美国文学史作者的写作特点

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第一篇:美国文学史作者的写作特点

1、Benjamin Franklin本杰明〃富兰克林(1706-1790)he is the only good American author before the Revolutionary War and he is the only one in the colonial period.写作特点:1.叙事清楚简洁 2.富有哲理和睿智

3.文字质朴幽默

4.易于读者接受。

Thomas Paine 托马斯〃佩因(1737-1809)英国人民将他视为“最受爱戴”的“政论家”,他的书“被看作穷人的圣经”。拿破仑称他为“共和国的火炬,一切传奇中最伟大的人物”。

写作特点:支持独立宣言,语言精炼,层次分明,结构严密,逻辑性强,抒情和说理有机结合

Thomas Jefferson 托马斯〃杰弗逊(1743-1826)

主张:主张追求幸福,人人生而平等,包括生命权、自由权和追求幸福的权利

4.Philip Freneau 菲利普〃费瑞诺(1752-1832)Father of American Poetry" 美国诗歌之父,政治方面的新闻记者

写作特点: the poems of Freneau fall mainly into two categories, one of description of nature, and one of expression of his political ideas.备注:菲利普〃弗瑞诺作为一个自然诗人,在时间上介于布拉兹特里特和布莱恩特之间;作为一个哥特式作家,介于威格斯沃斯和爱伦〃坡之间;作为一个原始主义者,介于莫顿和库珀之间。

5.Washington Irving华盛顿.欧文(1783-1859)the father of American literature the first great belletrist 第一个纯文学作家,美国第一位浪漫主义散文文体作家,重振了没落的哥特式浪漫主义小说。

写作特点:1.Humorous: the function of his writing is to amuse, to entertain instead of teaching or instruction

2.Vivid and true character portrayal

3.Finished(refined)and musical language, thus regarded as “the Amn.Goldsmith”.James Fennimore Cooper 詹姆斯.芬尼莫.库珀(1789-1851)长篇小说之父,开创了边疆传奇小说和海上传奇小说。

写作特点:1.Strong points: we can see a variety of incidents and tensions, complicated plot and structure and a beautiful description of nature.2.Weak points: characterization is weak.There is unsatisfactory description of characters(esp.female).He is not free from syntactical awkwardness, heavy-handed attempt at humor.“Where Irving excels Cooper is weak.” Dialect is not authentic.7.William Cullen Bryant 威廉.卡伦.布莱恩特(1794-1878)a poet of nature,“American Wordsworth”,第一个获得美国主要诗人称号的作家。特点:

His works demonstrate some British influence and American characteristics.He was good at using blank verse.无韵诗体

He possessed a simple dignity and an impeccable, restrained style.8.Edgar Allan Poe 埃德加.阿伦.坡(1809-1849)father of detective novel短篇小说之父

特点:1.Brevity

2.Single effect 3.Originality in theme

Ralph Waldo Emersion 拉尔夫.沃尔多.爱默生(1803-1882)美国的孔子、美国文明之父,验主义引入新英格兰的先驱。

特点:1.tendency to restate 2.varied illustrations 3.epigrammatic quality(警句式风格)10.Henry David Thoreau 亨利.戴维.梭罗(1817-1862)19世纪美国杰出的思想家和文学家

特点:1.文章简洁洗练,纯朴自然,富有浓厚的生活气息 2.意象主要选自神话和祭礼,偏爱古代神灵,东方英雄,希腊、罗马和斯堪迪纳维亚的文化。

Nathaniel Hawthorne 纳萨尼尔.霍桑(1804-1864)a great novelist,心理小说的开创者

特点:1.Unique gift was for the creation of strongly symbolic stories which touch the deepest roots of man’s moral nature.独特才能主要表现在他能够通过一些极具象征意义的故事来触摸人类灵魂深处的道德品质。

2.His ability to create vivid and symbolic images that embody great moral questions appears strongly in his short stories.短篇小说里,通过活生生、极具有象征意义的想象来体现人类社会的一些重大道德问题。

3.to make a story exist in its own right but at the same time appear as a moral symbol.杰出之处在于他能把一个故事安放在自己设置的正义标准之中来讲述,他书中的正义标准成为当时人们的道德参考。

12.Herman Melville 赫尔曼.麦尔维尔(1819-1891)novelist and poet

13.Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 亨利.沃兹沃思.朗费罗(1807-82)1.1st American poet who has his bust put in Poet’s Corner in Westminster Abbey.2.The most popular poet in the 19th century 3.A schoolroom poet(academic)

