楼为了亮度统一都使用人工照明，因此其进深就不受有无阳光的约束。

Environment may affect both the shape and appearance of a building．

环境可能影响到建筑的形状和外观。

An urban school may create its own environment by using blank walls to seal out the city completely，and a country school may develop as an integral part of the landscape，even though both schools fulfill the same function．

城里的学校用围墙把它跟城市完全隔开，以创造一个自己的环境；乡村学校则可与周边景致统一来发展-------即使这两地的学校的功能是相同的。

A prestige office building will be more generously budgeted form than other office buildings．

一幢豪装的办公大楼采用的形式所花的预算将比其他办公楼要多得多。

The bulk of a building and its outline may be limited by zoning restrictions.建筑物大小和轮廓可能为区划所限制。

In all these examples，buildings with similar functions take on different forms．

在上述例子中，有着相似功能的建筑物却采用不同的形式。

Architecture

Architecture is the art of building．

建筑学是建筑的艺术。

Virtually all architecture is concerned with the enclosure of space for human use.实质上建筑学是与供人使用的围合空间有关的科学。

The precise activities to be housed in any specific building--ranging from an assembly line in a factory to a living room in a home--should dictate the size and shape of the several areas within．

任何建筑物内（如从工厂的装配线到住宅中的起居室）人类所进行的具体活动界定了建筑内部某些空间的大小和形状。

These spaces also must be arranged in some logical relation to each other．

这些空间的彼此间存在着合理的关系。

Furthermore，the movement of human beings within the building--“circulation” in architectural parlance--requires halls，stairs，or elevators whose size is governed by the expected load of traffic．

另外，人在建筑物中的走动（在建筑学的说法中叫“流通”）要求楼内设有走廊、楼梯或电梯（轿厢大小与设计负载有关）。

The plan of a structure，always the first consideration of an architect，is the resolution of these different purposes into an organization of spaces that will fulfill the intent of the building．

建筑师首先要考虑的是建筑规划，它综合考量了建筑空间、功能以体现建筑物的用途。

Good planning guides the visitor to his destination in the structure and impresses him，perhaps subconsciously，by visibly relating the several units of the edifice．

规划地好可以使人们在建筑内部按图索骥，使得大厦内各部分一目了然，且不知不觉给他们留下良好印象。

Conversely，a bad plan results in inconvenience，waste，and visual confusion． 相反，规划较差将造成不便、浪费和视觉混乱。

Furthermore，a structure must be well built；it should have such permanence as the purpose for which it is intended demands and as the mate edifice materials chosen may allow．

此外，建筑施工必须保证质量良好且使用年限较长，这即要考虑设计意图，也要考虑材料的选择。

The raw materials of architecture—stone，brick，wood，steel，or glass—in part govern the forms of the building and are expressed by them．

建筑材料（石、砖、木材、钢材或玻璃）在某种程度上决定着建筑物的形式，并形成效果表达（即建筑表现）。Stone

Stone can resist compression，the force that squeezes together，almost indefinitely．

石材几乎可以无限地承受压力。

While it is possible to crush stone in a laboratory，for practical purposes its compressive strength is unlimited．

即使在实验室中能把石头压碎，但在实际使用中它的耐压程度几乎是无限大。

On the other hand，stone is weak in withstanding tension，the force that pulls apart．

然而其抗拉性能却极差。

Any beam spanning a void tends to bend downward between the supports，putting the lower half of the beam under tension．

横跨空间的支撑梁都会出现下弯情形，从而使梁的下半部处于受拉状态。

It follows from the tensile weakness of stone that beams of this material must be comparatively short and supported at frequent intervals．

由于石材抗拉性能差，因此石材梁跨度小且支点多。

Moreover，stone columns must be sturdy，rarely more than 10 times as high as they are wide．

