第一篇:成人高考专升本英语历年真题归类
2008年成人高考高起点英语复习笔记五:形容词和副词
第五章 形容词和副词
一、形容词和副词的不同句法作用
1.说明名词用形容词,说明动词,形容词或其它副词用副词
eg.He looks happy.He is singing happily.Ex.Choose the right word for each blank.1.Bill said that the mixture tasted__________(terrible,terribly)。
“I’m__________(terrible,terribly)sorry,”said the woman.2.The doctor said that the baby didn’t look___________(healthy,healthily)。
They must make sure that all the animals can live___________(healthy,healthily)in the zoo.3.The gas from the bottle smelled very___________(strange,strangely)。
That old woman laughed___________(strange,strangely)。
4.This kind of cloth feels quite__________(soft,softly)。
Please put down the basket of eggs__________(soft,softly)。
5.Your idea sounds______________(nice,nicely)。
Look!All the children are______________(nice,nicely)dressed.2.几个英汉使用不同的形容词
populaion不与much连用,而与large连用;
temprature,不与warm,cold连用,而与high,low连用;
price不与expensive,cheap连用,而与high,low连用。
3.enough的用法
enough说明名词,可前可后 ;enough说明形容词或副词,必须后置:
eg.She is old enough to go to school.她够上学的年龄了。
Mr Green doesn’t know very much English,but he speaks it ____________to keep job.A.enough well B.enough good C.well enough D.good enough
二、分清几对形容词和副词
1.hard=difficult(a)困难的; 努力地(adv)
hardly=almost not几乎不(adv)
eg.He can hardly catch the early train,can he?
2.friend(n)朋友
friendly(a)友好的 in a friendly way友好地
eg.The teacher is friendly to us.She looks after the children in a friendly way.3.high(指距离)
highly高度地(指程度)
eg.The place flies high in the sky.We think highly of APEC.wide宽/widely广泛地
deep深/deeply深深地
close靠近/closely紧密地;仔细地
A.The well is seven meters deep.-(这口井七米深。)
We were deeply moved by the film.(我们被电影深深地感动了。)
B.Our classroom is 305 meters high.-(我们教室有305米高。)
We always speak highly of him.A(我们一向对他评价很高。)
C.The well is seven meters deep.-(这口井七米深。)
We were deeply moved by the film.(我们被电影深深地感动了。)
D.Our classroom is 305 meters high.-(我们教室有305米高。)
We always speak highly of him.A(我们一向对他评价很高。)
E.She’s sitting close to me.(她坐在我旁边。)
F.Watch me closely,please.(请仔细观察我。)成人高考高起点英语语法归纳二:形容词、副词及比较级最高级
一。形容词的修饰与位置
一般来说,从构词法角度来看,后缀“ly”往往是副词,但有的以“ly'结尾的词是形容词而不是副词,这点要注意;形容词一般可以在句子中做定语,表语等成份,但有些形容词在句子中只能做表语和只能做前置定语;这些形容词在修饰时候有一定的特殊性要引起大家的注意,下面做了一下归纳: 1 以-ly结尾的是形容词而不是副词:
costly 昂贵的 lonely 孤独的 deadly 死一般的 lively 活泼的 friendly 友好的 silly 傻气的 kindly 热心肠的 likely 可能的 leisurely 悠闲的 ugly 长得丑的 brotherly 兄弟般的 monthly 每月的 earthly 尘世的
只作以“a”开头的很多形容词只能做表语: afraid 害怕的 alike 相象的 awake 醒着的 alone 单独的,惟一的 alive 活着的 ashamed 羞愧的
asleep 睡着的 aware 意识到的、察觉到的 well 健康的 content 满意的 unable 无能的 3 只作前置定语的形容词
earthen 泥土做的,大地的 daily 每日的 latter 后面的
golden 金子般的 weekly 每周的 inner 里面的 silken 丝一般的 monthly 每月的 outer 外面的
wooden 木制的 yearly 每年的 elder 年长的
woolen 毛织的 former 前任的 mere 仅,只不过
only 惟一的 sheer 纯粹的 very 恰好的
little 小的 live 活的
4.下列动词既是实义动词又是系动词,注意用做系动词时,要求形容词做表语:
remain keep become,get,grow,go,come,turn,stay,stand,run,prove,seem,appear,look.如:All those left undone may sound great in theory,but even the truest believer has great difficulty when it comes to specifics.二。形容词与副词的比较级与最高级 1.考比较级时,考生应把握:
1)形容词和副词比较级的形式是否和比较连词对应出现,即是否符合原级比较及比较级的结构。如:
Do you enjoy listening to records? I find records are often,or better than an actual performance.[A]as good as [B]as good [C]good [D]good as 在这里as good as 比较连词与better than比较连词同时出现时候,不能省略任何一个介词。答案为A On the whole,ambitious students are more likely to succeed in their studies than are those with little ambition.2)比较的成分是否属于同类事物或同类概念,既是说比较要具有可比性。如:
The number of registered participants in this year's marathon was half.[A] of last year's [B]those of last year's [C]of those of last year [D] that of last year's(前后相比的应该是今年和去年注册参加的人数“the number of”故代替它的应该是单数指示代词“that”,而不能选择B,those是指代participants,不是同类对比,答案为D.Young readers,more often than not,find the novels of dickens far more exciting than Thackeray's.3)比较级与倍数词关系及其位置
原级结构中可插入表达倍数的词,表示为“为„。若干倍”,当与有表示倍数比较的词在一起时候等,他们的位置是,倍数词+as„as„,或倍数词+more„than„,但again一般放在原级词之后,即 “as+原级+again+as”。如:
Smoking is so harmful to personal health that it kills people each year than automobile accidents.[A] seven more times [B] seven times more [C] over seven times [D] seven times(答案为B)
“Do you regret paying five hundred dollars for the painting?”“No,I would gladly have paid for it.” [A] twice so much [B] twice as much [C] as much twice [D] so much twice(答案为B)
My uncle is as old again as I am 4)下列词和短语不用比较级形式却表示比较概念:
inferior,minor,senior,prior,prefer to,superior,major,junior,preferable,differ from,compared with,in comparison with,different from,rather than.如:
Their watch is to all the other watches on the market.[A] superior [B] advantageous [C] super [D] beneficial(答案为A)
Prior to his departure,he addressed a letter to his daughter.(1986年考研题)
5)“比较级+and +比较级”或“more and more/less and less +原级”以及“ever,steadily,daily等副词+比较级”结构表示“越来越„„”的意思,与这类结构搭配的常用动词有grow,get,become等。前面两种情况更多地出现在进行时态中,注意的是这三种情况引导的比较级后面都不需要用than.如:
Things are getting worse and worse.As I spoke to him he became less and less angry.Her health was becoming daily worse The road got ever worse until there was no road at all = the road got worse and worse.6)比较级前面可以用even,still,yet,all the(more)等修饰语用以加强语气,表示“更加”的意思。如 Today it is even colder than yesterday I have yet more exciting news for you 7)有关比较级的特殊句型:
A): not so much„as„与其说„„不如说„„
The chief reason for the population growth isn't so much a rise in birth rates a fall in death rates as a result of improvements in medical care.[A] and [B] as [C]but [D] or 人口增长的主要原因与其说是因为出生率的提高,还不如说是因为医疗的进步带来的死亡率下降的结果。答案为B B)no/not any more„than„两者一样都不„„
The heart is intelligent than the stomach,for they are both controlled by the brain.[A] not so [B]not much [C]much more [D] no more(心脏和胃两者都不具有智力,他们都受大脑控制。答案为D)There is no reason they should limit how much vitamin you take,they can limit how much water you drink.[A] much more than [B] no more than [C] no less than [D] any more than(答案为D)
C)no/not any less„than„两者一样,都„„注意基本上与no/not any more„than意思相反
She is no less beautiful than her sister.她和她姐姐一样漂亮 D)just as„ so„ 正如„„,„„也„„(用倒装结构)
Just as the soil is a part of the earth,the atmosphere.[A] as it is [B] the same is [C] so is [D] and so is(答案为C)
2.最高级形式应注意的问题:
1)最高级比较范围用介词in,over,of,among.in,(all)over用于在某一范围内的比较,如:in China,all over the world.of,among用于在同一群体内同类事物的比较,如:among the teachers,of the four dresses.注意:among„相当于one of „,不说among all„。这一点考生应与汉语表达区别开来
如:
all visible lights,red light has the longest and violet the shortest wavelength.[A] Among [B] Of [C]For [D]To 答案为[B] 2)比较级形式表示最高级意义时,比较对象的范围应用: any other +单数名词 the other +复数名词 the others anyone/anything else 上述词是用业将比较级结构转变成最高级意义的关键词语,切不可遗漏,尤其是other,否则会造成逻辑混乱的错误。如不能说:John runs faster than anyone.注意与汉语表达的不同。
3)most可以用来修饰形容词或副词,意思相当于very,用法区分单复数,但不能用定冠词the,如:a most interesting book,most expensive restaurants,要注意与 “the +形容词最高级+of + 名词”的结构表示的最高级的区别,如:
He spoke in the warmest of voices They have been most kind to me Basketball is the most popular of sports in this country.Chinese is the most difficult of language Chinese is a most difficult language 三。不用比较级和最高级的形容词: 1)表示颜色的有:white,black 2)表示形态的有:round,square,oval,circular,triangular(三角形),level 3)表示性质和特征的有:atomic,economic,scientific,sonic,golden,silvery,woolen,earthen,silent,full,empty,sure,dead,deaf,blind,lame,rainy 4)表示状态作表语的有:afraid,asleep,alive,ashamed,alone,aware,alike 5)表示时间、空间和方位的有:daily,weekly,monthly,annual,present,front,back,forward,backward,east,west,south,north,left,right,final 6)表示极限、主次、等级的有:maximum,minimum,utmost,main,major,chief minor,superior,inferior,senior,junior,super,favorite 7)含有绝对概念的有:absolute,entire,whole,total,perfect,excellent,thorough,complete.四。平行结构与比较级
平行结构很多情况下是由形容词或副词的比较级或者暗含比较意味的连词引导的。如:
The ideal listener stays both inside and outside the music at the moment it is played and enjoys it almost as much as the composer at the moment he composes.大多数情况下平行结构都是具有一定的比较含义的,有的是递进对比not only„but(also);prefer„to„;rather than有的是同类对比:and ;but;or;both„ and„;either„or„; neither„nor„„„
平行结构测试时候注意以下几点:
1.注意比较结构中相比较的内容在语法形式上是否相同。如: It is better to die one's feet than.[A]living on one's knees [B]live on one's knees [C]on one's knees [D]to live on one's knees(答案为D)
Despite the temporary difficulties,the manager prefers increasing the output to decreasing it.2.其他具有并列或比较意义的短语也可引导平行结构。
1)rather than,let alone 虽不是并列连词,但在结构上连接两个语法形式相同的成分。如:
We are taught that a business letter should be written in a formal style in a personal style.[A]rather than [B]other than [C]better than [D]less than 答案为A For the new country to survive,for its people to enjoy prosperity,new economic policies will be required.[A] to name a few [B]let alone [C]not to speak [D]let's say(答案为B)
2)如果平行的两个成分在形式上是介词短语,而且介词相同,一般说来第二个介词不要省略。如:
At times,more care goes into the composition of newspaper and magazine advertisements than into the writing of the features and editorials
成考高起点英语副词误用辨析!作者: 发布时间:2009-01-13 14:25:59 点击:741 1.中文:这块石头太大了没人能举起它。
(误)Here is a so big stone that no one can lift it.(正)Here is so big a stone that no one can lift it.(so是副词,修饰形容词,形式是so+形容词+a+单数可数名词。)
2.中文:这花多美啊!
(误)What beautiful the flower is!
(正)How beautiful the flower is!(how用来修饰副词或形容词,而what用来修饰名词。)
3.中文:这工作永远不会被完成。
(误)This job will be never finished.(正)This job will never be finished.(频率副词在第一个助动词后。)
4.中文:我的弟弟比我高多了。
(误)My brother is very taller than I.(正)My brother is much taller than I.(very不能修饰比较级;much可以修饰比较级。)
5.中文:我想我七点会在餐厅里见到她。
(误)I think I'll meet her at 7:00 at the restaurant.(正)I think I'll meet her at the restaurant at 7:00.(地方副词在时间副词前。)
6.中文:这房间对你够大的。
(误)This room is enough large for you.(正)This room is large enough for you.(enough作副词,在被修饰的形容词后。)
7.中文:我也不能做它。
(误)I cannot do it too.(正)I cannot do it either.(either用于否定句;too用于肯定句。)
8.中文:他每天早起。
(误)He gets up early everyday.(正)He gets up early every day.(every day是时间副词;everyday是形容词。)
9.中文:我要下楼去。
(误)I'm going to downstairs.(正)I'm going downstairs.(downstairs是副词,前面不加介词。)
10.中文:你的故事很有趣。
(误)Your story is the most interesting.(正)Your story is most interesting.(most不用于比较,而用作加强语气,不加the.)
11.中文:我两年前见过他。
(误)I met him two years before.(正)I met him two years ago.(表示一段时间以前,ago用于一般过去时;before用于过去完成时。)
12.中文:他们昨天晚上回来得晚。
(误)They came back lately last night.(正)They came back late last night.(lately(最近),late(晚,迟),都是副词。)
2008年成人高考高起点英语复习笔记五:形容词和副词
一、形容词和副词的不同句法作用
1.说明名词用形容词,说明动词,形容词或其它副词用副词
eg.He looks happy.He is singing happily.Ex.Choose the right word for each blank.1.Bill said that the mixture tasted__________(terrible,terribly)。
“I’m__________(terrible,terribly)sorry,”said the woman.2.The doctor said that the baby didn’t look___________(healthy,healthily)。
They must make sure that all the animals can live___________(healthy,healthily)in the zoo.3.The gas from the bottle smelled very___________(strange,strangely)。
That old woman laughed___________(strange,strangely)。
4.This kind of cloth feels quite__________(soft,softly)。
Please put down the basket of eggs__________(soft,softly)。
5.Your idea sounds______________(nice,nicely)。
Look!All the children are______________(nice,nicely)dressed.2.几个英汉使用不同的形容词
populaion不与much连用,而与large连用;
temprature,不与warm,cold连用,而与high,low连用;
price不与expensive,cheap连用,而与high,low连用。
3.enough的用法
enough说明名词,可前可后 ;enough说明形容词或副词,必须后置:
eg.She is old enough to go to school.她够上学的年龄了。
Mr Green doesn’t know very much English,but he speaks it ____________to keep job.A.enough well B.enough good C.well enough D.good enough
二、分清几对形容词和副词
1.hard=difficult(a)困难的; 努力地(adv)
hardly=almost not几乎不(adv)
eg.He can hardly catch the early train,can he?
2.friend(n)朋友
friendly(a)友好的
in a friendly way友好地
eg.The teacher is friendly to us.She looks after the children in a friendly way.3.high(指距离)
highly高度地(指程度)
eg.The place flies high in the sky.We think highly of APEC.wide宽/widely广泛地
deep深/deeply深深地
close靠近/closely紧密地;仔细地
A.The well is seven meters deep.-(这口井七米深。)
We were deeply moved by the film.(我们被电影深深地感动了。)
B.Our classroom is 305 meters high.-(我们教室有305米高。)
We always speak highly of him.A(我们一向对他评价很高。)
C.The well is seven meters deep.-(这口井七米深。)
We were deeply moved by the film.(我们被电影深深地感动了。)
D.Our classroom is 305 meters high.-(我们教室有305米高。)
We always speak highly of him.A(我们一向对他评价很高。)
E.She’s sitting close to me.(她坐在我旁边。)
F.Watch me closely,please.(请仔细观察我。)2008年成人高考高起点英语复习笔记五:形容词和副词
第五章 形容词和副词
一、形容词和副词的不同句法作用
1.说明名词用形容词,说明动词,形容词或其它副词用副词
eg.He looks happy.He is singing happily.Ex.Choose the right word for each blank.1.Bill said that the mixture tasted__________(terrible,terribly)。
“I’m__________(terrible,terribly)sorry,”said the woman.2.The doctor said that the baby didn’t look___________(healthy,healthily)。
They must make sure that all the animals can live___________(healthy,healthily)in the zoo.3.The gas from the bottle smelled very___________(strange,strangely)。
That old woman laughed___________(strange,strangely)。
4.This kind of cloth feels quite__________(soft,softly)。
Please put down the basket of eggs__________(soft,softly)。
5.Your idea sounds______________(nice,nicely)。
Look!All the children are______________(nice,nicely)dressed.2.几个英汉使用不同的形容词
populaion不与much连用,而与large连用;
temprature,不与warm,cold连用,而与high,low连用;
price不与expensive,cheap连用,而与high,low连用。
3.enough的用法
enough说明名词,可前可后 ;enough说明形容词或副词,必须后置:
eg.She is old enough to go to school.她够上学的年龄了。
Mr Green doesn’t know very much English,but he speaks it ____________to keep job.A.enough well B.enough good C.well enough D.good enough
二、分清几对形容词和副词
1.hard=difficult(a)困难的; 努力地(adv)
hardly=almost not几乎不(adv)
eg.He can hardly catch the early train,can he?
2.friend(n)朋友
friendly(a)友好的in a friendly way友好地
eg.The teacher is friendly to us.She looks after the children in a friendly way.3.high(指距离)
highly高度地(指程度)
eg.The place flies high in the sky.We think highly of APEC.wide宽/widely广泛地
deep深/deeply深深地
close靠近/closely紧密地;仔细地
A.The well is seven meters deep.-(这口井七米深。)
We were deeply moved by the film.(我们被电影深深地感动了。)
B.Our classroom is 305 meters high.-(我们教室有305米高。)
We always speak highly of him.A(我们一向对他评价很高。)
C.The well is seven meters deep.-(这口井七米深。)
We were deeply moved by the film.(我们被电影深深地感动了。)
D.Our classroom is 305 meters high.-(我们教室有305米高。)
We always speak highly of him.A(我们一向对他评价很高。)
E.She’s sitting close to me.(她坐在我旁边。)
F.Watch me closely,please.(请仔细观察我。)
成人高考专升本英语历年真题归类汇编—形容词与副词
形容词与副词
重点:比较级、最高级的构成及其用法
1.I don’t trust him at all.His smiles always make me ______.A.feeling sick B.be sick C.being sick D.sick
2.The car he bought in Japan looks similarly to the one he has been driving for several years.3.Her face is ______ to me, but I can’t remember where I saw her.A.similar B.friendly C.alike D.familiar
4.He’s ______ to know the answer.A.likely B.probable C.maybe D.probably
5.He was in poverty at the time.______ he wouldn’t have accepted the money.A.However B.Therefore C.Otherwise D.Then
6.Spanish people usually speak ______ than English people.A.quicklier B.more quicklier C.more quickly D.quicker
7.Of the two new teachers.Who do you like ______?
A.much B.better C.well D.the most
8.The stars we see at night are really huge suns like our sun, but they are more far away in space.9.-I think that red dress would suit me, wouldn’t it?
-Yes, but I think blue is a ______ color for you.A.well B.good C.better D.best
10.This room ______ in the building.A.is biggest than any other one B.is bigger than any other one
C.is more bigger than any other one D.is bigger than any one
11.Her English is very good.She can speak English better than ______ in her grade.A.any one B.the one C.any one else D.other student
12.Both John and Peter study hard, but I think Peter is clever of the two.13.Of the colors, blue, red and orange, which do you like ______?
A.best B.better C.well D.much
14.Mary runs ______ among them.A.the fastest B.the most fast C.most fastly D.most fast
15.Of all the things we eat and drink, water is the ______ important.A.least B.more C.most D.much
16.北京是中国最美丽的城市之一。[Beijing is one of the most beautiful cities in China.]
17.The Yellow River is the second ______ river in China.A.long B.longer C.longest D.most long
18.Traveling in England, it will be ______ cheaper if you buy a return ticket on the train.A.more B.very C.quite D.even
19.If you drink too much, your health will get even ______.A.bad B.poor C.worse D.not well
20.Jill is ______(比她父亲高5公分).[5cm taller than her father/taller than her father by 5cm.]
21.No sooner ______ his speech than a young woman stood up to ask a question.A.the chairman finished B.did the chairman finish
C.the chairman had finished D.had the chairman finished
22.No sooner ______ the question than the answer came to him.A.had he asked B.he had asked C.did he ask D.he asked
23.The student doesn’t work ______ he used to.A.so hard as B.so harder than C.as harder as D.as hard like
24.There is nothing we can do but wait as calm as we can.[应用副词calmly修饰动词wait]
25.I pulled the handle ______ I could.A.so hardly as B.as hardly as C.so hard as D.as hard as
26.他几乎跟他父亲一般高。[He is almost as tall as his father.]
27.The production of 1995______(是1990年的10倍)[is ten times as much as that of 1990.]
28.The new model costs twice ______ last year’s.A.more than B.as much as C.as many as D.than
29.The more that you practice speaking, the better you will do it.30.It is believed that ______(脑子越用)the more work it is able to do.[the more your brain is used]
31.The more he tried to please her, ______ she seemed to appreciate it.A.less B.lesser C.the less D.the lesser
形容词与副词答案
1.D 2.B: similar 3.D 4.A 5.C 6.C 7.B 8.D: farther 9.C 10.B 11.C 12.C: the cleverer 13.A 14.A 15.C 17.C 18.D 19.C 21.D 22.A 23.A 24.c 25.D 28.B 29.A: / 31.C
第二篇:成考专升本英语历年真题归类(范文)
阅读理解
Passage One
Expecting a baby?
HEALTHY BABY: Manitoba’s Prenatal(怀孕)Benefit and Community Support Programs
It’s what’s inside that counts
When you’re pregnant, it’s important that you eat well to help you and your growing baby.That’s why if you live in Manitoba and your net family income is less that $ 32,000 a year, the Manitoba government offers you a monthly cheque during your pregnancy to help you buy healthy foods and prepare for your baby’s arrival.How to apply
Pick up an application form from medical offices, Healthy Baby community programs or by calling the number below.The application form must include a medical note indicating your baby’s due date, so see your health care provider early.More support for you and your baby
Through Healthy Child Manitoba, Healthy Baby also offers community programs which help you to learn more about nutrition, health and parenting a baby.For more information, please call:
945-1301(in Winnipeg)
1-888-848-0140(at no cost)
945-1305 TDD(Telephone Device for the Deaf)
1.What program is this passage about?
A.Baby food.B.Low-income families.C.Women’s health.D.Birth and growth of healthy babies.2.Who can enjoy the benefits of the program?
A.Pregnant women of high risk.B.pregnant women of first child.C.pregnant women in good health.D.Pregnant women with low income.3.The most important information to be filled in the application forms is ______.A.the pregnant woman’s name B.when the baby is due to arrive
C.the pregnant woman’s medical history D.in which hospital the baby is to be delivered
4.Healthy Baby will also provide more help in all aspects but ______.A.baby education B.baby nutrition C.baby parenting D.baby health
5.For further information, the deaf can ______.A.call 945-1305TDD B.dial 1-888-848-0140
C.visit their health care provider D.send email to a medical office
Passage Two
In the past, people who graduated from college felt proud of their academic achievements and confident that their degree would help them to find a good job.However, in the past four years the job market has changed dramatically.This year’s college graduates are facing one of the worst job markets.For example, Ryan Stewart, a graduate of san Jose State University, got a degree in religious studies, but he has not gotten any job offers.He points out that many people already working are getting laid off and don’t have jobs, so it’s even harder for new college graduates to find jobs.Four years ago, the future looked bright for his class of 2006.There were many high-tech(“dotcom”)job opportunities, graduates received many job offers, and they were able to get jobs with high salaries and benefits such as health insurance and paid vacations.However, “Times have changed.It’s a new market.” according to an officer of the university.The officer says students who do find jobs started preparing two years ago.They worked during summer vacations, they have had several short-time jobs, and they majored in fields that are still paying well, such as accounting or nursing.Even teaching is not a secure profession now.Ryan Stewart wanted to be a teacher, but instead he will probably go back to school in order to become a college teacher.He thinks college teaching could be a good career even in a bad economy.In conclusion, these days a college degree does not automatically lead to a good job with a high salary.Some students can only hope that the value of their degree will increase in the future.1.What did a college degree mean to people in the past?
A.It was a proof of their professional skills.B.It would guarantee their quick promotion.C.It built up their confidence in the job market.D.It would help them to start an academic career.2.Ryan Stewart has not got any job offer because_______.A.there are too many graduates of his major
B.he wants to find a job with very high salary
C.he has not received a degree in the university
D.the job market has changed greatly since 2002
3.According to the passage, _______ had the best job prospects in 2002.A.computer science B.accounting C.teaching D.nursing
4.Why does Ryan Stewart want to be a college teacher?