特点:The gentleness, sweetness, and purity

第二篇:美国文学史名词解释

It were flourishing from the beginning of 17th to the middle period of 18th.They stressed predestination, original sin, total depravity, and limited atonement from God‟s grace.They went to America to prove that they were God‟s chosen people who would enjoy God‟s blessings on earth and in Heaven.Finally, they built a way of life that stressed hard work, thrift, piety, and sobriety.Both doctrinaire and an opportunist.Its Influence on literary were as follows:(影响)(1)American Literature is based on a myth------the Biblical myth of the Garden of Eden.(2)The American Puritan‟s metaphorical made of perception----symbolism.The representatives were Edwards(The Freedom of the Will), Franklin(On the Art of Self-improvement), Crevecoeur(Letters from an American Farmer).代表作家及代表作:Captain John SmithTrue Relation of Virginia(1608)

Anne Bradstreet“To My Dear and Loving Husband”

Benjamin Franklin:The Autobiography of Benjamin FranklinRomanticism was a complex artistic, literary and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Europe, and gained strength in reaction to the Industrial Revolution.Elements of Romanticism

1.Frontier: vast expanse, freedom, no geographic limitations.2.Optimism: greater than in Europe because of the presence of frontier.不要这么多,我就删掉了3、4、5条。。

Romantic Attitude

1.Appeals to imagination;use of the “willing suspension of disbelief.”

2.Stress on emotion rather than reason;optimism, geniality.3.Subjectivity: in form and meaning.Characteristics of Romanticism:

a.Romanticism was a rebellion against the objectivity of rationalism.(subjectivity)

b.For romantics, the feelings, intuitions and emotions were more important than reason and common sense.c.They emphasized individualism, placing the individual against the group, against authority.d.The affirmed the inner life of the self, and wanted to be free to develop and express his own inner thoughts.e.Typical literary forms of romanticism include ballad, lyric, sentimental comedy, problem novel, historical novel ,gothic romance, metrical romance, sonnet.Representatives:

• New England Poets: William Cullen Bryant;Henry Wadsworth Longfellow;

• Writers: James Fenimaore Cooper, Washington Irving“The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Grayon”

• 浪漫主义的影响: The romantic exaltation of the individual suited the nation‟s revolutionary heritage and its

frontier egalitarianism.As a philosophical and literary movement, transcendentalism flourished in New England from 1830s to the Civil War.Its doctrines found their greatest literary advocates in Emerson who published „Nature‟ in 1836 which represented a new way of intellectual thinking in America and presented„The Universe is composed of Nature and the Soul, Spirit is present everywhere.‟ and romantic idealism on Puritan soil as well as Thoreau.Emerson‟s Nature has been called the “Manifesto of American Transcendentalism”.As a philosophy, transcendentalism was neither logical nor systematical.It exalted feeling over reason, individual expression over the restraints of law and custom.Yet transcendentalism was a powerful expression of the intellectual mood of the age.What is Transcendentalism?

In the realm of art and literature it meant the shattering of pseudo-classic rules and forms in favor of a spirit of freedom, the creation of works filled with the new passion for nature and common humanity and incarnating a fresh sense of the wonder, promise, and romance of life.Major Concepts(main ideas)

1, „transcend ere‟: to rise above, to pass beyond the limits

2, Believe people could learn things both from the outside world by means of the 5 senses and from the inner world by intuition.3, It placed spirit first and matter second

4, It took nature as symbolic of spirit or God.5, It emphasized the significance of the individual

6, Religion was an emotional communication between an individual soul and the universal „oversoul‟.Major writers and Literary Works

Ralph Waldo Emerson(1803----1882)Self-Reliance

Henry David Thoreau(1817----1862)Walden

超验主义的影响:it could exercise a healthy and restorative influence on the human mind.The natural implication that things in nature tended to become symbolic, and the physical world was a symbol of the spiritual.This in turn added to the1

tradition of literary symbolism in American literature.the ideas it represented have remained a strong influence on great American writers from the days of Hawthorne and Whitman to the present.——latter half of the nineteenth century

American Realism: In American literature, the Civil War brought the Romantic Period to an end.The Age of Realism came into existence.It came as a reaction against the lie of romanticism and sentimentalism.Realism turned from an emphasis on the strange toward a faithful rendering of the ordinary, a slice of life as it is really lived.It expresses the concern for commonplace and the low, and it offers an objective rather than an idealistic view of human nature and human experience.Major Features:

1)Realism is the theory of writing in which familiar aspects of contemporary life and everyday scenes are represented in a straightforward or mother-of-fact manner.2)Open ending(means real life is complex and cannot be fully understood)

