新视野大学英语第四册第三版课文及翻译

第一篇：新视野大学英语第四册第三版课文及翻译

Unit 8

A turning point of my life

我人生的转折点

I wasn't yet 30 years old and was working as a firefighter in New York City, in a firehouse completely swamped with calls.In the rare moments when we weren't busy, I would make calls on our cordless phone handset or rush to our office to read Captain Gray's subscription of the Sunday New York Times.Late one afternoon when I finally read the Book Review section, my blood began to boil.An article stated a thesis I took to be an offensive insult: William Butler Yeats, the Nobel Prize-winning light of the Irish Literary Renaissance, had risen above his Irishness and was now a universal poet.I grew indignant suddenly, and a deep-seated passion within me was activated.我那时还不到 30 岁，是纽约市的一名消防员，我工作的消防站总是不断有求助电话进来。偶尔在我们不忙的时候，我会打打无绳电话，或是到办公室，看看格雷队长订的《纽约时报》周日版。一天下午晚些时候，当我最后读到书评栏时，我开始血液沸腾。一篇文章提出了一个在我看来带有侮辱性的观点：它说诺贝尔奖获得者威廉.巴特勒.叶芝，即点亮爱尔兰文学复兴之光的人，已经超越了其爱尔兰身份，是一名世界性的诗人。我突然感到愤怒，内心深处一种激情也被激发起来。

There were few things I was more proud of than my Irish heritage.My ancestors were Catholic Irish farmers, fishermen and blue-collar workers, all of whom were patrons of literature.From the time my family came ashore on Ellis Island and faced the threat of being deported, we have fought discrimination against Irish immigrants.Ever since I first picked up a book of his poems, Yeats had been my favorite writer.He wrote his poetry in close adherence to his Irish sensibilities.His life was, in essence, a tribute to his homeland.很少有什么事情比我是爱尔兰后裔更让我感到骄傲的了。我的祖先是信仰天主教的爱尔兰人，他们做过农夫、渔民和蓝领工人，但是他们所有人都热爱文学。从我的家族登上埃利斯岛、面临被驱逐的威胁那一刻起，我们就一直在反抗对爱尔兰移民的歧视。自从我第一次拿起叶芝的诗集开始，他就一直是我最喜欢的作家。他创作的诗中有着深深的爱尔兰情怀。实际上，他的一生都在赞颂祖国。所以，不管是从心理的、社会的还是文学的角度，认为爱尔兰的身份是能够超越的，都是一种侮辱。我感觉自己继承的身份就像是成了法庭上的被告，我别无选择，只能保护它并谴责这样一种过时的偏见。

So, it was offensive to think Irishness, no matter if it was psychological, social or literary, was something to rise above.I felt like my heritage was a defendant at a tribunal, and I had no choice but to protect it and denounce such an outdated prejudice.我焦躁不安，全身颤动，于是抓起了一张干净的纸，那张纸的顶部印有纽约市消防局的标志。我开始给《周日书评》栏目的编辑写信，表达我的愤怒。我把叶芝描述为他本来的样子，即无论从行为还是从作品来看，他都是地地道道的爱尔兰作家。

Vibrating with agitation, I grabbed a piece of clean paper, one that had the logo of the Fire Department of the City of New York across the top.I began a letter, trumpeting my indignation to the editor of the Sunday Book Review, describing Yeats as he was: a writer fundamentally Irish in all he did and wrote.我不知道为什么我觉得自己必须捍卫这位世界上最伟大的诗人（至少是仅次于荷马和莎士比亚的诗人），使其免于被“起诉”，或者为什么我要撰文捍卫爱尔兰文学。我只知道我必须写那封信，就像牧师必须祷告，或者音乐家必须演奏乐器一样。

Until that point in my life I hadn't written much of valuethe article titled “Fireman Smith” provided the impetus for a large publishing company to request a manuscript about my life.我一直认为消防员的工作是个值得一写的题材，但是到目前为止却很少被写过。起初我很困惑，对于自己是否有能力写一本完整的书没有多少信心。所以，我开始一点一点地写，一次写一部分。很快，我对整本书有了基本的结构和框架。这本书最终卖出了 200 万册，并被译成了 12 种语言。在接下来的几年中，我又写了 3 本畅销书，去年还出版了一本自传。

Being a writer had been far from my expectations;being crowned a best-selling author was almost unimaginable.How had it happened? I often found myself thinking about it, marveling at the inconsistency of my success and earlier failure.My thoughts always came back to the nucleus at the center of it all, that letter to The New York Times.最清楚的解释就是，我发现了一个让我有强烈感触的题材，因此，写作就成为这种激情很自然的结果了。在我写关于消防员以及后来写关于我母亲的系列故事时，我都怀有同样的激情。不管题材是什么，它们总是有意义并且合时宜的，因为它们代表了人类生活中伟大的价值观——得体、诚实和公正。在我写作时，这些题材在我心中炙热如火。

The clearest explanation is that I had found a subject I felt so strongly about that the writing was a natural consequence of that passion.I felt the same kind of passion when I began writing about firefighters and, later, a serial story about my mother.Whatever the subjects, they are always meaningful and timely because they represent the great values of human lifesubjects that burn within me as I write.多年来，我的五个孩子会时不时地来问我一个又一个让他们进退两难的问题：我应该踢足球还是打篮球？我是到这家公司工作还是到那家？

Over the years, all five of my children have come to me periodically with one dilemma or another.Should I go out for soccer or basketball? Should I take a job with this company or that one? 我的回答一直是相同的：想想你骨子深处的情感。估量一下那些情感的热度，因为那就是流淌于你身体每一部分的激情。任何时候都要找到那种激情。如果你失去了它，就要重新搜寻到它，然后再重新开始。你接受的教育和你的经验会引导你作出正确的决定，但是你的激情总是会使你在做任何事情时都成就非凡。My answer is always the same: Think about your feelings deep down in your bones.Measure the heat of the fire there, for that is the passion that will flow through every particle of your being.Always find that passion.And, if you lose it, retrieve it and start again.Your education and your experience will guide you toward making a right decision, but your passion will always enable you to make a difference in whatever you do.这就是那天我挺身而出为爱尔兰最伟大的诗人辩护时所学到的东西。That's what I learned the day I stood up for Ireland's greatest poet.A meaningful life

有意义的人生

The death of an angel of animal rights activism does not rate with that of a drugged-out rock star.So when Henry Spira died of cancer in September 1998, his death passed without notice, apart from a brief obituary in The New York Times.Yet Henry Spiral life tells us something important, not only about the modern animal movement, but about the possibility of an individual making a difference in the modern world.一位动物权利保护运动的天使的去世还比不上一个沉溺于毒品的摇滚明星的死亡。所以，亨利.斯皮拉在 1998 年 9 月因癌症去世的消息根本没有引起公众的注意，只是《纽约时报》上刊登了一则简短的讣告。但是亨利.斯皮拉的一生让我们懂得了一些重要的东西，不仅关于现代动物权益保护运动，而且还有一个人改变现代社会的可能性。

I first met Henry when he turned up at an adult education seminar I was giving at New York University.I offered a course on “Animal Liberation” that attracted about 20 students.One student was an unusual specimen, outside the regular aesthetic of an “animal person”.His clothes were untidy, and his hair uncombed.His language was so blunt and earthy that at times I thought I was listening to an assassin from a violent mob.Yet, I couldn't help feeling intrigued with his direct way of speaking and his solemn, secular oath to help animals in need.第一次见到亨利，是我在纽约大学教一个成人教育研修班时他前来听课。我开设了一门关于“动物解放”的课程，吸引了大约 20 名学生。其中一名学生很另类，完全和通常意义上“动物权利保护者”的形象背道而驰。他的衣着邋遢，头发也未曾梳理。他说话非常直率并且粗俗，有时我甚至认为，我好像是在听一个暴力团伙的杀手在讲话。但是，我情不自禁地被他那种直截了当的说话方式，还有他那庄重的、不是出于宗教目的要帮助处于困境中的动物的誓言吸引住了。

I left New York soon after that, but one day got a call from Henry.He talked with me about his work.I knew that for over a century, the animal rights movement had been putting out graphic brochures, leaflets, and audio propaganda, alerting people to the dreadful experiments on animals.But in all that time, the number of animals used in experiments had risen from a small batch of a few hundred to more than 30 million.No activist had managed to stop a single experiment or improve the lives of animals living in tiny, constricted enclosures.Henry changed that.One of his earliest campaigns permanently closed down a laboratory conducting experiments with toxic vapor on about 60 rabbits.在那之后，我很快就离开了纽约。但是有一天，我接到了亨利的电话。他和我聊起了他的工作。我知道，一个多世纪以来，动物权益运动的倡导者一直通过散发带图画的手册、传单以及音频宣传材料，来引起公众对那些可怕的动物实验的关注。但与此同时，用于实验的动物数量从原来区区几百骤增到三千多万。没有哪位活动家曾成功阻止过一项实验或改善了蜗居在狭小困笼中的动物的生活。亨利却改变了这一切。他早期的运动之一就是使一间用毒蒸汽在大约 60 只兔子身上做实验的实验室被永久关闭。

