第一篇:AD1674引脚图简介及其应用(中英文PDF)
AD1674引脚图简介及其应用(中英文PDF)
AD1674引脚图简介及其应用(中英文PDF)
AD1674是美国AD公司推出的一种12位带并行微机接口的逐次逼近型模/数转换芯片。文中简要介绍了该芯片的性能特点、内部结构、工作时序以及在某新型国产机载武器系统中的应用,并给出了由AD1674T 和ADSP2100 微处理器共同构成的数据采集处理系统的原理框图。
1、概述
AD1674 是美国AD 公司推出的一种完整的12 位并行模/数转换单片集成电路。该芯片内部自带采样保持器(SHA)、10 伏基准电压源、时钟源以及可和微处理器总线直接接口的暂存/三态输出缓冲器。
与原有同系列的AD574A/674A 相比,AD1674 的内部结构更加紧凑,集成度更高,工作性能(尤其是高低温稳定性)也更好,而且可以使设计板面积大大减小,因而可降低成本并提高系统的可靠性。笔者在研制某新型国产机载武器系统中采用了M级AD1674T,它可实时地采集各传感器的模拟参量,以进行快速、精确的数据转换并传给CPU 进行处理,从而有效地控制整个武器系统的打击精度。AD1674 的基本特点和参数如下:
●带有内部采样保持的完全12 位逐次逼近(SAR)型模/数转换器;
●采样频率为100kHz; ●转换时间为10μs;
●具有±1/2LSB 的积分非线性(INL)以及12 位无漏码的差分非线性(DNL);
●满量程校准误差为0.125%;
●内有+10V 基准电源,也可使用外部基准源;
●四种单极或双极电压输入范围分别为±5V,±10V,0V~10V 和0V~20V;
●数据可并行输出,采用8/12 位可选微处理器总线接口; ●内部带有防静电保护装置(ESD),放电耐压值可达4000V; ●采用双电源供电:模拟部分为±12V/±15V,数字部分为+5V; ●使用温度范围:AD1674J/K 为0℃~70℃(C 级);AD1674A/B 为-40℃~85℃(I 级);AD1674T 为-55℃~+125℃(M级)。
●采用28 脚密封陶瓷DIP 或SOIC 封装形式。●功耗低,仅为385mW。
2、内部结构及引脚说明 图1 AD1674 的内部结构框图及其引脚图
AD1674 的引脚按功能可分为逻辑控制端口、并行数据输出端口、模拟信号输入端口和电源端口四种类型。
(1)逻辑控制端口:12/8:数据输出位选择输入端。当该端输入为低时,数据输出为双8 位字节;当该端输入为高时,数据输出为单12 位字节。CS:片选信号输入端;
R/C:读/转换状态输入端。在完全控制模式下,输入为高时为读状态;输入为低时为转换状态;在独立工作模式下,在输入信号的下降沿时开始转换。
CE:操作使能端;输入为高时,芯片开始进行读/转换操作。A0:位寻址/短周期转换选择输入端。在转换开始时,若A0 为低,则进行12 位数据转换;若A0 为高,则进行周期更短的8 位数据转换;当R/C=1 且12/8=0 时,若A0 为低,则在高8 位(DB4~DB11)作数据输出;若A0 为高,则在DB0~DB3 和DB8~DB11 作数据输出,而DB4~DB7 置零。
STS:转换状态输出端。输出为高时表明转换正在进行;输出为低时表明转换结束。
(2)并行数据输出端口:DB11~DB8:在12 位输出格式下,输出数据的高4 位;在8 位输出格式下,A0 为低时也可输出数据的高4 位。(3)模拟信号输入端口
10VIN:10V 范围输入端,包括0V~10V 单极输入或±5V 双极输入;
20VIN:20V 范围输入端,包括0V~20V 单极输入或±10V 双极输入;
应当注意的是:如果已选择了其中一种作为输入范围,则另一种不得再连接合作。(4)供电电源端口
REF IN:基准电压输入端,在10V 基准电源上接50Ω 电阻后连于此端;
REF OUT:+10V 基准电压输出端;
BIP OFF:双极电压偏移量调整端,该端在双极输入时可通过50Ω 电阻与REFOUT 端相连;在单极输入时接模拟地。图2 给出了AD1674 在单极和双极输入时的两种连接电路。
图2 AD1674单极和双极输入的两种连接电路
图3 AD1674 的逻辑控制真值表 VCC:+12V/+15V 模拟供电输入; VEE:-12V/-15V 模拟供电输入; VLOGIC:+5V 逻辑供电输入; AGND/DGND:模拟/数字接地端;
3、工作时序
AD1674 的工作模式可分为全控(Full-Con-trol)模式和独立(Stand-Alone)模式,而在这两种模式下,这的工作时序是同的。独立模式主要用于具有专门输入端系统,因而不需要有全总线的接口能力。而采用全控工作模式则有利于和CPU 进行总线连接。
图4为AD1674 在全控工作模式下的转换启动时序和读操作时序。转换启动时,在CE 和CS 有效之前,R/C 必须为低,如果R/C 为高,则立即进行读操作,这样会造成系统总线的冲突。一旦转换开始,STS 立即为高,系统将不再执行转换开始命令,直到这次转换周期结束。而数据输出缓冲器将比STS 提前0.6μs 变低,且在整个转换期间内不导通。
图5 AD1674 在全控工作模式下的转换启动时序和读操作时序
4、应用电路
图5为某新型国产机载武器系统的数据采集处理部分的电路原理框图。来自传感器的十六路模拟信号经过多路开关切换后送至高精密运放进行缓冲放大,同时还要保持信号的采样精度。AD1674T 被接在±10V 双极模拟电压输入模式,使用的是内部基准源和时钟。从开关选通模拟信号到A/D 转换以及数据输出均由ADSP2100微处理器进行逻辑控制,每个这样的变换周期均为64μs,因而完成16 个通道的模拟转换大约需要1ms 的时间,可以符合该系统的响应技术要求。
图5 AD1674应用之一
5、应用之二
基于C51单片机、AD1674和MAX7221的数字电压表(含原理图)
基于C51单片机、AD1674和MAX7221的数字电压表
第二篇:数字测图知识点串讲.pdf