A.Teaching jobs are well-paid.B.He majored in teaching in the university.C.College teaching is less challenging than high-tech jobs.D.College teaching career won’t be influenced by economy.5.It can be concluded from the passage that _______.A.the value of a college degree has decreased now.B.new college graduates today can’t find jobs.C.a college degree can still lead to a good job.D.graduates must prepare early to find jobs.Passage Three
Shoron Keating was worried about her kids when she got a divorce.Her daughter says, “ I was feeling „ like down and sad even though I didn’t really show it.Judith Wallerstein says problems from divorce can last many years.They can show up when the kids are adults.And the kids have their own trouble.Wallerstein studied 93 children over a generation.The results can be found in her book.She says that children of divorce are more likely to have problems with drugs.They are far more likely to seek therapy.About 40 percent of them avoid marriage themselves.When they do marry, fail at nearly twice the usual rate.It is hard for them to trust.They are afraid of failing.Critics say Wallerstein had too few children in her study.They think that Wallerstein stresses too much from a small study.Other things may be the cause of the kid’s problem.The study does not compare kids from divorced families with kids from “healthy” families.Wallerstein’s families divorced a generation ago.Times have changed.People feel different about divorce.Today programs like Kid’s Turn try to reduce some of the effects of divorce with family advice.Talking about their feelings helps the kids get though it.Since they know more about the problem, maybe the kids will be able to handle it.1.Which word can best describe the kids from divorced families according to Paragraph 1?
A.Offensive B.Relieved C.Depressed D.Prejudiced
2.Children from divorced families who marry later will ______.A.have no trust in other people
B.be more likely to get divorced
C.firmly protect their marriage
D.have stable marriage
3.Wallerstein’s study showed that ______.A.divorce left the children with many problems
B.all the problems showed up right after the divorce
C.divorce could be avoided
D.divorce is the only cause of children mature earlier
4.Which of the following is critics’ opinion?
A.Healthy families do not have problems.B.All the related factors were considered in the study.C.Divorce is the only cause of child problems.D.The number of families studied was not sufficient.5.Today children from divorced families______.A.have no more problems
B.are getting more care and help
C.are less able to handle their problems
D.are told not to talk about their problems
Passage Four
It is still sometimes difficult to understand why those between ages 10 and 18 would endanger their lives by joining armed forces or rebel groups and become fighting soldiers.The recently published book, Young Soldier, Why They Choose to Fight By Rachel Brett and Irma Specht, tries to find an answer.There is no doubt that children fight in most armed conflicts today.While international attention focuses largely on those who are forced into battles, thousands more enlist(应征入伍)voluntarily.In an attempt to to understand the young who take up arms, Brett and Specht interviewed 53 boy and girl soldiers and ex-soldiers from around the world, Afghanistan , Colombia, the Republic of the Congo for example.All interviewees were involved with armed forces or armed groups before the age of 18 and all classified themselves as volunteers.What these two field officers heard is “I joined involuntarily-if you have nothing, you volunteer for the army”.Other reasons young people gave are self-defense, revenge, poverty, and unemployment.But while it is common knowledge that most child soldiers come from poor and disadvantaged backgrounds, Young Soldiers shows that the issue is far more complex.Many poor children do not join the army.The environmental, educational, social, cultural, and highly personal factors determine whether someone decide to join up or not.The battlefield is not a place for children.One young soldier described being there as “too sad an experience”.The authors hope that by understanding why teenagers join up, those child soldiers should know how to discourage others from the same tragedy.1.Young Soldiers, Why They Choose to Fight is ______.A.a book B.a magazine C.a news report D.a TV program
2.According to paragraph 3, Brett and Specht’s interviewees _______.A.joined armed forces under 18
B.considered going into the army their duty
C.were only from African countries
D.were mainly the ex-soldiers
3.The reasons shown in young soldiers for children to join the army are______.A.very simple B.very complex C.unknown D.unbelievable
4.The writers of Young Soldiers probably expect that ______.A.child soldier would leave armed forces
B.they could find more than 53 interviewees
C.no more children would join armed forces
D.there would be no wars in the world
5.The tone of the passage is ______.A.pleasant B.indifferent C.humorous D.objective
Passage Five
It’s interesting that technology often works as a servant for us, yet frequently we become a servant to it.E-mail is a useful tool but many feel controlled by this new vehicle.The average businessperson is getting about 80-e-mails per day and many feel that about 80% of the messages in their “In Box” are of little or no value.So, I have four suggestions to help you to become better at “Easing E-mail”.1.Get off the lists.The best way to deal with a problem is to never have it.If you are receiving a lot of unwanted e-mails, ask to be removed from the various lists.This would include your inclusion in unwanted “cc” lists.2.“Unlisted address”.Just like getting an “unlisted” telephone number that you share only with those whom you want to give direct access, you might want to get a separate e-mail address only for the important communications you wish to receive.3.Check it once or twice per day.Many I speak with are becoming chained to their email server, monitoring incoming email on a continuous basis.Maybe this is because e-mail creates its own sense of urgency, but most of the communications are not all that urgent.I respond to them a couple of times per day.4.Deal with it.As you open each e-mail do one of the following:
a.If it requires a quick response, respond to it and delete it.b.If it requires a response but is not the best use of your time, try to find someone else to do it.c.If it is going to take any serious amount of time to respond, schedule it for action in your Day Planner and then download the message, save it, or print it out for future action.I personally receive approximately 250 e-mails per day and by practicing the suggestions above, I can handle that volume in about an hour, taking advantage of this fantastic tool but not being controlled by it to the distraction of more important tasks in my day.1.The passage is about ______.A.how to check e-mails
B.how to collect e-mails
C.how to deal with your daily e-mails
D.how to deal with 80% valueless e-mails
2.If you get unwanted e-mails, the best you can do is to______.A.make a list of them
B.put them into “cc” lists
C.send them to a special address
D.delete them from different lists
3.For the important communications, the writer suggests that you______.A.have a direct access for them
B.have several e-mail servers for them
C.get an unlisted phone number for them
D.get a special e-mail address for them
4.To avoid being chained by the coming e-mails, what you can do is to ______.A.respond urgent ones only
B.reply all of them at the same time
C.handle them a couple of times daily
D.keep replying e-mails all day long
5.To deal with an e-mail you get, you can do the following EXCEPT______.A.downloading every e-mail before you reply
B.responding right away if it’s urgent
C.scheduling it for later reply if it takes much time
D.asking someone else to reply it if it’s not at your convenience
Passage Six
During the Christmas shopping rush in London, the interesting story was reported of a tramp who, apparently though no fault of his own, found himself locked in a well-known chain store late on Christmas Eve.No doubt the store was crowded with last-minute Christmas shoppers and the staff were dead beat and longing to get home.Probably all the proper security checks were made before the store was locked and they left to enjoy the three-day holiday untroubled by customers desperate to get last-minute Christmas presents.However ridiculous that may be, our tramp found himself alone in the store and decided to make the best of it.There was food, drink, bedding and camping equipment, of which he made good use.There must also have been television sets and radios.Though it was not reported if he took advantages of these facilities, when the shop reopened he was discovered in bed with a large number of empty bottles beside him.He seem to have been a man of good humor as indeed tramps very commonly are.Everyone else was enjoying Christmas, so he saw no good reason why he should not do the same.He yielded himself cheerfully, and was taken by the police.Perhaps he had had a better Christmas than usual.He was sent to prison for seven days.The judge awarded no compensation to the chain store for the food and drink our tramp had consumed.They had, in his opinion, already received valuable free publicity from the story revealed in the newspaper and on television.Perhaps the judge had had a good Christmas, too.1.The tramp was locked in the store ______.A.for 7 days B.on purpose C.by accident D.for security reasons
2.It can be inferred from the passage that the underlined phrase “dead beat” in paragraph 1 means ______.A.angry B.exhausted C.forgetful D.careless
3.Which of the following was uncertain about the tramp after he was locked in the store?
A.He watched TV.B.He was well fed.C.he had a sound sleep D.He had a good drink.4.When the tramp was arrested, he ______.A.was drunk B.felt he deserved it C.made no resistance D.felt himself wronged
5.The judge didn’t award compensation to the chain store because ______.A.the store was responsible for what happened
B.the report of the event benefited the store a lot
C.the tramp had stolen nothing of value
D.the tramp was penniless
Passage Seven
If you want to stay young, sit down and have a good think.This is the research result of professor Faulkner, who says that most of our brains are not getting enough exercise and as a result, we are ageing unnecessarily soon.Professor Faulkner wanted to find out why healthy farmers in northern Japan appeared to be losing their ability to think and to reason at a relatively early age, and how the process of ageing could be slow down.He set about measuring brain volumes of a thousand people of different ages and occupations.Computer technology enabled him to obtain precise measurements of the volume of the front and side sections of the brain, which relate to intelligence and emotion, and determine the human character.Contraction of front and side partswas observed in some subjects in their thirties, but it was still not evident in some sixty-and seventy-year-olds.Faulkner concluded from his tests that there is a simple way to slow the contractionand after that I don’t remember any more.”
Mr.Collins is now in hospital, being treated for minor injuries.We will be bringing you further news of the crash as we receive it.In the meantime relatives are asked to ring 02-3457211 for information.1.The plane was ______.A.flying some businessmen to London B.on a regular flight to London
C.returning from a trade fair D.bound for Carlisle
2.What happened when the plane was nearing Carlisle?
A.The pilot misread the signals from Ground Control.B.Ground Control failed to send out right instructions.C.The pilot got a report of terrible weather.D.The engines broke down.3.According to the passage, the plane crashed at ______.A.a place in southern England B.a place of historical interest
C.a military training camp D.a camp near London
4.The news report tells us that when the crash occurred ______.A.the ambulance and firemen arrived quickly B.none of the passengers was killed
C.no additional help was necessary D.help was long delayed
5.From what Mr.Collins said, we can know that he ______.A.had only an incomplete picture of what happened B.heard and saw nothing at all
C.talked to the pilot D.was once a pilot
Passage Nine
Long after the 1998 World Cup was won, disappointed fans were still cursing the disputed refereeing(裁判)decisions that denied victory to their team.A researcher was appointed to study the performance of some top referees.The researcher organized an experimental tournament(锦标赛)involving four youth teams.Each match lasted an hour divided into three periods of 20 minutes during which different referees were in charge.Observers noted down the referees’ errors, of which there were 61 over the tournament.Converted to a standard match of 90 minutes, each referee made almost 23 mistakes, a remarkable high number.The researcher then studied the videotapes to analyse the matches in detail.Surprisingly, he found that errors were more likely when the referees were close to the incident.When the officials got it right, they were, on average, 17 meters away from the action.The average distance in the case of errors was 12 meters.The research shows the optimum(最佳的)distance is about 20 meters.There also seemed to be an optimum speed.Correct decisions came when the referees were moving at a speed of about 2 meters per second.The average speed for errors was 4 meters per second.If FIFA, football’s international ruling body, wants to improve the standard of refereeing at the next World Cup, it should encourage referees to keep their eyes on the action from a distance, rather than rushing to keep up with the ball, the researcher argues.He also says that FIFA’ s insistence that referees should retire at age 45 may be misguided.If keeping up with the action is not so important, their physical condition is less critical.1.The experiment conducted by the researcher was meant to ______.A.set a standard for football refereeing
B.reexamine the rules for football refereeing
C.analyse the causes of errors made by football referees
D.review the decisions of referees at the 1998 World Cup
2.The number of refereeing errors in the experimental matches was ______.A.quite unexpected B.slightly above average
C.as high as in a standard match D.higher than in the 1998 World Cup
3.The finding of the experiment show that ______.A.errors are less likely when a referee stays in one spot
B.the more slowly the referee runs the more likely will errors occur
C.the farther the referees is from the incident the fewer the errors
D.errors are more likely when a referee keeps close to the ball
4.The word “official”(Line2,Para.4)most probably refers to ______.A.the researchers involved in the experiment
B.the referees of the football tournament
C.the observers at the site of the experiment
D.the inspectors of the football tournament
5.What is one of the possible conclusions of the experiment?
A.Age should not be the chief consideration in choosing a football referee.B.A football referee should be as young and energetic as possible.C.The ideal retirement age for an experienced football referee is 45.D.An experienced football referee can do well even when in poor physical condition.Passage Ten
Toronto: A 300-pound adult Siberian tiger escaped from its four-meter high chain-link-pen at the Toronto Zoo yesterday, on one of the busiest days of the year.Though no one was hurt, the dangerous animal was separated from the public for a time by nothing more than a four-foot fence.The escape occurred after one of the animal’s handlers left the pen gate open.It prompted a swift response from officials.Staff were sent immediately to arrest the runaway tiger.General Manager Calvin White told reporters that staff were preparing for the worst.“I ordered a tranquilizer(麻醉剂)gun so we would have tranquilized her, but thankfully we didn’t have to,” Mr.White said.The tiger was successfully led back into its cage after the brief escape.The incident occurred during the Toronto Zoo’s 28th annual Christmas Treats Walk, where admission is free in return for donations of food that does not easily go bad.Thousands of people attend each Boxing Day to see the animals fed by their handlers.1.The tiger escape happened ______.A.owing to the lack of food B.due to its separation from the public
C.because of the handler’s neglect of duty D.as a result of the damage chain and fence
2.Who is Calvin White?
A.A managerial staff of the Zoo.B.A journalist from National post.C.A witness of the incident.D.A zoo animal handler.3.We know from the passage that ______.A.the tiger escape lasted a whole day
B.the zoo workers planned to shoot the tiger dead
C.the tiger wasn’t kept securely enough from the public
D.the incident took place on the zoo’s anniversary day
4.The Best title for the news report is ______.A.Pen-Animal B.Zoo Tiger-Wandering Free
C.Siberian Tiger-Dangerous Animal D.Zoo-Dangerous site
Passage Eleven
“I love you, Bob.” “I love you, too, Nancy.” It was 2 a.m.and I was hearing my parents’ voices through the thin wall separating my bedroom from theirs.Their loving words were sweet, touching-and surprising.My parents married on September 14, 1940, after a brief dating.She was nearing 30 and knew it was time to start a family.The handsome, well-educated man who came by the office where she worked looked like a good bet.He was attracted by her figure, her blue eyes.The romance didn’t last long.Seeds of difference grew almost immediately.She liked to travel;he hated the thought.He loved golf;she did not.He was a Republican, she a loyal Democrat.They fought at the bridge table, at the dinner table, over money, over the perceived shortcomings of their respective in-laws.There was a hope that they would change once they retired, and the angry winds did calm somewhat, but what remained changed itself into bright, hard bitterness.“I always thought we’d „” my mother would begin, before launching into a precise listing of my father’s faults.The complaints were recited so often, I can repeat them by heart today.As he listened, my father would say angry threats and curses in a low voice.It wasn’t the happiest marriage, but as their 60th anniversary approached, my sister and I decided to throw a party.Sixty years was a long time, after all;why not try to make the best of things? We’d provide the cake, the balloons, the toasts, and they’d follow one rule: no fighting.The agreement was honored.We had a wonderful day.When we thought back, we found it was an important celebration, because soon after, things began to change for my parents.1.Bob married Nancy because of ______.A.her nice appearance B.her good education
C.her romantic nature D.her position as an office girl
2.When the writer told the story, the mother was probably ______ years old.A.60 B.70 C.80 D.90
3.What do we know about the writer’s parents?
A.Their marriage is a total failure.B.They had different hobbies.C.They had serious money problem.D.They stopped quarrelling after they had children.4.The purpose for the writer to hold the party is ______.A.to recall the 60 years’ marriage life of her parents
B.to stop the long fighting between her parents
C.just to celebrate her parents’ 60th anniversary
D.to have a good time for family’s reunion
Passage Twelve
What can you do to recall your dreams more often and interpret them more clearly? The experts offer these suggestions:
Develop an idea.Before you go to sleep, consciously think about a topic or a person you’d like to dream about.Raise a question that’s troubling you and see how your dream responds to it.Keep track.Next to your bed, place a pen and some paper, or a tape recorder or laptop, to record your dreams as soon as you wake up.Try to wake up naturally, without the help of an alarm clock or barking dog that can interrupt
your dream cycle.If your schedule doesn’t allow you to sleep in during the week, begin your dream journey on a weekend or during a vacation.Wake up slowly.For the first moment after you wake up, lie still and keep your eyes closed, because your dream may be connected to your body position while you slept.Try to recall the dream and then store it in your memory by giving it a name like “Late for an exam” or “My Date with Ashley Judd”.When you rise, immediately write down as many images, feelings and impressions as you can.Connect the dots.To better interpret your dreams, try to make connections between you recalled dreams and recent events.Do you recognize people from the present or past? Can you detect any themes from the dream? Look for patterns over several dreams that might help explain an individual dream.Change the outcome.If you have nightmares happening again and again that make it difficult to sleep, try to change the endings.Once you wake up from a bad dream, imagine a change in the action to create a more positive outcome.If you are trapped, try to fly.In your dream, you can do what you want!
1.The passage advices you to “wake up slowly” ______.A.because dreaming usually happens not long before you wake up
B.because sleeping posture may be related to your dream
C.so as not to connect your dreams
D.so as not to have a nightmare
2.The underlined word “rise”(Paragraph5)means “______”.A.come up B.stand up C.wake up D.get up
3.According to the passage, how can you overcome a nightmare?
A.Try to imagine you are a superman.B.Try to create a new ending of the nightmare.C.Try to think about some happy things.D.Try to forget the nightmare.4.In which column of a magazine or newspaper may the article appear?
A.Finance.B.Sports.C.Health.D.Politics.阅读理解答案:
Passage one 1.D 2.D 3.B 4.A 5.A
Passage two 1.C 2.D 3.A 4.D 5.A
Passage three 1.C 2.B 3.A 4.D 5.B
Passage four 1.A 2.A 3.B 4.C 5.D
Passage five 1.C 2.D 3.D 4.C 5.A
Passage six 1.C 2.B 3.A 4.C 5.B
Passage seven 1.D 2.C 3.D 4.C 5.B
Passage eight 1.D 2.D 3.B 4.A 5.A
Passage nine 1.C 2.A 3.D 4.B 5.A
Passage ten 1.C 2.A 3.C 4.B
Passage eleven 1.A 2.D 3.B 4.B
Passage twelve 1.B 2.D 3.B 4.C 成人高考专升本英语历年真题归类汇编—分词 分词
重点:现在分词与过去分词的区别;分词在句中充当的成份;分词的逻辑主语与主句的主语是否一致。
1.______ what the situation would be like, they decided to keep silent.A.Having not known B.Knowing not C.Not know D.Not knowing
2.The program was so ______ that they were too ______ to fall asleep.A.exciting„excited B.excited„.exciting C.exciting„exciting D.excited„.excited
3.The ______ children were opening their Christmas presents.A.exciting B.excited C.excite D.excitement
1.Not too many years ago, it was an excited experience to travel 25 or 50 miles from home.2.China is a ______ country while the U.S is a ______ country.A.developed„developed B.developing„developing C.developed„developing D.developing„developed
3.Mrs.White found her husband surrounded by letters and papers and ______ very worried.A.looking B.looks C.look D.to look
4.She returned home from the market only to find the door open and a number of things______.A.stole B.missing C.missed D.stealing
5.Just as I turned round the corner, I saw a car ______ towards me at a high speed.A.to come B.come C.coming D.came
6.All those ______ to go to the football match please raise your hands.A.wish B.wished C.will wish D.wishing
10.No one else ______ willing to go, he offered to take the message.A.was B.had been C.were D.being
11.______ the teacher’s suggestion, Tom finally found a way to settle the problem.A.Following B.To follow C.Follow D.He followed
12.______ crossing the street, he was knocked down by a car.A.By B.During C.At D.While
13.There was a terrible cry ______ the fall of the pole.A.followed B.to follow C.following D.that follows
14.Most of the artists being invited to the party were from South Africa.15.Some of the guests ______ to the party were from other cities.A.to invite B.invited C.being invited D.had been invited
16.The telephone was invented in 1876 by a man ______ Alexander Graham Bell.A.named B.naming C.that names D.who named
17.Water ______ into vapor by the sun falls as rain.A.turns B.turning C.is turned D.turned
18.The children ______ in red sang songs together.A.dressed B.dressing C.worn D.wearing
19.The musician, ______ for his splendid speech, was warmly received by the students.A.knowing B.known C.having known D.being known
20.The cinema ______ last month, is very popular especially among the young people in the town.A.opens B.opened C.to open D.having opened
21.-Do you know anything about the meeting ______ in Italy?
-Yes, and as a matter of fact I attended it.A.to be held B.held C.being held D.to hold
22.There are about 70 people ______ in the accident.A.were killed B.who killed C.killing D.killed
23.It’s such a big room.If you don’t speak loud enough, you’ll never make yourself ______.A.hear B.hearing C.to hear D.heard
24.In earliest times, people had eaten their food______.A.uncooked B.being uncooked C.uncooking D.to be uncooked
25.The hunters had the fire ______ at the night in the woods.A.burnt B.burning C.to burn D.burned
26.John went to town yesterday and had his bike ______ there.A.repair B.to repair C.repairing D.repaired
27.My wife is planning to have the furniture ______ light gray.A.paint B.painting C.to paint D.painted
28.The dress doesn’t fit, I’ll have to have it ______.A.sold B.charged C.changed D.adopted
29.Mr.Smith had the report ______ as soon as he finished ______ it.A.to be typed„to write B.typed„to write C.being typed„writing D.typed„writing
30.______ white, the kitchen looks much better than before.A.Paints B.Painted C.Paining D.To paint
31.He kept us ______ with ______ stories about his Arctic adventures.A.entertained/ exciting B.entertaining/ excited
C.entertained/ excited D.entertaining/ exciting
32.______ their luggage, the tourists hurried to the airport,A.Packed B.After packed C.Packing D.Having packed
33.______ a wrong address, he could not find his friend’s flat.A.Giving B.To be given C.Having given D.Having been given
34.______ his party to power for the fourth time, he becomes famous among Western leaders..A.Lead B.Leading C.Have led D.Having led
35.______ for several times, Bill made up his mind not to watch late night movies any more.A.To be scolded B.To have been scolded C.Being scolded D.Having been scolded
36.The recorder ______ out of order, the students did not know what to do.A.were B.has been C.was being D.being
37.After seeing the movie, ______.A.the book was read by him B.the book made him want to read it
C.he wanted to read the book D.the reading of the book interested him
38.All the afternoon he worked in his study with the door______.A.to lock B.locking C.locked D.lock
Ⅹ、虚拟语气
重点:虚拟语气的基本用法及其常见形式,如含if 条件句的句子,as if 从句;it is necessary/ important that 从句;suggest(建议)等词后面的宾语从句;it is suggested that 从句;suggestion等词后面的同位语从句,表语从句;wish 后面的宾语从句等。
1.His doctor suggested that he ______ his right hand.A.avoid to use B.avoid using C.has avoided using D.avoids to use
2.Jim suggested that they ______ their supper.A.had B.would have C.should have D.should have eaten
3.I suggest that he will be sent to hospital as soon as possible.4.I suggest that(他再把这个实验做一遍)[he should do the experiment again]
5.It’s suggested that ______ a while before we make a decision.A.she waited B.she wait C.she waits D.she will wait
6.The manager insisted that the chief engineer ______ testing the new model immediately.A.start B.starts C.started D.will start
7.The doctor insists that ______(我父亲戒烟).[my father(should)give up smoking ]
8.The company recommended that a new railway station ______ here.A.build B.built C.should build D.be built
9.他命令销毁这些文件 [He ordered that papers should be destroyed.]
10.Something about his manner suggested that he ______ not interested in what we were doing.A.was B.were C.be D.is
11.It is necessary that he ______ there on time.A.is B.be C.will D.has been
12.Mary wishes that she ______ law instead of history when she was in college.A.study B.studied C.has studied D.had studied
13.I wish I ______ busy yesterday;I could have helped you with the problem
A.was not B.were not C.have not been D.had not been
14.It’s high time ______ about the traffic problem.A.something was done B.everything is done C.anything will be done D.nothing to done
15.In spite of the noise, he went on working ______ nothing were happening.A.as if B.because C.although D.where
16.他的行为好像小孩子一样 [He behaves as if he were a child.]
17.If I had known all this before, I would not speak to him that way.18.如果你早一点告诉我,我就不会错过这个机会了。
[If you had told me a bit earlier, I wouldn’t have missed the chance.]
19.If you had followed the doctor’s advice,(你现在就不会再床上躺着了)
[you wouldn’t lie in bed now]
20.如果我昨天来的话,我会跟你们一起去野餐的。
[I had come yesterday , I would have gone for the picnic with you.]
