英语商务翻译论文[5篇材料]

第一篇：英语商务翻译论文

A Study on Linguistic Features and Translation Strategies of English Business Contracts

Author: Yang tao Tutor: Gao bei(Oriental Science & Technology College of Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128)

Abstract: The specific way of information transmitting in business activities accounts for the specific features of business English, which transmits the information of business theory and practice.The article analyses the linguistic features of business English through three aspects: words, sentence and text.With examples taken from business English translations, the author interprets that the linguistic features of business English influence a translator’s comprehension which in the end accounts for a correct business English translation.The exploring of principle of business English translation plays an important role in a successful translation.The author upholds the view that business English translators should follow the three principles of “faithfulness, exactness and consistency”.“Faithfulness” is the first principle for business English translators to follow;“exactness” is the key of these three principles;“consistency” guarantees a unified and standard translation.Key words: business English;linguistic features;translation principle

英语商务合同的语言特征及其翻译策略

作 者：杨 韬

指导老师：高 贝

（湖南农业大学东方科技学院，长沙 410128）

摘 要：由于英语商务合同所传达的商务理论和实务等信息的特殊性，英语商务合同的语言有其特殊的特点。本文从英语商务合同的用词、句法、篇章三方面分析商务英语的语言特点。并由此从英语商务合同的用词、句法、篇章三方面分析译者掌握英语商务合同的语言特点的程度对翻译的影响, 通过例证说明译者关于英语商务合同的语言特点的掌握程度将影响其对原文的理解，而译者对原文的理解程度又关系到译文的正确与否。商务英语的原则与运用则是英语商务合同翻译的核心问题。笔者认为英语商务合同翻译应遵循“忠实，准确，统一”的原则。“忠实”原则是英语商务合同翻译人员必须遵循的首要原则；“准确”原则是英语商务合同翻译原则的核心；“统一”原则有利于英语商务合同译文的统一和规范。

关键词：

商务英语；语言特点；翻译原则

Introduction

Business English is a branch of English language system.It refers to the special English that serves for international business routines.The specific way of information transmitting in business activities accounts for the specific features of business English.Along with the rapid development of global economy integration, international business routines are more and more frequent and, business English, as a language tool for international economic exchange and business routines, has a new type of comprehensive subject.Business English plays an important role in our national economy reform and innovation, and the business English translation is a bridge connecting Chinese and English.Business English translators should have strong awareness of the linguistic features of business English, so that translators can have a better comprehension.Business English practical translation includes the translation of business letters, business contracts, business English advertisement and trademark and etc.Being familiar with these pragmatically translations, business English translators can deal well with the tasks in different business sets.And a business English translator should learn the linguistic features of business English and explore its translation principles so as to translate a business English text successfully.Linguistic Features of Business English

1.1 Linguistic features in word

1.1.1 Simple words

Since businessmen make efficiency their top priority, simple words are applicable to achieve this goal.Another reason is related with the way of information transmitting in business routines which has been regarded as the most important part of business;using simple words also do well for people to communicate, to catch the words immediately, while complex words or rare words are hard to understand.So it is understandable for businessmen to use simple words rather than complex words or rare words.Some examples are as follows: [3] P51-52 complex or rare words simple words account for by the fact that caused by add the point that add that at a price of $10 at $10 attempts try deliberation thought in the majority of cases most tangible real visualize see

1.1.2Abundance of business terms and abbreviated expression

Business terms take an important part in business English.It is the primal task for business English translators to know some business terms.It will influence the business English translation, which the author will analyze in the next chapter.[1] P51-59 Let us look at some examples: stockbroker 股票经济商 costing 成本核算

restart 返聘 chit 代金券

AAMA(Administrative Aspects of Market Access)市场准入的行政管理措施 CEM(Contractual Equipment Manufacturer)合同制造商 EVA(economic value added)经济附加值 INRs(Initial Negotiating Rights)最初谈判权

1.1.3 The variability of words’ meaning

In business English text, the same word can be interpreted in different meaning according to different contexts, which is the variability of business English words’ meaning.Such as: [4] P60-61(1)Just as in that year, when those catastrophes were followed by substantial increases in insurance premiums, insures are already lobbying for rate relief.就像那年的情况一样，大灾之后保险金大幅度提高，现在保险公司已经在游说希望减免地方税。(2)During the 1980’s the large premiums paid in acquisition often resulted in prices that greatly exceeded 3 the value of tangible asset.20世纪80年代，并购中支付的大额溢价常常导致价格远远超过有形资产的价值。

(3)Liquidity refers to the ability of investors to exchange a financial asset, such as a bond or a share, for cash.资产折现力是指投资者将债券或股票等金融资产转换为现金的能力。(4)Place goods in bond.将（未完税的）货物存入关栈。

In addition, it is common for businessmen to use slang in oral speaking.Translators should pay more attention to slang and to clarify them so as to eliminate obstacles during communicating.Such as: [3] P26(5)As I was about to say, I move that we table the discussion until our next meeting when everyone is present.我建议将讨论推迟到下次每个人都参加会议时再进行。

Here, “move” means “suggest”（建议）, “table the discussion” means “to postpone the meeting”（推迟讨论）.(6)Can you come down a little? 你能再降低一点价格吗？

Here, “come down” means “knock down the price”（压低价格）.1.2 Linguistic features in sentence

1.2.1 Concise sentences

Concise sentences conduce to transmit business information and play an important role in a business context.It is more convenient for businessmen to use concise sentences in business, either oral or written language.It saves time and, more importantly, avoids misunderstanding.For example:(7)We are a dealership chain specializing in personal computers.We were first established in Hong Kong in 1980.We now have a steady clientele in both the business and educational sectors.[5] P241 本公司是一家专营电脑的特许经销连锁商。本公司于1980年创立于香港。本公司现有的固定客户涉及商业和教育领域。

Above three sentences, each has its independent meaning.Avoiding using a long sentence, it aims to express meaning straightforward and avoid misunderstanding.1.2.2 Abundance of formulas

Businessmen have established many polite formulas by popular usage.These polite formulas have been accepted through common practice.To use these formulas also contribute to standardize business article.Such as: [4] P161-163(8)For your reference, we are enclosing a few copies of leaflets, and will send you samples under separate cover.兹随函附上几份说明书并另寄样品，供你方参考。(9)Please inform us what special offer you can make us.请告贵公司能给多少特价优惠。

(10)We will adhere to this offer for two weeks.我方报价两周内有效。

1.2.3 Logical expressions

The logic expression is prominently featured in business English documents and contracts, especially in the expression about time and number.For example:(11)The goods shall be shipped per M.V.“Dong Feng” on November 10 and are due to arrive at Rotterdam in 140 days.货物须于11月10日装上“东风”号货轮，并在140天内抵达鹿特丹港。

Here, it must use the preposition “in” to express the meaning about “several days later” rather than the preposition “after”.Because the preposition “after” can not exactly define the day on which day the good s will arrive.(12)Party A shall be unauthorized to accept any orders or to collect any account on and after September 20.未经许可，在9月20号之后（含20号），A方无权接受任何订单或者募集任何资金。(13)Our terms are cash within three months, i.e.on or before May 1.请在三个月之内（在5月1日之前包括5月1日）付清我们的货款。

(14)Party A shall pay Party B a monthly salary of US $ 500(SAY FIVE HUNDRED US DOLLARS ONLY)A方每月须向B方支付500美元的工资。