《全站仪使用与数字化测图》知识点
第 I 部分:数字测图概述与准备工作
1.测图比例尺越大,表示地表现状越详细,精度越高。
2.数字测图比传统的图解法测图相比优点是什么?(包括高精度、高自动化、全数字化、更新快。)
数字测图技术设计的主要依据是什么?(上级下达任务的文件或合同书、有关的法规和技 术规范、测区已有的资料等。绝对不能是领导的指示或口头传达。)
4.数字化测图数据采集目前主要有:GPS 法、航测法、大地测量仪器法、数字化仪法。
5.数字地形图目前存在的不足及以后发展的看法。不足 1)费用高;2)人员素质要求高;
3)系统操作较复杂;4)系统可靠性还有待提高。展望:1)目前要在我国全面实现数字测图还有许多困难,主要问题是资金问题、人才
问题和观念问题,而不是技术问题。2)尽快实现各数字化测图系统的数据转换和统一数据 接口。3)今后数字化测图软件的发展方向应该是一种无点号、无编码的镜站电子平板测图 系统。最终实现“测-编-绘-管理”一体化。
6.栅格图像与矢量图形的区别是什么? 答:用栅格数据和用矢量数据表示地图基本元素的方法不同,其图形的呈现形式也不同,前者称为栅格图像,后者称为矢量图形,二者的区别如下:
(1)栅格图像是以点阵形式存储,它的基本元素是像素(像元),它是以像素灰度的矩阵 形式记录的;矢量图形是以矢量形式存储的,它的基本元素是图形要素,图形要素的几何形 状是以坐标方式按点、线、面结构记录的。
(2)图像的显示是逐行、逐列、逐像元地显示,与内容无关;图形的显示是逐个图形要
素按顺序地显示,显示位置的先后没有规律。
(3)图像放大到一定的倍数时,图像信息会发生失真,特别是图像目标的边界会发生阶
梯效应;图形的放大和缩小,其图形要素、目标不会发生失真。
(4)表示效果相同时,栅格图像表示比矢量图形表示所占用的存储空间大得多。
7.数字测图前所需准备的工作包括哪些内容? 答:数字测图前所需准备的工作包括以下内容:工区踏勘、资料收集、器材筹备、观测
计划拟定、仪器设备检校及设计书编写等工作。
第 II 部分:野外数据采集
1.1:1000、1:500 数字测图图根点每平方公里密度分别为 16、64 个。
2.1:1000、1:500 数字测图地形点一般地区平均地形点间距分别是 50、30 米。
3.数字测图时,当独立地物的测绘、河沟、建(构)筑物轮廓凸凹部分在 1:10 00 比例尺图 上大于 1mm,应该实测地物。
4.全站仪和电脑进行数据传输,全站仪的通讯参数中波特率设置与电脑上的通讯软件中的 波特率应设置为一样的。
5.1:500 数字地形图平地基本等高距是 0.5 米;1:1000 数字地形图平地基本等高距是 0.5
米、1 米。
6.用全站仪进行坐标测量时,需进行测站设置,包括测站设置和后视设置、后视点检校、设置方位角。其基本测量模式有角度测量、距离测量、标准测量。
7.用全站仪直接测量得到的 SD 表示斜距,HD 表示平距,HR 表示右角、HL 表示左角。
8. 在使用全站仪进行坐标测量,定向设置方位角时可以不对准后视点。
9.绘制草图的原则是什么?
答:1)绘制草图时,采集的地物地貌,原则上遵照相关规范的规定绘制,对于复杂的图
式符号可以简化或自行定义。但数据采集时所使用的地形码,必须与草图绘制的符号一一对
应;
2)草图必须标注所测点的测点编号,且标注的测点编号应与数据采集记录中测点编号 严格一致;
3)草图上地形要素之间的相互位置必须清楚正确;
4)地形图上须注记的各种名称、地物属性等,草图上必须标注清楚;
10.利用全站仪进行数据采集的操作步骤是什么? 答:①仪器准备(全站仪、对讲机、备用电池、棱镜杆、反光棱镜等)。②进入测区大
致观察下地形、地物的分布,及时按近似比例尺勾勒一个具有一定方位的框架性草图。③架
设仪器、立镜、定向。④观测人员通知跑点人员开始跑点,立镜后读取棱镜高(一般为了加 快测量棱镜高不宜经常变化)告知观测人员,观测人员输入棱镜高,进行该点的数据测量。
⑤保存测量数据于仪器内存卡。⑥边观测边细化草图,使测量的碎部点和草图地物点编码统 一,便于后期绘图使用。
11.地面数字测图外业采集数据包括哪些内容。答:1)地物特征点的选择:地物特征点主要是地物轮廓的转折点,如房屋的房角,围
墙、电力线的转折点、道路河岸线的转弯点、交叉点,电杆、独立树的中心点等。连接这些
特征点,便可得到与实地相似的地物形状。
2)地貌特征点的选择
地貌特征点应选在最能反映地貌特征的山脊线、山谷线等地性线上,如山顶、鞍部、山
脊和山谷的地形变换处、山坡倾斜变换处和山脚地形变换的地方。
3)野外数据采集时,既要记录距离、水平角和竖直角,同时还要记录点号、编码、连
接点和连接线型四种信息。其中连接点是记录与观测点相连接的点号,连接线型是记录测点
与连接点之间是以直线、曲线还是以圆弧相连。
4)注意人员安全和设备安全。
第 III 部分:内业成图
1.CASS 成图软件展点文件数据格式是:点号,E,N,H
2.CASS 成图软件展点文件的格式是:文件名.DAT
3.数字测图等高线中计曲线要加粗绘制。
4. 在 CASS 中执行绘制等高线命令时,第一步要选择 DTM。
5.一幅 1:2000 的地形图包括 4 幅 1:1000 地形图,包括 16 幅 1:500 的地形图。
6.CASS 里采用的是测量坐标,N 是 x 轴方向,E 是 y 轴方向。
7.等高线的特性其中一项是同一条等高线上各点的高程都相同,需闭合。等高线穿过地物 时,需保持等高线的完整性,但有时遇到道路陡坎等可以中断。等高线不能相交。
8.“简码法”成图在外业自定义编码时,需修改 CASS 自定义编码文件,不需要引导文件。
9.以下图形分幅的格式中属于标准分幅的是 50×50cm。
10.在比例尺为 1:2000 的地形图当中,一幅标准图幅的面积是 1k ㎡
11.在比例尺为 1:1000 的地形图当中,一幅标准图幅的面积是 0.25k ㎡
12.测图比例尺越大,表示地表现状越详细。
13.测绘地物的一般原则是什么?