21.If her grandfather would have three more days, he would have been 100 years old.虚拟语气强化训练
1.If Peter had enough money, he ______ on the trip to Los Angeles.A.had gone B.would go C.went D.would have gone
2.He did his homework carefully for fear that he ______.A.made a mistake B.makes a mistake C.would make a mistake D.make a mistake
3.I would have asked him to attend our gathering, but I ______his address.A.didn’t know B.hadn’t know C.don’t know D.wouldn’t know
4.The stubborn young man did not follow the advice that he ______ on his behavior since he didn’t believe that he had done anything wrong.A.reflect B.had reflected C.would reflect D.must reflect
5.I ______ the airport to make a flight reservation, but in fact I didn’t.A.should have called B.called C.could call D.would call
6.I would have told him the answer, but I ______ so busy at that moment.A.had been B.was C.were D.would be
7.If only we ______ a phone!I’m fed up with lining up outside the public phone box.A.have B.had C.will have D.are to have
8.Mr.Smith received the order that he ______ the documents to the new product meeting for further discussion.A.bring B.brings C.will bring D.has brought
9.I wish ______.A.I know how to program the new computer B.I will know to program the new computer
C.I knew how to program the new computer D.I do know how to program the new computer
10.He believes he has been cheated.He ______it.A.should not have believed B.should not believe C.did not believe D.can’t but believe
11.But for the reform, we ______ such great achievements.A.shall not make B.could not have made C.should not make D.can not have made
12.I need a helping hand, but I would sooner you ______.A.come B.coming C.will go with me D.didn’t join me
13.If the government had built more homes for the poor several years ago, the housing problems now ______ so serious in many parts of the country.A.wouldn’t be B.won’t be C.will not have been D.would not have been
14.Tom might have come to school in time for the lecture ______.A.if he got up earlier B.unless he had got up earlier
C.but he got up rather late D.but he had gotten up late
15.They took the injured straight to the hospital.Otherwise some of them ______.A.might have died B.might die C.would die D.could die
16.It is a perfect fit, sir.I ______ to you otherwise.A.wouldn’t show it B.wouldn’t have shown it
C.wouldn’t take it D.wouldn’t have taken it
17.Jeff looked as if he _______ a ghost.A.saw B.has seen C.had seen D.would see
18.I would have gone to the concert, if I ______ time.A.had had B.have had C.had D.would have had
19.______ I known it, I would have told you.A.Have B.If C.Had D.Having
20.The headmaster required that all the teachers ______ at the meeting.A.present B.must be present C.be present D.would be present
21.The mother rejected my suggestion that she ______ her daughter the next week.A.met B.meets C.would meet D.meet
22.It is necessary that anyone ______ exercises every day if he wishes to keep healthy.A.do B.would do C.did D.will do
23.It is high time that we ______ all ready for this afternoon meeting, ______it would be late.A.must get, or B.got, or C.should get, and D.get, and
24.In spite of the noise, he went on working ______ nothing were happening.A.as if B.because C.although D.where
25.______ the flood, the ship would have reached its destination on time.A.In case of B.In spite of C.As of D.But for
分词答案
1.D 2.A 3.B 4.B: exciting 5.D 6.A 7.B 8.C 9.D 10.D 11.A 12.D 13.C 14.B: invited 15.B 16.A 17.D 18.A 19.B 20.B 21.B 22.D 23.D 24.A
25.B 26.D 27.D 28.C 29.D 30.B 31.A 32.D 33.D 34.D 35.D 36.D 37.C 38.C
X.虚拟语气
1.B 2.C 3.B: should be 5.B 6.A 8.D 10.A 11.B 12.D 13.D 14.A 15.A 17.C: would not have spoken 21.A: had lived
虚拟强化训练:
1.B 2.D 3.A 4.A 5.A 6.B 7.B 8.A 9.C 10.A 11.B 12.D 13.A
14.C 15.A 16.B 17.C 18.A 19.C 20.C 21.D 22.A 23.B 24.A
25.D Ⅷ.动词 重点:动词的主要时态;被动语态的构成及其基本用法;
情态动词的基本用法(尤其是后接现在完成式);used to与be/get used to
时态
1.The teacher said that the earth ?______ around the sun.A.run B.ran C.runs D.was running
2.Tom laid on the floor, reading a book.3.If you bring your shirt to me, I ______ it for you.A.will mend B.am mending C.have mended D.will have mended
4.-Did you go to Beijing last year?-No, ______.A.I have never gone B.I haven’t gone to Beijing
C.I did never go there D.I’ve never been to Beijing
5.Mr.Smith ______ here for two weeks.A.has already come B.is already being C.has already been D.has already being
6.We used to go skating in Michigan every winter, but ______ for the past five seasons.A.I don’t go B.I haven’t C.I’m not going D.I didn’t go
7.______ lately? I have not seen you for quite some time.A.Where were you gone B.Where did you go C.Where were you going D.Where have you been
8.We ______ a walk when it started to rain.A.take B.took C.are taking D.were taking
9.Although he promised to change.I’m still wondering when he ______ able to put his heart into his studies.A.was B.will be C.be D.were
10.The lady said that she’s been living in that city for years.11.By the time we got to the cinema the film ______for half an hour.A.has begun B.had begun C.has been on D.had been on
12.He has already gone home.But before he left, he ______ all the mistakes in his translation.A.had corrected B.has corrected C.corrected D.would correct
13.By the end of last year we ______ more than 2000 teachers of English all over the province.A.trained B.would have trained C.had trained D.have trained
14.昨天下午三班赢了那场足球赛。[Class 3 won the football match yesterday afternoon]
15.While I was skiing, I ______ and broke my wrist.A.fell B.felt C.feel D.fallen
被动语态
1.You don’t have to pay for your flights: they’re ______ in the price of your holiday.A.concluded B.held C.settled D.included
2.The doctor ______ my forehead and said, “ Your forehead ______ hot.”
A.felt, feels B.felt, was felt C.feels, felt D.feels, is felt
3.去年沿着这条河种植了二百多棵果树。
[More than two hundred fruit trees were planted along the river last year.]
4.Last week a rare stamp ______ at a price of 6,000 dollars.A.sold B.was sold C.had set up D.had been set up
5.The United Nations, which ______ in 1945, is playing a more and more important part in international affairs.A.was set up B.set up C.had set up D.had been set up
6.Her feeling was seriously ______ by her husband.A.hurt B.hit C.wounded D.destroyed
7.In modern times, great female chefs have become known, and some of the best cook books ______ by women.A.have written B.have been written C.were written D.are written
8.All that can be done ______.A.have been done B.have done C.has been done D.has done
9.People who won’t work should be made______.A.to work B.work C.has been done D.to be working
10.My teacher was made ______ his teaching because of poor health.A.giving up B.to give up C.given up D.give up
11.When they had finished playing, the children were made to ______ all the toys they had taken out.A.put off B.put up C.put out D.put away
12.He thought nobody was around, but he was in fact seen ______ into the office building.A.to steal B.steal C.stile D.stolen
情态动词
1.I can hear the Browns’ phone bell ring but no one is answering it;they ______ be at home.A.can’t B.mayn’t C.probably not D.shouldn’t
2.Professor Wang ______ be in New York because I met him in town just now.A.can’t B.might not C.may not D.may
3.-Listen, Mary is singing in the next room.-That ______ be Mary.She’s in hospital.A.may not B.shouldn’t C.wouldn’t D can’t
4.She earns a good salary, so she ______ be deep in debt.A.can’t B.must C.needn’t D.should
5.It is going to rain you ______ take your umbrella with you.A.had better to B.would rather to C.would rather D.had better
6.You had better ______ the teacher about this.A.ask B.to ask C.asked D.asking
7.You had better ______ where you are.A.remaining B.to remain C.remain D.remained
8.你最好马上去看医生。[You had better go to see the doctor immediately]
9.I would rather ______ with you.A.not to go B.to not go C.to go D.not go
10.They will get well soon.You ______ worry.A.can’t B.couldn’t C.mustn’t D.needn’t
11.-Shall I tell Ann the test result?-No, you ______.She’s already got some report.A.wouldn’t B.needn’t C.mustn’t D.shouldn’t
12.To travel from England to Scotland you ______ a passport.A.mustn’t have B.haven’t got C.don’t need D.needn’t
13.This is one of the most difficult questions that do not need to answer.14.The garden requires ______.A.watering B.being watered C.to water D.having watered
15.-Why isn’t John in class?-He ______ be sick.Or he’d have been here already.A.should B.may C.must D.would
16.The streets are all wet.It ______ during the night.A.must be raining B.must have rain C.must have rained D.had to rain
17.She ______ on her way to school, I just phoned her home and no one answered me.A.should be B.must have been C.must have rained D.had to rain
18.The house is dark and quiet, so the Browns ______ have gone to bed.A.must B.should C.ought to D.would
19.Mr.Zhang isn’t here yet, I think he ______ about the meeting.A.should have forgotten B.ought to forget C.must have forgotten D.may forget
20.I can’t find Tom anywhere I think he must go to the library.21.______(你不该对孩子如此严格),He’s old enough to make his own choices.[You shouldn’t be so strict with the child]
22.I don’t know who is going to get the contract.We ______ get it but nothing is sure.A.must B.can’t C.might D.needn’t
23.They started off at about 5 o’clock in the morning.They should ______ there by now.A.arrive B.have been arriving C.have arrived D.be arriving
24.我们不应当责备她,她已经尽了最大的努力。[We shouldn’t have blamed her, for she has tried her best.]
25.-you realize that you were driving at 100 miles per hour, don’t you?
-No, officer.I ______ have been, this car can’t do more than 70.A.needn’t B.shouldn’t C.couldn’t D.might not
26.-I saw Mary in the library yesterday.-You ______ her, she is still in hospital.A.mustn’t have seen B.could not see C.can’t have seen D.must not see
27.New ideas sometimes have wait for years before they are fully accepted.28.A friend ______ said to me the other day: “I don’t mind eating these foods, but why ______ to taste so awful?”
A.of my„they have B.of me„they are C.for me„are they D.of mine„do they have
29.“Do you have to leave?” “Sorry, but I really ______.”
A.have B.had to C.do so D.must
30.I want to go to see the doctor, but you ______ with me.A.need not go B.need not to go C.do not need go D.need go not
used to be/get used to
used to 表示“过去常常”,后接不定式,get/be used to 表示“习惯于„”,后接名词、代词、动名词。
1.She ______ eat so many sweet things.A.used to not B.never used C.didn’t use to D.didn’t use
2.I ______ to be quite afraid to live in that city, but now I have ______ to the life there.A.was used„got used B.used„used C.got used „been used D.used„got used
3.My sister is used to ______ with all the window’s open.A.sleep B.sleeping C.have slept D.the sleeping
4.Mr.Brown often wore a heavy coat because he was not used to live in such a cold climate.5.In this park, sparrows often fly down from trees to eat from visitors’ hands.They are used to ____ in this way.A.be fed B.feed C.having fed D.being fed
Ⅸ、非谓语动词
动词不定式
重点:动词不定式的否定形式,动词不定式在句中充当的成份,尤其是在部分动词后作宾语补足语时省略to,作定语、状语时若与相关名词之间有动宾关系,不及物动词后的介词不能省略。
1.Mother told Mary ______ late for school.A.not to B.not be C.not to be D.did not be
2.Pessimists warn us not ______ for pretty colors, since the car will come in gray.A.ask B.asking C.to ask D.to be asked
3.They asked him don’t give that new information to anyone else but the headmaster.4.Mrs.Black warned her son ______ after drinking.A.never to drive B.never drive C.to never drive D.never driving
5.-Where do you suggest going?-We promised ______ the children to the West Lake.A.taking B.to take C.taken D.took
6.A lot of people find modern art very hard ______.A.understood B.understanding C.to understand D.being understood
7.They found the lecture hard ______.A.to be understood B.to understand C.for understanding D.to have been understood
8.Would you like one ______ the radio a bit?
A.turning down B.to turn down C.turn down D.turned down
9.In order to get to Peter’s house easily, I had his secretary ______ a map for me.A.to draw B.draw C.drawn D.drawing
10.Mrs.Wang made me ______ the work again.A.do B.to do C.doing D.raised
11.The workers asked Mr.Smith to let John to go.12.When his name was mentioned, I saw him ______ from his seat.A.rise B.rose C.raise D.raised
13.The salesman persuaded us ______ his product.A.buying B.to buy C.buy D.having bought
14.Reaching the top of the hill, they stopped having a rest.15.The city government must take action ______ the increasing populating.A.to control B.controlling C.controls D.controlled
16.Many people do not understand how much water the human body needs ______ work properly.A.at B.for C.in D.to
17.He asked me if the room was big enough for us three to live.18.The tourists haven’t decided which hotel______.A.to stay B.to stay at C.is to stay D.to be staying
19.They held a conference to decide ______ to meet the emergency.A.how B.what C.that D.which
20.For centuries, people from all over the world have claimed ______ strange sights: lights in the sky, flying objects and even creatures from other planets.A.to have seen B.having seen C.to see D.seeing
21.Wet umbrellas are not allowed ______ into this hotel.A.to be taken B.to take C.taken D.taking
22.We expect more books and magazines ______(为儿童出版)[to be published for children.]
23.箱子太重了那孩子搬不动。[The box is too heavy for the child to carry ]
24.It’s very kind ______ invite me to your birthday party.A.from you to B.of you to C.by you to D.that you
25.对不起,让你们等了这么久。[I’m sorry to have kept you waiting too long.]
动名词
重点:动名词的逻辑主语,完成式,被动式:动名词作介词,动词的宾语,尤其是有些动词后只能连接动名词,有些动词后既可接动名词又可接动词不定式,但表达的含义不同。
1.It’s no use ______ your chickens before they are hatched.A.count B.to count C.counting D.of counting
2.We are looking forward to ______ a trip to your country.A.take B.taking C.be taking D.having taken
3.She is looking forward as much to his return as he himself to ______ her.A.have seen B.see C.seeing D.having taken
4.She made her living ______(靠给华盛顿几家报纸写稿)
[by writing articles for several newspapers in Washington]
5.I know nothing about ______ in the army.A.she working B.for her to work C.her having worked D.her having been worked
6.I apologize for ______ my promise.A.not having kept B.being kept C.not to have kept D.having not kept
7.He had no difficulty ______ the problem.A.to work out B.to have worked out C.working out D.having worked out
8.He wondered if he could slip out of the lecture hall without anyone ______.A.noticing B.noticed C.to notice D.being noticed
9.I thought it was worth ______ a hundred miles to see the basketball game.A.of driving B.driving C.drive D.being driven
10.I’ll never forget ______ you for the first time.A.meeting B.driving C.drive D.being driven
11.I remember ______ her at a party last weekend.A.to meet B.meeting C.having met D.to have met
12.I remember ______ to help us when we got into trouble.A.him to offer B.him offering C.he to offer D.his offer
13.Remember to go to the post office and don’t forget taking the parcel with you.14.You must remember bringing back the umbrella tomorrow.15.The house needs ______, but they plan to wait until next spring to do it.A.paint B.to paint C.painting D.be painted
16.Please stop ______.Let’s listen to the radio.A.arguing B.to argue C.be arguing D.argue
17.I always regret not ______ harder when I was young.A.studying B.having studied C.to study D.to have studied
18.As ______(计算机价格的不断下降),more and more families can afford it.[the price of the computer keeps falling / going down]
19.Tired of the cold weather in New England, Mr.And Mrs.Smith are considering ____ to the south.A.to move B.moving C.move D.to be moving
20.The child avoided to be punished by running away quickly.21.Please come the downstairs for breakfast after you have finished washing.22.I don’t mind work too hard all the week, but I refuse to work on Sundays.23.When I read the novel I can’t help to think of Mary.24.When the little girl got back her answer sheet, she could not help ______.A.from crying B.to cry C.herself from crying D.crying
25.I object ______ in front of me.A.to him smoking cigarettes B.for him smoking cigarettes
C.to smoking cigarettes for him D.for him to smoke cigarettes
VIII.动词
时态
1.C 2.A: lay 3.A 4.D 5.C 6.B 7.D 8.D 9.B 10.B: she had been living 11.D 12.A 13.C 15.A
被动语态1.D 2.A 4.B 5.A 6.A 7.B 8.C 9.A 10.B 11.D 12.A
情态动词
1.A 2.A 3.D 4.A 5.D 6.A 7.C 9.D 10.D 11.B 12.C 13.D: answering 14.A 15.C 16.C 17.B 18.A 19.C 20.D: must have gone 22.C 23.C 25.C 26.C 27.B: have to wait 28.D 29.D 30.A
Used to be/get used to
1.C 2.D 3.B 4.C: to living 5.D
IX.非谓语动词
动词不定式
1.C 2.C 3.A: not to give 4.A 5.B 6.C 7.B 8.B 9.B 10.A 11.D: go 12.A 13.B 14.C: to have 15.A 16.D 17.D: to live in 18.B 19.A 20.A 21.A 24.B
动名词
1.C 2.B 3.C 5.C 6.A 7.C 8.A 9.B 10.A 11.B 12.B 13.C: to take 14.B: to bring 15.D 16.A 17.A 19.B 20.A: being 21.B: the去掉 22.A: working 23.D: thinking 24.D 25.A Ⅶ 连词
重点:常见并列连词的用法(如:and , but , or , so , for);从属连词的用法。
1.John wanted to play basketball, and it was raining and he stayed at home.2.Not many people realize this, ______it is quite true.A.but B.however C.so D.that
3.-Can I help you?
-Well, I’m afraid the box is too heavy for you, ______thank you all the same.A.and B.so C.or D.but
4.Mary has lived in China for five years.(所以她习惯于这里的生活)。[so she has got used to the life here]
5.I don’t know her address, ______I can’t write to her.A.but B.or C.so D.since
6.The human body can go without food for a long time, but two______ three days without water usually result in death.A.and B.but C.for D.or
7.She hardly ever goes to ______ the theatre.A.neither the cinema or B.neither the cinema nor
C.either the cinema nor D.either the cinema or
8.Try your best ______ you’ll certainly succeed this time.A.so B.and C.or D.for
9.She remained silent, ______ her heart was heavy and her spirit low.A.so B.though C.for D.therefore
10.He talked at the top of his voice, ______ he drew nobody’s attention.A.yet B.instead C.so D.though
11.Watch your step, ______you might fall into the water.A.or B.and C.unless D.but
12.He came to the party, ______ he hadn’t been invited.(2003)
A.in case B.in spite of C.even D.although
VII.连词
1.B: but 2.A 3.D 5.C 6.D 7.D 8.B 9.C 10.A 11.A VI.介词
重点:常见介词、介词短语的词义及用法;介词与某些动词、名词、形容词的固定搭配。
1.It snowed here since more than a week last year.2.We can obtain knowledge from other sources ______ books.A.beside B.besides C.apart D.in addition
3.______fun and good exercise, swimming is a very useful skill.A.Except for B.But for C.Beside D.Besides
4.Mary answered all the questions ______ the last one.A.unless B.except C.besides D.beside
5.I have finished typing all ______ the last page.A.until B.but C.to D.for
6.May I stay with you ______ going back to my parents’ home tonight?
A.because of B.so as to C.in spite of D.instead of
7.Despite of the heavy snow last night none of the classes have been cancelled at the university.8.Father usually comes back from his work______.A.at noon B.in noon C.on noon D.in the noon
9.We are looking ______ to hearing from you soon.A.at B.forward C.for D.up
10.I am looking forward ______ Mike next week.A.to see B.to seeing C.seeing D.see
11.The students laughed ______ the silly answers they had put on their tests.A.at B.from C.to D.over
12.The bell rang and I hurriedly rushed into the classroom, knocking ______ our maths teacher.A.at B.into C.off D.out
13.They differ ______ each other in many ways.A.to B.with C.on D.from
14.The movie we saw last night was very different ______ the novel.A.of B.to C.from D.as
15.Someone was speaking there;the voice was familiar ______ us.A.by B to C.for D.with
16.Controlling a class of school pupils calls ______ all your skills as a teacher.A.up B.off C.for D.on
17.When the taxi came I put out my hand, but it just went ______ me without stopping.A.off B.over C.through D.past
18.I began to work here ______1978.A.in B.at C.on D.since
19.______(在一个寒冷的冬日), George jumped into the lake and saved a little girl.[On a cold winter day]
20.It’s nice to go for a walk ______ a summer evening.A.on B.at C.in D.during
21.Most Chinese like to drink tea.But some prefer coffee ______ tea.A.to B.for C.with D.against
22.I prefer writing a term paper ______ taking an examination.A.than B.to C.for D.rather than
23.The picture reminds me ______ the time we spent together in New York.A.of B.in C.for D.to
24.I objected ______ the meeting without him.A.to have B.to having C.having D.have
25.They arrived home very wet, as they had walked all the way ______ the rain.A.in B.below C.under D.into
26.Last Sunday and ______ my great surprise I met Bullen in town.A.to B.for C.as D.at
27.I often go to school on bike, but I went to school on foot this morning.28.I met her ______ my way______.A.in„home B.on„home C.in„to home D.to„to home
29.From here, we can see the bridge ______ construction.A.below B.by C.under D.with
30.Electricity is ______ great use in industry and everyday life.A.be B.of C.in D.with
[“of+名词”结构相当于形容词,作表语]
31.Would you like a piece of cake ______ your coffee?
A.with B.to C.for D.in
32.George always arrives at the office in time, but because the heavy rain ,he was one hour late this morning.33.They came from a village a little way ______ the main road.A.on B.off C.at D.in
34.谁应对这起车祸负责? [Who was responsible for the car accident?]
35.任何事情都不能阻止我们履行职责。[Nothing can prevent us from doing our duties.]
36.His ears are highly sensitive ______ any unusual sound in the machine.
第三篇:成考专升本《英语》历年真题及答案归类汇总
成考专升本英语历年真题归类汇总
Ⅰ.名词
重点:区分可数名词与不可数名词;名词的复数形式;名词做主语时,主谓关系的一致性.可数名词与不可数名词
1.The nurse added some sugars to the medicine to make it easy for the child to take.2.The sitting room would be much improved if you placed a furniture in the corner.3.Let me give you ______.A.some advice B.some advice C.an advice D.such an advice
4.Usually there is ______ traffic in the streets on weekdays than on Sundays.A.little B.less C.few D.fewer
5.Jim was upset last night because he had to do too many homeworks.6.I am afraid that there isn't ___ left for you two in my car.There are already five people in it.A.many rooms B.any rooms C.any room D.many rooms
7.Half the forest was cut down to make a room for the new road.8.“I like your furniture very much.” “Thank you.We bought ______ in Beijing.”
A.the most of them B.most of them C.the most of it D.most of it
9.Jump in the car.There's enough ______ for you.A.place B.seat C.room D.space
10.During the storm we took ______ in the doorway of a shop.A.help B.comfort C.guard D.shelter
11.It wasn't an accident.He did it on ______.A.reason B.determination C.purpose D.intention
12.You'll have to pay for the holiday in ______, Tom.(2001)
A.front B.advance C.ahead D.forward
13.When he applied for a ______ in the office of the local newspaper, he was told to see the manager.A.position B.profession C.career D.location(2001)
14.There were a lot of ______ waiting outside the theater to see the famous pop singer.(2001)
A.crowds B.assistants C.fans D.attendants
15.The tailor made him a new ______.(2002)
A.cloth B.wear C.dress D.suit
16.Your brother is very tall.What is his exact ______?(2000)
A.height B.length C.size D.breadth
17.I wanted to go there by plane but I hadn't enough money to pay for the ______.(1998)
A.journey B.distance C.road D.way
18.During the Ice Age, man developed the use of tools, and this is a way of protecting himself against ______.A.shortcomings B.hazards C.faults D.conflicts(2004)
19.There is no easy ______ to the problem.(2003)
A.result B.consequence C.solution D.reason
20.Living in the countryside has many ______, such as beautiful scene, fresh air, and so on.A.advantages B.interest C.profit D.benefit 名词复数
1.It was difficult for him to buy good shoes because he had such a big pair of foot.2.Many peoples can do one kind of work, but a few people can do many kinds of work.3.Now, many people use the word Ms instead of Miss or Mrs.for example, before the name of ______in business letters.A.woman manager B.women manager C.woman managers D.women managers
4.It was difficult for him to buy good shoes because he had such a big ______ of feet.A.pair B.size C.couple D.number
5.The children cooked some by burning ______ and branches.A.potatos„leaves B.potatoes„leafs C.potatos„leafs D.potatoes„leaves
6.She has to clean all the ______ in all the ______ in two hours.A.furniture„bedroom B.furnitures„bedrooms C.furniture„bedrooms D.furnitures„bedsrooms
名词做主语时,主谓关系的一致性
1.The bread and butter are very delicious.2.Two thirds of the area are covered by water.3.The number of the people applying for the job ______ increasing.A.are B.is C.are being D.is being
4.The number of students who failed the chemistry examination ______to fifteen.A.have increased B.has increased C.is increased D.are increasing
5.Neither John nor his father were able to wake up early enough to catch the morning train.6.Reading English newspapers ______ a good way of ______ your English.A.is„ improve B.are„improving C.is„improving D.are„improve
7.Three times seven ______ twenty-one.A.have B.are C.has D.is
8.Ten days ______ long enough for Mr.Carter to finish his design.He doesn't need any more.A.is B.has been C.was D.had been
9.Twenty miles ______a long way to cover.A.have been B.is C.are D.were
10.Many a student ______ that mistake before.A.had made B.has been made C.have made D.has made
11.______ road out of town is good, but this one is better than the other.A.Both B.All C.None D.Neither
12.Now that the stress of examinations are over, we can all relax a while.13.Tom, together with his family, ______ to see us tonight.A.is coming B.are coming C.comes D.come
名词所有格
1.I'm going away for a ______.A.holiday of a week B.week holiday C.holiday week D.week's holiday
2.I came across a ______ on the street yesterday morning.A.friend of my father's B.friend of my father
C.my father's friend D.father's friend
3.He read in ______ paper that ______ industry is developing at a high speed.A.today„China's B.today's„China C.today's„China's D.today„China
答案
I.名词
可数名词与不可数名词
1.B: sugar 2.C: a piece of furniture 3.A 4.B 5.much homework 6.C 7.make room for 8.D 9.C 10.D 11.C 12.B 13.A 14.C 15.D 16.A 17.A 18.B 19.C 20.A
名词复数1.D: feet 2.A: people 3.D 4.A 5.D 6.C
主谓一致
1.D: is 2.C: is covered 3.B 4.B 5.B: was 6.C 7.D 8.A 9.B 10.D 11.D 12.B: is over 13.A
名词所有格
1.D 2.A 3.C 成考专升本英语历年真题及答案归类汇总
Ⅲ.代词
重点:区分人称代词的主格与宾格;区分名词型与形容词型的物主代词,反身代词;不定代词;it的用法.1.Mary has just called and asked ______ to have lunch with her tomorrow.A.you and I B.you and me C.I and you D.me and you
2.Last Sunday ______ had a picnic in Beihai Park.A.John, Mary and me B.John, I and Mary C.John, Mary and I D.I, John and Mary
3.Let's clean their room first and ______ later.A.ours B.us C.we D.I
4.You have a good suggestion, I should say.But it's not as practical as ______.A.my B.mine C.me D.I
5.My car is not so fashionable as ______.A.he's B.he C.his D.his'
6.A chemist prepares his experiments carefully before trying to carry ______ in his lab.any D.either
10.Study things that are like each other in ______ way.A.no B.same C.the D.some
11.She always buys ______ my birthday.A.anything nice to B.anything nice for C.something nice to D.something nice for
12.“Are my books on the table?” “No, there aren't something on it.13.You have to hurry up if you want to buy eggs because there's hardly something left.14.Has anyone seen my dictionary ______?