1.3 Linguistic features in text

1.3.1 Plain style

Usually, it is not common to use rhetorical devices in business English context.Actually, most business contexts tend to adopt a plain style.For example:(15)I am requested by the Import and Export Department to inform you that the 150 tons of coal ordered from your company one month ago have not been delivered.Will you be so kind as to institute enquiries concerning this non-delivery？It will be appreciated that you give your reply as soon as possible.进出口部请我通知你：一个月前从贵公司订购的150顿煤至今仍未发货，能否请你过问一下此未发货事宜？请尽快回复，不胜感激。

Here, this paragraph directly presents its meaning without using any rhetorical devices to furnish its expression.It is a common style in business text.1.3.2 Appropriate wording

The wording in business English is appropriate.And people in business circumstances tend to abstain from arrogance.Let us look at an example:(16)Delivery of rugs is now a matter of urgency.Will you please find out from British Rail what had happened to the consignment and let us know when we may expect delivery? We are of course making our own enquiries at this end.地毯急需交货，贵公司是否可以向大英铁路局查询该货物的下落，并通知我方交货的时间，我方亦自当查询。

In this paragraph, though it is about complaint, it also pays attention to use kind words and the mild tone to make sure an appropriate wording.1.3.3 Ambiguous promise and cautiousness in the passive

“Since the promise in business has the influential effects of law which is related with benefits of each party, an over absolute promise may lead you to a passive stage if any accident happens.So the expression of promise in business English is relatively implicit.”[2] P74 For example:[2] P74 我方保证决不重犯这种错误。

(17)We assure you that this error will never occur again.(Over absolute)(18)We will do all we can to prevent a repetition of this error.(Moderate)“Since business involves obligation and responsibility, it is necessary to clarify the subject.Therefore, passive sentences are used with caution in business English.” [8] P76

For example:(19)The vendor shall deliver the goods to the vendee by June 15.卖方须在6月15日前将货物发送给买方。

Such an expression would be better than the follow expression: The goods should be delivered by June 15.In all, the author has analyzed the linguistic features of business English.In the next chapter, with examples taken from business English translations, the author will interpret the influence of linguistic features of business English on translation.The Influence of Linguistic Features of Business English on Translation

2.1 Influence in the aspect of words

As business English is characterized by simple words, abundance of business terms and the variability of words’ meaning, the translator should have a good command of these features, and the influence of these features onFor example:(20)You are kindly requested to quote the FOB New York.Translation:请报纽约船上交货价。

This sentence involves a business term “FOB”(Free on Board).If a translator neglects this linguistic feature of business English: specific business terms, and can not catch the meaning of the term “FOB”, he can not understand this sentence very well, let alone a successful translation.Further more, it can be noticed that the term “FOB” has a subtle difference in usage in the U.S.A.In the American English, “FOB” identifies the address of good delivery, such as: FOB train, FOB factory.[5] P56

2.2 Influence in the aspect of sentence

In the aspect of sentence, we need to pay attention on the formula and logic.First, let us compare the following two series: common language contract formula in the future hereafter think deem intend to do want to do The words in the right column are the contract formulas, which are established by popular usage.If the translator is familiar with these formulas and other features of contract sentences, he will be of advantage 7 to understand the contract and then to translate it well.Second, let us look at the logic of the sentence:(21)The Stock Exchange of Hong Kong Limited takes no responsibility for the contents of this announcement, makes no representation as to its accuracy or completeness and expressly disclaims any liability whatsoever for any loss howsoever arising from or in reliance upon the whole or any part of the contents of this announcement.Translation:香港联合交易所有限公司对本公布之内容概不负责，对其准确性或完整性亦不发表声明，并明确表示不会就本公布或任何部分内容或因依赖该等内容而引致之任何损失承担任何责任。[6] P54-55 The original includes some legalese.This sentence has a high standard in logic and avoids any dispute.Therefore, the translation also should reflect this feature.Translator needs to have a thorough grasp of its feature, to understand and absorb its meaning, and then to express it to adhere to the rules of the translation so as to let target readers accept its information without much difficulty.2.3 Influence in the aspect of text

The text features of business English are the compound of the features of words and sentences.The key of the business English context translation is the mutual understanding.Translators need to analyze its style, to notice its wording.Besides, translators also need to pay attention to deal with some details such as the expression of promise and the usage of passive in the text.translation is apparent.For example:(22)Traditional hierarchical organizations control operating processes through standardization or jobs.These jobs are separated into sequential steps and carried out under direct supervision.However, the line workers lack both the authority and motivation to improve these routine tasks and are limited by their local view of the business.[7] P87

First, let us analyze its style.This paragraph is selected from Time for the Big Small Company in Financial Times.This business article talks about company organization structure.So, its style is plain and formal.Second, let us deal with some details.According to the context, the word “organization” would be better if it is translated into Chinese(企业或公司)rather than its common translation（组织，结构);“Hierarchical organizations” should be translated into Chinese(层级制组织机构)to adhere to the business terms rather than Chinese(等级森严的机构)which carries on personal emotion;in the phrase “line workers”, the “line” does not mean “production line” ,but “the line management”(直线管理体制).When dealing with these details, the understanding about this article is complete and then it can be expressed exactly in Chinese: 8 传统的层级制组织机构通过标准化的工作种类来控制经营环节。各类工种按先后顺序划分为不同的步骤，并在直接监管下按部就班地进行。但是，在直线管理体制下的员工，既没有职权也缺乏主动性去改进这些一成不变的工种，同时，狭隘的经营观念也限制了他们的手脚。

In all, during business English translation, translators’ comprehension accounts for the success of business English translation.While in this period, the linguistic features of business English will influence a translator’s understanding level.Therefore, business English translators should have strong awareness of the linguistic features of business English.3.The Principles and Application of Business English Translation

The second period of translation is expression.That is how to completely and naturally carry the information in the source language to the target readers;which involves the principles of business English translation.Among the different principles put forward by different scholars, the author holds the view that the principles proposed by Professor Liu Fagong in his Exploring into the Principles of Chinese-English Business Translation, are basically applicable to the particularity of business English.Professor Liu puts forward the view that the major principles of business translation should be “faithfulness, exactness and consistency”.[2]P45-47 “Faithfulness means to correctly express the source language information in translation;it does not demand the grammar and sentence structure to be consistent with the original, but enquires the equality in the information connotation;Exactness demands translators to select words and to express the concept accurately.Exactness is the core of this principle;Consistency requires translators to maintain the translated names, the concepts and the terms consistently at any time.It does not permit change the identical concepts or terms at will.”[1]P45-47 Therefore, the author proposes that business English translation should abide by these principles to transmit the information exactly.3.1 Faithfulness

“Faithfulness” is the first principle for business English translators to follow, which demands that the information in translation must be equivalent with the information in source language.Information transmitting is the core of business, and the information should be equivalent.Here, the author stresses that it is the “equivalence”, but not the “similarity”.Translator must abide by the principle of “faithfulness” and to transmit the equivalent information.9 Let us look at some examples which does not abide by the principle of “faithfulness”:

(23)A particular average loss under 3% of the insured amount will not be recoverable but one amounting to or exceeding 3% will be paid.Translation:单独的平均损失低于所保金额的3%时不赔，但损失达到或超过5%时则赔偿。This translation is false.Translator misunderstood the term “particular average loss”.The term “particular average” should be translated into Chinese(单独海损).Now, look at the collect translation: 单独海损的损失在所保金额的 3%以下时不赔，但损失达到或超过5%时则赔偿。