解:1)凡能依比例尺表示的地物,就应将其水平投影位置的几何形状测绘到地形图上,或
是将它们的边界位置表示到图上,边界内再充填绘入相应的地物符号;2)对于不能依比例
尺表示的地物,则测绘出地物的中心位置并以相应的地物符号表
示;3)地物测绘必须依测图比例尺,按地形测量规范和地形图图式的要求,经综合取舍,将各种地物表示在图上。
14.以 CASS 为例,试述数字化测图内业成图的基本流程。
答:①全站仪数据传输。②数据格式转换成 CASS 所认同的数据格式。③如果外业碎步
点采集的时候使用的假定坐标,需要将坐标数据进行转换。④展绘野外测点点号及高程点,并将展绘的点进行分层。⑤根据野外绘制的草图进行图形绘制。⑥生成三角网后绘制等高线。
⑦等高线修饰及图幅整饰。⑧图形保存与输出。
15.cass6.0 是什么软件?
答:CASS6.0 软件是广州南方测绘仪器有限公司基于 CAD平台开发的一套集地形、地
籍、空间数据建库、工程应用、土石方算量等功能为一体的软件系统。
第 IV 部分:数字图的质量检查与验收
1.数字地形图修测的面积超过原图总面积的 1/5 时,应重新进行测绘。
2.数字测图成果不需要经过“两校一审”。
3.一幅图内宜采用一种基本等高距,当用基本等高距不能描述地貌特征时,应加绘间曲线
4.数字地形图有哪些应用? 答:(1)确定点的平面坐标;(2)确定两点间的水平距离;(3)确定直线的坐标方位角;
(4)确定点的高程;(5)确定两点间的坡度;(6)在图上设计等坡线;(7)面积计算:可
用于房地产计量,国土规划,土石方计量等;(8)绘制地形断面图:为了进行填挖土(石)
方量的概算、以及合理地确定线路的纵坡等,都需要了解沿线路方向的地面起伏情况,而利 用地形图绘制沿指定方向的纵断面图最为简便,因而得到广泛应用;(9)按限制坡度选择最 短路线;(10)确定汇水范围:1)连接分水山脊线;2)利用面积量算方法,确定出汇水面 积;3)据汇水面、最大降雨量计算最大流水量 Q;4)据 Q 设计桥涵断面。(11)场地平整 时的填挖边界线确定和土方量计算。
5.数字测图成果质量评定的基本方法。答案:数字测图成果质量评定的方法:
数字测绘产品质量实行优级品、良级品、合格品、不合格品评定制。对检验批按规定比 例抽取样本;若样本中全部为合格品以上产品,则该检验批判为合格批。若样本中有不合格 产品,则该检验批为一次检验未通过批;应从检验批中再抽取一定比例的样本进行详查。若 样本中仍有不合格产品,则该检验批判为不合格批。
单位产品质量一般有两种评定方法:一种是采用百分制表征单位产品的质量水平,另一 种采用缺陷扣分法计算单位产品得分。每个单位产品得分预置为 X 分,根据缺陷扣分标准对 单位产品中出现的缺陷逐个扣分。
第三篇:事业部简介中英文
单位简介/项目/产品或投资意向简述(中文-200字以内,超出部分不予刊登):
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单位简介/项目/产品或投资意向简述(英文):
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第四篇:青岛港简介(中英文)
青岛港简介(中英文)
在浩瀚的太平洋西海岸,坐落着一座美丽的海滨城市——青岛。青岛位于中国北方海岸线的中部,是新亚欧大陆桥经济走廊的主要节点城市和“21世纪海上丝绸之路”合作支点城市。她以世界眼光谋划未来,以国际标准提升工作,以本土优势彰显特色,散发着国际化大都市的耀眼光芒。
On the west coast of the Pacific, the City of Qingdao is at the center of the coastline in North China, standing for a node on the Economic Corridor of New Eurasia Continental Bridge and a pivot for “21st Century Maritime Silk Road”.百年青岛百年港。青岛港开埠于1892年,至今已走过了120多年的历程。Development of the City can be traced back to the opening of the port over a century ago.Established in 1892, Port of Qingdao has a history over 120 years.当蓝色的汛风从这里掠过太平洋吹向世界时,历百年而弥新的青岛港正不断迎接时代的挑战和召唤,迈出转型跨越的步伐。
While the wind sweeps from Qingdao across the Pacific to the rest of the world, Port of Qingdao, answering to the calls of the era, is entering into a period of transformation.四大港区 打造增长极 Power Engine of 4 Port Areas
青岛港由青岛大港区、黄岛油港区、前湾港区和董家口港区四大港区组成,拥有可停靠目前世界最大的1.9万TEU船舶的集装箱码头、45万吨级原油码头、40万吨级矿石码头和10万吨级煤炭码头等代表着当今最大最先进船舶的专业化深水码头。世界上有多大的船舶,青岛港就有多大的码头。
Port of Qingdao consists of four port areas, namely Dagang Port Area, Huangdao Oil Port Area, Qianwan Port area, and Dongjiakou Port Area.The port boasts the world’s largest dedicated deep-water terminals for 19,000TEU container ship, 450,000DWT VLCC, 400,000DWT VLOC, and 100,000DWT coal vessel.青岛港是目前全球最大的综合性港口之一,货物吞吐量和集装箱吞吐量均位居世界第七位,是中国第二大外贸口岸。多年来,青岛港的经营绩效一直保持稳健增长。
Port of Qingdao is one of the world’s largest comprehensive ports, with total throughput and container volume both ranking world’s No.7.It is also China’s second largest port for international trade.Over the past decades, the port has maintained a steady growth.青岛港大港港区面积为3.3平方公里,主要从事件杂货作业。目前正按照青岛市的规划,建设世界级邮轮母港城,加快老港区的转型升级。
According to the plan of Qingdao municipality, the 3.3-square-kilometer Dagang Port Area, mainly handling general cargo, is now under transformation and will be established as a world-class cruise home port.前湾港区面积为12平方公里,主要从事集装箱业务和矿煤干散货业务。集装箱业务拥有专用泊位21个,泊位最大水深-20米,可满足世界最大船舶全天候靠泊。前湾港区矿煤业务拥有包括20万吨级矿石码头在内的9个深水泊位。
Qianwan Port Area, with an area of 12 square kilometers, is mainly for container and dry bulk.There are 21 berths for containers.With maximum water depth of 20 meters, it can accommodate the world’s largest container ships.For iron ore and coal, there are 9 deep-water berths, including one for 200,000DWT vessels.油港区面积为0.5平方公里,主要从事石油、化工品、石油液化气装卸、中转、储存作业;拥有5座码头、10个泊位,原油储备能力900万立方米。
With an area of 0.5 square kilometers, Huangdao Oil Port Area is mainly engaged in the handling, storage and transshipment of crude oil, liquid chemicals, and LPG.The area has 5 terminals and 10 berths.It has crude oil storage capacity of 9 million cubic meters.董家口港区规划面积150平方公里,规划码头岸线长约35.7公里、泊位数112个。已建成世界上最大的40万吨矿石码头、45万吨原油码头、20万吨矿石转水码头、27万立方LNG专用码头,干散货堆存能力5500万吨。(字幕:港区仓储能力、保税堆存能力均居我国港口首位)