A.everywhere B.something C.nowhere D.anywhere
15.They didn't give us ______ help.A.a lot of B.much C.many D.plenty of
16.He felt bad because he had drunk too many the night before.17.This book is very difficult, but ______ people understand it.A.few B.a few C.little D.a little
18.Usually there is ______ traffic in the streets on weekdays than on Sundays
A.little B.less C.few D.fewer
19.-I'd like some more bananas.--I'm sorry, there's ______ left.A.no B.some C.few D.none
20.______ of them knew about the plan because it was secret.A.Some B.Any C.No one D.None
21.Nowadays ______ seems to enjoy looking at fat girls.That is why many companies have developed special foods to help people to slim.A.everyone B.anybody C.somebody D.no one
22.Young babies can use ______ hand equally well.A.either B.each C.both D.every
23.______ of his parents is short-sighted, but he is.A.None B.Either C.Neither D.Both
24.I asked two people to help me start my car.But ______ of them knew what to do.A.either B.none C.both D.neither
25.______ road out of town is good, but this one is better than the other.A.Both B.All C.None D.Neither
26.-Which of these two ties will you take?
--I'll take ______ to give me a change sometimes.A.either B.both C.neither D.all
27.There are two windows in this bedroom.______ of them face south, overlooking a beautiful park.A.Both B.One C.The D.Either
28.The World Trade Center is higher than ______ I have ever seen during my visit.A.any building B.any other building C.all the building D.all of buildings
29.Some people hope to be more successful while ______ simply want to feel more comfortable
A.the others B.others C.the other D.another
30.Some people go on diets.people exercise with special equipment, take medicine, or even have surgery.A.Others B.Other C.All D.Those
31.It was terrible.One passenger was killed, and ______ was badly hurt.A.the others B.rest C.the other D.the rest
32.She promised her parents to write ______ while she was away.A.other day B.other days C.every other day D.any other day
33.After seeing the film, I felt ______ my friend.A.same as B.the same as C.same with D.the same for
34.In the world no country has exactly the same folk music ______ that of any other countries.A.with B.as C.to D.like
35.______ those books do you want?
A.What are B.Which of C.Which are D.What
It的用法
作代词
1.It is often easier to select a particular tool than to use them correctly.2.-The phone is ringing.-Who could ______ be? It is already midnight.A.he B.it C.this D.there
作形式主语
1.学好一门语言是不容易的.[I t is not easy to master a language / to learn a language well.]
2.去火车站步行需要半小时.[It takes half an hour to walk to the railway station.]
3.(我用了一周的时间)to finish reading the novel.[It took me a week]
4.______ took us several hours to clear the snows and open the road to traffic.A.They B.All C.He D.It
5.It was difficult for him to buy good shoes because he had such a big pair of feet.6.It's really hard for us to ______ all poisonous gases.A.get rid to B.get rid of C.get the rid D.give rid of
7.It hasn't been decided yet ______ we are going to build physics lab.A.that B.which C.what D.whether
8.______ doesn't matter what you do at this point.A.That B.This C.It D.What
作形式宾语
1.We all regard ______ our duty to help who are too poor to go to school.A.this B.it C.that D.which
2.Modem technology has made ______ possible for the whole world to be close than ever before.A.this B.that C.it D.it's
3.He made it plain ______ he was annoyed with me.A.that B.what C.which D.whether
4.People have proved them to be true that the heat we get from coal and oil comes from the sun.5.I don't think that possible to master a foreign language without much memory.强调句型
1.It ______ John and Kate who helped me the other day.A.is B.was C.are D.were
2.It was her who suggested that he go to New York in order to get a direct flight.3.It was the United States that they came to know each other and got married.4.It was at the music hall ______ we met each other for the first time.A.when B.where C.which D.that
5.It was last night when I saw your brother at the cinema.6.It was in 1989 ______ I met John.A.when B.that C.which D.at that time
7.It was between 1920 and 1930 ______ television was invented in America.A.which B.that C.then D.when
8.It was not until 1936 ______ basketball became a part of the Olympic Games.A.which B.than C.that D.then
9.It was until he got a map that he started on his way.10.It is during his spare time ______ John has been studying a course in French.A.when B.that C.which D.what
固定句型
1.It has been less than three months before she joined the army.[句型”it is/has been+一段时间+since从句“表示”某事已经发生多久了“.]
2.To my surprise, ______ turned out that John failed in his examination.A.it B.as C.what D.he
[it turns out that „„.表示”竟然"]
III.代词答案
1.B 2.C 3.D 4.B 5.C 6.C 7.B: herself 8.D 9.C 10.D 11.D 12.C: isn't anything 13.C: anything 14.D 15.B 16.C: much 17.A 18.B 19.D 20.D 21.D 22.A 13.C 24.D 25.D 26.B 27.A 28.B 29.B 30.B 31.C 32.C 33.B 34.B 35.B
It 的用法
作代词 1.D: it 2.B
作形式主语 4.D 6.B 7.D 8.C
作形式宾语 1.B 2.C 3.A 4.A: it 5.A: it
强调句型 1.B 2.A: she 3.A: in the United Stated 4.D 5.B: that 6.B 7.B 8.C 9.A: not until 10.B
固定句型 1.C: since 2.A 成考专升本英语历年真题及答案归类汇总
Ⅱ.冠词
重点:定冠词、不定冠词的用法,不加冠词的基本规则.1.What's ______ matter ______ David today?
A.a;with B.a;to C.the;with D.the;to
2.______ number of cars is increasing.A.a B.A C.the D.The
3.Please come the downstairs for breakfast after you have finished washing.4.They left for work immediately after the breakfast.5.Without any news from Tom for long time his father flew 10,000 miles to see him.6.It was suggested that a honest man be sent there to take over the work.7.As we know, ______ most dangerous enemies are those who pretend to be ______ friends.A.不填;不填 B.the;the C.the;不填 D.不填;the
8.We walked ______ whole day that day;however, by 5:30 we had only covered ______ quarter of the distance.A.the;a B.a;the C.the;the D.a;a
9.______ film includes some recently discovered newsreels of ______ World War Ⅱ.A.The;the B.A;the C.The;不填 D.A;不填
10.Can you play ______?
A.piano B.pianos C.a piano D.the piano
11.Have you ever seen ______ as tall as this one?
A.a tree B.the tree C.an tree D.such tree
12.May I have ______ look at ______ dictionary you bought at the bookstore?
A.;the B.a;the C.a;D.the;a
II.答案
1.C 2.D 3.A: / 4.D: / 5.C: a long time 6.B: an 7.C 8.D 9.C 10.D 11.A 12.B 成考专升本英语历年真题归类汇总
数词
重点:基数词、序数词的用法;分数构成.1.I got to the theatre just before the end of ______.A.the act two B.act two C.act second D.the act second
2.The United States of America has a population of over ______.A.two hundred million B.two hundred millions
C.two hundreds million D.two hundred millions people
3.It is reported that ______ people have entered for the competition.A.hundreds B.hundred C.hundreds of D.several hundreds
4.It is reported that ______ people in this area were saved in the flood.A.hundreds of B.hundred C.some hundreds D.hundred of
5.Mary is a ______ girl.A.seven years old B.seven-years-old C.seven-year-old D.seven-year old
6.The homework for the next period is to wrihe got the chance to go abroad to study.A.forty B.forty's C.forty's years old D.forties
11.The world population will pass six billion by the end of twenty century.12.About ______ of the energy is absorbed by the atmosphere of the earth.A.nine-ten B.nine-tenth C.nine-tenths D.ninth-ten
13.Three times seven is twenty-one.14.David helps his mother with her housework every Saturday for about ______.A.one and half hours B.a half and an hour C.an hour and half D.one and a half hours
15.We can go there on foot.It is only ______ walk.A.twenty minute B.twenty minutes C.a twenty-minute D.twenty minutes of
IV.数词答案
1.B 2.A 3.C 4.A 5.C 6.C: two-hundred-word 7.C 9.A 10.D 11.D: the twentieth 12.C 14.D 15.C VI.介词
重点:常见介词、介词短语的词义及用法;介词与某些动词、名词、形容词的固定搭配。
1.It snowed here since more than a week last year.2.We can obtain knowledge from other sources ______ books.A.beside B.besides C.apart D.in addition
3.______fun and good exercise, swimming is a very useful skill.A.Except for B.But for C.Beside D.Besides
4.Mary answered all the questions ______ the last one.A.unless B.except C.besides D.beside
5.I have finished typing all ______ the last page.A.until B.but C.to D.for
6.May I stay with you ______ going back to my parents’ home tonight?
A.because of B.so as to C.in spite of D.instead of
7.Despite of the heavy snow last night none of the classes have been cancelled at the university.8.Father usually comes back from his work______.A.at noon B.in noon C.on noon D.in the noon
9.We are looking ______ to hearing from you soon.A.at B.forward C.for D.up
10.I am looking forward ______ Mike next week.A.to see B.to seeing C.seeing D.see
11.The students laughed ______ the silly answers they had put on their tests.A.at B.from C.to D.over
12.The bell rang and I hurriedly rushed into the classroom, knocking ______ our maths teacher.A.at B.into C.off D.out
13.They differ ______ each other in many ways.A.to B.with C.on D.from
14.The movie we saw last night was very different ______ the novel.ir tests.A.at B.from C.to D.over
12.The bell rang and I hurriedly rushed into the classroom, knocking ______ our maths teacher.A.at B.into C.off D.out
13.They differ ______ each other in many ways.A.to B.with C.on D.from
14.The movie we saw last night was very different ______ the novel.A.of B.to C.from D.as
15.Someone was speaking there;the voice was familiar ______ us.A.by B to C.for D.with
16.Controlling a class of school pupils calls ______ all your skills as a teacher.A.up B.off C.for D.on
17.When the taxi came I put out my hand, but it just went ______ me without stopping.A.off B.over C.through D.past
18.I began to work here ______1978.A.in B.at C.on D.since
19.______(在一个寒冷的冬日), George jumped into the lake and saved a little girl.[On a cold winter day]
20.It’s nice to go for a walk ______ a summer evening.A.on B.at C.in D.during 21.Most Chinese like to drink tea.But some prefer coffee ______ tea.A.to B.for C.with D.against
22.I prefer writing a term paper ______ taking an examination.A.than B.to C.for D.rather than
23.The picture reminds me ______ the time we spent together in New York.A.of B.in C.for D.to
24.I objected ______ the meeting without him.A.to have B.to having C.having D.have
25.They arrived home very wet, as they had walked all the way ______ the rain.A.in B.below C.under D.into
26.Last Sunday and ______ my great surprise I met Bullen in town.A.to B.for C.as D.at
27.I often go to school on bike, but I went to school on foot this morning.28.I met her ______ my way______.A.in„home B.on„home C.in„to home D.to„to home
29.From here, we can see the bridge ______ construction.A.below B.by C.under D.with
30.Electricity is ______ great use in industry and everyday life.A.be B.of C.in D.with
[“of+名词”结构相当于形容词,作表语]
31.Would you like a piece of cake ______ your coffee?
A.with B.to C.for D.in
32.George always arrives at the office in time, but because the heavy rain ,he was one hour late this morning.33.They came from a village a little way ______ the main road.A.on B.off C.at D.in
34.谁应对这起车祸负责? [Who was responsible for the car accident?]
35.任何事情都不能阻止我们履行职责。[Nothing can prevent us from doing our duties.]
36.His ears are highly sensitive ______ any unusual sound in the machine.A.of B.on C.to D.by
37.You’ll have to pay for the holiday in ______,Tom.A.front B.advance C.ahead D.forward
38.He might have been killed ______ the arrival of the police.A.except for B.but for C.with D.for
39.WTO stands ______ the World Trade Organization.A.as B.like C.for D.by
40.It’s the first turning ______ the left after the traffic lights.A.by B.in C.to D.for
41.I know nothing about him ______ he is a teacher.A.besides B.in addition C.except for D.except that
42.The heavy snow could not keep us ______ going out to work.A.from B.on C.upon D.up
43.Jack work so hard as he dreams ______ owning his own house soon.A to B.with C.of D.on
44.I suppose I can count ______ you for help in this matter..A.of B.on C.at D.to
VI.介词答案
1.B: for 2.B 3.D 4.B 5.B 6.D 7.A: Despite 8.A 9.B 10.B 11.A 12.B 13.D 14.C 15.B 16.C 17.D 18.A 20.A 21.A 22.B 23.A 24.B 25.A 26.A 27.B: by bike 28.B 29.C 30.B 31.A 32.C: because of 33.B 36.C 37.B 38.B 39.C 40.C 41.D 42.A 43.C 44.B Ⅶ 连词
重点:常见并列连词的用法(如:and , but , or , so , for);从属连词的用法。
1.John wanted to play basketball, and it was raining and he stayed at home.2.Not many people realize this, ______it is quite true.A.but B.however C.so D.that
3.-Can I help you?
-Well, I’m afraid the box is too heavy for you, ______thank you all the same.A.and B.so C.or D.but
4.Mary has lived in China for five years.(所以她习惯于这里的生活)。[so she has got used to the life here]
5.I don’t know her address, ______I can’t write to her.A.but B.or C.so D.since
6.The human body can go without food for a long time, but two______ three days without water usually result in death.A.and B.but C.for D.or
7.She hardly ever goes to ______ the theatre.A.neither the cinema or B.neither the cinema nor
C.either the cinema nor D.either the cinema or
8.Try your best ______ you’ll certainly succeed this time.A.so B.and C.or D.for
9.She remained silent, ______ her heart was heavy and her spirit low.A.so B.though C.for D.therefore
10.He talked at the top of his voice, ______ he drew nobody’s attention.A.yet B.instead C.so D.though
11.Watch your step, ______you might fall into the water.A.or B.and C.unless D.but
12.He came to the party, ______ he hadn’t been invited.(2003)
A.in case B.in spite of C.even D.therefore
10.He talked at the top of his voice, ______ he drew nobody’s attention.A.yet B.instead C.so D.though
11.Watch your step, ______you might fall into the water.A.or B.and C.unless D.but
12.He came to the party, ______ he hadn’t been invited.(2003)
A.in case B.in spite of C.even D.although
VII.连词
1.B: but 2.A 3.D 5.C 6.D 7.D 8.B 9.C 10.A 11.A V.形容词与副词
重点:比较级、最高级的构成及其用法
1.I don’t trust him at all.His smiles always make me ______.A.feeling sick B.be sick C.being sick D.sick
2.The car he bought in Japan looks similarly to the one he has been driving for several years.3.Her face is ______ to me, but I can’t remember where I saw her.A.similar B.friendly C.alike D.familiar
4.He’s ______ to know the answer.A.likely B.probable C.maybe D.probably
5.He was in poverty at the time.______ he wouldn’t have accepted the money.A.However B.Therefore C.Otherwise D.Then
6.Spanish people usually speak ______ than English people.A.quicklier B.more quicklier C.more quickly D.quicker
7.Of the two new teachers.Who do you like ______?
A.much B.better C.well D.the most
8.The stars we see at night are really huge suns like our sun, but they are more far away in space.9.-I think that red dress would suit me, wouldn’t it?
-Yes, but I think blue is a ______ color for you.A.well B.good C.better D.best
10.This room ______ in the building.A.is biggest than a any other one B.is bigger than any other one
C.is more bigger than any other one D.is bigger than any one
11.Her English is very good.She can speak English better than ______ in her grade.A.any one B.the one C.any one else D.other student
12.Both John and Peter study hard, but I think Peter is clever of the two.13.Of the colors, blue, red and orange, which do you like ______?
A.best B.better C.well D.much
14.Mary runs ______ among them.A.the fastest B.the most fast C.most fastly D.most fast
15.Of all the things we eat and drink, water is the ______ important.A.least B.more C.most D.much
16.北京是中国最美丽的城市之一。[Beijing is one of the most beautiful cities in China.]
17.The Yellow River is the second ______ river in China.A.long B.longer C.longest D.most long
18.Traveling in England, it will be ______ cheaper if you buy a return ticket on the train.A.more B.very C.quite D.even
19.If you drink too much, your health will get even ______.A.bad B.poor C.worse D.not well.Jill is ______(比她父亲高5公分).[5cm taller than her father/taller than her father by 5cm.]
21.No sooner ______ his speech than a young woman stood up to ask a question.A.the chairman finished B.did the chairman finish
C.the chairman had finished D.had the chairman finished
22.No sooner ______ the question than the answer came to him.A.had he asked B.he had asked C.did he ask D.he asked
23.The student doesn’t work ______ he used to.A.so hard as B.so harder than C.as harder as D.as hard like
24.There is nothing we can do but wait as calm as we can.[应用副词calmly修饰动词wait]
25.I pulled the handle ______ I could.A.so hardly as B.as hardly as C.so hard as D.as hard as
26.他几乎跟他父亲一般高。[He is almost as tall as his father.]
27.The production of 1995______(是1990年的10倍)[is ten times as much as that of 1990.]