Translator’s misunderstanding leads to the failure of information transmitting, let alone to reflect the faithfulness of translation.Other examples:(24)Lord Weinstock, the managing director of GEC, yesterday for the first time publicly ruled out a takeover bid for British Aerospace and said he would prefer to see joint ventures between the two companies.[6] P75 Translation: GEC 管理部主任 Weinstock勋爵，昨天首次公开投标收购大布列颠航空工业公司,并说他希望两家公司组成一家合资公司，联合经营。

Compared with the principle of faithfulness, this translation completely misinterprets the original information.First, “managing director” is director in charge of a whole company.Second, the translation of “rule out” is also false.“Rule out” means “regard as impossible or undesirable;dismiss, forbid.” These concepts are the core information in the original;however, the translator cannot faithfully transmit this important information.In fact, the right translation should be: GEC 公司的董事总经理温斯托克勋爵昨天首次公开取消对英国航空公司的收购出价，并说他宁愿设立由两家公司共同组建的合资企业。

In all, “faithfulness” requires translators to transmit the equivalent information.“Faithfulness” is the top priority for business English translators to adhere to.3.2 Exactness

“Exactness” demands translators to choose the accurate words in translation, which can transmit the equivalent information with the one in source language.Accuracy in both understanding and choosing words is the first condition to guarantee the high quality of translation.Exactness is the core of the business English translation.For translating the business text, there is high standard about exactly information transmitting.“Exactness” is the key point of business English translation.To adhere to the principle of exactness, it demands to elect words exactly.Such as:(25)Party A shall have a right of first refusal whenever Party B wishes to sell any of its shares in the 10 Group.[5] P56 Translation:乙方任何时候有意出售其持有之任何集团股份，甲方一律拥有优先拒绝权。

This translation completely deviates from the “exactness” spirit.The false resort impute to the misunderstanding of the phrase “right of first refusal”(优先购买权).Let us look at the right translation: 乙方任何时候有意出售其持有之本集团任何股份，甲方一律有优先购买权。

This example stresses the importance to select the right words according to the connotation so as to ensure the information equivalent.Besides, in the process of translating, translators have duty to check the connotation of the original text.(26)I was having problems because I just could not seem to priorities my work and organize my time.I just could not seem to keep up with the workload.I suppose they did not want to carry me any longer.Here, the word “carry” is the key in this translation.In this business setting, the word “carry” does not mean “to take, to have(sth)with one”, in this sentence, it means to maintain or support one that is weaker or less competent.So the translation should be:我遇到了麻烦，因为我不能按优先顺序来处理工作、安排好我的时间。我好像就是赶不上工作进度。我想他们不愿意再扶持我了。

In all, to abide by the principle of exactness, translators need to deal with each detail to choose an exact word so as to ensure information equivalent.3.3 Consistency

“Consistency” requires translator to adopt the consistent translated names, concepts and business terms that enable the target readers to understand the translation without any difficulty.3.3.1 Translation of business terms

There is no doubt that business terms play an important role in business English.We have stated clearly in the former part of this paper that business English texts are full of business terms.When translators meet some business terms in translating, they had better keep to the same translation for the same term and abide by the principle of consistency.It is also necessary for the translator to accumulate certain business knowledge and terms.3.3.2 Translation of names

With regard to the translation of names, attention should be paid to the specific nouns.For example, “Mr.Zhang” may be translated into Chinese “张先生” or “章先生”.So, if the translator can not decide what 11 the “Mr.Zhang” refers to, he should do some investigations rather than guess by himself.The translation about the name of a company is also common in business translation.So, when translating these specific nouns, author should follow the firmed translation so as to maintain the terms consistently.It also contributes to standardize the business English translation.In all, to maintain the terms consistently conduce to successfully transmit the information equivalent.Conclusion

In the former chapters, the author analyzes the linguistic features of business English, interprets the influence of these features on translation and exemplifies the principles of business English translation.As a special English serving for international business affairs, business English has two major functions: informative function and communicative function.In order to grasp exactly and exercise skillfully the business English, it is necessary for translators to learn some relative international business knowledge and to learn the linguistic features of business English.In practice, the author feels that, just having some common English language knowledge is incompetent at a job.So, in order to be qualified with the task, it is worth analyzing the linguistic features of business English.In our dairy work, it is a common task for us to translate some business letters, documents and etc.So, it is also worth exploring the translation principle of business English.The principles of “faithfulness, exactness and consistency” fit the characteristics of business English.They can serve as a guide in business English translation and have their pragmatic significance.Notes [1]Brown,Ronald C.Understanding labor and employment law in China.New York:Cambridge University Press,2010.[2]Berry,David.Commercial law handbook.London:Law Society,2009.[3]陈小慰.商务语篇的翻译[J].中国翻译,2004,3 [3]潘红.商务英语英汉翻译教程[Z].北京:中国商务出版社,2004.[4]戚云方.新编外经贸英语写作与套语[Z].杭州:浙江大学出版社,2002.Bibliography

[1]Brown,Ronald C.Understanding labor and employment law in China.New York:Cambridge University Press,2010.[2]Berry,David.Commercial law handbook.London:Law Society,2009.[3]陈小慰.商务语篇的翻译[J].中国翻译,2004,3 [4]潘红.商务英语英汉翻译教程[Z].北京:中国商务出版社,2004.[5]戚云方.新编外经贸英语写作与套语[Z].杭州:浙江大学出版社,2002.[6]杨芳.商务英语中俚语的风格及翻译[J].上海科技翻译,2004,(1):23-24.[7]周兆祥，范志伟.财经翻译漫谈[J].中国翻译,2003,1

Acknowledgements

My deepest gratitude goes first and foremost to Ms.Gao Bei , my teacher, for her constant encouragement and guidance.She has walked me through all the stages of the writing of this thesis.Without her consistent and illuminating instruction, this thesis could not have reached its present form.Second, I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to all my teachers.I am also greatly indebted my teachers at the Department of English.who have instructed and helped me a lot in the past four years.Last my thanks would go to my beloved family for their loving considerations and great confidence in me all through these years.I also owe my sincere gratitude to my friends and my fellow classmates who gave me their help and time in listening to me and helping me work out my problems during the difficult course of the thesis.13

第二篇：英语商务信函的翻译

第七讲 英语商务信函的翻译

一，商务信函的定义和功能

二，商务信函的分类

根据功能，商务信函可分为商务应酬函和商务业务函。

商务应酬函：感谢信、祝贺信、慰问信、邀请信等。

商务业务函：

建立业务关系函（cooperation intention）；

产品推销函（promotion）

资信查询函（credit inquiry）

询盘函（inquiry）

发盘还盘函（offer and counter-offer）

订购函（purchase）

装运通知函（shipment）

支付结算函（payment）

索赔函（claim）

保险函（insurance）

三，商务信函的篇章结构

Nov.11, 2005

Dear Mr.Li,We are considering providing each of our sales representations with a pocket calculator.We saw your Model AMB displayed at Guangzhou Commodities Fair last month and found that it would fill your needs very well.We know that AMB costs US $36.2 each, but we wonder whether there is a trade discount for fairly large quantities.Our first order would be 200.Besides the price information, we also need complete details about your services, warranties, carrying case, battery-any information that may help us in making the purchase decision.Your prompt reply would be appreciated.Cordially yours,Max Wolf

Deputy Manager

尊敬的李先生：

您好!