Following that success, Henry rapidly moved on to bigger targets.He laid siege to Revlon over their use of rabbits to test cosmetics for potential eye damage, and exerted enough pressure to persuade them to put $750,000 into the search for alternatives.Having seen the boycott that Revlon had narrowly averted and being afraid of incurring similar wrath, Avon, Bristol-Myers and other major cosmetics corporations soon followed suit.Though it took 10 years for the research to achieve results, it was largely Henry's public and judicious watchdog efforts that brought so many cosmetics corporations to where they now truthfully state their products are not tested on animals.取得上述成功之后，亨利马上转向更大的目标。他谴责露华浓公司用兔子检测化妆品对眼睛可能造成的伤害。他还给露华浓施加了强大的压力，说服其投入 75 万美元进行研究，以寻找替代方法。雅芳、百时美及其他大型化妆品公司看到露华浓险些遭到抵制，担心自己也会招致同样的愤怒，所以很快也都纷纷效仿。虽然他们的研究历经 10 年才取得成果，但是正是亨利所作出的这种公开而又明智的监督，才使得这么多化妆品公司现在可以如实地说，他们的产品没有在动物身上进行实验。

From decades spent working on the side of the weak and oppressed, Henry became efficient at masterminding campaigns.His victory over Revlon didn't require wealth, legislators, or the help of big governments.He learned how to build public awareness campaigns, how to shape malpractice lawsuits to successfully sue large companies and how to build committed groups of supporters for the cause.经过几十年为弱势及受压迫群体所做的抗争，亨利变得非常善于策划各种活动。他在与露华浓的抗衡中获胜，靠的不是财富、立法者或庞大的政府的帮助。他学会了如何发起能够唤醒公众意识的活动，如何开展渎职诉讼以便成功起诉大公司，以及如何为这一事业建立忠实的支持者团队。

We often assume that society has become too big and too bureaucratic for individuals to make a difference.How could one individual, however humane and passionate, possibly bring about change in the face of powerful global corporations, ministerial indifference and complicated parliamentary rules? 我们经常认为社会已经变得太大、太官僚，从而个体不可能改变它。在面对强大的跨国公司、冷漠的执政部门和众多复杂的议会规则时，单单一个人，不管他多么具有人道主义，多么富有激情，又如何能促成改变呢？

Henry's life was dedicated to the cause of preventing suffering of innocent, helpless animals, especially those used in research.He didn't stand on the sidelines or try to get revenge for the suffering he observed.Henry was practical.He acted.He appealed to the public and created publicity kits to help common people become activists.亨利的一生都致力于阻止无辜又无助的动物遭受痛苦，尤其是那些被用于研究的动物。他没有袖手旁观，也没有试图为他所看到的苦难复仇。亨利是个很实际的人。他采取了行动。他向公众呼吁，并做了各种成套的宣传材料来帮助普通人成为积极的参与者。

On April 21, 1996, I sent Henry a fax telling him I was thinking about writing a book to chronicle his life and work.I asked whether I could stay with him for a few days in June to talk about it.1996 年 4 月 21 日，我给亨利发了一份传真，告诉他我正在考虑写一本记录其生平和事业的书。我问他我是否可以 6 月份过去和他待几天，以讨论这一事宜。

Henry called that evening.He said he'd really like me to write the book, but he wasn't sure he was still going to be around in late June.He explained that he'd been diagnosed with cancer, and asked whether I could come earlier.当天晚上亨利就给我打了电话。他说他很愿意由我来写这本书，但是他不确定自己 6 月下旬是否还会活在世上。他解释说他已经被确诊得了癌症，所以问我能不能早点来。

I was in New York six days later.Henry had lost a lot of weight, and lacked the energy I was used to seeing in him.His life expectancy was a matter of months.Death seemed to be stalking him.6 天后我就到了纽约。亨利瘦了很多，而且也没有了我以前在他身上看到的精力。他的生命只剩几个月了。死亡似乎正在向他逼近。

The most remarkable thing about Henry, though, was the total absence of any sign of depression.Life had been good, he said, refusing to hear my sympathy and condolences.He said he'd done what he wanted to do and enjoyed it a lot.Why should he be depressed? 尽管如此，亨利最了不起的一点就是，你根本看不到他有一丝一毫的沮丧。他说他一直过得很好，因而拒绝听我说同情和安慰的话。他说，他做了自己想做的事，而且很享受所做的一切，为什么要感到沮丧呢？ Henry's life did not terminate in the time his doctors predicted.For the next two years he kept working, helping develop the material I needed for the book, through interviews and questionnaires.When I began writing, I never thought Henry would see a completed draft, but he lived to see the book on sale in a New York bookstore.Then, within a week, wearing his favorite striped pajamas, he died.亨利的生命并没有像医生预言的那么快终止。在接下来的两年里，他一直坚持工作，通过采访和问卷调查的方式，帮助我准备写书需要的材料。在我开始动笔的时候，我从来没想到亨利能看到完整的初稿，但是他一直活到亲眼看到书在纽约的书店出售。然后，不到一个星期，他就去世了，当时身上穿着他最喜欢的条纹睡衣。

One essential mark of living well is to be satisfied with one's accomplishments when taking a retrospective look at life, and to be able to accept death and face infinity calmly.Henry's life seemed to lack many of the things that most of us take for granted as essential to a good life.He never married, or had a long-term, live-in relationship.He had no children or successors.He never went to concerts, to the theater, or to fine restaurants.He didn't bring antibiotics to the needy or vaccinate the poor.He was never called a hero like the caped crusaders of our comic books.There is no fancy stone for him at the cemetery after his death.He just cared for the weakest creatures in his society.What gave Henry Spira's life depth and purpose? What did hesun, wind, water, and so on.While renewable energy sources are promising, an international confederation of scientists and engineers is working feverishly to overcome the various obstacles associated with these “new energy” technologies.The major challenge is to develop efficient and economically workable versions of these technologies.我们怎样才能满足未来急剧增长的能源需求呢？在我们完善冷聚变技术之前，我们只能专注于开发太阳能、风能、水电能之类的可再生能源，并提高其产量。虽然可再生能源前景乐观，一个由科学家和工程师组成的国际联盟却正在积极工作，努力克服与这些“新兴能源”技术相关的各种障碍，其中最大的挑战就是如何使这些技术变得既高效又经济。Take solar energy for example.It is a good option because there is an unlimited supply of glittering sunlight.Making it work on a large scale, however, is much easier said than done.It would be cost prohibitive to take the intricate gadgets of solar energy from the fringe of “green” society to the mainstream for major world consumption.The solar apparatus itself is ready for many new business and consumer applications, but it is way too expensive to replace the old combustion machinery of gears and motors with new electronic technology of semiconductors and transistors on a global or even a national scale.以太阳能为例。由于耀眼的太阳光能够提供源源不断的能源，所以它是个不错的选择。但是，大规模地使用太阳能却是说起来容易做起来难。把制造太阳能所需要的复杂零件从“环保”社会的边缘推广到主流社会，使之成为世界主要的消费性能源，其代价之高让人望而却步。太阳能设备本身已是技术成熟，可以使商业和消费者进行许多新型应用，但是，在全球或者即便是在全国范围内，用新型的半导体和晶体管电子技术取代老式的用齿轮和发动机驱动的燃烧设备，其成本实在太高。

Wind power, which has been used effectively in some places for generations, is also rapidly growing in the energy market.The principle behind it is that wind converts rotary force into electricity by turning the blades of the turbine clockwise or counterclockwise around an axis.Unfortunately, wind power is very unreliable and its strength depends on local weather patterns, temperature, time of year, and location.In addition to this unreliability, wind power equipment is very expensive compared with other energy sources and won't become a viable alternative until we can slash the costs significantly.Also, a “wind farm” requires enormous land clearing to produce significant amounts of energy.风能在一些地方已经被几代人有效利用，目前在能源市场中也发展迅速。风能的原理是：风通过驱动涡轮机叶片按顺时针或逆时针方向绕着一个轴旋转，从而把转动时所产生的力转换成电能。不幸的是，风能非常不稳定，其强度取决于当地的天气模式、温度、季节以及地域。除了不稳定的因素之外，和其他能源相比，风能设备造价昂贵。除非我们能将其成本大大降低，否则风能就不会成为一个可行的替代能源。而且，一个“风能农场”需要大片空旷的土地才能生产大量能源。