3)Focuses on the lives of the common people

4)Emphasize objectivity

Representatives:

Howells, Henry James

代表作:William Dean HowellsThe Rise of Silas Lapham

Henry James“The American”、“Daisy Miller”、“ in the Portrait of a Lady”

现实主义影响:Realism was a reaction against Romanticism and paved the way to Modernism。

thlocal colorism is a type of writing that was popular in the late 19(1860s—1870s).Local Color Fiction:

Local colorism as a trend became dominant in American literature in the late 1860s and early 1870.The frontier humorists who had been popular with their “tall tales” before the Civil War paved the way for local color fiction.Basic Features

Local color fiction presents a locale which is distinguished form the outside world.Local color fiction describes the exotic and the picturesque.It describes things that are not common in other regions.Local color fiction also attempts to show things as they as they are.Local color fiction glorifies the past.(nostalgic about the past)

Local color fiction stresses the influence of setting on character.Masters:

Mark Twain(笔名)

Samuel Langhorne Clemens

The Adventures of Tom Sawyer

The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn

6.American naturalism

American naturalism was a new and harsher realism, and like realism, it had come from Europe.Naturalism was an outgrowth of realism that responded to theories in science, psychology, human behavior and social thought current in the late nineteenth century.Background:

In the last decade of the nineteenth century, with the development of industry and modern science, intelligent minds began to see that man was no longer a free ethical being in a cold, indifferent and essentially Godless universe.In this chance world he was both helpless and hopeless.Major Features:

Humans are controlled by laws of heredity and environment

The universe is cold, godless, indifferent and hostile to human desires.Representatives:

The pessimism and deterministic ideas of naturalism pervaded the works of such American writers as Stephen Crane,Crane‟s is the first American naturalism work.Norris‟s McTeague is the manifesto of American naturalism.Dreiser‟s is the work in which naturalism attained maturity.These writers‟ detailed description of the lives of the downtrodden and the abnormal, their frank threatment of human passion and sexuality, and their portrayal of men and women overwhelmed by blind forces of nature still exert a powerful influence on modern writers.Influence:

Although naturalist literature described the world with sometimes brutal realism, it sometimes also aimed at bettering the world through social reform.This combination of grim reality and desire for improvements is typical of America as it moved into the twentieth century.A poetic movement of England and the U.S.that flourished from 1909 to 1917.The movement insists on the creation of images in poetry by “the direct treatment of the thing” and the economy of wording.“poetic techniques to record exactly the momentary impressions”

Major features:

---it was one of the most essential technique of writing poetry in modern period.---with a spirit of revolt against conventions, imagism was anti—romantic and anti-victorian

---In a sense, imagism was equivalent to naturalism in fiction

---it produced free verse without imposing a rhythmical pattern.---Imagism tried to record objective observations of an object or a situation without interpretation or comment by the poet.---it produced free verse without imposing a rhythmical pattern.---Imagism tried to record objective observations of an object or a situation without interpretation or comment by the poet.The most outstanding figures:

Ezra Pound Amy Lowell Hilda Doolittle

The form of free verse(Ezra Loomis Pound)