我公司正在考虑为每位销售代表配备一台袖珍计算器。而我们从上月举行的广交会上看到贵方展出的AMB 型，认为这款计算器能满足我方要求。

据我所知，AMB 每台售价36.2 美元，不知大批订购是否另有优惠，我方首批订货将为200台。

除价格信息外，我方还想了解有关贵方服务、保修、携带护套、电池等细节，即有助于我方做出购买决定的任何信息。

敬请回复。

此致

敬礼

马克斯 ﹣沃尔夫

（公司副经理）

2005年11月11日

四，中英文商务信函的共同特点及翻译

1.用词庄重规范

Eg：We are sending you herewith our quotation sheet for cotton tablecloth Article Nos.510 and 514.The respective quantities available for prompt shipment are indicated therein.Enclosed please find the quotation sheet.All offers and sales are subject to the terms and conditions printed on the reverse side hereof.An order blank and addressed envelope are enclosed herein for your convenience.In view of the fact that your violation of the contract has caused us undeserved losses.We regret to say that we have concealed the contract and we reserve the right to claim damages.2.用词礼貌客气

例：贵公司*年*月*日的贸易查询函收悉。

We are pleased to have received your trade inquiry of ~~~

敬请告知贵方是否需要更多的宣传手册或在展示会场发放的其他资料。

Please kindly let us know whether you would like additional brochures or any of the materials that were handed out at the convention.可能因一时疏忽，支票还未签名，现寄还贵方，烦请补签。

Probably through an oversight, the check was not signed, and we are returning it to you for your kind signature.Please kindly send us your price list and catalogue.In reply to your enquiry of Jan 7, 1999, I respectfully offer my latest quotation herewith.Much to our regret, we have not been given a reply, nor have we received your L/C up to the time of writing.Your priority to the consideration of the above request will be appreciated.3.用词专业准确

Eg：We shall cover TPND on your order.我们将为贵方货物投盗窃和提货不着险。

The credit shall be payable against presentation of the draft drawn on the opening bank and the shipping documents specified in Article 13 hereof.信用证凭开户银行所开汇票和第十三款规定的装运单据支付。

货款必须用以我方为受益人而开立的、不可撤销的即期信用证支付。Payment shall be made by irrevocable L/C at sight to be opened in our favour.只承担水渍险和战争险，如要求其他附加险别，额外保险费得由贵方承担。

Insurance covers WPA and WR only.Should additional insurance coverage be required, all extra premium thus incurred shall be for your account.4.多用肯定句，少用否定句。

a.Your letter is not clear at all and I cannot understand it.b.If I understand your letter correctly, I would immediately accept your offer.a.We cannot fill your order because you failed to send your check.b.We shall be glad to fill your order as soon as we receive your check.如蒙惠告上述货物更多详情，则非常感激。

We should be very grateful if you would furnish us further details of the goods mentioned above.很高兴寄送贵方第2090号询价单所列货物样品供贵方参考，望贵方感兴趣。

We have pleasure in sending you the samples of the goods listed on your inquiry sheet No.2090 for your consideration, and hope that they will be of interest to you.Nov.11, 2005

Dear Mr.Li,We are considering providing each of our sales representations with a pocket calculator.We saw your Model AMB displayed at Guangzhou Commodities Fair last month and found that it would fill your needs very well.We know that AMB costs US $36.2 each, but we wonder whether there is a trade discount for fairly large quantities.Our first order would be 200.Besides the price information, we also need complete details about your services, warranties, carrying case, battery-any information that may help us in making the purchase decision.Your prompt reply would be appreciated.Cordially yours,Max Wolf

Deputy Manager

公司副经理）

2005年11月11日

June 20, 2003

Dear Sirs,Thank you for your letter of June 8, 2003, offering US $18 per dozen.In reply, we very much regret to say that we find your price rather high and out of line with prevailing market level.Such being the case, it is impossible for us to accept your price, as the goods of similar quality are easily obtainable here at a lower figure.Should you be prepared to reduce your limit by, say, 5%, we might come to terms.It is in view of our

long-standing business relationship that we make you such a counter-offer.As the market is declining, we hope you will consider our counter-offer most favorably and answer us as soon as possible.Sincerely yours, Peter Johnson.(Trade Department)

第三篇：商务翻译

商务翻译

教学从商务翻译的常识和策略开始，循序渐进地进入不同专题并培养学生的策略运用及对商务文体的分析和处理。教学内容主要突出一下几个方面：从商务术语、表达修辞、语篇结构等多角度分析商务文本；比较中、英文平行文本的异同；剖析不同题材商务翻译的特点和共性规律。

主要内容

第一部分商务英语概述

第二部分商务翻译宏观方法

第三部分商务翻译常用技巧

第四部分多种商务题材翻译

本课程要求：

要求学生了解商务翻译常识；掌握翻译的宏、微观策略，并完成老师布置的课下针对性练习。通过自主学习与小组活动，自我修正及互相完善。

第四篇：英语科技论文翻译

3G TECHNOLOGY Abstract The 21 century is an ages of the information economy, being the 3G TECHNOLOGY of representative technologies this ages, will be at very fast speed develop soon in continuously creatively, and will go deep into the people's work, life and study.Therefore, control this technology and then seem to be more to deliver the importance.Now I mainly introduce some knowledge of the 3G TECHNOLOGY.Keywords GPRS, TD-SCDMA，WCDMA , EDGE ,CDMA2000 , WAP , SYMBIAN G, the third Generation, known as the Chinese meaning is refers to the third Generation of digital communication.The growth of the global 3G was rapidly in recent years.From 2002 to 2008, the 3 G operators have been gradually from the original is pale and management to the accelerated development.By June 2008, global 3 G users accumulative total up to 709 million, the total 84 countries and regions issued 3 G licenses, including effective certificate for 249 copies.Our country of 3 G development is relatively later than the advanced countries.In 2009, China was officially forward 3 G time.In the economic crisis of the downturn state，China's ministry of information industry issued three third generation mobile communication(3 G)license for China mobile, China telecom and China Unicom.China Mobile use our country with independent intellectual property rights of the 3 G standard TD-SCDMA , China Telecom get CDMA2000 license and China Unicom WCDMA license.2009 as China 3 G formal first commercial.Although the technology behind 3G may seem complicated, the ways in which 3G will affect all of our lives are easy to imagine.Just imagine having a combined camera, video-camera, computer, stereo, and radio included in your mobile phone.Rich-media information and entertainment will be at your fingertips whenever you want anywhere there is a wireless network.Mobile communication is moving from simple voice to rich media, where we use more of our senses to intensify our experiences.But not all of this will happen at once.3G is an evolution to a communications ideal that no one completely understands yet.What we do know is that mobile multimedia will hit the Japanese markets in 2001, and Europe and North America will follow soon after.3G brings together high-speed radio access and IP-based services into one, powerful environment.The step towards IP is vital.IP is packet-based, which in simple terms, means users can be “on line” at all times, but without having to pay until we actually send or receive data.The connectionless nature of IP also makes access a lot faster: file downloads can take a few seconds and we can be connected to our corporate network with a single click.3G introduces wideband radio communications, with access speeds of up to 2Mbit/s.Compared with today's mobile networks, 3G will significantly boost network capacityAt home 3G is going to affect our home and social lives in many ways.The services that 3G enables will help us to manage our personal information, simplify tasks such as grocery shopping, make better use of our time and offer services that are just fun to use.Operators will be able to develop myriad new service opportunities to attract and retain new customers.Here are some examples:

· You're sitting on a train and use this “dead” time to log on to your bank account, check your balance and pay a few billsAt work

3G will not just support the needs of businesspeople who travel a lot, but will also help new, flexible working practices, such as home-working and remote access to corporate networks outside traditional working hours.Businesspeople are often high-volume airtime users, so they represent a big opportunity for mobile operators.Here are some examples:

·

At work you receive a message from your “smart” refrigerator at home.The message tells you that certain items need restocking and an order has already been prepared for the local grocery store, which you can approve, so that your groceries are ready to collect on the way home.·

You are on the road, and urgently need to discuss a draft presentation with a number of colleagues back in the office.Pulling into a service station, you use your 3G device to hold a telephone conference with your colleagues and, at the same time, you can all view the draft presentation and make changes on line.·

A maintenance engineer is repairing some equipment on a client's premises and hits a problem.Using his 3G device, he contacts his department and downloads a demonstration video that guides him through the repair process.TECHNOLOGY 3G brings together two powerful forces: wideband radio communications and IP-based services.Together, these lay the groundwork for advanced Mobile Internet services, including personalized portals, “infotainment”, mobile commerce and unified messaging-encompassing high-speed data, superior quality voice and video and location-based services.Making 3G a reality depends on technology developments in different areas.These include

amendments to the radio interface to support wideband communications and in the core network.Supporting technologies, such as WAP and Bluetooth, also have an important role to play.This section provides a brief overview of some of the main technologies and developments involved.Ericsson supports all of these technologies and has played an active role in their development.·GPRS General Packet Radio Service(GPRS)is an enhancement to existing GSM and TDMA networks that introduces packet data transmission, enabling “always on” mobility.This means that users can choose to be permanently logged on to e-mail, Internet access and other services, but do not have to pay for these services unless sending or receiving information.When EDGE is added to GPRS, these data rates will increase up to 384kbit/s.GPRS will be implemented by adding new packet data nodes and upgrading existing nodes to provide a routing path for packet data between the mobile terminal and a gateway node.The gateway node will provide interworking with external packet data networks for access to the Internet and intranets.Benefits:

·Faster data speeds and “always on” mobility ·Almost instantaneous connection set-up

·Connection to an abundance of data sources around the world, through support for multiple protocols, including IP

·A step towards full 3G services.·TD-SCDMA All called Time Division-Synchronous CDMA , this standard is formulated by mainland China alone the 3 G standard.On June 29, 1999, the China telecom science and technology and telecommunications research institute(Datang Telecom)to the ITU, but technical invention father put forward in Siemens AG.TD-SCDMA has the characteristics of low radiation, known as the green 3 G.This standard will intelligent wireless, synchronous CDMA and software radio today the international leading technology into which, in spectrum use efficiency, the business support for flexibility, frequency flexibility and cost, and other aspects of the unique advantages.In addition, because of the huge market in China, the standard by the major telecommunications equipment manufacturer to the attention of the world, more than half of the equipment factory now announced that can support TD-SCDMA standards.This standard is made after 2.5 of the intermediate links, and the generation of directly to the 3 G transition, so it is suitable to GSM system to 3 G to upgrade.Military communication network is the core of TD-SCDMA task.·WCDMA

Wideband Code Division Multiple Access(WCDMA)is a wideband radio technique that provides far higher data rates than other radio techniques available today, up to 2Mbit/s, and highly efficient use of radio spectrum.The higher bandwidth that WCDMA provides will deliver the full potential of 3G.For example，WCDMA allows simultaneous access to several voice, video and data services at once.WCDMA is fully compliant with IMT-2000 and is the air interface technology for standards in the 2GHz bandwidth(the IMT-2000 core band), known as UMTS(Universal Mobile Telecommunication System)in Europe and ARIB(Association of Radio Industry Businesses)in Japan.Ericsson has been at the forefront of WCDMA development.The company delivered an experimental WCDMA system to NTT DoCoMo in Japan back in 1998.Ericsson has also set up WCDMA test systems around the world.At 2000, Ericsson announced its first family of WCDMA base stations.·EDGE

Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution(EDGE)enables GSM and TDMA operators to offer 3G services using existing network frequencies.By making changes and additions to standardization of evolutionary phases of the air interface and the backbone networks, as well as the migration to ALL-IP and multimedia networks.·CDMA2000 CDMA2000 is a decidedly efficient 3G standard for the delivery of high bandwidth data and high capacity voice services.The evolution of the cdma2000 standard will enable mobile systems to offer data throughputs of 2 Mbit/sec and beyond.The higher bandwidth that cdma2000 provides will deliver the full potential of 3G.For example, cdma2000 also allows simultaneous access to several voice, video and data services at once.CDMA2000 is fully compliant with IMT-2000 requirements for 3G.CDMA2000 will be implemented in the existing frequency bands of CMDA and TDMA at 800 and 1900 MHz, as well as in new spectrum at 2GHz in Japan.Ericsson is a leader in cdma2000 development, and a key driver in the standardization of evolutionary phases of the air interface and the backbone networks, as well as the migration to ALL-IP and multimedia networks.·Bluetooth

Bluetooth is an open standard for two-way, short-wave radio communications between different devices.It marks the end of cables and cords between mobile phones, palmtops, portable PCs and printers, for example.Furthermore, Bluetooth enables information between such devices to be synchronized.Diary information held on a PDA can be updated automatically when within range of a Bluetooth-enabled PC.Bluetooth is also going to be important for machine-to-machine communicationshundreds of companies are members of the worldwide WAP Forum。The latest version of the WAP standard, WAP 1.2.1, has recently been launched.Our dedicated WAP consutants are ready to assist operators and service providers sharpen their competitive edge.They help today's businesses adapt to the new economy and create cost-effective, innovative ways to communicate with customers.What will 3G give us

People will enjoy the 3G time what services it provide, the image of that, 3G is video conference on that plane;3G is patients receive timely assistance of medical experts;3G is fans will not miss the NBA basketball game;3G is to share with friends your beautiful vacation in Hawaii.· more and more 3G video phone

All along, we use QQ, MSN chat with friends remotely.As the mobile data transfer rate, image processing, transmission, mainly the acceptance of such display devices makes mobile video chat stranded.3G time to rely on high-speed 3G data transmission network, which 3G mobile phone users can “face to face” conversation.Through mobile video, As far away from the mother via cell phone together, were falling through the mobile phone lovers can meet again.·3G Push into the mobile phone shopping blowout Use the mobile internet shopping is a new way to shop, mobile shopping not only will be able to let consumer buy goods but also makes the satisfaction convenient for consumers to pick and choose goods compared with the constant.With the improvement of China's 3G network , more and more users will choose to phone shopping patterns.China's mobile phone shop will grow rapidly in a period.Online businesses not only include clothing, books, cell phones, toys, audio-visual products and other daily goods put on the network shelf, cars, laptop computers, jewelry and other luxury goods are also options for the list.One need only log out of 3G mobile phone shopping website of product information, we can buy our favorite items.Online shopping is not only cheaper than the mall , better able to send home delivery.If not satisfied can return on schedule, on-line business integrity committed to ensuring that the consumer's shopping safety.·Broadband Internet access to mobile phones to be a “small computer” Although China has just begun the road to 3G, broadband internet access business has been a bright spot, we can send and receive voice messages on the phone, write a blog, chat, search, download and so on, as well as top-notch services such as online games, mobile navigation, online chat and so on.·the key to the Mobile Office-OA system Although compared with traditional office, automation system greatly improves the working efficiency.However, the limitations of the region's OA system is limited to local area network applications, this office brings to enterprises a lot of inconvenience.Mobile office can keep in touch with units and complete work in anytime and at anywhere.3G mobile phones can download and install office, java and other office software, office software and hardware will be the traditional “compression” in the palm of a large mobile phone.·LCD TVs will be included in Mobile TV Mobile TV is to use with the operating system and streaming video-enabled smart phones to watch TV business.It is a multimedia that use CMMB technology, whether it is GPRS mobile phone or CD-MA1X phone, need to be equipped with mobile terminal operating system to install the appropriate player software.TV programs from the corresponding mobile communication company or by the corresponding SP to organize and deliver.Despite the development of a thriving scene 3G, but because mobile streaming media software, smooth video images and other technical aspects of picture quality there are some problems, Mobile TV strides also takes some time.3G技术