Hydroelectric power is another source of clean and renewable energy.It can be harnessed by controlling the natural outflow of water with different methods.The most popular is through dams, which, unfortunately, are no longer considered environmentally friendly.Most of the hydroelectric dams in the world are historically recent, but all reservoirs eventually will fill up with mud and require very expensive excavation to clear them up to become useful again.水力电能是另外一种既干净又能再生的能源。人们可以通过不同方法来控制自然水流以进行发电。最普遍的方法是通过水坝，但不幸的是，建水坝已被认为是对环境不利的方法了。世界上大多数用于水力发电的大坝建造历史都不长，但是所有的水库最终都会被淤泥填塞，需要耗资巨大进行清淤才能使它们重新得到利用。

Biomass energy derived from plant and animal matter is still another renewable source being considered as a standby replacement for fossil fuels.Organic waste in the form of dead trees, leaves, animal corpses and food processing waste exists in abundance and can be used to produce energy.However, there is no way to ventilate the direct burning of biomass as fuel without diffusing carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.These gases can pose a risk to the ozone layer, increasing overall exposure of human beings to harmful UV rays from the sun.Besides, it takes time and money to collect and transport biomass in its raw form to a central point for processing into fuel, and the automation of such a process is too difficult.So, for the time being, biomass has too many costly drawbacks to be a workable alternative to fossil fuels.动植物物质所产生的生物能源也是一种可再生能源，且被认为是矿物燃料的备用替代品。以死树、枯叶、动物尸体以及食品加工废料的形式存在的有机废物十分充足，可以被用来制造能源。然而，将生物质作为燃料直接燃烧，通风时必然会将二氧化碳及其他温室气体排放到大气中。这些气体会对臭氧层造成威胁，增加人们受到来自太阳的有害紫外线照射的危险。除此以外，将生物质以原始形态进行收集，并将它们运送到某个中心站加工处理成燃料，这一过程既耗时又耗财，而且对这一过程实现自动化非常困难。所以，在目前，生物质能源有太多高成本方面的缺点，不能成为矿物燃料可行的替代品。

Although renewable energies are not yet economically competitive with fossil fuels, their price becomes more attractive when compared with the health and environmental costs associated with burning coal and oil.Perhaps the best solution to our growing energy challenges comes in a bulletin from the Union of Concerned Scientists: “Our society's future success cannot hinge on one single solution.The answer instead must come from a family of diverse energy technologies that share a unified purpose-they do not deplete our natural resources or destroy our environment.” Despite the difficulties, it is important to remember that an energy crisis is approaching at supersonic speeds and will soon be upon us.In order to inaugurate a new era in energy, we must act quickly and work toward international collaboration to find the most effective solutions to our energy problems.虽然从经济实惠方面来说，可再生能源没有矿物能源有竞争力，但是，与燃烧煤和石油所带来的健康及环境代价相比，它们的价格又变得较有吸引力了。也许，对于日益紧迫的能源挑战，最好的解决办法正如“忧思科学家联盟”所出的一份简报上所说的那样：“未来我们社会的成功不能依赖于某一单一的解决方案。相反，答案须来自一系列各种不同的能源技术。这些技术有一个共同目的：它们不会耗尽我们的自然资源，也不会破环我们的环境。”尽管困难重重，我们需要牢记的是，能源危机正以超音速逼近，即将来到我们面前。为了在能源领域开创一个新时代，我们必须赶快行动，努力寻求国际合作，以找到能源问题最有效的解决办法。

A worldwide food crisis 会有全球粮食危机吗？

Historically, only local governments worried about a widespread food crisis, but today, a sharp spike in food prices and the resulting food crisis can quickly become a worldwide phenomenon.Recent droughts along the equator, and in Russia and Ukrainecaused wheat prices to surge.Many worry the tight supply will cause inflationary prices.They fear the skyrocketing grain costs in 2007, which harshly struck the world's poor and led to food riots, will recur.在历史上，只有地方政府才会担心大范围的粮食危机，而如今，粮食价格的急剧上涨及由此导致的粮食危机会很快成为一种全球现象。最近发生在赤道沿线、俄罗斯及乌克兰的干旱使小麦价格不断飆升——俄罗斯和乌克兰两国小麦出口总量占世界出口总量的四分之一。许多人担心小麦供应短缺会引发其价格膨胀，他们害怕 2007 年使世界穷人遭受重创并引发食品骚乱的飞涨的粮食价格会再次出现。

Is their fear grounded? Consultancy firms measuring the status of commodities like wheat don't think so.Stocks of wheat are at sufficiently high levels, and harvest turnout from other big producers like the US is expected to stay strong.So unlike in 2007, the supply situation isn't desperate, meaning wheat prices should eventually calm down and level off.他们的担心有根据吗？负责对像小麦这样的商品现状进行评估的咨询公司并不这样认为。目前小麦的储备非常充足，并且，重要农业生产国如美国等的农作物生产也有望十分强劲。所以，与 2007 年不同，现在粮食供应状况并不那样令人绝望，这也意味着小麦价格最终会恢复正常并平稳下来。

However, this rosy picture provides only temporary security.The bigger picture discloses a reality not so optimistic.Though current prices aren't as sky-high as in the panicked market of 2007, they're still at higher levels than before and are likely to stay that way.The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development sees the average prices of products classified as essential such as grains, vegetable oils, and dairy products rising for the next decade.但是，这一美好的画面只能带来短暂的安心。更大的画面所揭示的现实不容乐观。虽然目前粮食价格没有达到 2007 年引起恐慌的市场上的那种天价，但和以前相比，价格仍然居高不下，而且很有可能维持这样。经济合作与发展组织认为，谷物、植物油和奶制品这些基本食品的平均价格在未来十年都将持续上涨。It doesn't take an oracle to foretell that the fight to feed the world will be a huge challenge facing the global economy over the next 20 years.Food production is suffering from decades of neglect of agriculture, a period when the sector was starved of the resources and technology it needed to keep up with rising world demand.Though more and more people are intrigued by the issue and there is a growing global consensus about the need for reform in farming, we're really only at the beginning of a long, expensive, process of repairing world agricultural practices.That means food prices will stay high over the next several years, as will the risk of dangerous price fluctuations like the current one with wheat.未来 20 年，让世界上所有人都吃饱饭将是全球经济所面临的巨大挑战，这一点很明确，不需要通过行家来预言。由于过去几十年对农业的疏忽，粮食生产受到影响，而这几十年正是农业这一行业急需得到资源和技术支持以满足日益增长的世界需求的重要时期。虽然现在越来越多的人对这一问题表示出兴趣，对农业耕作进行改革的需要也获得全球越来越广泛的认同，但事实上，在修复全球农业作业这样一项耗时长、代价高的工作中，我们还只处于起步阶段。这也意味着，粮食价格在未来几年会居高不下，正如目前小麦价格波动所带来的风险也会居高不下一样。

Food isn't like garments or other products traded on world markets.The issue of food is filled with emotion.Intermittent uncertainty in food markets will animate people to act when they would otherwise remain calm.No country, for example, wants to run out of food or watch sky-high prices push people into poverty and malnourishment.That can lead to riots or even revolutions.When emotions are running high enough, grain exporters and importers may take extreme measures to prevent a shortage, like hoarding and panic-driven wholesale purchases.In other words, the overreaction of market players will act like a pistol to the head, creating a crisis when none should exist.粮食这一商品和世界市场上交易的衣服或其他商品有所不同。粮食问题是充满感情色彩的。粮食市场时断时续的不确定性会促使人们采取行动，而这种不确定性如果涉及的是其他商品，人们则会保持冷静。比如，没有哪个国家希望出现粮食短缺，眼睁睁看着粮价飞涨而使人们陷入贫穷和营养不良的困境，因为这样会引发骚乱甚至革命。当人们的情绪积聚到足够高度的时候，粮食出口商和进口商就会采取一些极端的手段，以防止粮食出现短缺。比如，他们会囤积粮食及因恐慌而大批量购买等等。换句话说，市场操纵者如果反应过度，其作用就如同指向头部的手枪，会无中生有地制造危机。

Will current prices stay high and volatile? Probably yes.There are enormous structural problems with the agriculture industry that have caused the great imbalance between supply and demand.These problems have a dual nature, one part of it on the production side, and the other on the consumption side.目前的价格会一直居高不下且变化不定吗？很可能会的。农业产业结构方面存在的诸多问题已经引发了供求关系的巨大失衡。这些问题具有两面性，一个是生产方面的，另一个是消费方面的。