影响:.its influence

1)the imagist theories call for brief language, describing the precise picture in as few words as possible.This new way of poetry composition has a lasting influence in the 20th century poetry.2)the second lasting influence of Imagism is the form of free verse.There are no metrical rules.There are apparent indiscriminate line breaks, which reflects the discontinuity of life itself.That is art of the poem.The poet uses the length of the lines and the strange groupings of words to show how life itself can be broken up into somehow meaningless clustersFree verse was originated by a group of French poets of the late 19th century.Poetry that is based on the irregular rhythmic cadence(韵律)of the recurrence, with variations, of phrases, images, and syntactical(依照句法的)patterns rather than the conventional use of meter(音步).Rhyme may or may not be present in it, but when it is , it is used with great freedom.Their purpose was to free themselves from the restrictions of formal metrical patterns and to recreate instead the free rhymes of nature period.Walt Whitman„s leaves of grass is perhaps the most notable example.thIt has since been used Ezra Pound, T.S.Eliot and other major American poets of the 20 century.Walt Whiteman‟s Leaves of Grass is, perhaps , the most notable example.9.The Lost Generation is a group of expatriate American writers residing primarily in Paris during the 1920s and 1930s.The group was given its name by the American writer Gertrude Stein, who used “a lost generation” to refer to expatriate Americans bitter about their World War I experiences and disillusioned with American society.Hemingway later used the phrase as an epigraph for his novel The Sun Also Rises.It consisted of many influential American writers, including Ernest Hemingway, F.Scott Fitzgerald, William Carlos Williams and Archibald MacLeish.The lost generation is a term first used by Stein to describe the post-war I generation of American writers: men and women haunted by a sense of betrayal and emptiness brought about by the destructiveness of the war.2>full of youthful idealism, these individuals sought the meaning of life, drank excessively, had love affairs and created some of the finest American literature to date.3>the three best-known representatives of lost generation are F.Scott Fitzgerald, Hemingway and John dos Passos.10.The Hemingway hero is an average man of decidedly masculine tastes, sensitive and intelligent, a man of action, and one of few words.That is an individualist keeping emotions under control, stoic and self-disciplined in a dreadful place.These people are usually spiritual strong, people of certain skills, and most of them encounter death many times.The heroes in his book are all have something in common which Hemingway values: they have seen the cold world and for one cause or another, they boldly and courageously face the reality;whatever the result is, they are ready to live with grace under pressure.The Hemingway code hero has an indestructible spirit for his optimistic view of life, though he is pessimistic that is Hemingway.Ernest Hemingway‟s “iceberg theory” suggests that the writer include in the text only a small portion of what he knows, leaving about ninety percent of the content a mystery that grows beneath the surface of the writing.If a writer of prose knows enough about what he is writing about he may omit things that will have a feeling of those things as strongly as though the writer had stated them.The dignity of movement of an iceberg is due to only one-eighth of it being above water.A good writer does not need to reveal every detail of a character or action

The Jazz Age describes the period of the 1920s and 1930s, the years between World War I and World War II.Particularly in North America.With the rise of the great depression, the values of this age saw much decline.Perhapsthe most representative literary work of the age is American writer Fitzgerald‟s The Great Gatsby.Highlighting what some describe as the decadence and hedonism, as well as the growth of individualism.Fitzgerald is largely credited with coining the term” Jazz Age”.

第三篇:美国文学史梗概

美国文学史梗概

一、殖民地时代和美国建国初期

最早来自这片新大陆的欧洲移民主要是定居在新英格兰的清教徒和马萨诸塞的罗马天主教徒,二者虽然在教义上有很多不同之处,但他们都信奉加尔文主义:人生在世只是为了受苦受难,而他们唯一的希望是争做上帝的“选民”,死后进天国,相信“原罪”。这时的文学作品也主要反映了这些思想,和欧洲文学一脉相承。

代表作家:考顿·马瑟,乔纳森·爱德华兹,安妮·布拉兹特里特,爱德华·泰勒。

二、18世纪独立战争胜利后,美国经济社会进入稳步发展时期

这一时期是启蒙主义文学运动的时期,主要文学指导思想是“自然神论(”Deism),强调理性,认为“宇宙的运动始于上帝”;自然万物是“神的体现”,人生在世,不再是受苦受难以换取来世的新生,而是要消灭种族、性别和信仰的不平等,建立自己的“人间乐园”。

主要特点:作家多是美国独立战争的积极拥护者和参加者;文学指导思想除了自然神论之外还有“唯理主义”和“新古典主义”,18世纪末还开始萌发了“早期浪漫主义”;文学种类主要有历史、日记和政论,也有诗歌,讽刺小品和劝人向善的故事,18世纪末还产生了话剧。

启蒙运动中出现大量优秀的散文作品,并多出自开国元勋之手,如本杰明·富兰克林,托马斯·潘恩,以及托马斯·杰斐逊。

三、19世纪南北战争时期

这一时期的文学先后发展了浪漫主义,现实主义和自然主义。

浪漫主义:18世纪70年代-19世纪30年代是浪漫主义发展的初期,南北战争前30年(1830-1860)为极盛时期,南北战争后10年逐渐衰微并向现实主义过度。浪漫主义注重“想象”、“激情”和“个性解放”,认为人本质是善良的,铲除邪恶和拯救人类的手段是抛弃一切传统束缚,摧毁一切陈规陋习而回归到“自然的原始状态中去。超验主义是其一分支,强调“天人合一”,认为上帝、人类和自然都是“超灵”的组成部分。

代表作家及作品:爱默生《自然》,索罗《瓦尔登湖》,霍桑《红字》,麦尔维尔《白鲸》,惠特曼《草叶集》。

现实主义:是美国政治、经济发展的必然产物,西部开拓运动、工业化、科学技术的进步都促进了其发展。现实主义的作家一般为实用主义和民主主义的信徒,他们追求和反映的是具有显而易见效果并被经验证实了的相对真理,他们创作题