还有，石柱必须粗而短，其高度很少超过宽度的十倍。

In stone buildings，windows，doors，and the spaces between columns are almost compelled to be taller than they are wide—the vertical rectangle of the stone aesthetic．

在石材建筑中，门、窗以及支柱间的空间，其高度不得不超过宽度，从而形成具有石头建筑美学的狭长矩形。

Stone has been so dominant in the architecture of the Western world that forms appropriate to it have been preserved even in buildings constructed of wood，as in the American Georgian period．

石料在西方建筑中占有很大比例，以至于在木建筑中它的形式都得以保留下来，例如在美国乔治王朝时期。

Stone，then，lends itself to the kind of construction in which walls support the floors and roof，to post and lintel construction with rather closely spaced columns，and to arch construction where the stresses are predominantly compressive．

在这个时期，石料主要用于支撑楼板和屋顶的墙、与密排柱一起施工的柱和过梁及拱梁。Wood and Steel

Wood，a fibrous material，withstands tension as readily as it does compression.木材是一种坚韧的材料，既可抗拉也可抗压。

Wooden beams may be relatively longer than stone beams，and wooden posts slender and widely spaced．

木梁比起石梁要相对长些；木柱比较细，且间距大。

A horizontal rectangle，wider than it is high，results from the natural properties of wood，as may be seen in Japanese architecture．

利用木材的天然特性做成的矩形框架其宽度大于高度，这在日本建筑中有所体现。

Steel also has tensile strength that is equal to or greater than its compressive strength．

钢材的抗拉强度并不小于其抗压强度。

Anyone who has observed a steel building under construction must have noticed the gridiron of horizontal rectangles produced by the slender，widely spaced columns and the long beams of each floor．

观察正在施工的钢结构建筑时，人们一定注意到由每根矗立于地面的细长而间距大的柱子和长梁形成的矩形网格结构。

The nature of wood and of steel suggests frame construction—a skeleton to support floors and roof—with whatever surfacing material may be necessary．

木材和钢材的性能适于做框架（一种支撑楼面和楼板的结构），当然还需要其他材料。

Wood and steel also permit cantilever construction in which beams project beyond the last point of support．

木材和钢材还可制成悬臂梁，它可向外伸出更远。

Finally，architecture must do more than meet the physical requirements of strength and space；it must also，content the spirit of man．

最后，建筑艺术不仅要满足强度和空间的实际要求，它还必须满足人类的精神需求。

The building should form an aesthetic unity to which the several parts contribute．

建筑物的各个部分应当形成建筑美学的统一。

Thus，the sides and rear of a structure should bear sufficient correspondence to the front to make them all related parts of a single whole．

这样，结构的侧面和后部就应和正面表现出充分的一致，从而使它们在建筑整体中互相关联。

The major internal divisions，too，require some expression in the external design．The nave，aisles，transepts，apse，and radiating chapels of Gothic cathedrals，for example，are all visible on the exterior，so that the visitor is subconsciously prepared for what he will find inside．

室内主要部分要表现于外部设计上。例如，哥特式大教堂的正厅、侧廊、耳室和四周的小礼拜堂都从外部可见。这样，游客对其内部所见就会有所预期。

Architecture calls for good proportions—a pleasing relationship of voids to solids，of height to width，of length to breadth．

建筑要求比例恰当，虚与实、长宽高关系要令人愉悦。

Many attempts have been made to explain good proportions by mathematical formulas，such as the golden section．

人们作了种种尝试才通过数学公式（如黄金分割）阐明这种良好的比例关系。

These efforts have not found general acceptance，however，although good results have been achieved through the repetition of some dimension(for example，a module that is half the diameter of a column)throughout the design．Such repetitions help to produce the visible order that the human mind seems to crave．

虽然整个设计中通过重复某种模数（如以柱子半径为模数）获得了良好的效果，但付出却未能得到普遍认可。然而，总有一天，这些研究对于人们渴望见到的效果会有帮助。

A building also should have what architects call scale；that is，it should visually convey its true size．