On the production side, global funding for rural infrastructure or technological research to keep yields growing has been very small, well below what is needed to keep crises at bay and to meet our future food demands.But in the past, whenever economists predicted massive shortages, technological advances like higher-yield strains of wheat would overcome the difference and rescue civilizations from large-scale starvation.在生产方面，全球用于乡村基础设施建设或农业技术研究以保持粮食产量持续增长的资金非常少，大大低于能够使我们避免危机、满足人类未来食品需求所必需的资金投入量。但是，在过去，一旦经济学家们预测会有大规模的粮食短缺，就会有像高产量小麦之类的技术进步来解决这一供需差异，使人类免受大规模挨饿之苦。

On the consumption side, citizens of wealthier countries have grown accustomed to consuming more food than they need and eating more costly types of food like meat.This means more grain gets turned into livestock feed instead of food for people.Add in the new demand for bio-fuels, and you get a recipe for disaster.As an excerpt from a pamphlet by activist Peter Singer explains: “...the problem isn't that we are producing too little food;rather we're not eating the food we grow.Nearly 100 million tons of grain per year is turned into bio-fuel that goes into gas tanks.The problem is that we-the relatively affluentthey were tools like a wrench, a hammer or a screw.还有士兵也是男人的工作。据我所知，他们几乎不工作，但当战争一打响，他们很多人都会出于爱国热情而战死在疆场或异域前哨的堡垒前。这就是士兵的作用——他们就像工具，如同扳钳、锤子或螺丝一样。These weren't the only destinies of men, as I learned from having a few male teachers, from reading books and from watching television.But the men on televisionseemed as remote and unreal to me as the figures in old paintings.I could no more imagine growing up to become one of these sophisticated people than I could imagine becoming a sovereign prince.这些并非男人们唯一的归宿，我从曾经有过的几位男教师、从看书及看电视中认识到了这一点。但是，那些上电视的男人们——新闻评论员、律师、医生、课征税款的政治家及发号施令的老板们——在我看来就像古老绘画上的人像，遥远而不真实。我不能想象自己长大会变成这些精明世故的人中的一员，就像我无法想象自己能变成一个权力至高无上的国君一样。

A scholarship enabled me not only to attend college, a rare enough feat in my social circle, but even to traverse the halls of a historic university meant for the children of the rich.Here for the first time I met women who told me that men were guilty of having kept all the joys and privileges of the earth for themselves.I was puzzled, and demanded clarification.What privileges? What joys? I thought about the grim, wounded lives of most of the men back home.What had they allegedly stolen from their wives and daughters? The right to work five days a week, 12 months a year, for 30 or 40 years, wedged in tight spaces in the textile mills, or in the coal mines, struggling to extract every last bit of coal from the rock-hard earth? The right to die in war? The right to fix every leak in the roof, every gap in the fence? The right to pile banknotes high for a rich corporation in a city far away? The right to feel, when the lay-off came or the mines shut down, not only afraid but also ashamed? 一份奖学金使我得以上大学，这可是我社交圈子里极其难得的荣耀。不仅如此，它还让我能够穿行于为富人家的孩子打造的史上著名的大学殿堂里。就在这里，我生平头一次碰到女人告诉我说男人是有罪的，因为他们把地球上所有的欢乐和特权都据为己有。我被弄糊涂了，要求她们予以解释。什么特权？什么欢乐？我想到家乡大多数男人那种艰难严酷、伤痛累累的生活。人们所说的他们从妻子和女儿那里偷走的东西又能是些什么呢？难道是每周五天、每年十二个月，如此三四十年里挤缩在纺织厂狭小的空间里，或是在煤矿下挣扎着从岩石般坚硬的泥土中挖出最后一点煤的劳作的权力？战死疆场的权利？修缮屋顶上每条裂缝和围栏上每个断栏的权利？为一个遥远的城市某个富裕财团垒积钱钞的权利？在遭遇解雇或煤矿倒闭时感到既害怕又羞耻的权利？

In this alien world of the rich, I was slow to understand the deep grievances of women.This was because, as a boy, I had envied them.Before college, the only people I had ever known who were interested in art or music or literature, the only ones who ever seemed to enjoy a sense of ease were the mothers and daughters.What's more, they did not have to go to war.By comparison with the narrow, compartmentalized days of fathers, the comparatively lightweight work of mothers seemed expansive.They clipped coupons, went to see neighbors, or ran errands at school or at church.I saw their lives as through a telescope, all twinkling stars and shafts of light, missing the details that truly defined their days.No doubt, had I taken a more deductive look at their lives, I would have envied them less.I didn't see, then, what a prison a house could be, since houses seemed to me brighter, handsomer places than any factory.As such things were never spoken of, I did not realize how often women suffered from men's bullying.Even then I could see how exhausting it was for a mother to cater all day to the needs of young children.But, as a boy, if I had to choose between tending a baby and tending a machine, I think I would have chosen the baby.在这样一个满是富人的陌生世界里，我在理解女人们深深的怨怒方面很是迟钝。这是因为，当我还是一个小男孩时，我就嫉妒过她们。在上大学之前，我所认识的唯一对艺术、音乐或文学有兴趣的人，唯一看上去能够享受一丝自在的一群人就是那些做母亲和女儿的人。而且，她们也不必去参加战争。与父亲们所遭受的狭隘的、封闭的日子相比，母亲们所承担的相对较轻的工作显得更加宽泛一些。她们剪用购物券，探访邻居，在学校或教堂跑跑腿。我仿佛是透过望远镜看到她们的生活，满是闪烁的星星和一缕缕光线，而漏掉了她们生活岁月的真实细节。毋庸置疑，如果我用更具理性的方式审视她们的生活，我就不会那么嫉妒她们了。可在那时，我实在看不出一幢房子能成为什么样的牢狱，因为房子在我看来比任何厂房都更亮堂、更体面。我也没有意识到女人是多么频繁地遭受男人的欺凌，因为这样的事情从未被提及过。即使在那时，我也能够看出一个母亲整日忙碌着应付年幼孩子们的需要是多么地辛苦。但是，作为男孩，如果我那时必须在照顾婴儿和照看机器之间作选择，我想我会选择照顾婴儿。

So I was baffled when the women at college made a racket accusing me and my sex of having cornered the world's pleasures.They demanded to be emancipated from the bonds of sexism.I think my bafflement has been felt by other boys(and by girls as well)who grew up in dirt-poor farm country, by the docks, in the shadows of factoriesat first.But after a while, it annoys, as if the only things that people heard one say were what had been filtered through the sieve of social niceties: I'm so pleased to meet you.I've heard many wonderful things about you.我当然相信每个人在一开始都会把这种描述的话当成称赞。但过了一段时间，这种话就会让人恼怒，就好像所听到的只是些经过细微的社交区别过滤后的言辞，诸如“很高兴认识你，我听到许多人都夸奖你”之类的话。

These remarks are not representative of new ideas, honest emotions, or considered thought.Like a piece of bread, they are only the crust of the interaction, or what is said from the polite distance of social contexts: greetings, farewells, convenient excuses, and the like.This generalization, therefore, is not a true composite of Chinese culture but only a stereotype of our exterior behavior.这些话不能表达什么新观点，也不能传达什么真实的情感或深思熟虑的想法。它们就像一片面包，只是人们交往中最表层的东西，或社交场合下出于礼貌而说的一些话：问候、道别、顺口的托词，诸如此类。由此看来，那些对中国人的概括性评价并非是对中国文化成分的真实描述，而仅仅是对我们外在行为的一种成见而已。

”So how does one say 'yes' and 'no' in Chinese?“ my friends may ask carefully.“那么中文究竟怎么表达„是‟和„不是‟呢？”我的朋友也许会小心翼翼地问。

At this junction, I do agree in part with The New York Times Magazine article.There is no one word for ”yes“ or ”no“, but not out of necessity to be discreet.If anything, I would say the Chinese equivalent of answering ”yes“ or ”no“ is specific to what is asked.在这一点上，我的确在某种程度上同意《纽约时报杂志》的那篇文章。在中文里，没有哪一个字专门用于表达“是”或“不是”，但这并非是因为需要保持谨慎。若的确有什么不同的话，那我会说中文里对应的“是”或“不是”的表达通常是针对所问的具体内容而定的。

Ask a Chinese person if he or she has eaten, and he or she might say chrle(eaten already)or meiyou(have not).如果你问一个中国人是否吃饭了，他（或她）会说“吃了”（已经吃过）或“没有”（没有吃过）。