28.The new model costs twice ______ last year’s.A.more than B.as much as C.as many as D.than
29.The more that you practice speaking, the better you will do it.30.It is believed that ______(脑子越用)the more work it is able to do.[the more your brain is used]
31.The more he tried to please her, ______ she seemed to appreciate it.A.less B.lesser C.the less D.the lesser
V.形容词与副词答案
1.D 2.B: similar 3.D 4.A 5.C 6.C 7.B 8.D: farther 9.C 10.B 11.C 12.C: the cleverer 13.A 14.A 15.C 17.C 18.D 19.C 21.D 22.A 23.A 24.c 25.D 28.B 29.A: / 31.C
第四篇:历年成人高考专升本大学语文真题及答案汇总
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一、工程概况:
利用自治区专项资金xxx工程已于2007年实施,一次性衬砌渠道23km,大大改善了三湖河干渠的工程条件。尾留的四闸至分水闸段落成为三湖河干渠唯一的险工段,该段落总长度为10.4km。该段落存在的主要问题是弯道较多且渠堤高低起伏不平,多处安全超高不够。2007年经局、所两级强烈申请,总局同意将该段落渠堤进行整治。该工程项目主要包括三湖河干渠四闸~分水闸渠段渠道整治工程;三湖所管理房新建工程;新建节制闸测流桥新建工程;一闸、二闸、三闸测流桥维修工程。该项工程总投资为 元。
二、施工总布置、总进度和完成主要工程量:
1、施工组织机构为了抓好该项工程的施工工作,公司精选了施工过类似工程,经验丰富,善管理,责任心强的高级管理技术人员组建成施工项目经理部。项目经理部实行项目经理负责制,对施工项目统一管理,在质量、进度方面统一监控,社会关系统一协调,后勤供应统一保障。在保证工程质量和进度的前提下,充分体现公司效益,力争质、效双赢。项目经理部组成人员如下:
各机构职能如下:
安全生产及质检试验组:负责工程各项技术指标以及整个工程项目的质量监督检查和负责整个工程现场安全检查工作。
工程技术组:负责整个工程技术工作。
财务核算组:负责财务管理,保证工程所需资金;负责本工程的成本核算、经济分析和工程结算。
后勤物资组:负责施工现场材料采购供应和施工人员生活服务工作。
2、施工总平面布置
1)施工平面布置遵循因地制宜、因材制宜、有利生产、方便生活、易于管理、安全可靠、经济合理的原则。
2)施工平面布置宜根据施工需要随施工进度分步形成,满足各段落施工需要,前后衔接。
3)施工平面布置应紧凑合理,节约用地、尽量少占耕地。
3、施工总进度
施工总进度为2008年5月10日开始—2008年6月10日,历时30天。
4、完成主要工程量
1)渠堤整治土方
m3;
2)管理房新建
m2(二层);
3)测流桥新建1座;
4)测流桥改建3座。
四、文明施工与安全生产
为了保证工程在安全文明环境中施工,项目部制定了严明的组织纪律和各项规章制度,经常性地召开教育活动,整个工期没有发生任何治安事件和大小伤亡事故。
1、文明施工
各施工项目平面布置合理,施工现场整洁有序,物料堆放整齐,安全标志明显,劳动纪律严明。
施工作业规范化、标准化、制度化,凡事均有章可循,有人负责,有人监督,有据可查。施工环境较好,道路平整畅通,行车时尘土飞扬情况得到控制,作业时水泥粉尘机械噪
声都控制在最低限度之内。
2、安全生产
健全安全生产监督网络,按项目部、工程组、班组三级设立安全员,由项目经理、技术质量安全负责人组成安全文明施工领导小组,项目经理为第一负责人。
组织进场人员认真学习建筑法及关于建筑施工安全管理有关法律法规,进行安全生产教育,搞好岗前技术培训。
施工前进行安全技术交底,特种作业人员持证上岗,从事危险作业职工办理意外伤害保险。
施工过程中落实安全措施计划,配备必要的安全保护及安全措施,严格按照操作规范施工,坚决杜绝违章作业,安全人员经常到现场做安全检查。
五、主要施工方法
开工后项目全体技术人员、专职质检人员、专职试验员、各班组长,熟悉图纸、编制施工组织设计和施工总进度计划并进行技术交底。
根据图纸和发包人或监理工程师提供的设计基本资料和测量标志,进行现场引测高程,建立施工控制网,对临时工程布置范围样线实行同精度控制,确保临时工程布置方便施工,不影响主体工程施工,确保主体工程的测量、放线精度。
1、土方工程
本工程土方工程主要是四闸~分水闸渠堤整治。土方工程施工前会同监理人进行工程量计量的测量资料复核检查。渠道土方工程以机械施工为主,1m3液压反铲挖掘机挖土,推土机清理场地、平土,拖拉机牵引羊脚碾压实,人工铲坡垫平。
2、砼工程
砼工程主要用于管理房的构造柱、圈梁和现浇砼楼板等部位。
(1)模板
模板的制作与安装应满足施工图纸要求的建筑物结构外形,模板结构应有足够的强度、刚度和密封性。
(2)材料
1)
水泥
水泥应符合国家和行业的现行标准,每批均要附有出厂合格证,并按规定取样进行质量检验。袋装水泥不得超过3个月,散装水泥不得超过6个月。本工程要求采用普通硅酸盐水泥。
2)骨料
骨料应符合规范规定,级配由试验确定并经监理人同意。所有运至施工现场的骨料按品种、产地不同分类堆放,每500m3检验一次,自检合格,经监理人抽检合格并签字确认后在使用。
3)配合比、取样试验
各种不同类型结构物的砼配合比通过试验选定,其试验方法应按SD105-82有关规定执行,并在实验前3天报告监理人审批。施工中若要改变,须重新得到监理人批准。在砼浇注过程中,在出口机器和浇注现场进行砼取样试验。
4)普通砼
砼浇注前要清除基面上的杂物、泥土及松动岩石均冲洗干净并排干积水,通知监理人检验合格后再进行浇注,浇注中合同监理工程师对砼工程建筑物测量放样成果进行检查验收。注意按施工图纸所示预埋各种埋设件。浇注后,覆盖麻袋、掂编织袋进行洒不养护。
3、管理房墙体砌筑
管理房墙体砌筑参用“240×120”空心粘土砖砌筑,水泥砂浆灌筑并勾缝。为了使墙面平整,施工时采用双侧挂线砌筑。
4、钢结构桥制安
1)、工程概况
钢结构测流桥:排架采用φ160钢管;桥面板采用10#槽钢做支撑并用5×5角钢连接后铺装2mm厚的铁皮作为桥面;拉现采用φ16的元钢(或钢丝绳);栏杆采用5×5角钢焊接。
2)、施工方法:按照设计图纸对建筑物进行定位,放出建筑物边线,施工放线应执行《水利水电工程测量规范》(SZ52—93)中有关规定。
①基础开挖:桥墩基础采用人工进行土方开挖,基础开挖至设计高程后,进行底高程校核测量,经自检合格报请监理工程师进行隐蔽工程验收,经验收合格开始浇筑砼基础。②钢结构工程
钢结构集中在加工厂加工,现场安装、焊接。钢结构使用的钢材,其种类、型号及焊接工艺等均应符合施工详图规定,并经过材质实验。钢材使用前,应将表面油渍、漆污、锈皮、鳞锈等除干净。
钢材的切割、弯曲遵照水利电力部规范《SDJ207——82》的规定执行。
④钢结构测流桥安装:
在安装前,首先对全部构件进行拼装检查,经检查构件齐全后进行安装。
六、工程施工质量保证措施
1、对入场的管理和技术人员进行上岗前的培训,认真贯彻“质量求生存”的方针,组织技术人员认真研究招标文件、工程设计及有关技术规范、规程、标准。
2、项目部质量负责人及时组织有关人员认真编制质量控制计划及施工作业指导书,报送监理工程师审批。
3、配合并服从监理工程师的监理和指导,严格遵守监理工程师下达的工程监理指令。
4、严格按规范要求施工,施工过程质量控制采用工序管理点控制办法。以工序质量保证分部、分项(单元)工程质量,凡达不到工序质量标准的坚决返工,直到检验合格,才能转入下道工序。
5、项目部在每道工序施作前进行工序质量控制点的分析,向工长、施工队队长或班组长进行工序质量控制点的技术交底。由工长、施工队队长或班组长向作业人员进行工序质量控制点的技术交底。
6、认真执行“三检”制度。即班组初检、施工队复检、项目部终检。项目部设立质检机构和专职质检员,层层把关,严格执行质量一票否决权。
7、施工现场质量检查员参加施工全过程,工程重要部位采取跟班生产随时检查。按照监理工程师的要求,及时办理质量签证手续。
8、严格把好建筑材料质量关。对原材料进行入场检验,成品及半成品必须具备“三证”,建立建筑材料准许入场制度和使用签证手续及跟踪施工记录。
9、施工现场设置试验检测设备,配备一定数量的试验人员(专职质检员)和相应的试验仪器。试验人员持证上岗,遵守职业道德,严格执行试验规程。
10、在施工中坚持“谁施工,谁负责”的原则,实行挂牌操作制度,做好施工记录,实行质量与工资奖金挂钩的奖惩制度。
11、施工资料按监理工程师要求严格执行,资料整理按国家和交通部的有关规定进行。
0m3检验一次,自检合格,经监理人抽检合格并签字确认后在使用。
3)?配合比、取样试验各种不同类型结构物的砼配合比通过试验选定,其试验方法应按sd105-82有关规定执行,并在实验前3天报告监理人审批。施工中若要改变,须重新得到监
理人批准。在砼浇注过程中,在出口机器和浇注现场进行砼取样试验。4)?普通砼砼浇注前要清除基面上的杂物、泥土及松动岩石均冲洗干净并排干积水,通知监理人检验合格后再进行浇注,浇注中合同监理工程师对砼工程建筑物测量放样成果进行检查验收。注意按施工图纸所示预埋各种埋设件。浇注后,覆盖麻袋、掂编织袋进行洒不养护。
六、工程施工质量保证措施
1、对入场的管理和技术人员进行上岗前的培训,认真贯彻“质量求生存”的方针,组织技术人员认真研究招标文件、工程设计及有关技术规范、规程、标准。
2、项目部质量负责人及时组织有关人员认真编制质量控制计划及施工作业指导书,报送监理工程师审批。
3、配合并服从监理工程师的监理和指导,严格遵守监理工程师下达的工程监理指令。
4、严格按规范要求施工,施工过程质量控制采用工序管理点控制办法。以工序质量保证分部、分项(单元)工程质量,凡达不到工序质量标准的坚决返工,直到检验合格,才能转入下道工序。
5、项目部在每道工序施作前进行工序质量控制点的分析,向工长、施工队队长或班组长进行工序质量控制点的技术交底。由工长、施工队队长或班组长向作业人员进行工序质量控制点的技术交底。
6、认真执行“三检”制度。即班组初检、施工队复检、项目部终检。项目部设立质检机构和专职质检员,层层把关,严格执行质量一票否决权。
7、施工现场质量检查员参加施工全过程,工程重要部位采取跟班生产随时检查。按照监理工程师的要求,及时办理质量签证手续。
8、严格把好建筑材料质量关。对原材料进行入场检验,成品及半成品必须具备“三证”,建立建筑材料准许入场制度和使用签证手续及跟踪施工记录。
9、施工现场设置试验检测设备,配备一定数量的试验人员(专职质检员)和相应的试验仪器。试验人员持证上岗,遵守职业道德,严格执行试验规程。
10、在施工中坚持“谁施工,谁负责”的原则,实行挂牌操作制度,做好施工记录,实行质量与工资奖金挂钩的奖惩制度。
11、施工资料按监理工程师要求严格执行,资料整理按国家和交通
2010年建筑施工总结
2010年是建筑施工企业项目管理年,是直面金融危机的一年,我们应该以实际行动学习和发扬“更快、更高、更强”的奥运精神,抢抓机遇,树立高度责任心,制定切实可行的措施,保证取得良好的经营成果,确保公司持续有效发展。我们的工作总结:
一、推进项目管理,扎实做好施工生产工作
1.抓好两个重点,干好在手工程。乙烯地管防腐和青岛大炼油被列为公司2010年重点工程,要围绕重点项目,干好每一项工程。一是强化工程准备。要根据工程范围、工程特点、工艺的特殊性、总包方及业主要求规划编制具体的方案,提高工程方案的可操作性。各项目部必须认真分析工程特点,有针对性做好前期准备工作,要从人、机、料、法、环、测(检测)五个方面做好各类资源的平衡、协调工作,为保证工程顺利实施奠定良好的基础。二是强化过程控制。要统筹部署、精心组织,优化施工方案,合理安排工序,强化动态管理,关心顾客需要,全面完成全年的施工生 产任务。最后要做好工程总结工作。各项目部要加强过程资料的积累,积极组织对已完工程进行全面总结,对于施工过程中的经验和教训进行总结、分析,真正地发挥施工总结的借鉴、指导作用。
2.加强项目管理,提高项目管理水平。一是要提高执行力建设,严格遵照《项目管理手册》进行施工生产。二是要增强项目核算意识。公司将放大管理,赋予项目更多的权力,挖掘管理潜力,为推进公司从施工型企业逐步发展成为管理型企业打下坚实的基础,并通过规范化管理,打造有佳龙特色的管理品牌。
二、以市场为导向,提高市场占有率
2009年公司在市场开发方面取得明显成效,为2010年施工生产建立了一定的储备----天津
一体化地管防腐我们承揽了过半的工程份额;天津地区的28局、南京二公司、管道集团,外埠的青岛、福建、四川等地都有我们的工程;成都中石油新建360亿的一体化工程正在交涉中;抛丸形成了规模生产能力等等。综上所述,说明今年公司获得了较充足的施工任务,明年天津一体化再掀高潮,预示着今明两年公司发展的良好态势。
1.立足传统市场,努力拓展外部市场。形势可喜,但提高市场占有率仍然是每个企业永远追求的目标。我们要把重点工程做为重点跟踪项目,着力关注工程的承揽动态,全力进行信息跟踪,加强与总包方及合作单位的多层次沟通。要以乙烯地管防腐和青岛大炼油为契机,做好后续工程和周边市场的拓展。
2.构建信息网络,加强市场信息的收集和处理。积极跟踪行业内外信息,科学地运用投标经验,恰当地运用投标技巧,加强投标文件质量,提高中标率。
三、加强基础管理,构建跨越发展平台
1.不断完善各种管理办法,堵塞管理漏洞。要加强质量体系的运行管理,完善现场安全、质量、物资、设备监督检查制度,继续制定和完善公司增收节支计划。
2.解决市场准入瓶颈,提升资质。从公司市场开发战略出发,首先要切实解决好市场准入问题,公司目前的资质状况还不能与公司发展要求相适应,今年公司要上下齐配合,做好相关资质申报,资料升级准备工作,提升公司相关资质。
3.加强采购供应管理,严格材料成本控制。一是要整顿和完善供应商体系,规范物资设备采购渠道。二是坚持材料采购货比三家,常用材料寻源到厂家的采购原则,降低物耗成本。
4.加强人力资源工作。一是健全人力资源信息网,吸收社会资源进行资源储备,选择有实力的施工队伍纳入公司资源名录。二是加强培训工作,做好法律法规、技术技能的学习教育工作,提高全员素质。
5.继续加强自身建设。做好安达基地和海纳龙的建设工作。
四、打造有“佳龙”特色的企业文化
企业文化建设是企业发展的催化剂,更是企业提高凝聚力和社会评价的基础,打造“佳龙”特色的企业文化是我们永恒的主题。
1.加大培训力度,打造学习型企业。保证作业层培训时间为72学时,管理层培训时间为48学时。
2.积极参与各种社会公益活动。
3.继续增添优秀员工缴纳社会保险人数。
4.做好弱势群体的走访慰问活动,构建和谐企业
第五篇:历年成人高考专升本大学语文真题及答案汇总
历年成人高考专升本大学语文真题及答案汇总
一、选择题
1.在教学中,通过学生观察所学事物或教师语言的形象描述,引导学生形成所学事物、过程的清晰表象,丰富他们的感性认识,从而使他们能够正确理解书本知识和发展认识能力的原则是(A)。
A.直观性原则 B.启发性原则C.循序渐进原则 D.巩固性原则
2.教师在课堂上通过展示实物、直观教具进行演示实验,使学生获得知识的方法称之为(D)。
A.实验法 B.讲解法 C.讨论法 D.演示法
3.下列关于教学方法和教学策略的关系叙述正确的是(D)。
A.教学策略受制于教学方法B.教学策略从层次上低于教学方法C.教学方法的采用不受教学策略的支配D.教学方法是教学策略的具体化 4.学校的中心工作是(A)。
A.教学工作 B.公共关系 C.行政工作 D.总务工作 5.教学活动的本质是(A)。
A.认识活动 B.实践活动 C.交往活动 D.课堂活动
6.试图用心理学的“统觉理论”原理来说明教学过程的教育家是(B)。A.夸美纽斯 B.赫尔巴特 C.杜威 D.凯洛夫 7.A8.A9.C10.C
11.在教学方法改革过程中,布鲁纳提出了(A)。
A.发现学习教学法 B.探究一研讨法C.纲要信号图教学法 D.暗示教学法 12.学而时习之,温故而知新,反映了(D)教学原则。A.系统性 B.启发性 C.思想性 D.巩固性
13.教师提出课题和一定材料,引导学生自己进行分析、综合、抽象、概括等一系列活动,最后得出学习结果的方法即(B)。
A.研究一探讨法 B.发现学习C.暗示教学法 D.范例教学法
14.通过准备问题、面向全体学生交流、对过程及时总结是(C)运用时应注意的事项。A.讲授法 B.谈话法 C.讨论法 D.练习法
15.与启发性原则在教学中贯彻要求不符的是(C)。A.激发学生积极思维 B.确立学生的主体地位 C.严格遵守职业道德 D.建立民主平等师生关系 16.教师教和学生学的统一活动称为(B)。A.教育 B.教学 C.教授 D.学习
17.(A)的基本形式是在教师指导下,学生运用书本知识解决实际问题。A.练习法 B.实验法 C.实习作业法 D.参观法 18.前苏联教师沙塔洛夫提出的教学方法是(D)。
A.探究一研讨法 B.发现学习C.暗示教学法 D.纲要信号图式教学法 19.孔子提出的“不愤不启、不悱不发”指出了(B)教学原则。A.直观性 B.启发性 C.巩固性 D.因材施教 20.“循序而渐进,熟读而精思。”由(C)提出。A.孔子 B.孟子 C.朱熹 D.老子 21.“由浅入深,由易到难,由简到繁。”体现了(C)教学原则。A.巩固性原则 B.直观性原则C.循序渐进原则 D.启发性原则
22.教师从学生的实际情况出发,个别差异出发,有的放矢进行差别教学,体现了教学的(D)。
A.直观性原则 B.启发性原则C.循序渐进性原则 D.因材施教原则
二、填空题
1.学校进行素质教育的基本途径是(教学)。
2.教学是由(教师的教)和(学生的学)两方面活动组成的。3.教学具有多种形态,是(共性和多样性)的统一。
4.教学任务的决定受教育目的、(学生的年龄特征)、(学科的特性)以及教学的时空条件等因素制约。
5.智力包括注意力、观察力、记忆力、思维力和想象力,其中(思维力)是核心。6.学生认识的特殊性表现在认识的(间接性);、交往性、(教育性)和有领导的认识。7.学生的个体认识始终是在教师的指导下进行、是有领导的认识,“三体结构”指作为中介的(教师)、作为主体的(学生)和作为客体的(课程和教材)。8.学习动机是推动学生学习的一种(内部动力教育性)。
9.教学过程的结构分为:(引起学习动机)、领会知识、巩固知识、运用知识和检查知识五个阶段,其中领会知识是教学的中心环节。10.领会知识包括使学生(感知和理解教材)。11.我国的教学原则有(直观性原则)、(启发性原则)、(巩固性原则)、(循序渐进原则)、(因材施教原则)。
12、“因材施教”源于宋代朱熹的(“孔子施教,各因其才”)
13、中学常用的6种教学方法是(讲授法)、(谈话法)、(讨论法)、(演示法)、(练习法)、(实验法)。
14、讲授法可分为(讲诉)、(讲解)、(讲演)。
15、谈话法可分为复习谈话和(启发谈话)两种。
16、根据一定的教学目的和对教学过程规律的认识而制定的指导教学工作的基本制度是(教学原则)。
17、在教学中,教师要承认学生是学习的主体,注意调动他们的学习主动性,引导他们独立思考,积极探索,生动活泼的学习,自觉地掌握科学知识和提高分析问题和解决问题的能力,属于(启发性)原则。
18、重视组织各种复习,体现了(巩固性)原则。
19、“学不等”、“不凌节而施”,体现了(循序渐进)原则。
20、教师要从学生的实际情况,个别差异出发,有的放失地进行有差别的教学,使每个学生都能扬长避短,获得最佳的发展,是(因材施教)原则。
21.教学要以学习基础知识为主导,从理论与实际的联系上去理解知识,注意运用知识去分析问题和解决问题,达到学懂会用、学以致用,是(理论联系实际)原则。
22.学生在教师指导下运用知识去完成一定的操作,并形成技能、技巧的方法是(.练习法)。
23.学生在教师的指导下,利用一定的仪器设备,通过条件控制引起实验对象的某些变化,从观察这些变化中获得知识的方法是(实验法)。24.教学是学校的(中心工作),是贯彻国家的教育方针,实现教育目的的(基本途径)。
三、简答题
1.简述赞科夫的教学原则体系。
答:赞科夫是20世纪苏联著名的心理学家和教育家,他创立的发展性教学理论对苏联的教育理论与实践产生了较大的影响。通过实验,他提出以下五项教学论体系的新原则:(1)以高难度进行教学的原则
这一原则在实验教学体系中起决定性的作用。在教学内容上,它要求增加系统的理论知识的分量;在教学方法上,要尽力使学生过紧张的甚至是沸腾的精神生活,学会独立思考和推理,独立地探求问题的答案。高难度并不意味着越难越好,困难的程度要控制在学生的最近发展区的范围内。
(2)在学习时高速度前进的原则
这一原则的实质并不在于让儿童在一节课上做尽可能多的例题和练习,而是要求教学不断向前运动,以各方面内容丰富的知识来充实学生的头脑,为学生深入地理解所学的知识创造有利的条件。
(3)理论知识起主导作用的原则
这一原则是要让那些说明现象的相互依存性及其内在的本质联系的系统知识,在小学教学内容的结构中占主导地位;要求学生在一般发展的基础上,尽可能深入领会有关概念和规律性的知识。
(4)使学生理解学习过程的原则
一般教学论的自觉性原则是指向外部的,即把应当掌握的知识、技能和技巧作为理解的对象。赞科夫提出教学要求学生理解的对象是学习过程,它是指向内部的。
②教学内容的评价。教学内容一定要保证正确无误,符合大纲,知识连贯,逻辑性强。内容要密切联系生产、生活、科学技术实验等实践活动。注意知识结构和学生认识结构相统一。教学时突出重点、分散难点,找准关键点,能挖掘教材内容的思想教育因素,寓思想教育于教学之中。
③教学方法和手段的评价。主要看教师授课所运用的教学方法能否注意学生实际及学生心理、生理特点,是否有利于学生掌握知识和提高能力;教学过程中能否注意情感和认识活动的结合,善于创设问题情境,激发学生学习兴趣,注意对学生注意力、意志力的培养;面向全体学生,是否注意调动各类学生的学习积极性,充分发挥学生主体作用;是否重视和加强教学实验,能科学、合理、有效地运用直观教具和现代化教学手段辅助教学。
④教学能力的评价。在课堂教学中,教师是否教态亲切、语言简练、板书工整、布局合理;是否充分发挥教师的作用,课堂教学组织是否严密,安排是否合理、有序;师生是否配合默契;课堂气氛是否生动活泼、和谐,能否及时了解教学效果,并能根据实际情况随时调节教学过程和内容,具有较好的应变能力;实验效果是否明显;实验及使用电教手段时是否适用熟练、操作规范。⑤教学效果的评价。一堂成功的课应该是:教学过程中的每个环节始终围绕教学目的和要求展开,能够圆满地完成教学任务;在课堂中能对学生的提问显示良好的反应,巩固练习及书面检查的正确率也比较高。
(2)对教师授课质量评价应遵循的原则
①客观性原则。教学评价要客观公正、科学合理,不能主观臆断、掺杂个人情感,以致评价不符合实际情况。
②发展性原则。评价应着眼于学生的学习进步、动态发展,着眼于教师的教学改进和能力提高,以调动师生的积极性,提高教学质量。③指导性原则。教学评价应经常给师生以教学效果的反馈信息,为教学指明方向和增添前进的动力。
④计划性原则。评价必须紧密配合教学工作有计划地进行,为教师和学生经常而及时地提供教与学的反馈信息,以便有效地调节和改进教学活动,提高教学质量。
3.教学过程中学生作为学习的主体的能动性表现在哪些方面? 答:在教学中,教师与学生之间的关系是教师为主导、学生为主体;学生是学习的主体,发挥着主体性、能动性,其能动性具体表现在以下几个方面:
(1)每个学生都有自己的兴趣、爱好和需要,这会使学生在选择外部信息的过程中具有能动性和自觉性,选择自己感兴趣的事物;在所接受的外部要求的推动和支配下,这种能动性会加强。
(2)每个学生都有自己的知识经验、思维方式、情感意志、价值观等,这些原有的经验、观念会对学生的学习过程产生制约作用。学生只有在原有经验的基础上才能更好地理解和接受新的知识;同时,这些原有的经验也使学生对外部信息进行内部加工时具有独立性、创造性。(3)在教学实践中,如果学生对某一课感兴趣,他就会学得比较努力,而且效果也比较好。甚至学生对某一个教师有好感,该教师所教的课他也会认真去学习。如果所学课程与学生原有的知识经验有联系,或者学生从内心深处认识到该课程的价值或对该课程有某种情感,他也会学得很努力,而且能有一定的创造性或创造的火花产生。
总之,在教学过程中,学生是学习的主体,具有能动性。教师要很好地认识到这一点,在教学中充分发挥学生的能动性,激发学生学习的积极主动性,增强其求知欲、探索性,以提高教学效果。
4.简述教学过程中学生认识的几个阶段。答:按照教师组织教学活动中所要求实现的不同任务,可以划分出教学过程中学生认识主要包括以下几个不同阶段:(1)引起学习动机
学习动机是推动学生学习的一种内部动力。学习动机往往与兴趣、求知欲和责任感联系在一起。教师要使学生明确学习目的,启发学生的责任感,激发学生的学习积极性。(2)领会知识
这是教学的中心环节。领会知识包括使学生感知和理解教材。①教师要引导学生通过感知形成清晰的表象和鲜明的观点,为理解抽象概念提供感性知识的基础并发展学生相应的能力。感知的来源包括:学生已有的知识经验,直观教具的演示、参观或实验,教师形象而生动的语言描述和学生的再造想象以及社会生产生活实践。
②理解教材,形成科学观念。引导学生在感知基础上,通过分析、比较、抽象概括以及归纳演绎等思维方法的加工,形成概念、原理,真正认识事物的本质和规律。理解教材可以有两种思维途径:一是从具体形象思维向抽象逻辑思维过渡,二是从已知到未知,不必都从感知具体事物开始。(3)巩固知识
通过各种各样的复习,对学习过的材料进行再记忆并在头脑中形成巩固的联系。知识的巩固是不断吸收新知识、运用知识形成技能的基础。巩固知识往往渗透在教学的全过程,不一定是一个独立的环节。(4)运用知识
学生掌握知识的目的在于运用,教师要组织一系列的教学实践活动以引导学生动脑、动口和动手,以形成技能技巧,并把知识转化成能力。(5)检查知识
检查学习效果的目的在于,使教师及时获得教学效果的反馈信息,以调整教学进程与要求;帮助学生了解自己掌握知识技能的情况,发现学习上的问题,及时调整自己的学习方式,改进学习方法,提高学习效果。
5.简述教师在运用讲授法时应遵循的基本要求。
答:讲授法是教师运用口头语言系统地向学生传授知识的方法。教师运用讲授法,应当注意以下几点:
(1)保证讲授内容的科学性和思想性。教师讲授的概念、原理、事实、观点必须是正确的,这就要求教师认真备课和教学。
(2)讲授要做到条理清楚、重点分明。讲授的逻辑清楚,学生的理解才能够清楚。
(3)讲究语言艺术。教师的语言水平直接决定着讲授法的效果,因此必须不断注重和提高自己的语言修养。首先,要做到语言清晰、准确、精炼,既逻辑严密又清楚明白;其次,要努力做到生动形象、富于感染力;最后,还应当注意语音的高低、语速的快慢,讲究抑扬顿挫。(4)注意与其他教学方法配合使用。学生的注意时间有限,在整节课中完全采用讲授法很难取得良好效果,教师应当善于将讲授法与其他教学方法和手段交叉替换使用,避免学生因长时间听讲出现疲劳和注意涣散现象。6.为什么说教学是一种特殊的认识活动? 答:教学活动服从人类认识的一般规律,即从感性到理性,再由理性到实践。但是,教学活动又是一种特殊的认识活动,这主要体现在以下几个方面:(1)教学认识是学生的认识