材的是普通人平常事,是中产阶级艺术的最高表现。

豪威尔斯是现实主义的奠基人,他发现了马克·吐温,鼓励和帮助了亨利·詹姆斯,影响了自然主义作家弗兰·克诺里斯和斯蒂芬·克莱恩。

自然主义:是现实主义的发展和继续,是现实主义与19世纪科学所强调的“分析法”和“因果律”互相结合的产物,有时被称为“悲观的现实主义”,认为人是一种软弱无能的动物,被置于机械化的世界汇总而成为这一世界中难以驾御的几种势力(包括环境、自然、遗传等)的牺牲品

其里程碑是:19世纪70、80年代左拉的小说的出版,90年代克莱恩的《红色英勇徽章》,1900年德莱塞《嘉莉妹妹》,1912年《金融家》,1925年《美国的悲剧》。

四、20世纪美国文学经历了两次世界大战,跨越了三个时代

a)斯文时代(1880-1914,The Genteel Age):这是一个跨世纪的,美国经济繁荣的时代。此时的美国文学与欧洲文学之间有着某种暧昧关系,本质上是欧洲式的和美国的小欧洲新英格兰式的。此时以西奥多·罗斯福为代表的民族主义在文学上有着强烈的反映,人们还念念不忘美国与欧洲的文化联系与差异。

b)爵士时代(1918-1929, The Jazz Age):一战后,产生了一代不受约束,幻想破灭了和玩世不恭的年青人,被格特鲁德·斯坦因称为“迷惘的一代”。

c)经济萧条时代(1929-1941,The Depression Era):20年代的玩世不恭的态度在此时转化为一种愤愤不平的悲观主义,30年代美国文学转向了“社会抗议文学”,“心理之学”和追求人的精神世界。

美国文学先后经历了现代主义,和后现代主义思潮:

现代主义:一战后到50年代,是一场自觉地反传统的文学艺术运动,表现无意识的荒谬心态,如斯坦因,乔伊斯的小说,运用意识流的手法,如福克纳的《喧哗与骚动》和《我弥留之际》;在组织构架上偏爱用神话,如艾略特的《荒原》,庞德的《诗章》,乔伊斯的《尤利西斯》;风格上以“意象”为主,语言上主张简洁、准确;题材上主要反映一战参与者的生活、思想、感情和前途命运,如多斯珀索斯的《三个士兵》,海明威的《太阳照样升起》,《永别了,武器》,描写了精神崩溃与幻想破灭的一代人。

邪恶是这是文学的主要题材之一,艾略特、弗罗斯特、奥尼尔、卡明斯、埃利森的作品中都有体现。

后现代主义:在二战后,纳粹极权主义大屠杀、原子弹、自然环境的破坏、世界人口过剩和饥荒造成西方人的精神摧残与危机,作家继续进行现代主义反传统的文艺实验,而且企图与当时业已形成规范的现代主义文艺形式决裂。后现代主义

主张否定社会秩序,表现支离破碎的世界,认为文艺批评就是现象学形式的理论。此时,美国黑人文学,犹太文学,南方文学,反战文学和女权主义文学竞相发展。

小说家托马斯·品钦,诗人西尔维亚·普莱斯,戏剧家艾玛穆·阿米里·巴拉卡为典型的后现代主义作家。

索尔·贝娄,艾伦·金斯伯格,拉尔夫·埃里森,田纳西·威廉斯,阿瑟·密勒和爱德华·阿尔比是从现代主义向后现代主义过渡的著名作家。

20世纪美国文学的两个特征:

1.现代主义作家一般是反对传统观念而提倡“个人主义”的或者说他们打破了美国社会、道德和文学的常规。

2.现代作家潜心探索一种真正属于美国人民的写作手法和语言风格,他们试图以纯美国的方式进行创作。

第四篇:美国文学史论文

以《乞力马扎罗山的雪》为例浅谈海明威作品的悲观主义

2009级英语专业 黄娜

从《老人与海》,《太阳照样升起》,《永别了,武器》到《丧钟为谁而鸣》,我都能隐隐约约的感觉到海明威在作品中透露出的悲观。

在帮助海明威获得罗贝尔文学奖的《老人与海》中,海明威极力地把圣地亚哥塑造成一个百折不挠、坚强不屈、敢于面对暴力和死亡的“硬汉子”形象,但是圣地亚哥最终还是没有获得大马哈鱼,仍然是悲剧的。又例如海明威在1940年发表了以西班牙内战为背景的反法西斯主义的长篇小说《丧钟为谁而鸣》。作品描写了主人公美国青年乔顿,他志愿参加西班牙人民的反法西斯斗争,奉命在一支山区游击队的配合下,在指定时间炸毁一座具有战略意义的桥梁。这本来是英雄史诗般的行为,读者大多盼望这样一个伟大的英雄能够高唱凯歌回到祖国,受到英雄般的待遇,人民需要英雄。但是小说的结果又是悲观的。乔顿虽然成功完成了任务,炸毁了桥梁,但他自己也身负重伤,在敌强我弱的情况下阻击敌人,毋庸置疑等待他只有死亡,结局侨顿确实死了。

这样的情节在海明威的作品中很多。但是笔者今天重点谈谈在《乞力马扎罗山的雪》中海明威这种悲观主义。

1.故事中透露着对死亡的悲观。首先声明我是个乐观主义者。虽然小

时候这种价值观的作文,老师一般会发回重写。因为这和歌颂美好的生活的主题严重不搭调。为什么说故事透露出对死亡的悲观呢?这部《乞力马扎罗的雪》是海明威晚年的一部短篇小说。故事大致上是对于一个临死前的人的精彩描述。主要讲述一个作家哈里去非洲狩猎,途中汽车抛锚,皮肤被刺划破,染上坏疽病。他和他的妻子在等待一架飞机来把他送到医院治疗。故事围绕“死亡”和“即将死亡”来写,但根本的主题是哈里回到过去,从过去走到现在的历程回顾。哈里热爱这个世界,他有很多经历,跟不同女人的经历,以及自己所从事的不同职业的经历,他都想写下来但却没来得及写,他最终没有能达到心中的目标,死前,他悔恨至极。虽然故事说的是哈里,但是可以看出也体现了作者真实情况的反应。他和故事主人公有很多相似之处。例如都是作家,都经历了不同的女人,也都是喜爱狩猎,敢于冒险。但是在面对死亡的时候都充满了恐惧。道出了所有人与生俱来的害怕死亡的事实。

2.文章开始就体现了对生活的悲观。生活本来可以很美好的。可是《乞力马扎罗的雪》一开篇就把猎队的所有人送入到绝境,小说的主人公哈里的坏疽危及生命,烦躁不安的他认为自己就要死了,而且是由于一点点的小小的疏忽酿成此悲剧。他觉得这样悄无声息的,毫无价值的死太冤了。这种故事情节的设计固然增加了故事的可看性,但是把生活描述太过于坎坷和悲剧。

3.对人的描写过于悲观和狭隘。人本来是伟大的,我喜欢正面描写的人,堂堂正正,光明磊落。死而后已的形象。但是在故事中哈里由于害怕死亡,所以他恨不得毁掉一切以换取自己的生存,无法容忍别人还在健康的活着,他不停的找机会和海伦吵架,用各种各样的难听的、攻击性的话去刺激她,把自己遭受的一切不行强加在她的身上,而其实这种内心的愤怒与发泄又都源于内心的对于死的恐惧,死亡的忧惧扰得他五内俱焚。他想以写作掩饰心灵惊颤,想借酒浇灭精神痛苦,想以往日的荣耀抵平今日的失误,其实这些都没有用,只是更加使得自己遭受着百般的折磨,坠入毁灭自己的深渊。不可否认,任何一个垂死的人,都同哈里一样,知道死亡近在咫尺的时候,有着无法抗拒的恐惧和对人世间的留恋。

4.把死亡描写的过于恐惧。恐惧来源于人的内心。虽然我们都知道:无论我们如何抗争,作为生命、希望,只有死亡具有终结一切的意义。但是只要我们活着,能做些有意义的事情,死亡就不可怕。故事中哈里等待死亡一步步逼近的时候,他惧怕的过分敏感,毛骨悚然,不禁让人觉得心疼他,可是死神不管你是否愿意或者是如何挣扎,怎奈恐惧,终将如期降临在哈里的身上。哈里这样去对待死亡是完全没有意义的。

5.反映了海明威的世界观的局限。从全文的思想意义上看,里面的人物都带有一定的悲观主义色彩。主人公哈里,是写作生涯取得一定成就之后在奢靡中迷失自己的人。但作为一个作家的警觉,他意识到了自己的迷失。他企图回到非洲,那个曾经给过他历练的地方,找回自己。但其实他明白,过去的自己,再也找不回了。伤口生坏疽而死不是真正的原因,“哀大莫过于心死”,但好在,死的时候他已清醒认识了自己,认识了人生。