摘要：

21世纪是信息经济的时代，作为这个时代的代表技术，3G技术将在非常快的速度发展很快，不断创造性地将进入人们的工作，学习和生活中深。因此，控制这种技术，然后似乎更有重要性。现在，我主要介绍一些3G技术的知识。

关键字：探地雷达，TD-SCDMA，WCDMA，边缘，CDMA2000，桅索制动器，操作系统使用的手机设备

3G，全称为3rd Generation，中文含义就是指第三代数字通信。全球3G近年来快速成长，从2002年到2008年，全球3G运营商已经逐步从最初的惨淡经营转为现在的加速发展，截止2008年6月，全球3G用户累计已达到7.09亿，全球共有84个国家和地区发放了3G许可证，其中有效证为249张。

我国3G发展相对先进国家比较晚，2009年我国才正式迈进3G时代，在经济危机低迷的状态下，2009年1月7日，中国工业和信息化部为中国移动、中国电信和中国联通发放3张第三代移动通信（3G）牌照。中国移动使用我国具有自主知识产权的3G标准TD-SCDMA，中国电信获得CDMA2000牌照，中国联通获得WCDMA牌照。2009年成为中国3G正式商用年。

虽然在 3 G 后面的技术可能很复杂, 但是3 G 将会在我们生活中产生的影响是我们可以想象的。仅仅想像在你的行动电话中加入照相机、摄像机、计算机、音响以及收音机功能。这样，无论何时何地你都将能够通过无线网络获得大量的媒体信息和娱乐。

移动通信正在由单一的语音通信向多媒体方向发展,通过此途径来加深我们对外界的感觉。

但不是这全部都将立刻发生。至今为止没有一个人能够完全掌握3G的发展的进程。我们唯一确信的是2001年多媒体移动通信将冲击日本市场，而且欧洲和北美也将很快发展多媒体通信市场。

3G在带来高速的语音通路之外还集以IP为基础的服务为一身,有强大的发展环境。向IP方向发展是至关重要的。IP技术是以简单的数据包传输为基础的, 可以使用户同时上网，但是不必花钱除了我们发送或接收数据。IP 的自然无连接性可以大大提高存取速率: 文件下载只需要很短的时间，而且只需轻轻一点就能和网络连接上。

3G采用多频率通信技术,并且达到 2 Mbit/s 的通路速度。与现在的移动网络相比较,3G将会极大的提高网络容量-因此将能够支持更多的使用者, 同时能够提供更多复杂的服务。3 GSynchronous CDMA(时分同步CDMA)，该标准是由中国大陆独自制定的3G标准，1999年6月29日，中国原邮电部电信科学技术研究院（大唐电信）向ITU提出，但技术发明始祖于西门子公司，TD-SCDMA具有辐射低的特点，被誉为绿色3G。该标准将智能无线、同步CDMA和软件无线电等当今国际领先技术融于其中，在频谱利用率、对业务支持具有灵活性、频率灵活性及成本等方面的独特优势。另外，由于中国内的庞大的市场，该标准受到各大主要电信设备厂商的重视，全球一半以上的设备厂商都宣布可以支持TD—SCDMA标准。该标准提出不经过2.5代的中间环节，直接向3G过渡，非常适用于GSM系统向3G升级。军用通信网也是TD-SCDMA的核心任务。· WCDMA

宽带码分多址接入技术(WCDMA)提供的数据传送速率远远大于现在我们采用的通信方式,提供高达2Mbit/s的传输速率, 大大提高了光纤对语音信号的传输率。3G提供更宽的带宽是3G中存在的巨 大的潜能。例如，WCDMA能够使语音信号、视频信号和数据同时进行传输。

WCDMA完全遵照了IMT-2000提出的2GHz带宽标准(IMT-2000中心带宽),就像是在欧洲采用的UMTS(全球的移动传输系统)和日本采用的ARIB(语音信号工业标准联盟)。

爱立信在WCDMA的研发方面走在了前列。公司早在1988年就在日本为移动通信网络开始了WCDMA的实验活动。爱立信已经在全球建立了WCDMA的测试系统。在2000年，爱立信

宣布了他建立了WCDMA的基站。·EDGE 全球革命性的提高传输速率将是原来的GSM和TSMA运营商利用现有的设备提供3G服务。通过制定新的通信附加标准来对无线通信和网络中枢进化标准化,同时改革所有的IP业务和多媒体网络。· cdma2000 cdma2000对于提高宽带传输速率和递送高质量的语音服务无疑是3G标准最有效率的。cdma2000标准的发展将会使移动通信系统能够提供2Mbit/sec的数据传输率甚至超过这个标准。cdma2000提供的带宽向我们展示了3G的潜能。举例来说，cdma2000允许同时的传输多组声音图像数据。

cdma2000完全融合了IMT-2000标准，并且满足了3G的标准。cdma2000可以通过现有的CMDA和TDMA在800到1900 MHz的频段上实现,就像日本在2GHz的光谱中实现。

爱立信是cdma2000研发的先行者,它制定了对无线通信和网络中枢进行改革的新标准,同时也提出了对IP和多媒体网络进行改革的意见。· 蓝牙

蓝牙是在不同的装置之间进行双通道短波传输的公开标准。举例来说,它的出现标志着通过电缆进行移动通信连接掌上电脑或笔记本电脑的时代已经过去。此外，蓝牙能够说数据传输同步化。存储在智能数字助理上的日程表可以在个人计算机中蓝牙能够达到范围里面自动更新。蓝牙将成为通信领域中用于不同设备之间传输数据最重要的手段，同时它也将成为发展最快的发展领域。

蓝牙技术是终端和其他设备使用移动通信网络的关键。蓝牙即可应用到现在的2G网络也可以支持3G系统,它将会在未来的移动通信中占据越来越重要的地位。爱立信已经研制出了蓝牙装置,包括T36蓝牙手机和蓝牙掌上设备。

蓝牙是由爱立信公司首先研制的,但现在蓝牙主要是由一个特殊的世界组织来主管。此技术已在所有电信器械生产商、计算机制造商以及芯片制造商中普及。· Symbian Symbian是一个被包括爱立信，诺基亚，摩托罗拉和 Psion公司共同投资的项目。Symbian的目标是通过以下两种方式提高其在移动通信市场的份额: · 第一, 通过发展软件的核心，优化系统结构，进一步的研发手机通信设备工具(例如个人数传助手，小巧的手机和通信器材)。

· 第二,制定移动设备传输信息的标准。Symbian的EPOC操作系统已经研制成功，而且爱立信已经在R380中使用了EPOC操作系统。· 无线传输通讯协定

无线传输通讯协定(无线传输通讯协定)是一个全球性的协议，是通过移动设备访问英特网的公开标准。它可以使用户通过移动设备例如手机和便携设备访问整个移动网络和受据库服务商,不用用不同的设备完成这些任务。

无线传输通讯协定允许统过建立“无线传输通讯协定微型浏览器”组织电话信息的方向, 同样地网络浏览器经由英特网-个人计算机提供在线服务。典型地，无线传输通讯协定监控屏将会显示各种不同的服务或数据入口的若干超链接。