教学认识是学生个体的认识活动,在认识的主体上与一般人类认识活动有所不同。(2)教学认识是间接的认识 教学认识具有间接性,它主要以掌握人类长期积累起来的科学文化知识为中介,来间接地认识现实世界。
(3)教学认识是有领导的认识
教学认识活动需要在富有知识的教师引导下进行,学生不能独立完成这一过程;而一般的认识活动则不一定有他人的领导。(4)教学认识是教育性的认识
在教学认识活动过程中,学生会获得多方面的知识,其身心也会得到一定的发展,这体现了教学认识的教育性。(5)教学认识具有简捷性
在教学认识中,走的是一条认识的捷径,是一种科学文化知识的再生产。它可以使学生少走许多弯路,直接继承前人的科学成果,并使其得到发扬。
四、论述题
1.中小学计算教育的任务是什么?试述计算机辅助教学(CAI)的意义。答:(1)我国中小学计算机教育的任务
中小学计算机教育的任务是全面贯彻教育方针,为中小学教育改革和发展的总体目标服务,为提高全民族的科学文化素质服务,为21世纪我国中小学计算机教育的进一步发展打基础,逐步建立具有中国特色的中小学计算机教育体系。其任务主要包括: ④通过计算机教育的各种活动,创造一个合适的计算机教育环境,以促进计算机技术在学校教育教学中的应用。这里所说的计算机教育环境包括硬件和软件环境,包括教师和学生的计算机意识、应用计算机的能力和积极性等。软硬件建设要符合教育教学的规律,符合国家颁发的教学大纲的要求和中小学教学的需要,符合我国的文化传统和道德规范。②充分应用计算机技术,增强教与学的有效性。增强教与学的有效性就是提高教育教学质量。通过计算机辅助教学和计算机辅助管理,利用计算机的交互性、快速响应、能存储和检索信息、能将不同数据进行快速转换以及人工智能等功能,结合科学的教学方法可以做到大大增强教与学的有效性。
⑧为学生提供获取知识和实践技能的新途径,帮助学生开发智力、发展能力,使学生的学习富于独立性和创造性。这是素质教育的需要,在计算机教育中要充分利用富于信息技术的教学环境,有计划、有目的地促进学生创造性的学习。
④计算机学科教学要坚持培养学生的能力和开发学生的智力。在教学的方法和目标上,主要应着眼于能力的培养和智力的开发,不应只计较点滴知识的得失,要使学生通过计算机学科的学习能具备进一步学习计算机科学和技术的能力,适应计算机科学和技术的发展。(2)计算机辅助教学的意义
计算机辅助教学是指将许多教学所需的信息,编成软件事先储存在计算机里,在教学过程中,教师根据需要,方便、随意和迅速地调用这些信息来为教学服务,从而使计算机成为了一种强有力的教学辅助工具。其意义主要体现在以下几个方面: ①计算机辅助教学活动使得个别化教学将普遍实现,每个学生通过计算机进行学习,进度快的可以捷足先登,进度慢的可以稳扎稳打,各得其所,速度和时间的差异完全是个人的事情,不会与他人发生任何矛盾和冲突。在学习的每一个环节上,通过设计合理的程序和借助网络,学生都能够得到所需要的各种参考和帮助信息。所谓“一刀切”,“齐步走”的弊病可以在相当程度上得以避免,教学将最大限度地适应学生的个别差异。
②在运用计算机辅助教学上,教师演示时机动灵活、迅速方便、轻松省时,使课堂教学容量增大,课堂教学的效率得以提高。在与传统教学手段的比较上,计算机辅助教学的使用提高了教学质量,使学生获得了更多的知识。
⑧计算机辅助教学利用其交互式功能随意调出计算机中储存的多媒体信息,供教师选用;图文声并茂,使传统教学中难以表达的内容十分生动有趣、形象直观地展现在学生面前,使学生学习的注意力更加集中,对现象或过程的认识理解更加深刻,因而记忆也就更加牢固。
第二,重视引导学生参加实际操作和社会实践。为了克服从书本到书本,理论与社会实际脱节的弊病,教师应当根据教学的需要组织学生进行一些参观、访问、社会调查,参加一些课外学科或科技小组的实际操作活动,或组织他们从事一些科学观察、实验与小发明以及生产劳动等。让学生多动手,不仅有利于提高他们的实验能力。还能促使他们多动脑筋想问题。学生通过运用知识于实践,大大丰富了自己的直接经验,丰富和补充了书本知识,提高了实际操作能力。
③正确处理知识教学与技能训练的关系。在教学中,只有将知识教学和技能训练两者结合起来,学生才能深刻理解知识,掌握技能,达到学以致用。如果只有教师讲、学生听,而无技能的训练,那么学生是否理解难以检验。即使他们理解了,也缺乏动手能力。当然,如果教师不注意讲清基本概念便要求学生进行大量练习、作业,那么学生一接触作业便会感到困难,一般只会依葫芦画瓢,按例题解决那些简单的问题,碰上稍难的作业便依赖于人或干脆抄袭。④补充必要的乡土教材。这是使学校教学与社会息息相通的重要措施。我国幅员广大,南方与北方、沿海与内地在自然条件、经济和文化发展等各方面都有很大差异;即使在一个省内,城市与乡村、平原与山区、富裕地区与贫困地区在许多方面都有差别;而且每个地方都有它特有的历史文化、物产资源、风土人情、生产建设。因此,在使用统一的教材时,必须适当补充乡土教材,使教学不脱离地区实际,能为地区的经济建设服务。3.联系实际论述教学中的因材施教原则。答:(1)因材施教原则的内涵
因材施教原则是教学中应当遵循的重要原则之一。因材施教原则是指教师要从学生的实际情况、个别差异出发,有的放矢地进行有差别的教学,使每个学生都能扬长避短、获得最佳的发展。
(2)贯彻实施因材施教原则的基本要求 ①针对学生的特点进行有区别的教学。了解学生个别特点是搞好因材施教的基础。教师应当了解每个学生德智体发展的特点,各学科学习的情况与成绩,有何兴趣、爱好与擅长以及不足之处,然后有目的地因材施教。对反应迟钝的学生,要激励他们积极进行思考,勇于回答问题和进行争辩;对能力较强而态度马虎的学生,要给他们一点难度较大的作业,并严格要求他们注意精益求精;对语言表述缺乏条理的学生,要多让他们在课堂上作复述和发言,以克服其不足;对注意力不集中、学习不专心的学生,要多暗示、提醒、提问,培养他们的自控能力;对视、听觉不好的学生,要照顾他们坐在比较适合的地方;对学习感到很轻松或很困难的学生,要加强个别辅导,给能力强者开点“小灶”,增加课业,对困难者给予特殊帮助或补课。
②采取有效措施使有才能的学生得到充分的发展。现行的班级上课注重面向全体,往往搞大家齐步走而难于照顾到学生的特点,使许多学生的才能发展受到局限。而现代科技的发展、国际上各个领域的竞争加强,都要求学校教学应注意从小培养有特殊才能的人。故现代教学要重视探索和采用一些特殊措施或制度,以保证早出人才、快出人才。如对有特殊才能的学生请有关学科的教师或校外专家进行特殊的指导和培养,让他们参加一些有关的课外小组和校外活动、有关的竞赛;在有条件的学校试行按能力分班教学;开设一些选修课以照顾学生的兴趣与爱好;允许成绩优异的学生跳级,使他们的才能获得充分的发展。(3)实施因材施教原则的意义
学生的身心发展各有其特点,尤其在智力才能方面更有他们各自的兴趣、爱好和擅长,只有因材施教才能扬长避短,把他们培养成为社会上各种有用的和杰出的人才。许多科学天才、体育明星、歌星、舞星等有特殊禀赋和才能的人,早在少年儿童时期便已开始显露,这是因材施教的坚实基础。每个教师有职责去发现人才和培养这些人才。因材施教不仅能提高教学质量,而且能为国家更好地培养人才。
4.结合教育教学实际,谈谈你对“道而弗牵,强而弗抑、开而弗达”的内涵和现实意义的认识。答:“道而弗牵,强而弗抑、开而弗达”出自《学记》,它概括了如何进行启发的宝贵经验,有着丰富的内涵和重大的现实意义。
(1)“道而弗牵,强而弗抑、开而弗达”的内涵
“道而弗牵,强而弗抑、开而弗达”的中心是要求教师积极发挥主导作用,但不能代替学生思考,只要求“继其志”。对其内涵分析如下:
①道而弗牵。教师要积极引导,但不要硬牵着学生走,这样学起来就会自然和谐。不引导不行,硬牵着走也会失败。
②强而弗抑。教师要积极督促,但不要强制和压抑,这样学起来就会安易顺利。不督促检查不行,强制学习也会挫伤学生的主动性。⑧开而弗达。教师要为学生打开知识的大门提供钥匙,但不要把知识通达不遗地全部塞给学生,要留有余地,启发学生自己积极思考,这样学生的思维能力就可以得到锻炼和发展。(2)道而弗牵,强而弗抑、开而弗达的现实意义
“道而弗牵,强而弗抑、开而弗达”的思想继承和发展了孔子启发教学的思想,强调了学生积极性、主动性的重要性,对当今教学有着很大的借鉴价值。④教学中要充分发挥学生的主体性。随着教育改革的深入,当前教学实践克服了一切以教师为中心的现象,开始重视学生的主体地位。在教学中,教师要尊重学生的主体能动性,注意让学生发挥自己的主体性;培养学生在学习活动中主动参与的能力,让不同层次的学生获得不同的提高;同时更好的发挥教育的作用。
②教师要充分发挥自己的作用。在教学过程中,教师既不能强制学生做他们不愿做的事情,也不能放任不管。教师要深刻了解自己的学生,根据学生的年龄特征对其提出比较合理的学习与成就目标;同时,在学生遇到困难时,对其进行积极督导,防止挫伤其积极性。
③教师要培养学生自主学习能力,发挥其学习潜力。在教学过程中,教师不能把所有的知识都通通扔给学生,要给学生留有适当的时间来思考问题,提高其思维能力;或者在讲授某一内容时,让学生联想相关知识、让其进行小组讨论等,拓宽其思路;教师还可以培养学生自我检查、自我评价的能力,对自身学习过程中的情感、认知能力及行为能力做出合理的评价,让学生在自我评价的过程中不断地自我反思、自我完善等。这样可以充分发挥学生的学习潜力,促使学生积极思考,提高其能力。“开而弗达”就很好地体现了这一意义。总之,“道而弗牵,强而弗抑、开而弗达”具有丰富的教育内涵,对当今教育有重要的现实意义。教育工作者要对这一原则有深刻的认识,并将其与当前教学实际相结合,以充分发挥其意义。
5.试述教学过程的基本特点。
答:教学过程是教师依据教学目的、任务和学生身心发展的特点,通过指导学生有目的、有计划地掌握系统的文化知识和基本技能,发展学生智力和体力,形成科学世界观及培养道德品质、发展个性的过程。其基本特点主要包括以下几个方面:(1)间接经验与直接经验相结合 间接经验与直接经验相结合,反映教学中传授系统的科学文化知识与丰富学生感性知识的关系,理论与实践的关系,知与行的关系。
①学生以学习间接经验为主。教学中学生学习的主要是间接经验,并且是间接地去体验。学生主要是通过“读书”、“接受”现成的知识,然后再去“应用”和”证明“。这是一条认识的捷径,可以避免人类曾经经历过的曲折和失败,使学生能用最短的时间掌握大量的系统的文化科学基础知识,同时,还可以使学生在新的起点上继续认识客观世界,继续开拓新的认识领域。
②学生学习间接经验要以直接经验为基础。要使人类的知识经验转化为学生真正理解掌握的知识,必须依靠个人以往积累的或现时获得的感性经验为基础,原因在于学生学习的书本知识是以抽象的文字符号表示的,是前人生产实践和社会实践的认识和概括,而不是来自学生的实践与经验。他们接受这种知识是完全必要的。(2)掌握知识与发展智力相统一
掌握知识与发展智力相互依存、相互促进。二者统一在同一教学活动中。教学不仅要使学生掌握知识技能,而且要发展学生的智力和能力。重视教学的发展性,是新时代的要求。①掌握知识是发展智力的基础。学生认识能力的发展有赖于知识的掌握。知识为智力提供了广阔的领域,只有具备了某方面的知识,才有可能从事某方面的思维活动,同时知识中也包含有认识方法的启示。
②智力发展是掌握知识的重要条件。学生具有一定的认识能力,是他们进一步掌握文化科学知识的必要条件。学生掌握知识的速度与质量,依赖于学生原有智力水平的高低。教学中教师应启发学生运用自己潜在的能力,使学生在掌握知识的过程中发展认识能力。认识能力具有普遍的迁移价值,它不但能有效地提高学生的学习效率和知识质量,推动学生进一步掌握知识,而且有利于促使学生将知识应用于社会实践活动,从而获得完全的知识。③掌握知识与发展智力相互转化的内在机制。知识不等于智力,学生掌握知识的多少并不完全表明其智力的高低,而发展学生的智力也不是一个自发的过程。必须探索二者之间的差异以及相互转化的过程和条件,以引导学生在掌握知识的同时,有效地发展他们的智力和认识能力。
(3)教学过程中知、情、意的统一
在教学过程中,学生的知、情、意相互作用,同时介人,这就需要处理好知识学习与思想、情感、意志培养的关系问题。知、情、意是教学过程内在的因素,它们的协调发展不仅与教学内容、也与教学过程的组织、方法的运用相关,教师教学的责任感、价值观、思想作风、言行举止以及校园环境、人际关系等,对这些方面的发展也有重要影响。(4)教师主导作用与学生能动性结合
教学活动是教师的教和学生的学组成的双边活动。教学是教师教学生去学,学生这个学习主体是教师组织的教学活动中的学习主体,教师对学生的学习起主导作用。①教师在教学过程中处于组织者的地位,应充分发挥教师的主导作用。教师的主导作用表现在:教师的指导决定着学生学习的方向、内容、进程、结果和质量,起引导、规范、评价和纠正的作用。教师的教还影响着学生学习方式以及学生学习主动积极性的发挥,影响着学生的个性以及人生观、世界观的形成。
②学生在教学过程中作为学习主体的地位,应充分发挥学生参与教学的主体能动性。在教学中,学生是学习的主体,其能动性具体表现在:受学生本人兴趣、需要以及所接受的外部要求的推动和支配,学生对外部信息选择的能动性、自觉性;受学生原有知识经验、思维方式、情感意志、价值观等制约,学生对外部信息进行内部加工的独立性、创造性。
③建立合作、友爱、民主平等的师生交往关系。教学过程是师生共享教学经验的过程,在此过程中,师生共同明确教学目标,交流思想、情感,实现培养目标。在师生交往活动中,教师要善于创设和谐情境,鼓励学生合作学习;教师要善于体验或引起学生的兴趣和需要,鼓励学生积极学习,主动参与,善于从学生的年龄特征和个别差异出发,对学生提出严格的要求;善于洞察学生的内心世界,尊重学生的个性和才能,善于引起学生在思想和情感上的共鸣,培养学生自我调控能力,鼓励学生大胆创新,同时创设自我表现的机会,使学生不断获得成功体验。
一、选择题
1.制度化教育建立的典型表征是(B)。
A.学校的产生 B.学制的建立 C.教育实体的出现 D.定型的教育组织形式出现
2.推动教育学发展的内在动力是(D)的发展。
A.教育规律 B.教育价值 C.教育现象 D.教育问题
3.提出“泛智”教育思想,探讨“把一切事物教给一切人类的全部艺术”的教育家是(B)。
A.培根 B.夸美纽斯 C.赫尔巴特 D.赞科夫
4.“我们敢说日常所见的人中,十分之九都是他们的教育所决定的。”这一观点出自洛克的(B)。
A.《大教学论》 B.《教育漫话》 C.《爱弥儿》 D.《普通教育学》
5.“活到老学到老”是现代教育(C)特点的要求。
A.大众性 B.公平性 C.终身性 D.未来性
6.教育学的研究对象是(A)。
A.教育问题 B.教育价值 C.教育事实 D.教育规律
7.最早在大学里开设教育学课程的是(A)。
A.康德 B.培根 C.夸美纽斯 D.赫尔巴特
8.被称之为“现代教育学之父”的教育家是(A)。
A.赫尔巴特 B.康德 C.培根 D.夸美纽斯
9.教育学史上第一个正式提出并把教育起源问题作为一个学术问题来认识的是(B)。
A.神话起源说 B.生物起源说 C.心理起源说 D.劳动起源说
10.主张根据儿童的兴趣和能力去设计教育活动的教育家是(D)。
A.柏拉图B.洛克 C.华生D.杜威
11.“出自造物主之手的东西都是好的,而一到人手里,就全变坏了”。这一论点出自(B)。
A.洛克的《教育漫话》 B.卢梭的《爱弥儿》
C.康德的《论演说家的培养》 D.赫尔巴特的《普通教育学》
12.教育从生产劳动中第一次分离的标志是(A)。
A学校的产生B剩余产品的出现C有了国家D创造了文字
13.()被公认为第一本现代教育学著作,书中赫尔巴特强调必须有“一种教育者自身所需要的科学,有科学与思考力”并与相邻学科取长补短。
A《大教学论》B《普通教育学》C《民主主义与教育》D《康德论教育》
14.教育是一种社会历史现象,产生于生产劳动,其根本目的在于促使学生个体的全面发展,提倡教劳结合,教育科学的方法以唯物辩证法和历史唯物主义为基础,这一观点是()的认识。
A.实用主义教育学 B.制度教育学 C.实验教育学 D.马克思主义教育学 15.在一定的社会背景下发生的促使个体的社会化和社会的个性化的实践活动即()。
A.教育 B.教学 C.德育 D.智育
16.在我国,“教育”最早见于(C)。
A.《论语》 B.《大学》 C.《孟子》 D.《学记》
17.()取代传统的“教”与“学”是我国教育现代化和传统教育学范式现代转换的一个语言学标志。
A.教授 B.教育 C.教育学 D.教学
18.教育学研究的任务是()。
A.教育现象 B.教育事实 C.教育问题 D.教育规律
19.我国近代第一个正式实施的学制是()。
A.壬寅学制 B.癸卯学制 C.壬戌学制 D.六三三制
20.()主要是在欧洲产生并发展的。
A.分支学制 B.多轨学制 C.单轨学制 D.双轨学制
21.对教育规律与教育方针两者关系的看法正确的是()。
A.教育规律和教育方针都是人们主观意志的体现 B.正确的教育方针反映了教育的客观规律
C.教育方针能替代教育规律
D.教育方针政策是教育学研究的主要对象和最终依据
22.对教育学与教育经验汇编看法错误的一项是()。
A.教育经验汇编多为教育实践经验的汇集,它同时也揭示了教育规律
B.教育学应该重视教育经验,将教育经验提高到理论高度
C.教育学不能等同于教育经验的介绍,同时也不能仅仅满足于教育经验的介绍
D.从教育经验中总结教育规律,可以丰富和发展教育学
二、填空题
1.义务教育依据“法律规定”,具有(义务)性、免费性、(强迫)性。
2.教育学是一门以(教育现象;)、教育问题为研究对象,探索(教育规律)的科学。
3.教育制度的发展经历了从前制度化教育到制度化教育,再到(非制度化教育)。
4.制度化教育指向形成系统的(各级各类学校)。
5.明确提出以马克思主义为理论指导的是前苏联教育理论家(凯洛夫),他的作品是(《教育学》)。
6.中国近代制度化教育的标志是清朝末年的废科举、兴学校,中国近代系统完备的学制系统产生于1902年的(壬寅学制)以及1903年的(癸卯学制)。
7.库姆斯的非正规教育的概念,伊里奇非学校化观念都是(非制度化)教育思潮的代表。
8.中国早在4000多年前的(夏代)就有了学校教育的形态。
9.20世纪初实用主义教育学的代表人物,也被作为现代教育的代言人是美国的(杜威),他的代表作是(《民主主义与教育》)。
10.古代的庠、序都是指(乐;数)。
三、简答题
1.简述现代教育制度发展的趋势。
答.20世纪以来,尤其是二战以后,世界的政治、经济、科技和文化领域都发生了前所未有的深刻变化,现代教育进入了一个新的历史时期,各国的现代教育制度也呈现出一些共同发展趋势:
(1)加强学前教育并重视与小学教育的衔接
在第二次世界大战前,学前教育很少被纳入国家教育系统,但现在很多国家都已经将学前教育纳入了国家教育系统,并重视其与小学教育的衔接。
(2)强制普及义务教育,延长义务教育年限
义务教育是国家用法律形式规定的、对一定年龄儿童免费实施的某种程度的学校教育。19世纪末,欧美一些国家开始实行初等义务教育并逐步延长义务教育年限。现在世界上180多个国家有2/3以上实行9年或9年以上的义务教育制度。
(3)普通教育与职业教育朝着互相渗透的方向发展
普通教育主要以升学为目标、以基础科学知识为主要内容;而职业教育则以就业为主要目标、以从事某种职业或生产劳动的知识和技能为主要教学内容。二战前,世界各国普遍推行双轨制的教育制度,即为升学做准备和为就业做准备的两种教育制度并行存在,且两种制度之间几乎不相通。这种双轨制存在着严重的弊端,使学生缺乏重新选择的机会,限制了学生的发展。二战后,兼顾升学与就业、给学生提供多种选择机会的综合中学的比例逐渐增加,出现了普通教育职业化、职业教育普通化的趋势。
(1)启发教育实践工作者的教育自觉性,使他们不断领悟教育的真谛
学习教育学理论,并同实际教育现象相联系,能够启发教育工作者去发现问题、解决问题,在这一过程中,逐渐培养起对教育问题的敏感性。从现实教育问题的解决和探讨中,逐渐揭示教育的本质,领悟到教育的真谛。
(2)获得大量的教育理论知识,扩展教育工作的理论视野
学习教育学主要是掌握系统、复杂的教育学理论知识,这是从事教育工作的先决条件,没有这方面的知识储备,很难开展教育实际工作。有了理论知识在实际中的指导,教育工作者可以用来解决教育难题,不断扩展自己的视野,反过来扩充自身的理论知识。
(3)养成正确的教育态度,培植坚定的教育信念
学习了教育学之后,可以帮助教育工作者掌握知识,解决实际教育问题,从而逐步培养其正确的教育态度。在以后的工作和学习中,能够很好的运用教育学知识于实际中,培植教育者坚定的教育信念和对教育工作的热爱。
(4)提高教育实际工作者的自我反思和发展能力
对理论的探索和实际问题的解决有助于教育工作者反思能力的成长,往往在实际的解决问题背后培养起对教育的信念和看法,从而在未来的发展中奠定良好的基础。
(5)为成为研究性的教师打下基础
教师主要负责教学工作,但是随着时代的发展,教师应该发展成为教学者和研究者的集合。既具有实际的教学能力,又具有研究能力,解决实际问题,对教育学知识的学习就有助于教师在这方面的成长,真正为教师成长为研究型的教师打下基础。
3.马克思主义教育学的基本观点是什么?
答:马克思主义教育学兴起于19世纪末,直到今天仍然对教育产生着重要的影响,其基本观点主要包括以下几个方面:
(1)教育与社会的关系
①教育是与人类的生产联系在一起的,既取决于生产的物质条件也取决于生产关系。社会或社会生产关系决定着教育,制约着教育的发展、社会性质以及社会职能的实现,并要求教育为这些关系服务,发挥教育的社会功能。
②教育同时具有相对的独立性和继承性,受多重因素制约,教育对于无产阶级革命和彻底解放具有重要意义。只有共产主义代替资本主义,才能消灭资产阶级和一切阶级的教育。教育改革和社会变革之间是一种辩证统一的关系。
(2)教育与社会生产的关系
社会生产对教育作用的变化是一个历史发展的过程,随着社会的发展,对教育的需求和作用都发生了变化。教育规模和发展速度、教育内容、方法和组织形式也发生了相应的变化,教育在社会生产体系中的地位和作用也越来越重要。教育是劳动力生产和再生产的重要手段,是科学知识转化为现实生产力的重要手段,学校是科学知识再生产的重要场所。
(3)论人的本质和个性形成
马克思认为人的本质包括两方面:①人的本质是劳动;②人的本质在其现实性上,是一切社会关系的总和。在个性形成的问题上,马克思主义批判了遗传决定论和环境决定论,科学地解决了遗传、环境和教育在人的发展中的辩证关系。
(4)论人的全面发展与教育的关系
人的全面发展是马克思主义教育理论的核心。人的全面发展,即劳动者智力和体力两方面,以及智力的各方面和体力的各方面都得到发展,达到体力劳动和脑力劳动相结合,这是人的全面发展的基础。但从更深层次看,它也是指一个人在志趣、道德、个性等方面的发展,即作为一个真正“完整的”、“全面性”的人的发展,而且使每个社会成员得到自由的、充分的发展,还必须向全体社会成员施以普遍的全面教育,包括智育、综合技术教育、体育和德育,以及实行教育与真正自由的生产劳动相结合。
(5)论教育与生产劳动相结合的重大意义
①教育与生产劳动相结合不但是提高社会生产的一种方法,而且是造就全面发展的人的惟一方法,是改造现代社会最强有力的手段之一。
②大工业的发展客观上先是要求将生产劳动与教育结合起来,使工人尽可能受到适应劳动职能变更的教育,再是要求将教育与生产劳动相结合,以培养能多方面发展的劳动者。
③机器大工业生产是建立在现代科学技术基础上的,这就为通过科学这一中介,将教育与生产劳动有机结合提供了基础。
④综合技术教育,这一使儿童和少年了解生产各个过程的基本原理,同时使他们获得运用各种生产工具的技能,为教育与生产劳动相结合提供了重要的“纽带”。
4.简述现代教育的特征。
答:现代教育是迄今为止教育发展的最高阶段,也是人类教育发展的一个十分重要的阶段,出现了许多新质、新特点。现代教育的特征主要包括以下几点:
(1)现代教育的公共性
现代教育的公共性是指现代教育越来越成为社会的公共事业,是面向全体人民,而不是面向一部分人的,是为全体人民服务的,而不是仅为一小部分人服务的。与之相关的就是现代教育的公平性,即现代教育要为每一位受教育者提供同样的机会和服务,努力做到受教育机会的均等,并制定切实可行的措施保证实际上的公平。这就是说,现代教育的公共性也就是现代教育的大众性,现代教育应该是大众教育。应该坚决废除教育的等级性和特权性。这样说并不是要否认教育对少数精英人才的培养,但是对精英人才的选择不是根据他们的财产、出身和地位,而是根据他们的才智和志向,并且,精英人才的选拔不应该以牺牲大众教育的质量为代价,应该在提高大众素质的基础上选择精英、培育精英。
(2)现代教育的生产性
现代教育的生产性是指现代教育越来越与人类的物质生产结合起来,越来越与生产领域发生密切的、多样化的关系。生产的发展也对教育系统提出了新的要求,一个重要的标志就是职业教育得到了很大的发展。人们日益认识到:今天的教育就是明天的经济,教育已经成为经济发展的杠杆。教育的经济功能得到了世界各国政府的充分重视,教育改革因此被作为经济发展的战略性条件。教育不仅是改变人们精神生活的一种重要力量,还是改变人们的物质生活的一种重要力量。
(3)现代教育的科学性
现代教育的科学性主要包括两方面:一方面,科学教育是现代教育的基本内容和最重要的方面;另一方面,现代教育的发展也受教育科学的指导,日益摆脱教育经验的束缚。
(4)现代教育的未来性
现代教育的未来性包括两方面:一方面是现代教育的价值取向、目标定位等会对未来社会和个体的发展产生非常大的影响;另一方面是指现代教育的发展不仅要考虑到当前社会和个体发展的要求,从当前社会和个体的发展需要出发,并且要考虑到未来社会的发展趋势对教育提出的要求,教育要面向未来,未雨绸缪。
(5)现代教育的国际性
现代教育的国际性是指现代教育应该从态度、知识、情感、技能等方面培养受教育者从小就为一个国际化的时代做准备,也就是要面向世界。
(6)现代教育的终身性
现代教育的终身性是指现代教育不局限于学龄阶段,而是贯穿人的一生,现代教育的改革应该着眼于创造一个适合于终身学习的社会,满足不同年龄段的受教育者的教育需求。
5.简单介绍一下教育学研究中常用的教育研究方法。
答:常用的教育学的研究方法有历史法、调查法、实验法、统计法等。
(1)历史法
历史法就是要从事物发生和发展的过程中去进行考察,以弄清它的实质和发展规律的方法。它包括史料的搜集、对史料的鉴别、对史料进行分类三步骤。运用历史法研究教育问题时,要注意坚持全面分析的方法,要把历史分析和阶段分析结合起来,要正确处理批判与继承的关系。
(2)调查法
教育调查法是了解教育情况、研究教育问题的基本方法。它对于制定教育规划、检查教育质量、总结教育经验,都起着重要的作用。教育调查分为全面调查、重点调查、抽样调查和个案调查。在运用调查法研究教育问题时,要确定好调查的目的,选择适当的调查对象,拟出调查提纲,计划好调查的步骤和方法。调查的方法是多种多样的,经常采用的有几种,如观察、谈话、查阅学生作业和教育文件资料、问卷等。
(3)教育实验法
教育实验法是研究者根据对改善教育问题的设想,创设某种环境,控制一定条件进行教育实践活动的方法。教育实验法一般分为三种:单组实验法、等组实验法、循环实验法。
(4)统计法
统计法是数量分析的一种方法,它对于各种工作,都有着重要意义。统计法包括对数学资料的搜集、整理、计算和分析等一系列的方法,举凡统计图表的制作,各种集中量数、差异量数和相关系数的计算,总体参数的估计和差异性的显著性检验等所运用的方法,都是统计的方法。研究教育问题时,可根据需要有选择地采用。
6.教育学创立的标志是什么?