Ask, ”Have you stopped beating your wife?“ and the answer refers directly to the proposition being asserted or denied: stopped already, still have not, never beat, have no wife.你若问：“你停止打老婆了吗？”他会直接就所断定或所否认的假设进行回答：已经停止了，还没有，从来不打，没有老婆。What could be clearer? 还有什么能比这更明了的呢？

Culture makes the business world go round

文化推动商业世界的运转

Edward Hall, a leader in the field of intercultural studies, famously said: ”The single greatest barrier to business success is the one erected by culture.“ Can cultural differences have as big an impact on international business ventures as financial planning and visionary leadership? The surprising answer is: Yes!他曾说过一句名言：“商业成功的最大障碍是由文化竖立的障碍。”对国际企业来说，文化差异难道真的和财务规划及前瞻性领导有着同样大的影响吗？答案是出人意料的：的确如此！

A good example is the role of relationships in business dealings.While relationships play only a minor role in US business culture, they play a major role in Asian, African, and Middle Eastern countries.In these cultures, in varying degrees, relationship building is like a torch that lights and guides the way for business to occur.一个很好的例子，人际关系在生意往来中所起的作用。尽管人际关系在美国商业文化中作用不大，但在亚洲、非洲及中东国家却十分重要。在这些文化中，人际关系的经营在不同程度上就好像是照亮和引导生意征程的火炬。

Let's take the example of Kevin Johnston, a senior vice-president of a US company specializing in hospitality management.Kevin was put in charge of finalizing a merger with a company in the United Arab Emirates(UAE).Virtually all of the complicated negotiations had been completed.What remained was a 3-day trip to the UAE for face-to-face meetings between the partners to sign the paperwork and close the deal.让我们以美国一家酒店管理公司高级副总裁凯文?约翰斯顿的故事为例说明。凯文被指派负责敲定与阿拉伯联合酋长国（阿联酋）一家公司的合并事宜。几乎所有复杂的谈判均已完成，剩下的就是花三天时间前往阿联酋与对方面谈，以签署协议文件并完成整个交易。

Kevin was determined that nothing would detain him from succeeding.He sent out a memorandum across his company, enthusiastically describing the planned merger with the UAE partners.Having compiled all the necessary documents and graphs, with every figure and decimal in place, and having prepared a thorough exposition certifying the quality of his company, he packed his briefcase and headed for the UAE.凯文坚信，任何事情都不会阻碍他此行成功完成任务。他给公司上下发了一份备忘录，热情洋溢地描述了与阿联酋方面的这一合并计划。在他整理好了所有必备的文件和乃至数据及小数点都精确到位的各种图表，并准备了一份证明公司资质的详尽说明后，他就装好了公文包，奔赴阿联酋。

Kevin arrived in the UAE excited to seal the deal.He was treated with extraordinary hospitality: an elaborate hotel, blue ribbon foods, elegant convertibles with drivers to tour the city, a parade of entertainment, and beautiful gifts to commemorate the visit.He tried repeatedly to bring out his files, open the conversation and get down to business.But, surprisingly, for the three days he spent in the UAE, none of his Emirate colleagues seemed ready to hear his financial briefing.Each time Kevin tried to speak about the deal, his prospective partners seemed to ”kidnap“ the conversation, diverting it to other topics.They would inquire about his health, his family or his views on education and other important issues.凯文到了阿联酋，对于此行来完成这项交易感到兴奋无比。他受到了超规格的殷勤接待：奢华的宾馆、一流的佳肴、配有专职司机的优雅的敞篷车带他游览全城、接连不断的娱乐活动、精美的纪念品。他多次试图取出带来的文件资料，想打开话题谈生意，但奇怪的是，在他停留的三天里，阿联酋的同仁们却好像没有一个人愿意听他准备的财务情况简介。每当凯文试图谈及交易时，有望成为合作伙伴的对方似乎总是“绑架”谈话内容，岔开话题。他们会转而询问他的健康、他的家人，或他对教育和其他重要问题的看法。Upon leaving the UAE, Kevin felt exasperated and defeated.He hadn't been able to receive the thorough interrogation of the materials for which he had so carefully prepared.His progress toward closing the deal was exactly where it was when he left the US: nil.离开阿联酋时，凯文感到既恼火又丧气。对于自己精心准备的材料，他根本就无法获得对方的详细询问。至于完成这项交易的计划，则与他离开美国时毫无二致：零进展。

The above case is a classic example of how a friction between different cultural expectations causes delay that, if not handled appropriately, will bring the deal to an abrupt end and leave both sides reeling.The substantial loss of revenue can never be refunded and can leave a struggling company falling without a parachute.上述例子很经典，它说明了不同文化期望值之间的冲突会如何导致延误。这种延误若未能恰当处理的话，就会使一笔生意戛然中断，让双方都不知所措。所造成的巨大的收入损失永远无法弥补，甚至还会让一家在困境中挣扎的公司突然倒闭，就像没用降落伞从高空坠落一样，毫无缓冲。

Kevin made the mistake of assuming that the ”certifications“ involved in sealing the deal were in his briefcase.He charged into the meetings like a bull.For many cultures, a person's certifications are established not only by their accomplishments, their education and abilities, but also by more personal connections.In this case, the UAE partners wanted to know if Kevin was a good man, a family man, a trustworthy man.This type of rating establishes a trusting relationship for them.Had Kevin patiently taken the time to establish relationships, he would likely have been asked to share his carefully prepared documents and have closed the deal.凯文错误地以为，生意成交只要靠自己公文包中的各种证明文件就行。他风风火火地去参加会谈，就像一头误打误撞的公牛。但对于很多文化来说，一个人确立自己的资质不仅要靠业绩、教育背景或个人能力，而且要靠更多的人际交往。在这一例子中，阿联酋合作伙伴很想知道的是，凯文是不是个好人，是不是个顾家和值得信赖的人。对他们而言，这种评判能够确立双方之间的信任关系。如果凯文当初能够花些时间耐心地去经营一下双方关系的话，他们也许就会让他介绍一下精心准备的材料并完成交易了。

Sociologists agree that another key aspect influencing global business is the concept of face.Cross-cultural differences in the way we save face impact our perceptions of trust and respect, which in turn impact our relationships and group cohesion.社会学家一致认为，影响国际商务的另一关键因素是“面子”。在“顾面子”的方式上，跨文化差异会影响我们对信任和尊重的看法，而这种看法反过来又会影响人们之间的关系和团队凝聚力。

Take the example of Ann, a US manager who took a reactionary approach to cultural differences.Ann thought being a nominee for the leadership position with a sales team based in Singapore was a climax of her career.Ann tried to establish a working relationship with each team member.After a few weeks of working on team unification and solidarity, presenting guidelines, and offering sales advice, she carefully compartmentalized goals for each member of the sales team.以一位叫安的美国经理为例。安对文化差异采取了一种保守策略。她被提名为一个设于新加坡的销售团队的领导，她将此看作自己事业的一个顶峰。安努力和每一位团队成员都建立良好的工作关系。她花了数周时间致力于建立团队的统一性与凝聚力、介绍工作原则、提出销售建议，之后她为销售团队的每位成员精心设定了分块目标。

Later, when the team convened face-to-face for their first quarterly review meeting, Ann, after praising a Chinese team member, boldly criticized and questioned a Korean, trying to extract the exact reason why he was lagging so far behind on his goals.The meeting immediately lost its groove.The entire group became solemn and, for the rest of the meeting, remained polite but largely mute.过了一段时间，在团队举行的面对面的首次季度工作总结例会上，安称赞了一位中国成员，而后毫不留情地批评并质询了一位韩国成员，试图找出他比别人落后许多的确切原因。会议立刻偏离了常规程序。整个团队变得严肃沉闷，而且在会议剩下的时间里，虽然大家都谦恭有礼，但大多数时候却沉默不言。Clearly, Ann was not familiar with the concept of saving face in other cultures.In US culture, saving face existscreatures with wings so impaired that they cannot fly.There are farms where you breed chickens for breast meat.Those birds are kept in low, repressive cages, forced to be hunched over all the time, which makes the breast muscles very big.One loud noise and the chickens go mad, killing themselves by flying against the walls of their cages.Having to spend all their lives stooped over makes an unnatural, crazy, no-good bird.It also makes unnatural, detached, no-good human beings.所有的野生鸟类都被你们改造成了鸡禽——一种翅膀退化、根本不会飞的生物。你们有许多农场，专门用来词养鸡以提供鸡胸脯肉。这些鸡被关在狭窄压抑的笼子里，不得不一直弓着身体，这使它们的胸脯肌肉变得很大。如果突发一声巨响，鸡群会吓得发疯般乱跑，撞死在笼子壁上。一辈子都必须佝偻着背使得这些鸡变成了既不天然又不正常、毫无用处的禽类。同时，人类也变得很不自然、冷漠无情、残酷刻薄。That's where you've fooled yourselves.You have not only altered, declawed, and deformed your winged and four-legged cousins;you have done it concurrently to yourselves.You inject Botox, or use plastic surgery, synthetic make-up and countless drugs.You have filtered and remolded humans into executives sitting in boardrooms, into office workers, into time-clock punchers.Your homes are filled with families disconnected from one another but tied to one great entity, television.在这点上，你们愚弄了自己。你们对自己带翅膀的和长四条腿的近亲兄弟姐妹进行了改造，剪掉了它们的爪子，甚至让它们变得畸形。同时，你们也在对自己做这些事情。你们注射肉毒杆菌毒素，接受整容手术，使用人造化妆品和数不清的药物。你们把人类进行筛选和改造：有的人是坐董事会议室的高级管理人员，有的人是坐办公室的白领，有的人是每日要按考勤钟打卡的工人。在家里，每个家庭成员之间也没有联系，却都沉溺于一个大实体，那就是电视。