和采用无线传输通讯协定的手机一样,爱立信也已经宣布研制出一种无线传输通讯协定来服务开发者的装备(WapIDE)和无线传输通讯协定出入口/代理,用移动的网络在英特网和局域网络环境中来桥接无线传输通讯协定申请和服务。除此之外，爱立信提供应用专利, 像是爱立信本土化了英特网(ELI)给本地服务 , 提供时间和发展环境给无线传输通讯协定申请的无线传输通讯协定应用服务商。

爱立信是无线传输通讯协定论坛的四个最初成员之一。自从 1997 以后，当它成立的时候, 无线传输通讯协定论坛已经得到广泛的工业厂商的支持，他们大部分都是是世界无线传输通讯协定论坛的成员。最新版的无线传输通讯协定标准，无线传输通讯协定 1.2.1,刚刚被开发出来。

我们将尽全力来推进无线传输通讯协定，准备协助运营商和服务提供商在竞争中处与更有利的地位。这有助于我们调整现今的业务来适应新经济的发展，更有效的利用资源，用创新的方法与客户沟通。

3G能给我们带来什么

3G时代人们将会享受到他为我们提供的哪些服务呢，形象的说，3G就是飞机上的视频会议；3G就是病人接受及时救助的医学专家；3G就是篮球迷不会错过的NBA比赛；3G就是与朋友共享你在夏威夷的美好假期。· 视频手机因3G勃兴而扬帆启航

一直以来，我们通过QQ、MSN等视频聊天功能，与亲朋好友进行远程视频聊天。由于手机数据传输速率、图像处理传输、接受显示设备等达不到要求使得手机视频聊天搁浅。3G时代依靠3G网络的数据高速传输，从而3G手机用户可以“面对面”交谈。通过手机视频，相距万水千山的母子能够通过手机相聚，分别日久的恋人能够通过手机重逢。· ３Ｇ推动手机购物进入井喷期

用手机上网购物是一种新的购物方式，手机购物不仅让消费者足不出户就能买到满意商品 更使得消费者能够方便快捷的对商品进行挑选比较，随着我国3G网络的不断完善，越来越多的用户将会选择手机购物模式。我国的手机购物将会迎来一个高速增长期。

网上商家不仅将服装、图书、手机、玩具、音像制品等日常商品摆上网络货架，汽车、笔记本电脑、珠宝等高档商品也在备选之列。人们只要拿出３Ｇ手机登陆购物网站查询商品信息，就能够买到心仪的物品。网上购物价格不仅比商场便宜，更能够送货到家，如果不满意可以按期退货，网上商家诚信承诺保证了消费者的购物安全。· 宽带上网使手机成为“小电脑”

虽然中国的3G之路刚刚开始，宽带上网已是亮点业务，我们能在手机上收发语音邮件、写博客、聊天、搜索、下载等，还有拔尖业务，如网络游戏、手机导航、网上聊天等。· 手机办公—OA系统桎梏开启的钥匙

传统自动化办公系统虽然较之从前大大提高了办公效率，然而区域的局限使的 OA系统仅限于应用局域网，这给企事业单位办公带来了很多的不方便。手机办公可以随时随地与单位的信息系统保持联系，完成办公功能越来越受到人们的青睐。３Ｇ手机可以下载安装office、java等办公软件，将传统办公软硬件“压缩”在手掌大的手机上。· 手机电视将液晶电视收入囊中

手机电视是利用具有操作系统和流媒体视频功能的智能手机观看电视的业务，它是利用CMMB技术推出的便携式的移动的多媒体，不管是 GPRS手机还是CD－

MA1X手机，都需要在装有操作系统的手机终端上安装相应的播放软件，而相应的电视节目则由移动通信公司或者通过相应的SP来组织和提供。尽管３Ｇ发展一片欣欣向荣的景象，然而由于手机流媒体软件，视频影像的流畅、画面质量等技术方面存有问题，手机电视大踏步前进还需要时日。

河南科技学院

信息工程082班

零三七八作品

第五篇：商务合同翻译

1)为了便于甲方及时开展工作，乙方应于2009年12月31日前将第一批寄售货物运到甲方处。在2010年3月十五日左右，甲、乙双方应就剩下的寄售期限可能销量达成共识。

In order to facilitate Party A’s work of starting the consignment sales on time, Party B should ship the first lot of consignment goods to Party A before Dec.31, 2009.On or about March 15, 2010, Party A and Party B shall meet to mutually determine on acceptable sales level for the remainder of the consignment period.2)在寄售合同到期后的一个月内，甲方将按合同单价把已售出的货物以美元形式全额汇给乙方。如果有销售额总额超过15万美元的情况，甲方应在一月内将销售款以美元形式汇给乙方。

Within one month after expiration of the consignment period, Party A shall remit Party B the total sum in U.S Dollars based on the contracted unit price for those items which have been sold.If at any time the total value of goods sold exceeds the amount of U.S.Dollars 150000, Party A shall remit the total sum in U.S.Dollars to Party B within one month’s period of time.3)装配所需的主要零件、消耗品及部件由甲方运至广州。如有零部件短少或破损，甲方应负责补充替换。

甲方应于成品交运1个月前开出不可撤销的信用证以支付全部装配费和乙方在广州购买零件、消耗品和部件的费用。

The main parts, consumption articles and components required for assembling will be sent in time to Guangzhou by Party A and if there is any shortage of , or damage to these parts and components , Party A shall be responsible for supplying replacements.Party A shall pay Party B by opening an irrevocable L/C covering the full amount of assembling charges and costs of parts , consumption articles and components purchased in Guangzhou by Party B , one month before the shipment of the finished products concerned.4）一切与本合同有关的进出口手续，均由乙方办理。

乙方将所装配的晶体管收音机运交甲方指定的外国买主。有关运费和保险费由甲方负担。All import and export procedures in connection with this contract shall be taken care of by Party

B.All transistor radios assembled by Party B will be shipped to foreign buyers designated by Party A.The relevant freight and insurance premium shall be borne by Party A.5）晶体管收音机的商标由甲方供给，如有法律纠纷，甲方应负完全责任。

如因装配需要，由乙方在广州购买的零部件必须达到品质标准，并应事先经过甲方核准。The trade marks of transistor radios will be supplied by Party A and should there be any illegal involvement, Party A is to be held fully responsible.All parts and components purchased by Party B in Guangzhou, if necessary for assembling transistor radios, must measure up to the quality standards of, and be approved by Party A beforehand.6）本合同自受聘方到校之日起生效，到聘期届满时失效。如一方要求延长聘期，必须在合同期满前一个月用书面向对方提出，经双方协商同意后另签延聘合同。

This Contract comes into effect on the first day of the engaged party’s arrival at the AA University and ceases to be effective at its expiration.If either party wishes to renew the Contract, the other

party shall be notified in writing one month before it expires.Upon agreement by both parties through consultation, a new contract may be signed between two parties.7）公司为一有限责任公司及在中华人民共和国法律下的法人，公司的所有活动应遵守中华人民共和国颁布的法律、法令及条例，公司的所有合法权益及利益受中华人民共和国的法律管辖及保护。

The Company is a limited liability company and a legal person under the laws of the People’s Republic of China.All the activities of the Company shall comply with the laws, decrees and regulations promulgated by the People’s Republic of China.All the lawful rights and interests of the Company are subject to the jurisdiction and protection of the laws of the People’s Republic of China.8）合营的一方如不履行本合同或公司章程的义务，违约一方得赔偿另一方因此而遭受的经济损失。