Dongjiakou Port Area covers of 150 square kilometers.The planned quay length is 35.7 kilometers and altogether 112 berths will be constructed.So far, the world’s largest 400,000DWT iron ore terminal, 450,000DWT crude oil terminal, 200,000DWT iron ore transshipment terminal, and LNG terminal for vessels of 270,000 cubic meters have been completed.The storage capacity for dry bulk amounts to 55 million tons.(possessing the largest capacity for storage and bonded storage among Ports in China)
四大港区功能明确、布局合理、联动发展,构筑起青岛港转型升级的强劲新实力。
The four areas, with their reasonable layouts and specific functions, are jointly contributing to the comprehensive strength of Port of Qingdao.抢抓机遇 创造新强态 Creating New Momentum 青岛港坚持国际化发展之路,联合招商局、中远、中海、中国光大等发起设立青岛港国际股份有限公司。2014年,青港国际在香港成功上市,完成H股全球公开发行。
Upholding the strategy of internationalization, Qingdao Port Group, together with China Merchants Group, COSCO, China Shipping and China Everbright initiated Qingdao Port International Co., Ltd(QPI).In 2014, the IPO of Qingdao Port International was held in Hong Kong.与马士基、迪拜环球、中石化等20多家知名企业实现资本合作;与世界各地180多个国家及地区的700多个港口保持贸易联系;与世界前20大船公司均实现业务合作;与世界14个港口建立友好港关系,构建起面向全球、互联互通的低成本、高效便捷的国际化物流网络。
Qingdao Port Group has established Joint ventures with more than 20 multinational companies, including A.P.-Moller Maersk, DP World, Sinopec, and others.A network of shipping services connects Port of Qingdao with over 700 ports across 180 countries and regions worldwide.The world’s top 20 shipping companies all have liner shipping services at Port of Qingdao.It has established sister port relationship 14 ports worldwide.We are developing a reliable, cost-effective and efficient global logistics network.在国家“一带一路”战略中,青岛港是“海上丝绸之路”的“北方门户”和“丝绸之路经济带”的“东方桥头堡”。青岛港依托“日韩、东南亚、中东/西亚、欧地”精品航线组群,为中国与亚欧各国贸易往来搭建了最便利的“海上大通道”;
According to China’s “One Belt and One Road” strategy, Port of Qingdao is the “Northern Gateway” for the “Maritime Silk Road” and the “Eastern Bridgehead” for the “Silk Road Economic Belt”.依托发达的海铁联运网络和内陆组合港群,架起了直通内陆、连接日韩、东南亚和中亚,贯穿亚欧的“过境海铁联运大通道”。
With the sea-rail intermodal transportation network and the network of inland ports, it builds up a “Cross-Border Sea-Rail Intermodal Transportation Corridor” which connects China’s inland area, Japan, South Korea, Southeast Asian nations, the five countries in Middle Asia, and the European countries.紧抓“丝路经济带”战略机遇,加快港口功能向内陆延伸,在物流中心城市合作建设内陆港,(字幕:在全国九省区实现通关一体化)全方位注入港口优势资源,实现通道便利化,构筑以“青岛港为东方桥头堡”的内陆港联动网络。
By taking advantage of the strategy of “Silk Road Economic Belt”, we are expanding port services to inland regions of China and developing an inland port network with Port of Qingdao being the “Eastern Bridgehead”.(realizing integrated customs service among 9 provinces)以建设现代综合物流服务提供商为目标,建立“门到门”完整物流链。(字幕:在全国开通16条集装箱海铁联运班列)加速与产业园区、金融物流的融合发展,成为物流、信息流、资金流、商流“四流合一”的供应链综合服务提供商。
We are developing the door-to-door logistics chain with the aim to establish a comprehensive logistics service provider(launching 16 block sea-rail container train services), which integrates port services with industrial parks and financial logistics, and encompasses the flows of logistics, information, capital, and commerce.以建设大数据信息化港为目标,加速实现工业化和信息化的有机融合,打造智慧港口,构建了全国港口领先的口岸物流供应链综合应用系统和区域性物流公共信息平台,实现港口生产经营模式的信息化革命。
To establish a big data-based smart port and realize the integration of industry and information technology, we developed the port logistics supply chain application system and regional logistics public information platform.以建设生态化港口为目标,打造环境优美、生态优良的美丽港口,人与自然和谐共生,港海城交相辉映。
We spare no efforts in building an eco-friendly port to realize the harmony between man and nature, and between port and city.创新发展 再创新业绩
Making new achievement through innovation 同心同德,独当一面。广大海港员工和港口同呼吸、共命运,寻标、对标、夺标、达标、创标,以过硬的素质和技术,在全国沿海港口技能大赛中屡夺桂冠。
We take pride in our high-quality staff.They are the frequent champions of the national port technology and skill contests.创新驱动发展,转型推动升级,集装箱装卸效率8次刷新世界纪录;铁矿石装卸效率21次刷新世界纪录。集装箱码头生产效率在美国物流信息公司的调查中位居全球第一。
The port has renewed world record for 8 times and 21 times respectively for container handling and iron ore handling.The container terminal productivity ranks No.1 in the survey of the American logistics information company.面向未来,青岛港正以打造港口现代综合物流提供商为核心,大力实施金融战略、国际化战略、互联网战略,调速不减势,量增质更优,向着第四代世界物流强港目标阔步前进!
Aiming to develop itself into a port-based comprehensive logistics service provider, Qingdao Port Group is now carrying on the strategies of finance, internationalization, and internet and advancing toward the 4th generation port of logistics.