”Watch the ashes, don't smoke, you'll stain the curtains.Watch the goldfish bowl.Don't lean your head against the wallpaper;your hair may be greasy.Don't spill liquor on that table: You'll peel off its delicate finish.You should have wiped your boots;the floor was just cleaned.Don't, don't, don't...“ That is absurd!We weren't made to endure this type of repression.You live in prisons which you have built for yourselves, calling them ”homes“, offices, factories.“小心烟灰，不要抽烟，否则你会熏脏窗帘。小心金鱼缸。不要把头靠在墙纸上，你的头发也许很油。不要把饮料洒在桌子上，你会把它精美的涂层弄掉。你应该先擦擦靴子，地板刚刚才打扫过。不要做这个，不要做那个，不要……”这太荒谬了！人类生下来不是忍受这种压抑的。你们住在自己亲手打造的监狱里，只不过你们把它们称之为“家”、办公室或工厂而已。后面缺几段

Achieving sustainable environmentalism

实现可持续性发展的环保主义

Environmental sensitivity is now as required an attitude in polite society as is, say, belief in democracy or disapproval of plastic surgery.But now that everyone from Ted Turner to George H.W.Bush has claimed love for Mother Earth, how are we to choose among the dozens of conflicting proposals, regulations and laws advanced by congressmen and constituents alike in the name of the environment? Clearly, not everything with an environmental claim is worth doing.How do we segregate the best options and consolidate our varying interests into a single, sound policy? 在上流社会，对环境的敏感就如同信仰民主、反对整容一样，是一种不可或缺的态度。然而，既然从泰德•特纳到乔治•W.H.布什，每个人都声称自己热爱地球母亲，那么，在由议员、选民之类的人以环境名义而提出的众多的相互矛盾的提案、规章和法规中，我们又该如何做出选择呢？显而易见，并不是每一项冠以环境保护名义的事情都值得去做。我们怎样才能分离出最佳选择，并且把我们各自不同的兴趣统一在同一个合理的政策当中呢？ There is a simple way.First, differentiate between environmental luxuries and environmental necessities.Luxuries are those things that would be nice to have if costless.Necessities are those things we must have regardless.Call this distinction the definitive rule of sane environmentalism, which stipulates that combating ecological change that directly threatens the health and safety of people is an environmental necessity.All else is luxury.有一种简便的方法。首先要区分什么是环境奢侈品，什么是环境必需品。奢侈品是指那些无需人类付出代价就能拥有的给人美好感受的东西。必需品则是指那些无论付出什么代价，都一定要去拥有的东西。这一区分原则可以被称为理性环保主义的至高原则。它规定，对那些直接威胁人类健康与安全的生态变化采取应对措施是环境保护的必需品，而其他则都属于奢侈品。

For example, preserving the atmosphereis an environmental necessity.Recently, scientists reported that ozone damage is far worse than previously thought.Ozone depletion has a correlation not only with skin cancer and eye problems, it also destroys the ocean's ecology, the beginning of the food chain atop which we humans sit.例如，保护大气层——阻止臭氧损耗及控制温室效应——是环境保护的必需品。近来，科学家报告说臭氧层遭受破坏的程度远比我们先前认为的要严重得多。臭氧损耗不仅与皮肤癌及眼疾有关，而且它还会破坏海洋生态。而海洋生态是食物链的起点，人类则位于该食物链的顶端。

The possible thermal consequences of the greenhouse effect are far deadlier: melting ice caps, flooded coastlines, disrupted climate, dry plains and, ultimately, empty breadbaskets.The American Midwest feeds people at all corners of the atlas.With the planetary climate changes, are we prepared to see Iowa take on New Mexico's desert climate, or Siberia take on Iowa's moderate climate? 温室效应所可能引发的热效应是非常具有毁灭性的：冰川融化、海岸线被淹没、气候遭受破坏、平原干涸，最终食物消失殆尽。美国中西部地区的粮食供养着全世界。随着全球气候的变化，我们难道准备看到衣阿华州变成新墨西哥州的沙漠气候，而西伯利亚变成衣阿华州的温和气候吗？

Ozone depletion and the greenhouse effect are human disasters, and they are urgent because they directly threaten humanity and are not easily reversible.A sane environmentalism, the only kind of environmentalism that will strike a chord with the general public, begins by openly declaring that nature is here to serve human beings.A sane environmentalism is entirely a human focused regime: It calls upon humanity to preserve nature, but merely within the parameters of self-survival.臭氧损耗和温室效应是人类的灾难，而且是需要紧急处理的灾难，因为它们直接威胁到人类，且后果很难扭转。理性环保主义——唯一能够引起公众共鸣的环保主张——首先公开声明，自然是服务于人类的。理性环保主义是一种完全以人类为中心的思想。它号召人类保护自然，但是是在人类自我生存得到保证的前提之下。Of course, this human focus runs against the grain of a contemporary environmentalism that indulges in overt earth worship.Some people even allege that the earth is a living organism.This kind of environmentalism likes to consider itself spiritual.It is nothing more than sentimental.It takes, for example, a highly selective view of the kindness of nature, one that is incompatible with the reality of natural disasters.My nature worship stops with the twister that came through Kansas or the dreadful rains in Bangladesh that eradicated whole villages and left millions homeless.当然，这种以人类为中心的主张与当下盛行的环保主义是格格不入的，后者已经沉溺于对地球的公然崇拜。有的人甚至声称地球是一个活的生物体。这种环保主义喜欢把自己看作是神圣的，其实它只是感情用事而已。比如，在自然是否友善的问题上，当下的环保主义采取了高度选择性的片面的观点，而这种观点与自然造成的灾难这一现实是不相协调的。当龙卷风肆虐堪萨斯州，当瓢泼大雨袭击孟加拉国，毁灭了整座整座的村庄，使几百万人失去家园的时候，我对自然的崇拜便停止了。

A non-sentimental environmentalism is one founded on Protagoras's idea that ”Man is the measure of all things.“ In establishing the sovereignty of man, such a principle helps us through the dense forest of environmental arguments.Take the current debate raging over oil drilling in a corner of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge(ANWR).Environmentalist coalitions, mobilizing against a legislative action working its way through the US Congress for the legalization of such exploration, propagate that Americans should be preserving and economizing energy instead of drilling for it.This is a false either-or proposition.The US does need a sizable energy tax to reduce consumption.But it needs more production too.Government estimates indicate a nearly fifty-fifty chance that under the ANWR rests one of the five largest oil fields ever discovered in America.It seems illogical that we are not finding safe ways to drill for oil in the ANWR.非感情用事的环保主义是建立在普罗泰哥拉的格言“人是万物的尺度”的基础上的。在建立人类权威的过程中，这条原则会帮助我们梳理各种错综复杂的关于环境保护的争议。就以当前关于是否在北极国家野生动物保护区的某一角落开采石油的激烈争论为例吧。环保主义者联盟动员人们反对目前正在试图通过美国国会审议、使这一开采行为变得合法化的一项立法行动。他们散布说美国应该保护并且节约能源而不是开采能源。这其实是一个错误的非此即彼的主张。美国确实需要征收高额的能源税以减少能源消耗，但同时也需要生产更多的能源。政府的估测表明，在北极国家野生动物保护区的地下蕴藏着美国五大油田之一的可能性几乎到达 50%。我们没有寻找安全的方法开采北极国家野生动物保护区地下的石油，这看上去是不符合情理的。