建筑物还须具有建筑师们所说的“尺度效应”，也即，建筑物必须在视觉效果上表达其实际尺寸。

Such elements as benches，steps，or balustrades，though slightly variable in size，are，by their very purpose，related to the normal dimensions of human beings．

诸如长凳、台阶、栏杆等物件，尽管其尺寸稍有变化，但按实际用途还是与人的空间感是息息相关的。

They therefore become，almost imperceptibly，units of measurement for gauging the size of the whole edifice．

不知不觉地，这些物件就成为评判整个大厦规模的度量单位。

Because these units are so small in comparison to the whole building，other elements of intermediate size are needed．

由于这些部分比起整个建筑物小得多，因此需要有中等尺寸的其他物件。

Stairs and a balustrade may give a clue to the size of a doorway；that，in turn，to the height of a colonnade；and finally，the colonnade to the whole structure．

楼梯和栏杆暗示了出入口的高矮；出入口又暗示了柱廊的大小；柱廊最后又暗示了整个结构物的尺寸。

The Petit Trianon at Versailles is perfect in scale．The absence of small elements in St．Peter’s in Rome makes it difficult to perceive its vastness．

凡尔赛的小特例安农宫殿就是一个符合尺度要求的完美例子。罗马的圣·彼得大教堂由于没有小物件，因而它的宏大程度很难被人们意识到。Decoration

Although all decoration is rejected in some modern architecture，it was employed in the past either for its inherent beauty or to emphasize some point of importance in the building.虽然在某些现代建筑中极少使用装饰装修，但过去却使用较多，这或是由于其天然的美感，或是为了强调建筑物某一部分的重要性。

Decoration or ornament may be used to contribute the character，the visible expression of the purpose of the building.装饰装修可用来表达建筑物的特征，即成为其用途的视觉表现形式。

Thus a bank should look like a bank，and a church should be immediately identifiable as such.因此，银行看起来就像银行，而教堂则应该立刻被认出是教堂。

Ideally，too，any building should seem to belong on its site，with some relationship to its architectural neighbors and the local geography．

最理想的是任何建筑物都应当各得其所，和相邻建筑物以及当地的地理情况保持某种关系。

Through the related architectural forms shaped by their purpose，governed by the materials，proportioned and given scale and character by the designer，buildings become expressions of the ideals and aspirations of the generations that built them．The successive styles of historic architecture are incarnations of the spirit of their times．

通过相应的建筑形式（这些形式由其功能构成，由材料确定，或由设计者确定比例和给定尺寸及特征），建筑展示了建造它们的那代人的理想和抱负。有历史意义的建筑所延续的风格就是那个时代的精神化身。

第五篇：土木工程专业英语

土木工程专业英语

土木工程civil engineering

钢结构steel struture

钢筋混凝土结构 reinforced concrete structure

钢结构设计规范Code for design of steel structure reinforced concrete beds钢筋混凝土地基 reinforced concrete footing 钢筋混凝土基脚 reinforced concrete canopy 钢筋混凝土顶盖 reinforced concrete foundation 钢筋混凝土基础 reinforced concrete pile钢筋混凝土桩 reinforced concrete plate钢筋混凝土板

reinforced concrete T beam 钢筋混凝土T形梁 reinforcement加强 加固

reinforcing rib 加紧肋

reinforcing mesh 钢筋网

reinforcing rod钢筋, 钢筋条

reinforcing agent 增强剂

reinforcing bars 配筋

梁beam/girder

柱column

吊杆post

框架frame

初步设计preliminary design

强度strength

承载能力load-carrying capacity

脆断brittle fracture

强度标准值characteristic value of strength 强度设计值design value of strength

一阶弹性分析 first order elastic analysis

二阶弹性分析 second order elastic analysis 屈曲buckling

腹板屈曲后强度 post-buckling strength of web plate