第五篇:戴尔中英文简介
Personal Background: Michael Dell Dell Computer 3-year return: 4,200% Age: 45 CEO since: 1984
个人资料: 迈克尔·戴尔
戴尔计算机 3年内的利润:4200%
年龄:45岁
成为首席执行官的年份:1984年。
It's often said in business that some event—— good or bad——happened on a particular chief executive's “watch.” It's a nautical expression suggesting that the enterprise is a ship and that this particular chief executive took the helm at some moment mid-journey,just in time to land a great white whale or hit an iceberg.Good or bad,that course and the event that followed were already set before the CEO entered the pilothouse.The idea is that CEOs come and go,but great companies go on forever.商界经常称某些事件——无论是好的或者糟糕的——常常发生在某个特别的首席执行官的值班时间。这是海员的说法,说明企业就是一艘船,而这位特别的首席长官在航行途中某段时间掌着舵,恰好此时捕得一条巨大的白鲸或者撞上了冰山。好的或者糟糕的路线以及紧随其后的结果在CEO进入操舵室前就已成定局了。这种观念就是说CEO们变来变去,但是好的公司会一直在运转。
This model does not apply to Dell Computer,a ship that Michael Dell designed,built,launched,skippered,re-directed,ran aground a couple times,overhauled,and has kept sailing for 15 years and counting.Dell,who
is still only 34 years old,has run his company longer than any other CEO has run any other major computer manufacturer.During Dell's watch,Compaq Computer has had two CEOs,Hewlett-Packard has had three,IBM has had three,Apple Computer has had four.Michael Dell can be held directly responsible for everything that has ever happened in the history of his company.It's all his fault.而这种模式并不适于戴尔计算机,一艘迈克尔。戴尔设计、建造、下水、担任船长、改变航向、四处游逛、检修,并且一直航行了15年的船,他也一直认为其具有重大的价值。只有34岁的戴尔经营他的公司的时间超过了任何经营其它主要计算机制造公司的CEO.在戴尔的当班期间,康柏计算机曾有两任 CEO,惠普曾有三任,而IBM有三任,苹果计算机甚至有四任。迈克尔。戴尔可以对他的公司历史上发生的任何事情直接负责。这是他的唯一缺点。
And a lot has happened on Michael Dell's watch.He founded the company and led it to $18 billion in annual sales,from one employee to 24,000,from operations in one country to 33 countries.He took Dell public and made it the single most successful stock in the history of the Nasdaq.A $100 investment in Dell stock at the 1988 initial public offering is worth more than $56,000 today——three-quarters of that increase coming last year alone.So if we decide to make the somewhat subjective declaration that Michael Dell is the number-one CEO in America,please humor us.在迈克尔。戴尔的在任期间发生过很多事情。他创建了公司,使它的年销售额达到18亿美元,从一个雇员发展到24000个雇员,业务范围从一个国家扩展到33个国家。他使戴尔上市,并且使之成为纳斯达克历史上最成功的股票。在1988年最初上市时仅投资100
美元的戴尔股票今天价值56000美元 ——仅在去年就增长了其中的四分之三。因此如果我们决定带点主观地宣布迈克尔。戴尔是美国第一的CEO,这是在哄我们。
The Dell saga is well known.The son of a doctor and a stockbroker,he was raised in a business-savvy home in Houston.After an extraordinary success selling subscriptions to the Houston Chronicle(he was able to buy himself a new BMW while still in high school),young Dell discovered and fell in love with computers.He bought an Apple II to celebrate his 15th birthday,and took it apart.Soon he switched to IBM PCs.He took those apart,too,and came to the conclusion that Big Blue was charging $3,000 for around $700 worth of disk drives,motherboards,and RAM chips.He went into business.Dell souped up IBM's own computers for less than IBM was charging to do the same thing.He took advantage of IBM distribution anomalies to buy PC overstocks below cost from IBM dealers.He upgraded those computers and sold them in direct competition with the very dealers they came from——first from a dorm room at the University of Texas in Austin and then,by the end of his freshman and only year of college,from an off-campus condominium.戴尔的传奇故事是很出名的。作为一个医生和股票经纪人的儿子,他成长在休斯顿的一个精明的商业家庭。在成功地把订单卖给休斯顿新闻(Houston Chronicle)后(在高中的时候他就能够给自己买一辆新的宝马汽车了),年轻的戴尔发现并爱上了计算机。他买了一台苹果II庆祝他的15岁生日,并把它拆开了。不久他换成了IBM PC.他也把它们拆开了,并且得出结论:蓝色巨人把价值约700美元的磁盘驱动器、主板和随机存储器芯片卖到3000美元。他开始从事商业。戴尔改进了 IBM自己的计算机,能够以低于IBM的收费做相同的事。他利用IBM销售的不合理性以低于IBM经销商的价格购买库存过剩的PC.他升级了这些计算机,然后销售它们,直接和其进货的正式销售商竞争——这项事业开始是
在奥斯汀的得克萨斯大学的宿舍里,然后等到他大学一年级结束时,已搬到了校园外的公寓里。
There were no Dell stores or dealers.Right from the start,the PCs were sold direct to customers who called Dell on the phone.Sales were $50,000 to $80,000 per month even before Dell moved the operation out of the condo,incorporated(this was 1984; he did business for a time as PC's Limited),and started making his own computers.The company was profitable in its very first quarter,and has been profitable all but one quarter ever since.戴尔并没有商店或经销商。从一开始起,PC都是直接销售给打电话给戴尔的客户。即使在戴尔把业务搬出公寓、组建公司(那是在1984年,他成立了PC' Limited经营了一段时间)并开始制造他自己的计算机前,每月的销售额就到了50000到80000美元。在公司的前四分之一阶段就盈利了,除前四分之一阶段外,从此一直都在盈利。
It's a great story,sure,but the personal-computer industry was built on companies that started fast and were headed by college dropouts.The real miracle of Dell Computer is not that the company started so well but that it has endured.With the exceptions of Compaq and IBM,most of Dell's competitors from 1984 are no longer in business.The only stories even remotely comparable to Dell's come from Bill Gates at Microsoft and Ted Waitt at Gateway.The miracle of Michael Dell is not that he started an important PC company at age 19,but that he is still running it today and happens to be the richest man in Texas.这是一个伟大的奇迹,但事实上个人计算机产业是靠一些发展很快而且由大学退学学生领导的公司而建立的。戴尔计算机的真实奇迹不在于它开始得非常好,而在于它能持久。除