The US has just come through a war fought in part over oil.Energy dependence costs Americans not just dollars but lives.It is a bizarre sentimentalism that would deny oil that is peacefully attainable because it risks disrupting the birthing grounds of Arctic caribou.美国刚刚经历了一场战争，其部分原因就是为了获取石油。对能源的依赖使美国不但付出了金钱的代价，而且也付出了生命的代价。就因为可能破坏北美驯鹿的繁衍地而放弃能够以和平手段获得的石油，这是一种十分怪异的感情用事。

I like the caribou as much as the next person.And I would be rather sorry if their mating patterns were disturbed.But you can't have your cake and eat it too.And in the standoff of the welfare of caribou versus reducing an oil reliance that gets people killed in wars, I choose people over caribou every time.我像别人一样喜欢驯鹿。如果他们的交配模式受到干扰，我会感到非常遗憾。但是，鱼和熊掌不能兼得。是要保护驯鹿，还是要为了避免人们在战争中丧生而减少对石油的依赖，面对这一僵局，我每次都会选择人类而不是驯鹿。

I feel similarly about the spotted owl in Oregon.I am no enemy of the owl.If it could be preserved at a negligible cost, I would agree that it should bebecause it is humanity's environment.只有当人类的命运与自然的命运密不可分时，人类才应该作出让步。当人类栖息地的完整性（比如大气层或维持地球核心的基本地质状况）受到威胁时，人类就必须立即调整自己的行为。而当人类受到的威胁不大，不太需要对自己的行为进行调整时，恰当的做法是平衡考虑经济方面和与之相对的健康方面的因素，以便作出适度的调整。但是，无论是哪种情况，其遵循的原则是一致的：保护环境，因为这是我们人类的环境。The sentimental environmentalists will call this saving nature with a totally wrong frame of mind.Exactly.A sane and intelligible environmentalism does it not for nature's sake but for our own.感情用事的环保主义者会说这种拯救自然的思路是完全错误的。的确是这样。理性、明确的环保主义保护环境是为了人类自身，而不是为了自然。

Unit3 Fred Smith and FedEx: The vision that changed the world 弗雷德·史密斯与联邦快递：一个改变了世界的创想

The humans in my life are not the barren, self-absorbed ”beautiful people“ of the screen.We're ordinary, real, imperfect people.Together, we work hard stumbling through life, trying to be our best selves, knitting together families and friendships, and striving to illuminate the world with our personal ethics and aspirations.我生活中的人都不是屏幕上那种思想平庸、迷恋自我的“美貌人士”。我们只是平凡的、实实在在的、有缺点的人。我们一起勤奋努力，患难与共，尽力完善自我，和家人及朋友紧密相处，努力用我们的个人道德和志向去照亮世界。

We come from numerous backgrounds and we don't always approve of each other's decisions, but we care for each other the best we can.We struggle to be less self-indulgent, more compassionate and understanding.We try to resist the lure of novelty fads, the manipulations of advertising.We survive through social phenomena that we don't agree with, through interwoven natural and unnatural disasters that take our loved ones and possessions, through fads and fancies that are often unhealthy.From each event, we learn, we stretch, we sometimes fracture, we process the emotional outcome, and we move on.These life events are the soul's workout, and though we may groan and complain, we can feel the growth eventually.我们来自各种不同的背景，而且有时意见相左，但是我们尽力互相关心。我们努力消除自己的任性，努力使自己更具同情心、更宽容。我们努力抗拒新奇事物的潮流的诱惑及广告的操纵。我们会经历自己并不赞同的社会现象，经历那些夺走我们所挚爱的人和财物的错综交织的自然及人为灾难，经历不良的时尚和幻想。但从每一例这样的事件中，我们都不断地学习、成长。我们有时也会发生分歧，也要处理分歧对感情所带来的影响，然后继续前行。这些人生经历是对我们心灵的历练。虽然我们会抱怨、发牢骚，我们终会感受到自己的成长。

The secret is that this growth is visible to others, and the effort registers on one's entire being.It becomes an authentic element that makes the spirit glow radiantly like that of a saint.Have you ever seen an elderly person like that, one whose wisdom shows in his eyes, and whose love is evident as he gently enquires about your health, or offers a brief sentiment that calms and affirms? The spirit that shines from within this person is true beauty, and it can't be bought in a jar.这其中的秘密就在于这种成长是他人可见的，而且这种努力在一个人的全身上下都能得到展现。它成了一种真实的存在，使一个人的精神像圣人那样光彩四溢。你是否见过这样一位老者，他眼睛里透射着智慧，当他温柔地询问你的健康，或以简短的抚慰让你感到平静和放心时，他对你的关爱是那样显露无遗？这样的老者内心所散发出的精神才是真正的美，这种美不是瓶瓶罐罐的化妆品所能买得到的。

The miracle is that each of us has the total capacity to achieve this perspective, this fullest embodiment of the highest expression of soul, even as our mortal bodies wear out and degenerate.神奇的是，尽管我们的肉体会老去并且衰退，我们每个人都完全有能力达到这个境界，即最大程度地展现最崇高的精神内涵。

In other words, true beauty is not about looks.It's about choices.As we move through life and grow through each of its checkpoints, we should seek out and build the kinds of experiences that reveal and purify our divine inner beauty.We must look at our own lives and decisions from a more valuable perspective than the media's shallow eye.换句话说，真正的美丽无关外貌，而在于选择。在人生的旅途中，每当我们经过一个节点，都应该寻找那些能够展示和净化我们神圣的内在美的人生体验，并且将它们积累下来。我们必须从一个更有价值的角度而非以媒体肤浅的眼光来看待自己的人生和决定。

The decisions we make today affect the rest of our lives.We ourselves are ultimately the only people to whom we are accountable and for whom we are responsible.Each new decision we make can be a new resolution to build the beautiful future we long to have.我们今天所作的决定会影响我们的余生。归根到底，我们自己才是唯一要对自己负责的人。我们所做的每一个新决定都可能表明了一个新决心，一个创造我们所渴望拥有的美好未来的决心。

Unit1

Love and logic: The story of fallacy

爱情与逻辑：谬误的故事

I had my first date with Polly after I made the trade with my roommate Rob.That year every guy on campus had a leather jacket, and Rob couldn't stand the idea of being the only football player who didn't, so he made a pact that he'd give me his girl in exchange for my jacket.He wasn't the brightest guy.Polly wasn't too shrewd, either.在我和室友罗伯的交易成功之后，我和波莉有了第一次约会。那一年校园里每个人都有件皮夹克，而罗伯是校足球队员中唯一一个没有皮夹克的，他一想到这个就受不了，于是他和我达成了一项协议，用他的女友换取我的夹克。他可不那么聪明，而他的女友波莉也不太精明。

But she was pretty, well-off, didn't dye her hair strange colors or wear too much makeup.She had the right background to be the girlfriend of a dogged, brilliant lawyer.If I could show the elite law firms I applied to that I had a radiant, well-spoken counterpart by my side, I just might edge past the competition.但她漂亮而且富有，也没有把头发染成奇怪的颜色或是化很浓的妆。她拥有合适的家庭背景，足以胜任一名坚忍而睿智的律师的女友。如果我能够让我所申请的顶尖律师事务所看到我身边伴随着一位光彩照人、谈吐优雅的另一半，我就很有可能在竞聘中以微弱优势获胜。

”Radiant“ she was already.I could dispense her enough pearls of wisdom to make her ”well-spoken“.“光彩照人”，她已经是了。而我也能施予她足够多的“智慧之珠”，让她变得“谈吐优雅”。

After a banner day out, I drove until we were situated under a big old oak tree on a hill off the expressway.What I had in mind was a little eccentric.I thought the venue with a perfect view of the luminous city would lighten the mood.We stayed in the car, and I turned down the stereo and took my foot off the brake pedal.”What are we going to talk about?“ she asked.在一起外出度过了美好的一天之后，我驱车来到了高速公路旁一座小山上一棵古老的大橡树下。我的想法有些怪异。而这个地方能够俯瞰灯火灿烂的城区，我觉得它会使人的心情变轻松。我们呆在车子里，我调低了音响并把脚从刹车上挪开。“我们要谈些什么？”她问道。”Logic.“ “逻辑学。”

”Cool,“ she said over her gum.“好酷啊，”她一边嚼着口香糖一边说。

”The doctrine of logic,” I said, “is a staple of clear thinking.Failures in logic distort the truth, and some of them are well known.First let's look at the fallacy Dicto Simpliciter.” “逻辑学的原理，”我说道，“即清晰思考的主要原则。逻辑上出现的问题会歪曲事实，其中有些还很普遍。我们先来看看一种叫做„绝对判断‟的逻辑谬误。” “Great,” she agreed.“好啊，”她表示同意。