悲观主义也许就是海明威想要表现的思想之一,也是海明威独具风格的艺术形式。若干年以后,以硬汉形象著称的海明威把双筒猎枪塞进自己的嘴里但求一死,也许海明威早在许多年前就借哈里的相同身份体验了美丽而残酷的死亡。并以这样的方式诠释了其悲观主义。

第五篇:《了不起的盖茨比》看作者对美国文学史的影响

《了不起的盖茨比》看作者对美国文学史的影响

摘要:菲兹杰拉德是美国著名作家,他的杰作是“诗人的敏感和戏剧家的想象力的结晶”,他被称誉为“爵士乐时代”最重要的代表人物。本文通过《了不起的盖茨比》来看他在文学史上的影响。

关键词:菲茨杰拉德;爵士乐时代;文学地位;艺术手法;语言艺术

菲兹杰拉德(Scott Fitzgerald, 1896~1940)美国著名编剧,“爵士时代”最重要的代表人。1896 年9 月24 日菲兹杰拉德生于明尼苏达州圣保罗市。他以自己的文学天赋博采众长,形成了他独特的创作风格。在现代美国小说家中独树一帜、别具一格。1920 年菲兹杰拉德出版了长篇小说《人间天堂》,从此出了名,得到批评界的认可而登上美国文坛;1925 年《了不起的盖茨比》的问世,奠定了他在现代美国文学史上的地位,成了20 年代“爵士时代”的发言人和“迷惘的一代”的代表作家之一,并从此确立了菲茨杰拉德在文学史上的地位。

一、精湛的写作技巧

优秀的作品或以情节胜,或以人物胜,或以主题胜,菲兹杰拉德所著则以风格见长,尽管风格离不开情节、人物甚至主题。在二十多年的创作生涯中,菲茨杰拉德发表了《了不起的盖茨比》、《夜色温柔》和《最后一个巨头》等长篇小说,以及一百六十多篇短篇小说。《了不起的盖茨比》是菲茨杰拉德写作生涯的顶点。这部小说人木三分地刻画了财富和成功掩盖下的未被满足的欲望,反映了20 年代“美国梦”的破灭,深刻地揭示了角色性格的矛盾和内心的冲突,同时也淋漓尽致地展现了菲茨杰拉德杰出的才华和写作技巧。《了不起的盖茨比》被誉为当代最出色的美国小说之一,确立了菲茨杰拉德在文学史上的地位。我国的《美国文学史》作者之一董衡巽说,《了不起的盖茨比》在爱情故事后面隐藏着一股哀伤的细流,渗流在字里行间,透露出菲兹杰拉德对于美国梦想的失望。又说,这种又融合又有距离的表现方法,使蕴藏在形象里的思想感情具有多种层次,不同的读者有不同的体会,不同的时代有不同的解释。在《了不起的盖茨比》中,菲茨杰拉德使用了精湛纯熟的艺术手法,充分体现了他极深的写作功底。《大人物盖茨比》中除第一人称叙述之外,还有以间接引语形式表达出来的第三人称叙述,它虽然采用的是第一人称叙述者尼克的声音,但却聚焦于小说中其他的人物,这样就使读者不是通过叙述者尼克而是通过小说中人物的眼光来观察人物,因此对人物的认识会更加深入、更加全面。仿佛书中发生的一切都是尼克的亲身见闻,不加虚饰,令人感到亲切可信。尼克和盖茨比两人从陌生到认识,感情上既有距离,又有融和,富有多种层次的结合和区别,写得脉络清晰,恰到好处。这种把不同的观点巧妙地统一在一部小说中,使作品具有深刻的内涵和严密的结构,取得了意想不到的效果。几乎所有对这部小说感兴趣的评论家都认为,菲茨杰拉德在作品的叙述进程中体现了高超的驾驭能力。若不是他精湛的叙述技巧和独特的谋篇方式,其作品的结构无疑会遭到破坏,主题也必然会受到影响。然而,菲茨杰拉德通过尼克成功地使他的小说获得了颇有难度的结构上的平衡和叙述的灵活性。

他在小说中不仅合理地赋予尼克各种特殊的关系和可贵的信息渠道,而且还巧妙地让他不断徘徊于情景结构和叙述组织之间,使人物间的对话及冲突场面同尼克的多种叙述形式交织一体。毫无疑问,这种创作手法充分体现了作者的实验精神,同时也极大地丰富了现代主义小说的艺术表现力。作为小说的一种叙述方式,它无疑丰富了作品的层次感,并增添了一定的艺术感染力。这正是作者独特的艺术成就。菲茨杰拉德通过全新的叙述视角和严密的结构布局,将“美国梦”的幻灭这一主题思想以完美的艺术形式表现得淋漓尽致,在人们心灵上产生了强烈的震撼。