在合营期限内，双方都无权单方面宣布撤销或终止本合同。

If either of the Parties fails to fulfil its obligations under this Contract , it shall compensate the other party for all its economic losses resulting therefrom.During the term of operation of the Company, neither Party has the right to announce unilaterally the cancellation or termination of this Contract.9）公司注册资本为9000万美元。由中方在签约后30天内提供土地使用权。外方在2001年3月1日以前提供办公楼、厂房、必须的设备、设备、机器、工具、仪器、工业产权、非专利技术、生产资金、流动资金等。

The registered capital of the Company is USD 90 million.The Chinese Corp provides the right to use land within 30 days after signing the Agreement.The Foreign Co.provides the office building, factory premises, necessary facilities, equipment, machines, tools, instruments, industrial property rights, non-patent technology, production funds, operating funds, etc.before March 1, 2001.10）如因不可抗力事件使公司无法继续营业时，本协议可通过双方协商予以提前终止。如果中方或外方想要把本协议规定的权利和义务进行全部或部分转让，另一方有优先购买权。转让必须得到审批机关的批准。

In case of Force majeure, which makes it impossible for the Company to continue its business, this Agreement may be terminated ahead of schedule through consultation between the two parties.If the Chinese or foreign party wishes to make an assignment of all or part of its rights and obligations prescribed in this Agreement, the other party shall have the preemptive right to purchase the same.The assignment must obtain the approval of the examination and approval authority.11)如果在保证期内发现运交的设备有缺陷，投资人必须按中方的要求，及时适当解决

In case defect of the delivered equipment is found within the warranty period.INVESTOR shall take appropriate action for settlement without delay ,upon SINO`s request

12)在上述情况下，该缺点经鉴定是由于中方操作经验不足，搬运不当或某一物品的消耗所致，则投资人应要求中方支付实际运输费用

In the above instance investor shall request SINO for payment of the actual costs of transportation ,when such defect is judged to be due to inexperienced operation by sino or due to inappropriate handling ,or due to an article of consumption

13)在投资人派遣工程师的任务完成以后，中方如有必要仍可要求投资人继续给以技术支持，但投资人应要求中方为这种增加的合作支付费用，合作的条款由双方将来讨论约定。

Sino shall be able to request for continued technical support from investor , if necessary, even after completion of the above despatchofinvestor`sengineers.however ,in this instance.investor shall be able to request sino for the cost of such additional technological cooperation.terms and conditions shall be subject to mutual discussion and agreement between sino and investor ,in future

14)乙方确认由其所生产的许可证产品必须严格按照甲方所提供的设计，图纸及规格生产，除依第C条第一款规定的修改内容以外，在任何情况下许可证产品均具备与 所生产的产品相同的质量与运动性能。如果乙方未严格依照甲方的设计，图纸及规格生产，则甲方对于乙方的许可证产品不承担任何担保责任。

15）GTT是中方和投资人之间的桥梁GTT应协助中方用展销会，研讨会，技术培训等办法在中国销售产品GTT应在产品品质合格时考虑把这些产品销往欧洲和非洲

1)GTT shall act as a bridge between SINO and INVESTOR

2)GTT shall assist SINO in marketing in china of products finished by SINO by means fo trade show ,seminar ,technical traning program ,ect

3)GTT shall consider marketing finished products to Europe and Africa when the quality turns out to be satisfactory

16）如果初次检验不合格应进行第二次检验，如果第二次检验仍不合格，则投资人赢在2个月内自费调换有关设备如果检验合格，双方应签署检验证明书一式二份，双方各执一份

1)In case initial test is unsatisfactory ,a second test shall be carried out.if the second test is again unsatisfactory ,INVESTOR shall replace the equipment involved atits own cost ,within two months after the second text

2)in case text results are satisfactory ,SINO and INVESTOR shall sign a text certificate in duplicate and each party shall keep one copy

17）本合同的订立，效力，解释，执行及由其引起争议的解决均适用中华人民共和国颁布的法律，法令，和条例规定

The making ,validity ,interpretation and implementation of this contract and the settlement of disputes arising thereform shall shall be governed by laws ,decrees and regulations promulgated by the people`s republic of china

18）受聘方的工作时间每周5天，每天7小时，受聘方按照中国，澳大利亚两国政府规定的节假日放假，寒假按本校校历规定。

The engaged party works five days a week and seven hours a day ,the engaged party have legal holidays as prescribed by both Chinese and Australian governmentthe winter vacation is fixed by the school calenderf

19）聘方每月支付给受聘方工资2000澳元，并按照澳大利亚政府对在澳工作的外籍教师的规定提供各种福利待遇

The engaginfg party pays the engaged party a monthly salary of 2000 australian dollars and provides him with various benefits as prescribed by Australian government for foreign teachers working in Australia

20）受聘方在入境，离境，或过境时，必须遵守澳大利亚政府有关外国人居住，工资福利以及旅行等的法律，规章，并遵守聘方的工作制度。

The engaged party shall abide by the laws and regulations of the Australian government concerning residence ,wages and benefits ,and travel for foreigners when entering ,leaving and passing through the territory of the country ,and shall follow the working system of the engaging party

21）双方均不得无故撤销合同如果聘方要求中途终止合同，除按上述条款承担工资福利待遇外，需给受聘方增发3个月的工资作为补偿金，并于1个月内安排受聘方及其家属回国并承担有关费用

若受聘方中途提出辞职，聘方自同意之日起即停发工资，受聘方不再享受各项福利待遇，受聘方及其家属回国的一切费用均由本人自理

Neither party shall cancel the contract without reasonable causes ,if the engaging party finds it

22）乙方在签约后15天内，为加工设备开出以甲方为受益人的银行承兑信用证，其金额不得少于2220万日元，见票180天付款。这份信用证，只有在乙方收到甲方为芦笋罐头对开的信用证后才能生效，甲方在收到这份信用证后，应及时装运加工设备，提供本协议第七条所需的单证和180天到期的汇票，以便取得他的银行承兑。

Party b shall within 15 days after signing this agreement establish in favour of party a an banker`s acceptance l/c in payment for the equipment ,for an account not less than J 22200000,available by draft at 180 days sight ,the l/c will be effective only after receipt by party b of a satisfactory reciprocal l/c opened by party a for payment of canned asparagns ,after receipt of the l/c ,party a shall effect shipment of the equipment of the equipment in time ,provide the required documents according to article 7 of this agreement together with the draft at 180 days sight ,and obtain its bank`s acceptance

23）乙方将向甲方提供上述货物在香港和日本市场的市级零售价以供甲方参考，乙方无权干涉甲方的销售价，销售场所，和销售办法，但有权提出积极地建议，甲方有责任向乙方提交销售报告（包括零售价）销售过程中出现的问题和为提高销售额而提出的建议，乙方应向甲方提供各种有利于销售（包括免费样品，试销货物，化妆品促销资料，技术交流和有贮存条件等）便利。

Party b will submit to party a the actual retail prices of aforesaid articles in hongkong and Japanese markets for party a`s reference.Party b has no right to interfere with a`s selling

price ,spot and method ,but it has the right to make positive proposals , partya is responsibleto submit party b regular reports on selling situation(covering retail price), problems arising in the course of selling and making proposals to improve sales ,party b should provide party a with various arrangements which are conductive to sales(including samples free of charge ,articles for trial sales ,data for promoting cosmetic sales ,technical exchange and conditions for storage etc.