了康柏和IBM,从1984年起大多数戴尔的竞争对手都退出了市场。还能和戴尔间接进行比较的故事来自微软的比尔·盖茨和 Gateway的Ted Waitt.迈克尔·戴尔的奇迹不在于他在19岁创建了一个重要的PC公司,而在于他在今天仍然在经营这个公司,而且成为得克萨斯最富的人。
Or maybe it is not a miracle at all.The first time I met Michael Dell was at a business meeting held during his honeymoon.Ten years,four Dell children,and many Dell billions later,this profile could probably end with that sentence and still give a fair image of what makes Michael Dell America's top CEO.Here is a man who loves his work and sometimes fails to see where the business ends and the man begins.After all,it's his name on the building.或者可能这根本上就不是一个奇迹。我第一次遇见迈克尔·戴尔是在他蜜月期间的一次商业会议上。十年,戴尔生了四个孩子,赚了若干个亿,本简介也许可以以这句话结束,这种描述依然可以使迈克尔·戴尔成为美国顶尖的CEO.这个人热爱他的工作,有时甚至会看不到生意在哪里结束,他在哪里开始工作。毕竟,这幢大楼上刻的是他的名字。
At the heart of Dell's success is the word “direct.” The company sells direct to customers,eschewing distributors,re-sellers,and dealers.It deals direct with vendors,again avoiding middlemen.Dell builds no computer until it is ordered by the customer who pays for it,often in advance.This way Dell holds no inventory,or at least not for long(an average of five days,according to Dell himself)。And since the computers aren't built until they are ordered,the company likes to say that it has perfect market research and builds exactly the computers its customers want.Whether this is precisely true or not,Dell's operation is the ultimate extension of the Japanese ultra-efficient just-in-time
production management pioneered in the 1970s.For the most part,Dell doesn't even buy the parts for your computer(or at least doesn't pay for them)until you place your order.戴尔成功的要诀是“直接”这个词。公司直接向客户销售,避开批发商、分销商和经销商。公司直接和卖主联系,避开中间人。戴尔直到付款(通常是预先付款)的客户订购才会生产计算机。这样戴尔不会有存货,至少不会很长(按照戴尔自己的说法,平均五天)。因为计算机直到被订购才会生产,所以公司可以声称它作了完美的市场调查,制造了客户需要的计算机。无论这究竟是对还是错,戴尔的运营是二十世纪七十年代首创的日本超效率准时生产管理的最终延伸。很大程度上,戴尔甚至直到你订购后才会为你的计算机购买部件(或者说至少不会为它们付款)。
This hyper-efficient manufacturing operation,with plants in the U.S.,Ireland,Malaysia,and now China,can build PCs that are as reliable and as inexpensive to build as any in the world,yet Dell has hardly ever been the absolute price leader.The company sells a high-quality product with great support and a 30-day money-back guarantee,but don't look for a sub-$1,000 PC from Dell,a company that is fixated on manufacturing efficiency not for its own sake but because efficiency is the route to higher profit.As the rise and fall of companies like Packard Bell have shown,low-margin PCs intended solely to build market share don't contribute to profits.And it is consistent and growing profit that has fueled Dell's success.That's why the company still sells more than 80 percent of its machines to businesses.这种高效率的制造过程,其工厂在美国、爱尔兰、马来西亚和中国,能够制造出世界上最可靠和最便宜的PC,然而戴尔完全不是一个绝对的以廉价吸引顾客的公司。公司销售高
质量的产品,有很强的支持,保证30天退款,但是不要期待戴尔生产低于1000美元的PC,它关注的是生产效率,不是生产本身,因为效率是更高利润的必经之路。如同Packard Bell等公司的沉浮所显示的,只想占据市场份额的低利润PC不会获得利润的。推动戴尔成功的是持续并增长的利润。这是公司仍然把超过80%的机器销售给企业的原因。
It is in the business market that Michael Dell has always seen his major competitors——Compaq and IBM.“From the first day I interviewed with the company in 1987,Michael made it clear that our goal was to be mentioned by customers in the same sentence with IBM and Compaq,” says Brian Fawkes,one of Dell's first hundred employees.“This focus has never wavered.There was a time when another Austin-based PC manufacturer called CompuAdd reported higher revenues than Dell,and people started saying,'We have to attack CompuAdd.' But Michael kept us concentrating on Compaq and IBM,which was the right thing to do.CompuAdd is gone.”
迈克尔·戴尔总是在市场上观察他的主要竞争对手——康柏和IBM.“从我在1987年第一次到这家公司面试起,迈克尔就清楚地告诉我们,我们的目标是被客户谈起,就象对康柏和IBM一样。”戴尔最早的一百个职员之一,Brian Fawkes说,“这个观点从来就没有动摇过。有一次另一家以奥斯汀为基地的叫CompuAdd的PC制造商报道它的年收入超过了戴尔,大家开始说,'我们必须向CompuAdd进攻了'.但迈克尔让我们专注于康柏和IBM,因为这才是要做的事。现在CompuAdd已经消失了。”
Everybody calls him Michael.Everybody.每个人都称呼他迈克尔。每个人。
While Dell was always focused on the bigger companies,it took a while for Compaq and IBM to notice Dell.“In 1989,Michael's company was growing from PC's Limited to Dell Computer,” recalls Patrick Dryden,who was then a reporter and is now an analyst for the Giga Information Group.“I interviewed Rod Canion,one of the Compaq founders,about growth plans and targets; at that time,Compaq still had its sights set on surpassing IBM,and it was considered a very ambitious goal.What about Dell Computer and its early success with the direct-sale model? Canion sneered and referred to PC's Limited as a novelty that wouldn't last.Later,I recounted the episode to Michael.He was hurt,genuinely pained to be dismissed in such an offhand way by someone he respected as a competitor.Not long after that,Dell Computer pointedly attacked Compaq in ads that depicted an empty-headed sales guy in a chain store.”