二、独特的语言艺术

菲茨杰拉德的文风准确、典雅。在《了不起的盖茨比》中,他喜欢让尼克·卡罗威用一句得体的警句来给一章或一节做总结。“每个人都以为自己至少拥有一个美德。我的美德是:我是我所知道的为数不多的诚实可信的人之一。”书中的主要情节读者仍记忆犹新。如盖茨比把昂贵的衬衫扔得满屋都是,以求加深黛茜的印象的那段,描写得生动逼真。

《了不起的盖茨比》写得优美动人,无与伦比。书中的每一页都有菲茨杰拉德仔细推敲的精彩文句。小说的结构严谨得当,语言清新舒展。我感到美中不足的是,它的基本故事情节还稍嫌琐屑——在故事接近尾声时几乎演变成了一桩趣闻。

在《了不起的盖茨比》中,读者通过尼克·卡罗威的叙述了解到了盖茨比的一切,通过尼克·卡罗威的声音领悟到了盖茨比的幻想破灭所隐喻着的美国历史的演变和“美国梦想”的终结这一象征意义。尼克·卡罗威所起的“架立交桥”的特殊作用,使得读者能够轻松进入作品的故事情节,理解作者的创作主旨。此外,盖茨比的一生经历也被作者赋予了丰富的想象力和神秘色彩。他创造出的若干用语和表达方法已成了人们常挂在嘴边的时髦用语,成为语言学家们颇感兴趣的研究话题。这便使得他的作品既富有浓厚的时代气息和深刻的历史烙印,又使得后来的读者也能从中品味出人生的哲理,获得美的享受。这正是他的作品之所以在今天读来仍使人感到清新、真切、魅力不减当年的原因所在。

美国文学中“迷惘的一代”事实上可以分为二支:一支以海明威为首,这是批曾经参加过第一次世界大战,对战争感到失望和厌恶的文人;另一支以弗·司各特·菲兹杰拉德为代表,他们原来对战后世界抱有幻想,但到头来大失所望,也抱有迷惘、失望和悲观的情绪。菲茨杰拉德创造力最旺盛的时期是美国历史上一个特殊的年代。第一次世界大战结束了(1918),经济大萧条(1929)还没有到来,传统的清教徒道德已经土崩瓦解,享乐主义开始大行其道。用菲茨杰拉德自己的话来说,“这是一个奇迹的时代,一个艺术的时代,一个挥金如土的时代,也是一个充满嘲讽的时代。”菲茨杰拉德称这个时代为“爵士乐时代”,他自己也因此被称为爵士乐时代的“编年史家”和“桂冠诗人”。由于他本人也热情洋溢地投身到这个时代的灯红酒绿之中,他敏锐地感觉到了这个时代对浪漫的渴求,以及表面的奢华背后的空虚和无奈,并在他的作品中把这些情绪传神地反映出来。在他的笔下,那些出入高尔夫球场、乡村俱乐部和豪华宅第的上流社会的年轻人之间微妙的感情纠葛是一个永恒的主题,他们无法被金钱驱散的失意和惆怅更是无处不在。他的作品经常以年轻的渴望和理想主义为主题,因为他认为这是美国人的特征;他的作品又经常涉及感情的变幻无常和失落感,因为这是那个时代的人们无法逃遁的命运。总之,作为一位杰出的艺术家,菲茨杰拉德的独特的艺术手法和语言艺术已受到国内外语言学家和翻译家们的越来越广泛的关注。尤其对叙述技巧的灵活运用对一部优秀的小说起到了极好地渲染作用,鉴于此意义,该小说不愧被艾略特赞誉有加地称为“自亨利·詹姆斯以来美国小说所迈出的一大步”。

参考文献:

[1] 张爱玲译.美国现代七大小说家[M].北京:生活.读书.新知三联书店,1998。

[2]李公昭.20 世纪美国文学导论[M].西安:西安交通大学出版社,2000。

[3] Fitzgerald, Scott. 1993.The Great Gatsby.Hertfordshire:Wordsworth Editions Limited.

[4] Massa,Ann 1982.American Literature in Context,Ⅳ.London and New York.

[5] 程爱民:论《大人物盖茨比》的叙述技巧与艺术效果[J].国外文学2000:4。

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