答:教育学是随着社会的发展和人类教育经验的丰富而逐渐形成和发展起来的一门科学。独立形态的教育学创立的标志如下:
(1)研究对象方面,教育问题成为一个专门的研究领域。教育问题从哲学、政治、伦理、宗教等问题中独立出来,形成了专门的研究领域。
(2)从使用的概念和范畴看,已经形成了专门反映教育本质和规律的教育概念、范畴以及概念和范畴的体系。
(3)研究方法方面,有了“科学的”研究方法。人们开始系统地思考教育问题,经验主义的研究方法在教育学独立时期开始盛行。
(4)研究结果方面,出现了一些专门的、系统的教育学著作。如夸美纽斯的《大教学论》、英国哲学家洛克的《教育漫话》、卢梭的《爱弥儿》、赫尔巴特的《普通教育学》等。
(5)从组织机构来看,出现了专门的教育研究机构。
这些标志并不是同时出现的,而是在比较长的历史时期内逐渐形成的。因此,教育学的创立也不是瞬间完成的,而是一个历史的过程,前后经历了200多年的时间。
四、论述题
1.试述教育国际化的时代背景、内涵及意义。
答:教育国际化是第二次世界大战后国际间相互交流、研讨、协作,解决教育上共同问题的发展趋势,其出现的时代背景、内涵和意义分别如下:
(1)教育国际化的时代背景
教育国际化的出现有着深刻的时代背景,主要表现在:
①经济国际化,全球范围的竞争和合作,推动了各国的经济发展;
②新技术革命的迅速发展极大地推动了科技国际化,全球科技竞争日益激烈,科技合作日益频繁,经济和科技国际化推动了各领域的国际化;
③网络的使用越来越普遍,这些都为教育国际化奠定了基础,同时又推动了教育国际化趋势的加强。
(2)教育国际化的内涵
①教育国际化是指一个国家或地区的教育发展越来越呈现出国际性的特点,是指在世界经济全球化、贸易自由化地推动下,在国际教育贸易市场开放的前提下,教育资源在国际间进行配置,教育要素在国际间加速流动,教育国际交流与合作日益频繁,世界各国教育相互影响、相互依存的程度不断提高,各国教育相互交流、相互竞争、相互包容、相互激荡,共同促进世界的繁荣和发展。
②各国在人才培养目标的确定、教育内容的选择以及教育手段和方法的采用等方面不仅要满足来自本国、本土化的要求,还要适应国际间产业分工、贸易互补等经济文化交流与合作的新形势。
③教育国际化的核心或者本质,说到底就是在经济全球化、贸易自由化的大背景下,各国都想充分利用国内和国际两个教育市场,优化配置本国的教育资源和要素,抢占世界教育的制高点,培养出在国际上有竞争力的高素质的人才,为本国的最高利益服务。其最终目的是培养具有国际意识、国际交往能力、国际竞争能力的人才,这种人才能立足于本土,放眼于世界,积极主动地参与国际竞争。
(3)教育国际化的意义
教育国际化对发展中国家的教育具有双重意义,它既为发展中国家的教育发展带来了机遇,也使其面临冲击和挑战。
①发展的机遇。教育国际化所带来的机遇主要表现在以下几个方面:
第一,教育的国际化使教育市场开放,弥补了发展中国家教育资源的不足。
第二,教育国际化使国际教育会议的举行日益频繁,国际间学校之间的合作和交流更加频繁。这样可以增强各国教育和学术的交流,吸取他国教育的先进经验,促进国内教育发展。
第三,国际交流与合作有利于学习国外先进科技知识和教育管理方式。
第四,教育国际化推动了国内教育的现代化改革。
②冲击和挑战。教育国际化在带来机遇的同时,也对其形成了冲击和挑战,具体表现在以下几个方面:
第一,发达国家对发展中国家的歧视,加剧了国际间教育的不平等。
第二,国际商业化思潮对我国传统教育观念会产生不良的影响。
第三,教育市场竞争的日益加剧,会对一些竞争力不强的学校产生一些消极影响。
第四,发达国家在政治、文化和价值领域上对发展中国家的渗透会扩大。
总之,教育国际化是时代发展的需要,是教育发展的趋势,它对教育发展具有机遇和冲击双重影响。在此,任何国家都要做好应付它的准备,要对教育国际化形成科学、全面的认识,以充分发挥其积极作用,减少其消极作用。
2.教育学独立的条件是什么?独立时期的标志性教育著作有哪些?
答:教育学是随着社会的发展和人类教育经验的丰富而逐渐形成和发展起来的一门学科。在教育尚处于萌芽和经验阶段时,作为总结教育经验、具有一定理论体系的教育学是不可能出现的,教育学还没有成为独立学科。随着资本主义生产的发展和科学的进步,资产阶级为了培养他们所需要的人才,在教育上提出了他们的主张,采取了一些新的措施,并且形成了一些教育著作,促使教育学逐渐形成了独立的学科体系。
(1)教育学独立的条件
①前教育学时期教育知识的丰富积淀。在教育学独立之前,人们已经在教育实践过程中积累了大量零散的、不成体系的教育知识。这是教育学最终能形成一门独立的学科所必需的宝贵资料,为教育学的独立奠定了基础。
②17—19世纪教育实践,特别是师范教育发展的客观需要。17~19世纪间,随着资本主义的产生和发展,产生了一些新型的学校。学校的发展,需要新的教师和新的教育教学方法,师范教育应运而生,所有这些都促成了教育学的独立。
③近代以来科学分门别类发展的总趋势和一般科学方法论的奠定。近代以前,哲学是一切科学的母体。近代以来,人类在各个领域都积累了丰富的资料,许多学科于是从哲学母体中分化出来,采用实证科学的方法,教育学的独立和科学化也是不可避免的事。
④近代一些著名学者和教育家们的不懈努力。教育学的独立凝聚了好几代教育家的心血,正是他们的不懈探索才最终使教育认识从教育术的阶段上升为教育学的阶段。
(2)教育学独立时期的标志性著作
①英国学者培根在《论科学的价值和发展》一文中,首次把“教育学”作为一门独立的科学提出;
②捷克教育学家夸美纽斯出版了近代第一本系统的教育学著作《大教学论》;
③英国哲学家洛克出版了《教育漫话》,提出了完整的“绅士教育”理论;
④法国思想家卢梭出版了《爱弥儿》,深刻地表达了资产阶级教育思想;
⑤德国哲学家康德在《康德论教育》一书中明确提出“教育的方法必须成为一种科学”和“教育实验”的主张;
⑥瑞士教育家裴斯泰洛齐写作了《林哈德和葛笃德》,提出“使人类教育心理学化”的主张;
⑦德国心理学家和教育学家赫尔巴特被认为是“现代教育学之父”,他的《普通教育学》被公认为第一本现代教育学著作。
3.分别写出夸美纽斯、赫尔巴特、拉伊、杜威的1—2种代表性著作,并简单介绍其思想。
答:(1)夸美纽斯的《大教学论》及其思想
夸美纽斯的《大教学论》是近代最早的一部教育学著作。在这部著作中,他提出了普及初等教育,主张建立适应学生年龄特征的学校教育制度,论证了班级授课制度,规定了广泛的教学内容,提出了教学的便利性、彻底性、简明性与迅捷性的原则,高度地评价了教师的职业,强调了教师的作用。这些主张,在反对封建教育,建立新的教育科学方面,都起了积极的作用。
(2)赫尔巴特的《普通教育学》及其思想
赫尔巴特的《普通教育学》是一本自成体系的教育学著作,它标志着教育学已开始成为一门独立的学科。该书分为绪论、教育的一般目的、兴趣之多方面(教学)、品格之道德力量(德育)四个部分。他从迎合德国反动贵族阶级利益的伦理学出发,提出“教育的最高目的是道德”;他以心理学为基础,规定了教学步骤:明了、联合、系统、方法;他强调教学的教育作用。赫尔巴特的《普通教育学》曾一度风行世界,对许多国家的教育起了很大的影响。
(3)拉伊的《实验教育学》及其思想
拉伊的《实验教育学》完成了对实验教育学的系统论述。拉伊的实验教育学的理论基础是生物学,他认为每一种生物都是按照:“感受——整理-表现(或表达)”这一公式来活动的。他把这一公式应用到教育过程中来,主张学生的学习,首先是通过观察,获得印象,构成知觉(感受);其次是把所获得的印象和知觉进行加工(整理);最后付诸于行动(表现)。他特别重视“表现”这一步,认为学校应该把主要注意力放在学生的阅读、讲话、写作、体验、绘画、唱歌、舞蹈、戏剧等活动的表现上。他严厉批评旧的经院式的教学仅仅集中在学生的感受方面,而轻视学生的加工整理方面,忽略学生的表现方面。实验教育学采用实验的方法研究教育,无疑是教育学的一个进步。但是,实验教育学者把人和动物同等看待,把儿童的发展解释为纯生物学的过程,忽视了人的社会性,却是错误的。
(4)杜威的《民主主义与教育》及其思想
杜威的《民主主义与教育》从实用主义出发,反对传统的教育以学科教材为中心和脱离实际生活;主张让学生在实际生活中学习,提出“教育即生活”、“教育即生长”、“学校即社会”和“从做中学”。他的这种学说是以“经验”为基础,以行动为中心,带有狭隘经验主义的色彩。
2010年教师资格证考试中学教育学模拟试题及答案(7)
一、单项选择题(在每个小题列出的四个选项中只有一个是符合题目要求的,请将其代码填写在题干后的括号内。错选、多选或未选均无分。本大题共15小题,每小题2分,共30分。)
1.洛克的代表作(C)中反映了他的“绅士教育”思想。
A.《人类理智论》B.《论信仰自由书》 C.《教育漫话》 D.《教育学纲要》
2.教师的教育机智充分表现了教师劳动的(D)特点。
A.示范性 B.连续性C.复杂性D.创造性
3.教师在教育学生时,必须了解学生的年龄特征,因此要求教师的知识结构应有(D)。A.系统的马列主义理论修养 B.精深的专业知识 C.广博的文化基础知识 D.必备的教育科学知识
4.下列哪项构成课程的理论基础对于课程的影响最为长久?(A)
A.哲学 B.心理学 C.教学论 D.社会学
5.下列哪一项不属于教育评价中的宏观范围?(D)
A.教育目标 B.教育结构 C.教育管理体制 D.办学条件
6.在中国古代社会中,被作为教学的基本教材和科举考试依据的是(A)。
A.“四书”“五经” B.“六艺” C.“七艺 D.“八股文”
7.教育家马卡连柯所倡导的“平行教育”,反映的是(D)的德育原则。
A.知行统一 B.尊重信任与严格要求学生相结合 C.一致性与连贯性相统一 D.集体教育与个人教育相结合 8.在封建社会,主要采用(A)的教学组织形式。
A.个别教育 B.班级授课 C.分组教学 D.道尔顿制
9.教师通过创设良好的环境和自身的教育因素,对学生进行熏陶和感染以培养学生良好思想品德的德育方法是(D)。
A.品德评价法 B.榜样示范法 C.实际锻炼法 D.陶冶教育法
10.既通过对集体的管理去间接影响个人,又通过对个人的直接管理去影响集体,这是班主任班级管理模式中的(D)。
A.自由管理 B.民主管理 C.常规管理 D.平行管理
11.学校全体成员或部分成员习得且共同具有的思想观念和行为方式称为(C)。
A.学校精神 B.学校制度 C.学校文化 D.学校传统
12.下列哪种教学组织形式主张教师不再向学生传授系统知识,而是辅导学生自学和独立作业?(D)
A.复式教育 B.分组教学 C.个别教学 D.道尔顿制
13.为个人全面发展提供了科学的基础和实践的是(C)。
A.教育 B.德育 C.教学 D.智育
14.备课是教师的课前准备,备课内容不包括(C)。
A.钻研教材 B.了解学生 C.课外辅导 D.制定教学进度计划
15.哪个教学环节目的在于使学生做好上课前的各种准备?(B)
A.布置课外作业 B.组织教学 C.检查复习D.讲授新教材
二、填空题(本大题共20个空,每空1分,共20分。)
1.瑞士教育家裴斯泰洛齐是(要素教育)的代表,被称为19世纪中期以后到20世纪世界新教育运动的开创人,其教育代表作是(《林哈德与葛笃德》)。
2.与人的生命有共同外延并已扩展到社会各个方面的连续性教育是(终身教育)。
3.(社会主义制度)是实现人的全面发展的社会条件,(教育与生产劳动相结合)是培养全面发展的人的唯一途径。
4.(促进人的身心发展)是教育的直接目的。(能否遵循人的身心发展的规律)是教育工作能否达到预期目的的关键。
5.个体身心发展的动因论有:(内发论)、(多因素)外铄论、(相互作用论)。
6.所谓(人的价值),是指人在世界中的地位得到肯定,人的作用得到发挥,人的尊严得到保证。
7.实施素质教育,就是全面贯彻党的教育方针,以(.提高民族素质)为根本主旨。
8.(目标评价模式)是在泰勒的“评价原理”和“课程原理”的基础上形成的。
9.一般说来,教育科学研究过程包括研究的构思与设计、(研究的组织与实施)、成果的分析与总结三个大的环节。
10.社会模仿模式主要是由(班杜拉)创立的。
11.影响师生关系的环境主要有两个方面,一是学校的人际关系环境,二是(课堂组织环境)。
12.个体在与环境之间相互作用中所表现出来的(个体主观能动性),是促进个体发展从潜在的可能状态转向现实状态的决定性因素。
13.科学技术对教育的影响首先表现在对教育的(动力)作用,其次能为教育指明方向。
14.外铄论的基本观点认为,人的发展主要依靠(外在的力量),诸如环境的刺激和要求、他人的影响和学校的教育等。中国古代外铄论的代表人物是(苟子)。
15.(课程资源)是课程建设的基础,它包括教材以及学生家庭、学校和社会生活中一切有助于学生发展的各种资源。
三、简答题
1.简述原始教育的特点。
(1)原始教育是同生产劳动和社会生活密切结合的教育。
(2)原始教育是普及平等的教育。
(3)原始教育的内容是社会的生产、生活需要适应的。
(4)原始教育的形式、方法和手段极为简单。
2.生产力对教育的决定作用体现在哪些方面?
(1)生产力水平决定教育的规模和速度。(2)生产力水平制约着教育结构的变化。
(3)生产力发展水平制约着教育的内容和手段。(4)教育相对独立于生产力的发展水平。
3.简述个体身心发展的一般规律。
(1)个体身心发展的不均衡性;(2)个体身心发展的顺序性;
(3)个体身心发展的阶段性;(4)个体身心发展的个别差异性;
(5)个体身心发展的互补性。
4.影响人发展的因素有哪些,其基本作用是什么?
(1)遗传因素。它是指人从上一代继承下来的生理解剖上的特点,它是人的身心发展的生理前提,为人的身心发展提供了可能性。
(2)环境因素。它是围绕在人周围的,对个体自发地发生影、响的外部世界。包括自然环境和社会环境。环境是人的身心发展的外部的客观的条件,对人的发展起着一定的制约作用。
(3)学校教育。它是有目的有计划地影响人发展的一种活动,它对人的发展,特别是对年轻一代的发展起着主导作用。
(4)个体的主观能动性。学生个体的主观能动性是其身心发展的动力。人的主观能动性是通过人的活动表现出来的。离开人的活动,遗传素质、环境和学校教育所赋予的一切发展条件,都不可能成为人们发展的现实。从个体发展的各种可能性变为现实性这个意义上来说,个体的活动是个体得到发展的决定性因素。
5.简述现代教育制度的发展趋势
(1)加强学前教育并重视与小学教音的衔接。(2)强化普及义务教育、延长义务教育年限。
(3)普通教育与职业教育朝着相互渗透的方向发展。(4)高等教育的类型日益多样化。
(5)学历教育与非学历教育的界限逐渐淡化。(6)教育制度有利于国际交流。
6.教师应如何备课?
(1)钻研教材。包括钻研教学大纲、教科书和阅读有关的参考书。
(2)了解学生。包括了解学生原有知识技能的质量、他们的兴趣、需要与思想状况、学习方法和学习习惯等。
(3)制定教学进度计划。包括制定学期教学进度计划、课题计划、课时计划。
四、论述题
1.在集体教学过程中,尽管教师意识到了要平等对待学生,但在实际中并不能很好的做到。教师会不自觉得更加关注少数学习成绩好的学生,从而忽视了大部分的成绩一般的学生。请论述教师应该怎样避免这种情况的发生?
在集体教学中,教师虽然意识到要平等、民主的对待每一个学生,但会不可避免的只对部分成绩较好的同学关注和鼓励,而忽略了大部分成绩一般的学生,这样就产生了不公平的现象。因此,要想消除这种现象,教师在教学过程中应该做到:
(1)削减班级人数,推行班级规模小型化,改换座位排列方式。教育实践也进一步证明,班级规模会以潜在的方式影响学生的学习与行为,而只有小型化班级才有助于学生成绩的提高,也有助于学生情感的丰富和发展,有助于课堂教学公平的买现。因此,改换学生座次的排列方式也是促进课堂教学公平的一个重要举措。
(2)实施灵活多样的教学组织形式。在班级授课制下,课堂要求的一致性与学生学习可能的差异性始终是一对矛盾。为解决这个问题,其中一个有效课堂组织形式就是对学生实行分层教学,即根据学生的差异实施灵活多样的教学组织形式,将学习可能性大致相似的学生组合在一起,班内形成若干个分层学习小组,然后教师采用分层教学的方法,使全体学生都得到适合自己的学习。另外,教师要根据教学内容和班级具体情况,恰当地选择师生问答式、对组式、4人小组式、小组集体式、全班式等多种课堂组织形式,以促使全体学生都能够在原有的基础上得到发展。
(3)科学合理地进行教师评价。传统的“应试教育”主导下的教师评价,把学生考试成绩同学校对教师的奖惩、评聘直接挂钩,并在此基础上对教师实行“末位淘汰”。教师评价直接影响着教师对待学生的方式,从而直接关系到课堂教学的公平。课堂的教学内容难度、教学方式都以优秀生为参照,全然不顾那些发展相对滞后的学生,显露出课堂教学的极端不公平。因此,促进课堂教学公平的实现,应科学合理地评价教师的劳动,使教师评价体现出教师劳动“育人”的根本特点,体现出教师劳动的创造性、个体性以及教师劳动成果的集体性、滞后性等特点来,希摒弃那种唯学生考试成绩是举的片面的教师评价方式。
(4)提高教师待遇,提升教师精神境界。一方面,我们不能脱离人生命的本质而奢谈人精神境界的提升,应切实保障教师正当合理的物质利益并努力提高教师待遇,为良好的师德和师风的确立奠定可靠的物质基础;另一方面,有了合理的物质利益保障,并非意味着教师崇高的精神境界就会自然而然地形成,还应
加强师德建设,提升教师精神境界。一个对教育有着坚定的事业心和对育人满腔热忱的教师,自然会对学生充盈着满腔喜悦,关注每个学生的全面成长。
(5)建立民主平等的师生关系。教师理应以一种平常的心态来看待自己,与学生建立起一种互尊互爱民主平等的师生关系。同时,还应树立一种正确的学生观:每个学生都是拥有独立人格、发展的个体,都具有极大的可塑性,蕴藏着巨大的发展潜力。当然,由于影响课堂教学公平的因素是多方面的,加之某些主观因素的难以控制,这就决定了充分实现课堂教学公平将是一项艰巨的事情。不过我们仍然坚信,随着人们民主平等意识的增强和课堂教学改革的深入,课堂教学不公平现象将会逐步得到纠正,将会最大可能地保证平等地对待每一位学生,使每个受教育者得到全面和谐的发展。
2.如何理解掌握知识与发展智力相统一的规律?