虽然戴尔总是集中注意力于大公司,但过了一段时间后康柏和IBM才开始注意戴尔。“1989年,迈克尔的公司正在从PC's Limited成长为戴尔计算机公司。”当时是一名记者,现在是技嘉信息集团分析员的Patrick Dryden回忆,“我采访了康柏的创始人之一Rod Canion有关增长计划和目标的情况;当时,康柏仍然把视线集中在超越IBM,这被认为是一个非常有野心的目标。对戴尔计算机和它的直接销售模式的早期成功你有什么看法?Canion对此很不屑一顾,他称PC's Limited是一个小玩意,不会持续太久。后来,我向迈克尔叙述了这段情节。他觉得受到了伤害,为被他尊为对手的人以这种唐突的方式奚落他而感到痛苦。不久以后,戴尔计算机在广告中描写了一个在连锁店里的没有头脑的销售员,用此来尖锐地攻击康柏。”
Don't offend a 24-year-old CEO with a large ad budget.While Compaq is still the PC sales leader,Dell is a close second in the U.S.and actually beats Compaq in corporate desktop-PC sales.And Rod Canion is long gone.不能用一大笔广告预算冒犯一个24岁的CEO.虽然康柏仍然是PC销售的老大,但是戴尔在美国非常接近地排在第二位,而实际上在公司的台式机销售上已经击败了康柏。而Rod Canion已经离开很久了。
Not even the savviest twentysomething CEO knows everything,so Dell imported over the years a variety of older experts from other companies.It was a cheaper alternative to Compaq's tendency to grow by acquisition.Dell just bought the people,sometimes discarding them when he had learned what they had to teach.This was the case when Dell recruited Graham Beachum,an experienced executive from IBM and Tandy.Beachum arrived in the year prior to Dell's initial public offering,bringing with him a number of experienced associates just in time to bulk up(and make older)Dell's executive ranks for the IPO.Two years after the IPO,Beachum and his people were gone.即便是最精明的二十多岁的CEO也不会知道所有的事情,因此这些年戴尔从其它公司吸收了许多老专家。这相对康柏通过收购而增长的倾向是一种更廉价的替代方案。戴尔只接受人,往往当他已经学会他们所教的之后解雇他们。例如戴尔从IBM吸收了Graham Beachum,他是一位有经验的管理人员,Tandy Beachum也在戴尔开始上市前一年就来了,并带来了许多有经验的同事,及时地壮大了(并且增大了年龄)戴尔的IPO(开始上市)管理队伍。在IPO两年后,Beachum和他的手下都离开了。
Dell,the company,has faltered only when it has veered from the purest form of its direct model.There was a flirtation with retail sales when Dell
machines were sold in Staples stores and some others.But building speculative retail inventories and then having to share profit with the retailer wasn't to Dell's taste,and the relationships ended.戴尔公司只有在它从最单纯的直接销售模式进行改动时才有点动摇。当戴尔计算机在Staples和其它商店被销售时感觉这是对零售的一种挑逗。但是建造有风险的零售库存,然后和零售商分享利润不对戴尔的胃口,于是这种关系结束了。
Dell's reluctance to hold inventory was briefly overridden in 1989,when the company bought millions of extra memory chips in an attempt to stay ahead of an expected shortage.It is a mistake to speculatively buy commodity products like memory chips that typically go down,not up,in price.Dell gambled and lost.Worse still,the industry was in transition from 256-kilobit chips to 1-megabyte chips,leaving Dell with too many of the older chips.在1989年,戴尔对保持库存的厌恶遭受了重大打击。当时公司购买了数以百万计的外加存储器芯片,试图在预计的供应不足时能够有一定的存货。投机性地购买商品,例如存储器芯片之类价格有下降趋势、而不是上升趋势的产品是一个错误。戴尔赌了一把但失败了。更糟糕的是,工业正在从256K的芯片向 1M芯片转型,留给戴尔的是过多的旧芯片。
One more goof: After raising $30 million in the 1988 IPO,Dell blew at least $10 million in 1989 trying to technologically leapfrog IBM and Compaq with a super-advanced computer code-named Olympic.This was a violation of the direct model,in that Dell would have been trying to tell its customers what to buy——that is,if the project had even made it that far.Olympic produced a few custom chips and a writeoff for Dell before it was declared a failure and canceled.另一个失败:在1988年IPO中获利三千万美元后,1989年,戴尔努力以超级先进的命
名为Olympic的计算机在技术上超越IBM和康柏,他花费了至少一千万美元。这违背了直接销售模式,戴尔想要告诉消费者该买什么-即,如果这项计划曾经如此设计。在宣布Olympic是一个失败并最终取消之前,已生产了一些戴尔的定制芯片和报废产品。
Since then,the company has made mistakes,sure——the design of its notebook computers got so off track at one point that Dell canceled most of the line,leading to the company's only quarterly loss,in 1993.But Dell quickly recovered by again hiring a top gun from outside,this time raiding the group that designed Apple's PowerBooks.从那时起,公司曾犯下了某些错误,这是事实-笔记本电脑的设计在某点上脱离了常轨,使得戴尔取消了大多数生产线,导致了公司在1993年一个季度的损失。但是戴尔很快就恢复了元气,再次从外界雇用了最优秀的工程师,这次对设计Apple 公司的PowerBook(强力笔记本电脑)的设计组实施了强有力的打击。
In the 1990s,the bywords for Dell have been “international expansion” and “increased economies of scale.” In the U.K.and Japanese markets,Dell has caused the same ripples among established manufacturers and had the same quick success as at home.The direct model seems to work everywhere.Even the mighty Compaq is emulating Dell by building some machines to order.IBM is trying to share Dell's success by becoming a major component supplier to the company.Japanese manufacturers are looking to Dell for tips on how to build PCs.在20世纪90年代,戴尔的绰号曾经是“互联网膨胀”和“增长的规模经济”。在英国和日本市场上,戴尔曾在公认的制造商中掀起了相同的波澜,并且获得了和在美国一样的快速成功。直接销售模式看来在各处都起作用。即使是康柏这样的大公司也在模仿戴尔建立起某种订购机制。IBM正在努力通过成为戴尔公司的主要零件供应商来分享戴尔的成功果实。日本制造商在怎样建立PCs的技巧方面也向戴尔看齐。
And Dell owns the Internet——it has by far the biggest presence as a direct online seller of PCs.Dell was selling $1 million per day over the Net in 1996,when some PC makers were still trying to get basic Web sites up and running.By 1998,Dell's online sales were $14 million per day,and the company had increasing sales and profits during a year that was flat or slightly worse for most of Dell's competitors.戴尔也拥有互联网-作为PC直接在线销售商来说,它拥有最大的现场市场。1996年,戴尔每天在网上的销售额达一百万美元,而在这时,一些PC 制造商仍在努力建立站点和刚刚开始运营。到1998年为止,戴尔的网上销售额达到每天一千四百万美元,在这一年中,公司的销售额和利润持续增长,但戴尔的大多数竞争者的销售额要么保持水平,要么轻度下滑。
Somewhere along the way,Michael Dell turned big rich——about $13 billion worth of rich.The guy who didn't think the company could afford a corporate jet was suddenly putting $1 billion into a private high-tech venture fund called MSD Capital.The kid who started a company in his dorm room was building a $22 million estate on a hilltop outside Austin.True,it's not as expensive as Bill Gates's $60 million digs,but around Austin it takes a major effort at conspicuous consumption to spend even $22 million.在他的人生路程中的某处,迈克尔·戴尔变成了富翁-他的财产大概有130亿美元。戴尔曾认为公司无法担负得起一架喷气式飞机的费用,但他突然对一个私人的高技术风险基金投资了10亿美元,称作MSD资金。这个在宿舍里开始经营公司的小伙子对奥斯汀市外山顶上的地产投资了二千二百万美元来建造房屋。事实上,虽然这并不象比尔·盖茨价值六千
万美元的寓所那么昂贵,但在奥斯汀附近,将近二千二百万美元的大笔花费确实需要人下定很大的决心。
Dell wrote a management book(Direct from Dell)with Andy Grove's co-author,then went on a book tour.This was the same guy who turned down an appearance on my PBS-TV miniseries Triumph of the Nerds because his PR people claimed he was “too shy.”
戴尔和合著者安迪·格罗夫写了一本管理书籍(由戴尔直接编写),然后就进行了一场巡回售书活动。因为他的PR人声称他实在“太怕羞了。”,而这个人就曾在我的PBS-TV电视连续短剧-小人物的胜利-中扮演过某个角色。
“For all the money,Michael really hasn't changed at all,” claims a longtime Dell employee.“He's still trying to think of new ways to make the business run even better.Our new Gigabuys section on the Web site,which sells software and accessories not made by Dell,is an example of just that.Michael was knocking around on the Web site in the middle of the night and found there were things he wanted to buy but couldn't.Now we have Gigabuys.”
“对于钱,迈克尔从未改变过什么看法,”一个戴尔的长期雇员声称。“他一直努力尝试使企业更好运营的新途径。我们有关网站的新Gigabuys 部门销售并非由戴尔制造的软件和附件,这就是一个好例子。迈克尔以前常在半夜访问各个站点,并发现那里有许多他想买但买不到的东西。但是现在,我们有了 Gigabuys.”
Among Dell executives,this is a good example of what's called “Michaelmanaging”——Michael Dell's fascination with the minute details of running his business.For 15 years he has set a work ethic for the company and
demanded that the rest of the company meet it.Those who don't are asked to leave.Those who do may eventually join the “Dellionaires”——fully vested employees,often in their 30s,often early retirees.Austin is filled with Dellionaires,though the biggest of them all——Dell himself——has no plans to retire.Like Bill Gates and unlike almost everyone else in the industry,Dell really likes what he does for a living.And at 34,with a greater net worth than Gates had at the same age,Dell looks to be a force for decades to come.在戴尔的经理之中,有一个有关何被称作“Michaelmanaged”的好例证-迈克尔·戴尔对他公司运营中的一些琐碎事件非常感兴趣。15 年来,他为公司建立起一整套工作守则,并要求公司的所有其余人员都必须遵守。那些没有被要求离开,那些最终参?quot;Dellionaires“的人-已得到完全任命的雇员,大多数在30岁左右,经常是早早退休的人员。奥斯汀有很多”Dellionaires“,虽然他们当中的绝大部分-包括戴尔自己-并没有退休的计划。和比尔·盖茨相似,但与这个行业中的其它人不同的是,戴尔真正喜欢他为谋生所做的工作。在34岁时,戴尔就获得了比盖茨在同样的年龄所拥有的更大的网络价值,看上去他将成为未来的几十年中的中坚力量。
I,too,have been Michaelmanaged.He called me once,furious at a story I had written.“Next time check your facts!” Dell ordered.我也曾经是Michaelmanaged.有一次他打电话给我,他对我曾经写过的一个故事感到非常愤怒。“下次先查清楚事实!”戴尔命令到。
“Who can I check with who will get back to me in enough time?”
“我能和谁商量?谁会在足够的时间内回到我的身边?”
“Check with me,” said the billionaire,who sometimes has trouble delegating.“I'll get right back to you.” And he always has.“和我商量一下,”有时会遇到困难的亿万富翁说道,“我会立即回到你身边的”。
But Dell seems to take orders as well as give them,sometimes acting as the closer on major sales.“I talked to a salesperson today,” said a Dell sales executive.“He got Michael in to meet a customer to close a medium-sized bid.Michael sat at the table over lunch with the customer and was just enthusiastic——passionate even——about his company and products.The salesperson was amazed at Michael's incredible knowledge of products,even down to known glitches in hardware.We won the sale,against Compaq.”
但是看上去戴尔象发出命令一样地遵守命令,有时他会担当主要销售业务的仲裁人(closer)。“我今天和一个销售员聊了一会儿?quot;戴尔的一个销售经理说道,”他请迈克尔会见一个顾客以确定一份中等大小的订货单。迈克尔和顾客一起坐在午餐桌旁,提到他的公司和产品他有些热情-甚至有些激动。售货员对迈克尔对产品不可思议的广阔知识范围感到万分惊奇,戴尔甚至了解硬件的一些低频干扰信号。我们击败了康柏,得到了订单。“
The only problem with this image of corporate bliss is that it is so bland.Dell the corporate titan is also Dell the love-struck husband and father of four.“What you see is what you get with Michael,” says an early Dell employee.“There are no surprises.”
公司幸福形象仅有的问题是它太温和了。戴尔是公司的巨人,而戴尔也是充满爱心的丈夫和四个孩子的父亲。“你所看到的就是你从戴尔身上所能得到的,”一个戴尔公司以前的雇员说道。“没有什么令人感到惊奇的。”
And it's true.The most controversy a reporter can dig up on Michael Dell is a property-tax dispute that doesn't deserve press past the Austin city limits.这是事实。一个记者可在迈克尔身上挖掘出的最大争论是财产税的争议,但这并不值得新闻界加以注意,因为其并未超过奥斯汀市的限制。
“No one has a bad word to say about the guy,” says a recent Dell hire.“In fact,they think he's just a regular guy who has built a great business that most people really love working in.”
“没有一个人说过这个家伙的坏话,”一个戴尔新雇员说道,“实际上,他们认为他仅是一个普通人,他创建了一个大多数人都真正喜欢在其中工作的成功的企业。”
The ultimate test,of course,is jokes.Visit Microsoft and ask about Bill Gates jokes.Visit Intel for jokes about Andy Grove.Drop by Oracle for Larry Ellison jokes.Even Compaq has the odd Eckhard Pfeiffer joke.There are no Michael Dell jokes,none.当然,极限试验仅是一个玩笑。走访一下微软可听说有关比尔·盖茨的笑话。去一下英特尔可打听到关于安迪·格罗夫的笑话。顺便走访奥雷克尔就可听说有关拉里·埃利斯的笑话。即使是康柏也有关于古怪的埃克哈德·帕非佛的笑话。但是却从没有听说过迈克尔·戴尔的笑话,从未有过。
This can hurt in the publicity department.Charismatic leaders are supposed to have rough edges.The Dell story is so compelling that several years ago a movie was planned starring actor John Cusack as Michael.But they couldn't come up with a good script——not enough conflict.He must have been too busy making money.这可使宣传部门受损。人们认为有魅力的领导者都不修边幅。戴尔的历史是如此引人注目,使得在几年前曾计划推出一部由著名影星John Cusack饰演迈克尔的电影。但是他们无法创作出一个好的剧本-没有足够的剧情冲突。迈克尔一直只是忙于挣钱