掌握知识与发展智力相互依存、相互促进、二者统一在教学活动中。
(1)掌握知识是发展智力的基础。学生认识能力的发展有赖于知识的掌握。
(2)智力发展是掌握知识的重要条件。学生具有一定的认识能力,是他们进一步掌握文化科学知识的必要条件。学生掌握知识的速度和质量,依赖于学生原有智力水平的高低。
(3)掌握知识与发展智力相互转化的内在机制。知识与智力的相互转化,应注意以下条件。
第一,传授给学生的知识应该是科学的规律性的知识。
第二,必须科学地组织教学过程。
第三,重视教学过程中学生的操作与活动,培养学生的参与意识与能力,提供学生积极参与实践的时间和空间。
第四,培养学生良好的个性品质,重视学生的个别差异。
2012年山东省《中学教育学》全真模拟试题及答案(6)
一、不定项选择题(每题l分,共30题,每题有一个或多个答案,多选或少选均不得分)1.广义教育的构成因素(ABD)。
A.家庭教育 B.学校教育C.社区教育 D.社会教育 E.自我教育
2.西方古代第一本专门论述教育的著作是(CE)。
A.《大教学论》 B.《普通教育学》 C.《论演说家的教育》
D.《民主主义与教育》E.《雄辩术原理》
3.当代较有影响的教育理论有(ABCE)。
A.苏霍姆林斯基的全面和谐教育理论 B.布卢姆的掌握学习理论 C.赞可夫的实验教学论体系 D.杜威的现代教育理论 E.布鲁纳的结构课程理论
4.古希腊把三艺作为教育内容,这三艺是指(BCD)。A.四书 B.文法C.修辞 D.辩证法E.论语
5.规范文化主要有下列三种表达方式(BDE)。
A.环境文化 B.组织形态C.设施文化 D.规章制度E.角色规范
6.教育对政治经济制度的促进作用表现在(ABD)。
A.为政治经济制度培养所需人才 B.是影响政治经济的舆论力量 C.推动国家的制度建设 D。可以促进民主 E.促进社会的变革
7.科学技术对教育的影响,首先表现为对教育的(B)。
A.规范作用 B.动力作用C.引导作用D.爆发作用E.提升作用
8.美国行为主义心理学家华生在行为主义一书中写道:给我一打健康的婴儿,一个由我支配的特殊的环境,让我在这个环境里养育他们,我可担保,任意选择一个,不论他父母的才干倾向爱好如何,他父母的职业及种族如何,我都可以按照我的意愿把他们训练成为任何一种人物:医生、律师、艺术家、大商人,甚至乞丐或强盗。这是(B)。
A.遗传决定论的观点 B.环境决定论的观点C.家庭决定论的观点
D.儿童决定论的观点E.教育决定论
9.专门培养教师的师范教育最早出现在(D)。
A.原始社会 B.奴隶社会 C.封建社会 D.资本主义社会E.社会主义社会
10.制定我国教育目的的理论基础是(E)。
A.个体本位论 B.社会本位论 C.资本主义制度 D.社会主义制度E.马克思关于人的全面发展学说
11.教育目的的功能有(ABE)。
A.导向功能 B.评价功能C.强制功能 D.示范功能E.激励功能
12.“学生是人”是指(CD)。
A.学生是具有发展的可能性的人 B.学生是具有可塑性的人
C.学生是具有思想感情的个体 D.学生是具有能动性的个体 E.学生是具有发展的需要的人
13.《儿童权利公约》基本精神体现的原则(ABCE)。
A.儿童利益最佳原则 B.尊重儿童尊严原则
C.尊重儿童观点与意见原则D.保护儿童原则 E.无歧视原则
14.在教育活动中,教师负责组织引导学生沿着正确的方向,采用科学的方法,获得良好的发展,这句话的意思是说(C)。
A.学生在教育活动中是被动的客体
B.教师在教育活动中是被动的客体
C.要充分发挥教师在教育活动中的主导作用
D.教师在教育活动中是不能起到主导作用 E.学生在教育活动中起主体作用
15.根据课程任务,课程分为下列类型(ADE)。
A.研究型课程 B.知识型课程 C.技能型课程 D.基础型课程 E.拓展型课程
16.按课程的设计形式,课程可以分为(AB)。
A.学科课程 B.活动课程 C.国家课程 D.必修课程 E.地方课程
17.生成性目标取向追求的是(C)。
A.普遍主义 B.唯科学主义 C.实践理性 D.解放理性 E.存在主义
18.我国中学常用的教学方法(ABC)。
A.讲授法 B.谈话法 C.讨论法 D.借鉴法 E.文献法
19.柏克赫斯特创立的学制是(D)。
A.个别教学制 B.班级授课制 C.分组教学制 D.道尔顿制 E.特朗普制
20.主张教师不再向学生传授系统知识,而是辅导学生自学和独立作业的教学组织形式是(D)。
A.复式教育 B.分组教学 C.设计教学 D.道尔顿制 E.个别教学
21.根据一节课所完成的任务,课的类型可以分为(D)。
A.理论课和实践课 B.讲授课和练习课 C.新授课和巩固课
D.单一课和综合课 E.自习课和辅导课
22.学生思想品德的心理结构要素是(ABCD)。
A.道德认知B.道德行为 C.道德情感 D.道德意志 E.德育内容
23.爱国主义情感和集体主义情感属于(C)的道德情感。
A.直觉的 B.想象的 C.伦理的 D.行为的 E.理性的24.“教育者应先受教育”说明转化后进生的(C)。
A.扬长原则 B.对事不对人原则 C.潜移默化原则 D.可接受性原则 E.启发性原则
25.优秀班主任首先应立足于增强(B)。
A.教学意识 B.育人意识 C.成就意识 D.创新意识 E.角色意识
26.班级成员在服从班集体的正确决定和承担责任的前提下,参与班级管理的方式是(C)。A.常规管理 B.平行管理 C.民主管理 D.目标管理 E.过程管理
27.研究成果表述的目的是(ABCDE)。
A.接受社会鉴定评价 B.促进学术交流与合作 C.促进新问题的探索
D.提高研究者的分析能力和表达能力 E.深化研究扩展成果
28.教育科学研究的来源有(ABCD)。
A.教育科学实践中的问题 B.对已有教育理论的质疑
C.对教育现状的分析和研究 D.教育科学研究规划
E.随遇课题
29.改革开放后第三次全教会讨论了(B)。A.《教育改革和发展纲要》 B.《深化教育改革全面推进素质教育的决定》
C.《关于教育体制改革的决定》 D.《义务教育投资实施细则》E.《中华人民共和国教育法》
30.教师在教育工作中要做到循序渐进,这是因为(C)。
A.学生只有机械记忆的能力 B.教师的知识能力是不一样的
C.教育活动中要遵循人的身心发展的一般规律 D.教育活动完全受到人的遗传素质的制约
E.文化科学发展的普遍规律
二、填空题(每题l分,共15分)
1.西方教育学传统始于古希腊的苏格拉底、柏拉图、亚里士多德。.2.教育者和受教育者连接起来的中介是教育影响。
3.赫尔巴特出版的《普通教育学》标志着教育学的诞生。
4.青年期是个体身心两方面逐步走向成熟的时期,人的社会化在青年期基本完成,青年将取得公民的资格,成为社会的正式成员。
5.学校文化建设的关键人物是校长,他是学校的领导者、组织者和法人代表。
6.生产力的发展是引起社会生活一切方面发展变化的最基本、最内在的因素,因而也是教育发展的决定性因素。
7.学校的办学目标和办学理想是学校文化的集中体现。
8.培养具有创新精神和实践能力的新一代人才是素质教育的时代特征。
9.素质教育的实践者归根结底是校长和教师,所以他们是实施素质教育的关键。
10.1995年12月12日颁布的《教师资格条例》规定,持有国家颁布的教师资格证书者才能被聘任。
11.课程计划中以纲要的形式编写的、有关学科教学内容的指导性文件称为课程标准或教学大纲。
12.教学是进行全面发展教育,实现培养目标的基本途径。
13.德育的基本途径是思想品德课和其他学科教学。
14.当代最具有影响的德育模式有认知模式、体谅模式、社会模仿模式。
15.应用性研究是指解决某种特定领域的实际问题的研究,具有直接的应用价值。
三、判断说明题(先判断正误,再改错;判断错误不得分;每题5分,共25分)1.初等义务教育普遍实施于近代。√
2.在以班级授课制为基本教学组织形式的今天,信息技术有利于实现教育的个陛化。√ 3.学校教育对个体发展的影响具有即时价值但难有延时价值。×
4.学生主体性的形成,既是教育的目的,也是教育成功的条件。√
5.常言道,做事先做人,因此学校的中心工作是德育。×
四、简答题
1.编制课程计划的主要原则是什么?
答:(1)以教育目的与任务为前提,体现课程结构的完整性。(2分)(2)以科学的课程理论为依据,体现基础性与多样性。(1分)(3)以学生的发展水平为基础,体现知识的衔接性和学生的可接受性。(1分)(4)以课堂教学为主,全面安排各项活动。(1分)2.简要说明对“掌握知识与发展智力相结合”这一规律的认识。
答:掌握知识和发展智力相互依存、相互促进,两者统一于一般教学活动中:(1分)(1)掌握知识是发展智力的基础;(2分)(2)发展智力是掌握知识的重要条件。(2分)3.试述中学德育过程的规律。
答:(1)德育过程是促使学生的知、情、意、行互动发展的过程。(1分)(2)德育过程是组织学生的活动和交往的过程。(1分)(3)德育过程是促进学生的思想品德矛盾积极转化的过程。(2分)(4)德育过程是一个学生自我教育能力逐步提高的过程。(1分)4.简述一个好的班集体具有哪些特征。
答:(1)坚定正确的政治方向与明确的奋斗目标。(2分)(2)健全的组织机构与坚强的领导核心。(1分)(3)严格的规章制度与严明的组织纪律。(1分)(4)正确的集体舆论与良好的班风。(1分)
五、论述题
1.试述创新教育及其在素质教育中的地位。
答:创新教育是素质教育的核心,它是教育对知识经济向人才培养提出挑战的回应。它是旨在激发学生的创新意识,培养学生的创新能力的教育。(3分)(1)创新能力不仅是一种智力特征,更是一种人格特征,是一种精神状态。创新能力离不开智力活动,离不开大量具体的知识,但创新能力决不仅仅是智力活动,它不仅表现为对知识的摄取、改组和运用,表现为新技术的发明及新思想的产生,而且是一种追求创意的意识,是一种发现问题、积极探求的心理倾向,是一种善于把握机会的敏锐性,是一种积极改变自己并改变环境的应变能力。(4分)(2)创新能力的培养是素质教育的核心,是素质教育区别于应试教育的根本所在。面对多样的、多变的世界,任何一个人、一种职业、一个社会都缺少不了创新能力。对教育来说,培养创新能力不是一般性的要求,更不是可有可无的事,而应成为教育活动的根本追求,成为素质教育的核心。应试教育不仅加重学生的学习负担,牺牲多数学生的发展,更重要的是应试教育忽视甚至是扼杀学生的创新能力。因此,能不能培养学生的创新能力是应试教育和素质教育的本质区别。(4分)(3)重视创新能力的培养也是现代教育与传统教育的根本区别之所在。在现代社会,知识创造、更新速度的急剧加快,改变着以知识的学习、积累为目的的教育活动。知识的学习成为手段,成为认识科学本质、训练思维能力、掌握学习方法的手段。在教学过程中,强调的是“发现”知识的过程,而不是简单地获得结果,强调的是创造性地解决问题的方法和探究精神的形成。在这样的教学过程中,学生的应变能力、创新能力也就在解决问题的过程中得到了培养和发展。(4分)2.试述师生关系的主要观点,并谈谈应如何处理师生关系。
答:教育发展史上对待师生关系,主要有两种对立观点:教师中心论和儿童中心论。教师中心论以赫尔巴特为代表,其主要观点是:“学生的成长完全依仗教师对于教育教学活动的指导,教师在教育教学过程中起主宰作用”。儿童中心论主要代表人物是美国杜威,主要观点是:“教育的目的是促进儿童的成长,所以教育要从学生的兴趣和需要出发,整个教育过程都要围绕着儿童转”。(3分)教师中心论仅仅看到了教师的主导作用,但忽视了学生的主观能动性,在教育实践中使教育活动脱离学生的实际,以致难以到达预期的效果。儿童中心论则过分夸大了学生的主观能动性,忽视了学生是教育对象这一基本事实,结果会导致教育质量下降。(2分)正确的观点是师生关系是辩证统一的。既要重视教师的主导作用,又要重视学生的主观能动性。(1分)(1)教学上的授受关系:①从教育内容的角度说,教师是传授者,学生是接受者;②学生主体的形成,既是教育的目的,也是教育成功的条件;③对学生指导、引导的目的是促进学生的自主发展。(3分)(2)人格上的平等关系:①学生作为一个独立的社会个体,在人格上与教师是平等的;②真正的民主的师生关系是一种朋友式的友好与帮助的关系。(3分)(3)社会道德上的相互促进关系:①师生关系从本质上讲是一种“人一人”关系,是师生间思想交流、情感沟通、人格感化的社会互助关系;②教师对学生的影响不仅体现在知识和智力上,而且体现在思想和人格上。(3分)
四、名词解释
1.教育方针:是教育目的的政策性表达,是一个国家教育工作总的要求,反映一个国家教育的根本性质、总的指导思想和教育工作的总方向。
2.教育方法:是教师和学生在教育过程中为达成一定的教育目标而采用的有一定内在联系的活动方式与手段的组合。
3.教育影响:即教育过程中教育者作用于学生的全部信息,既包括了信息的内容,也包括了信息传递和反馈的形式,是形式与内容的统一。
4.学制:是学校教育制度的简称,指一个国家各级各类学校的系统,它规定各级各类学校的性质、任务、入学条件、修业年限、领导体制以及它们之间的相互关系等。
5.课堂教学:又称班级授课制,是将学生按年龄和知识水平,分成固定人数的班级,教师以班为单位,按固定的时间表,分科进行连续教学活动的一种组织形式。
五、简答题
1.教师的任务是什么? 【答案要点】人民教师的根本任务是教书育人。更具体地讲,教师要全面贯彻德、智、体、美、劳全面发展的教育方针,对学生全面负责,做好教育和教学工作,努力提高教育质量,以保证全面完成教书育人这一根本任务。2.教育目的有什么意义? 【答案要点】教育目的是教育活动的出发点,一切教育工作都要依据教育目的来计划和安排。教育制度的建立、教学内容的确定、教学方法的选择及教学组织形式的选择等,都要受教育目的制约。教育目的又是教育活动的最终目标,是检查和评价教育效果的依据。所以制定教育目的是进行教育工作的首要问题。教育目的具有社会制约性,一定社会的教育目的是由一定社会的政治经济所决定的,也受一定社会生产力和文化科学发展水平的制约。确定教育目的还要考虑到受教育者身心发展的特点和教育内部各种因素的影响。3.如何才能出一份好的考试试卷? 【答案要点】应注意以下三点:
(1)要紧扣教学大纲和教材,侧重对对基础知识和基本技能的考察,不出偏题怪题。
(2)试题内容要全面,要有理解性的、记忆性的、技能性和创造性的试题;既能够检查对基础知识的掌握,又能检查灵活运用知识的能力;要尽可能扩大知识覆盖面,又要突出重点。(3)试题既要从教材和学生的实际出发,又要注意体现发展方向。好的试题能够启迪儿童的智慧,诱发儿童锻炼提高自己分析解决问题能力的自觉性。4.一个健全的班集体必须具备哪些条件?
【答案要点】一个健全的班集体所必须具备的条件是:统一的行动目的,相应的组织结构,维护集体所必须的纪律,形成舆论等。5.制约课程的主要因素是什么? 【答案要点】制约课程的主要因素是:
(1)一定历史时期社会发展的要求及提供的可能;(2)一定时代人类文化及科学技术的发展水平;(3)学生的年龄特征、知识、能力基础及其可接受性;(4)课程理论。
六、论述题
1.你如何理解教师的主导作用和学生的主体作用之间的关系?(10分)【答案要点】教师是“闻道在先”、“术业有专攻”的专门教育者。教师本身的知识水平、所处的地位、肩负的责任使教师在教与学这对矛盾中起主导作用。学生是学习的主体,学习过程是学生能动地反映现实的过程,教师是不能代替的。教师的主导作用与学生的主体作用是辩证统一的,是不相矛盾的。教师的主导作用体现在善于调动学生的主观能动性,充分发挥学生的主体作用。
2.什么是尊重信任和严格要求相结合的原则?怎样贯彻这一原则?(12分)【答案要点】尊重信任和严格要求相结合的原则是指对学生进行思想品德教育,要把尊重信任和严格要求结合起来,在尊重信任的基础上向学生提出教育要求,使教师提出的要求更好地转化为学生的自觉行动。正确贯彻尊重信任和严格要求相结合的原则最基本的要求是:(1)教师必须深深地热爱自己的教育对象,充分尊重学生,相信学生。(2)教师要以高度的责任感对学生进行管理教育——严格要求,启发诱导。
七、实例分析
指出下面实例中教师的言行符合或违背什么教学原则?并简要解释。
一位教师教“因式分解’’这一单元时,发现学生的知识基础差别较大,于是对八位成绩好的学生提出了不同的要求,让他们到图书馆自学《因式分解及其应用》一书。经过自学,他们不但完成了规定的习题作业,而且还集体选编了几十道有代表性的习题。教师将这些习题有选择地按程度分别介绍给其他同学练习和讨论,进一步推动了全班的学习,使全班提前五课时完成了“因式分解”单元的教学任务。
【答案要点】这位教师的做法符合因材施教的教学原则,因为他的教学是从学生的实际出发,正确对待了学生间的个别差异,提出了不同的要求,从而使全体学生(包括差生在内)都得到高效率的发展。
2012年教师资格考试中学教育学试题及答案(三)
中学教育学试题及答案(三)
一、单项选择题(本题共15小题,每题只有一个正确答案,多选、错选、不选均不得分。每小题2分,共30分。)1.古代教育的特征是(C)。
A.公立教育系统的建立 B.初等义务教育的实施 C.教育的象征性功能占主导地位 D.教育的终身化
2.科学技术是第一生产力,促进科学技术再生产的最主要途径是(A)。A.学校教育 B.高新技术的应用 C.科学理论的产生 D.完善的社会制度 3.内发论者一般强调人的身心发展的力量主要源于(A)。
A.人自身的内在需要 B.社会环境的要求 C.教育要求的内化 D.个体的理想和目标 4.我国制定教育目的的理论基础是(B)。
A.《义务教育法》 B.马克思主义关于人的全面发展的学说 C.我国优秀的教育传统 D.西方先进的教育教学经验
5.在教学过程中,素质教育强调的是(B),而不是简单地获得结果。A.记忆知识 B.发现知识 C.积累知识 D.搜集知识
6.教师专业发展的阶段性表明,教师任职期间应接受(C)。A.高等教育 B.在职培训 C.继续教育 D.终身教育 7.下列关于“网络教育”特点描述不正确的是(D)。
A.“平等的”开放式教育、B.兴趣选择 C.跨年龄段、跨时空教育’ D.可观感强 8.教育改革的核心是(C)。
A.内容改革 B.方法改革 C.课程改革 D.途径改革 9.最早提出“教学过程最优化”教学思想的是(B)。A.赞可夫 B.巴班斯基 C.苏霍姆林斯基 D.凯洛夫
10.提出“明了、联想、系统、方法”四段教学法的是(A)。A.赫尔巴特 B.夸美纽斯 C.洛克 D.杜威
11.下列属于试题编写过程的核心环节的是(B)。A.选择题型 B.命题 C.确定评分方法 D.阅卷 12.下列不是贯彻直观性原则的要求是(D)。
A.正确选择直观教具和现代化教学手段 B.直观要与讲解相结合 C.重视运用语言直观 D.重视组织各种复习13.下列说法,错误的是(C)。
A.教师对学生的德育影响,必须经过他们主体的选择、吸取与能动的实践活动,才能转化为他们的品德
B.自我教育能力是德育的一个重要条件,只有注意培养学生的这种能力,学生品德内部矛盾才能转化
C.学校的德育工作必须主要放在调节学生品德发展的外部环境方面 D.德育要注意发挥知、情、意、行的整体功能
14.当代教育理论中流行最为广泛、占据主导地位的德育学说是(A)。A.认知模式 B.体谅模式C.社会模仿模式 D.管理模式
15.班主任与学生共同确定班级总体目标,并转化为小组目标和个人目标,使其与班级总目标融为一体,以此推进班级管理活动,实现班级目标的管理方式,属于班级(B)。A.民主管理 B.目标管理 C.平行管理 D.松散管理
二、名词解释(本题共4小题,每小题3分,共12分。)1.教育目的的价值取向:是指教育目的的提出者或从事教育活动的主体依据自身的需要对教育价值作出选择时所持的一种倾向。2.形成性评价:是在教学进程中对学生的知识掌握和能力发展的及时评价。它包括在一节课或一个课题教学中对学生的口头提问和书面测验,使教师与学生都能及时获得反馈信息。其目的是更好地改进教学过程,提高质量。
3.传授一接受教学:是指教师通过语言传授和示范操作使学生接受、掌握系统知识与技能的教学。问题发现教学:是指在教师引导下,学生通过对问题的独立研究来发现、获取知识的教学。
4.道尔顿制:1920年,美国的教育家柏克赫斯特女士在马萨诸塞州道尔顿中学创建了一种新的教学组织形式,人们称之为道尔顿制。按道尔顿制,教师不再上课时向学生系统讲授教材,而只为学生分别指定自学参考书、布置作业,由学生自学和独立完成作业,有疑难时才请教师辅导,学生完成一定阶段的学习任务后向教师汇报学习情况和接受考查。
三、简答题
1.简述教学目标在学生学业成绩评价中的作用。答:教学目标是评价学生学业成绩优劣的唯一标志,所谓学生学业成绩评价实质上就是判断学生的学业是否达到或在何种程度上达到了教学目标的要求。只有根据目标进行评价,才能引导学生按教学目标来改进学习、提高自己,才能促进他达到和超出教学目标的要求,成为合格或优质人才。
2.简述电化教学的基本功能。答:电化教学的基本功能有两个:
(1)它能不受时间、空间、微观、宏观的限制,将教学内容中涉及到的事物、现象、过程全部再现于课堂,让学生通过事物固有的信息。通过事物的形、声、色、变化和发展等,去获取知识,认识世界。而不是通过信息的抽象、事物的符号,去获取知识。
(2)它能提供代替的经验,使抽象概念半具体化,具体事物半抽象化,从而使教学、学习变得容易,既容易转向具体实际化,也容易转向抽象概念化。由于电化教学具有上述的优异功能,因此,它能在整个教学中发挥积极的作用。3.简述学校卫生保健工作的意义和任务。
答:做好卫生保健工作,防治疾病,改变对身体有害的外部环境因素,才能促进学生身体的正常发育,不仅可以为体育运动的正常开展创造条件,而.且会直接影响到学校整个教育计划的完成。卫生保健工作的情况如何,也是反映一个国家精神文明程度的标志之一。对建设社会主义精神文明方面具有重要意义。学校卫生保健工作的主要任务是保护学生身体健康,增强其体质。
4.现阶段我国的教育目的及基本精神是什么?
答:现阶段我国的教育目的是:以培养学生的创造精神和实践能力为重点,造就“有理想、有道德、有文化、有纪律”的德、智、体、美、劳等全面发展的社会主义事业的建设者和接班人。现阶段我国教育目的的基本精神是:(1)要求培养的人是社会主义事业的建设者和接班人,因此要坚持政治思想、道德素质与科学文化知识能力的统一;(2)要求学生在德、智、体等方面全面发展,要求坚持脑力与体力两方面的和谐发展;(3)适应时代要求,强调学生个性的发展,培养学生的创造精神和实践能力。
四、论述题
论述教育的相对独立性。
答:教育的相对独立性是指教育具有自身的规律,对政治经济制度和生产力具有能动作用。表现在以下几个方面:
(1)教育是一种转化活动的过程。教育是培养人的一种社会活动,它要解决的问题是把人类积累的生产斗争经验和社会生活经验转化为受教育者个体的精神财富,形成受教育者的个性,这是教育所独有的特点。教育过程是一种转化活动的过程。这一转化活动的过程和应采取的步骤,例如使受教育者从感知到理解、巩固和运用所学的东西,是不同于政治经济制度和生产力发展规律的,它是与人们的精神活动的规律密切相联的。教育自身的许多规律,是人类长期教育实践认识的结果,随着人类教育经验的丰富和认识水平的提高,对教育规律的认识,由简单到复杂,由低级到高级,逐渐丰富,逐渐深化。这种带规律性的认识成果,如启发教学、循序渐进、因材施教、长善救失、教学相长、以身作则等许多教学、教育的原则和方法,都不会因政治经济制度和生产力的变化而被否定,它对政治经济制度和生产力发展水平而言是相对独立的。如果不了解教育自身的特点,就不能全面地把握教育的规律,有效地进行教育活动。(2)教育具有历史继承性。
教育不能脱离社会的物质生活条件而凭空产生。但它一经产生,便具有了相对独立性,有了自己独立的发展道路,后来的教育要在以前教育的基础上向前发展。教育的思想、制度、内容和方法,尽管受当时的政治经济制度和生产力发展水平所制约,同时又是从以往的教育发展而来的,都与以往的教育有着渊源的关系,都带有自己发展历程中的烙印,也就是说,教育是具有历史继承性的。如尊师爱生,大、中、小学分段,语言、文字、文法、修辞的教学内容,讲述、谈话的教学方法,班级授课的教学组织形式等,是具有历史继承性的,是在以前的教育遗产的基础上发展起来的,正因为如此,在同样的政治经济制度和生产力发展水平的国度里,有着不同特色的教育;不同民族的教育具有不同的传统和特点。
(3)教育具有与政治经济制度和生产力发展的不平衡性。教育与政治经济制度和生产力的发展并非完全同步,这有两种情况:一种情况是由于人们的思想意识往往落后于存在,教育的思想和内容也往往落后于政治经济制度和生产力的发展,另一种情况是由于认识了社会发展的规律,根据社会发展的趋势,预见到教育发展的方向,在旧的政治经济制度下,也可能出现新的教育思想。
五、案例题
1.著名哲学家黑格尔当年从神学院毕业的时候,他的老师给他写过一则评语:“黑格尔,健康状态不佳。中等身材,不善辞令,沉默寡言。天赋高,判断力健全,记忆力强。文字通顺,作风正派,有时不太用功,神学有成绩,虽然尝试讲道不无热情,但看来不是一个优秀的传道士。语言知识丰富,哲学上十分努力。”
问题:黑格尔的老师的评语有什么特点?你认为该怎样给学生写评语? 答:黑格尔的老师的评语,以比较艺术的方式,让孩子和家长知道缺点与不足的地方,这样有利于孩子的进步,评语以平静的语气,力求写出“这个人”来,遵循了以下三个原则:(1)写给学生看。(2)写出“这个人”。(3)写“这个人”的“新起点”。评语应运用发展的眼光,通过鼓励的方式让学生交流,对学生的发展和取得的成绩表示认同,使学生形成健康的自我认识,更好地把握自己未来的发展,更体现一定的“教育性”。
2.(1)一次,一位教师讲“人类的起源”,说了人类是从猿进化而来的,大体年代是什么时候,一个学生在下面说:“你看见了?”有些学生也随之发笑。这位老师说:“是的,我看见你昨天还是一个猴子,今天就变成学生了”,全班哄堂大笑。
(2)某老师在讲《量变和质变》一课时,为了揶揄某些轻视量变,平时不注意练基本功,只想一鸣惊人的人,也为了反证量变的重要性,引用了一场父子之间的对话: 子:“爸爸,您看了我写的悲剧剧本竟掉下了眼泪,这下我要出名了。” 父:“我能不掉眼泪吗?剧本里1/2是错别字!”学生轰然发笑。
问题:请比较以上两例中学生发笑的效果,并对两位老师的做法作简要评价
答:适当的教学幽默不但可以调节课堂气氛,而且会提高教学的形象感,加强学生的印象,有助于学生理解,但应注意有效教学。案例(1)中的老师面对学生不太善意的提问,的确很机智。但是这显然是一个无效的教学案例。首先,学生们对教师的回答不过一笑了之,没有增强印象,获得感性认识。其次,教师随口而出的话语也很可能挫伤学生的自尊心,打消学生的求知欲。教师的行为不符合教学规范。案例(2)中的老师很显然经过了精心的教学预设。所举的例子不但有助于教学,而且使学生在笑过之后有所思考。做到了教育与教学的完美结合,让学生在轻松中学习,在愉快后反思,是一次成功的课堂教学。