”Dicto Simpliciter means an unqualified generalization.For example: Exercise is good.Therefore, everybody should exercise.“ “„绝对判断‟是指在证据不足的情况下所作出的推断。比方说：运动是有益的，所以每个人都应该运动。She nodded in agreement.她点头表示赞同。

I could see she was stumped.”Polly,“ I explained, ”it's too simple a generalization.If you have, say, heart disease or extreme obesity, exercise is bad, not good.Therefore, you must say exercise is good for most people.“ 我看得出她没弄明白。“波莉，”我解释说，“这个推断太过简单化了。如果你有心脏病或者超级肥胖症什么的，运动就变得有害而不是有益。所以你应该说，运动对大多数人来说是有益的。”

”Next is Hasty Generalization.Self-explanatory, right? Listen carefully: You can't speak French.Rob can't speak French.Looks like nobody at this school can speak French.“ “接下来是„草率结论‟。这似乎不言自明，对吧？仔细听好了：你不会说法语，罗伯也不会说法语，那么这所学校里好像是没有人会说法语。” ”Really?“ said Polly, amazed.”Nobody?“ “是吗？”波莉吃惊地说。“没有人吗？”

”This is also a fallacy,“ I said.”The generalization is reached too hastily.Too few instances support such a conclusion." “这也是一种逻辑谬误，”我说，“这一结论太草率了，因为能够支持这一结论的例证太少了。”

She seemed to have a good time.I could safely say my plan was underway.I took her home and set a date for

第二篇：新视野大学英语第三版第四册课文及翻译

Love and logic: The story of fallacy I had my first date with Polly after I made the trade with my roommate Rob.That year every guy on campus had a leather jacket, and Rob couldn't stand the idea of being the only football player who didn't, so he made a pact that he'd give me his girl in exchange for my jacket.He wasn't the brightest guy.Polly wasn't too shrewd, either.But she was pretty, well-off, didn't dye her hair strange colors or wear too much makeup.She had the right background to be the girlfriend of a dogged, brilliant lawyer.If I could show the elite law firms I applied to that I had a radiant, well-spoken counterpart by my side, I just might edge past the competition.“Radiant” she was already.I could dispense her enough pearls of wisdom to make her “well-spoken”.After a banner day out, I drove until we were situated under a big old oak tree on a hill off the expressway.What I had in mind was a little eccentric.I thought the venue with a perfect view of the luminous city would lighten the mood.We stayed in the car, and I turned down the stereo and took my foot off the brake pedal.“What are we going to talk about?” she asked.爱情与逻辑：谬误的故事

在我和室友罗伯的交易成功之后，我和波莉有了第一次约会。那一年校园里每个人都有件皮夹克，而罗伯是校足球队员中唯一一个没有皮夹克的，他一想到这个就受不了，于是他和我达成了一项协议，用他的女友换取我的夹克。他可不那么聪明，而他的女友波莉也不太精明。

但她漂亮而且富有，也没有把头发染成奇怪的颜色或是化很浓的妆。她拥有合适的家庭背景，足以胜任一名坚忍而睿智的律师的女友。如果我能够让我所申请的顶尖律师事务所看到我身边伴随着一位光彩照人、谈吐优雅的另一半，我就很有可能在竞聘中以微弱优势获胜。“光彩照人”，她已经是了。而我也能施予她足够多的“智慧之珠”，让她变得“谈吐优雅”。

在一起外出度过了美好的一天之后，我驱车来到了高速公路旁一座小山上一棵古老的大橡树下。我的想法有些怪异。而这个地方能够俯瞰灯火灿烂的城区，我觉得它会使人的心情变轻松。我们呆在车子里，我调低了音响并把脚从刹车上挪开。“我们要谈些什么？”她问道。

“Logic.” “Cool,” she said over her gum.“The doctrine of logic,” I said, ”is a staple of clear thinking.Failures in logic distort the truth, and some of them are well known.First let's look at the fallacy Dicto Simpliciter.“ ”Great,” she agreed.“Dicto Simpliciter means an unqualified generalization.For example: Exercise is good.Therefore, everybody should exercise.” She nodded in agreement.I could see she was stumped.“Polly,” I explained, “it's too simple a generalization.If you have, say, heart disease or extreme obesity, exercise is bad, not good.Therefore, you must say exercise is good for most people.” “Next is Hasty Generalization.Self-explanatory, right? Listen carefully: You can't speak French.Rob can't speak French.Looks like nobody at this school can speak French.” “Really?” said Polly, amazed.“Nobody?” “This is also a fallacy,” I said.“The generalization is reached too hastily.Too few instances support such a conclusion.” She seemed to have a good time.I could safely say my plan was underway.I took her home and set a date for another conversation.Seated under the oak the next evening I said, “Our first fallacy tonight is called Ad Misericordiam.” She nodded with delight.“Listen closely,” I said.“A man applies for a job.When the boss asks him what his qualifications are, he says he has six children to feed.” “Oh, this is awful, awful,” she whispered in a choked voice.“Yes, it‟s awful,” I agreed, “but it's no argument.The man never answered the boss's question.Instead he appealed to the boss's sympathyRob and I are back together.With great effort, I said calmly, ”How could you give me the axe over Rob? Look at me, an ingenious student, a tremendous intellectual, a man with an assured future.“错误类比，”波莉立即回应。

“你的前提是约会就如同吃东西。可你不是蛋糕，你是个男孩。”

我又笑了笑，不过不觉得那么有趣了，同时还不能表露出我害怕她学得太好了。再错几步我可就无法挽回了。我决定改变策略，转而尝试奉承她的办法。“波莉，我爱你。请答应做我的女朋友，没有你我什么也不是。” “文不对题，”她说。

“你还真是能在遇到逻辑谬误时一一辨别它们了，”我说，心里的希望已经开始动摇。

“不过不要对它们太死板，我是说这都是些学术的东西。你知道，学校里学的东西和实际生活根本没有什么联系。” “绝对判断，”她说道，“而且，你自己教的东西应该自己身体力行。” 我一下跳了起来，怒火中烧，“你到底愿不愿意做我的女朋友？” “我不愿意，”她答道。

“为什么？”我追问道。“我对另一位求爱者更感兴趣――罗伯和我重归于好了。” 我极力地保持着平静，说道：“你怎么会甩了我而选择罗伯？

看看我，一个聪明过人的学生，一个不同凡响的学者，一个前途无量的人。

“错误类比，”波莉立即回应。“你的前提是约会就如同吃东西。可你不是蛋糕，你是个男孩。”

我又笑了笑，不过不觉得那么有趣了，同时还不能表露出我害怕她学得太好了。再错几步我可就无法挽回了。我决定改变策略，转而尝试奉承她的办法。34 “波莉，我爱你。请答应做我的女朋友，没有你我什么也不是。”

“文不对题，”她说。

“你还真是能在遇到逻辑谬误时一一辨别它们了，” 我说，心里的希望已经开始动摇。“不过不要对它们太死板，我是说这都是些学术的东西。你知道，学校里学的东西和实际生活根本没有什么联系。” 37 “绝对判断，”她说道，“而且，你自己教的东西应该自己身体力行。” 38 我一下跳了起来，怒火中烧，“你到底愿不愿意做我的女朋友？”

“我不愿意，”她答道。

“为什么？”我追问道。

“我对另一位求爱者更感兴趣——罗伯和我重归于好了。”

我极力地保持着平静，说道：“你怎么会甩了我而选择罗伯？看看我，一个聪明过人的学生，一个不同凡响的学者，一个前途无量的人。再看看罗伯，一个肌肉发达的蠢材，一个有了上顿没下顿的家伙。你是否能给我一个充足的理由，为什么要选择跟他？”

“喔，这是什么假设啊！为了让像你这样聪明的人能够明白，我这么说吧，”波莉反驳道，声音里充满了讽刺，“事情的真相是——我喜欢罗伯穿皮衣。是我让他同意你们的协议的，这样他就能拥有你的夹克！”

再看看罗伯，一个肌肉发达的蠢材，一个有了上顿没下顿的家伙。你是否能给我一个充足的理由，为什么要选择跟他？”

Unit 2 The confusing pursuit of beauty

If you're a man, at some point a woman will ask you how she looks.You must be careful how you answer this question.The best technique is to form an honest yet sensitive response, then promptly excuse yourself for some kind of emergency.Trust me, this is the easiest way out.No amount of rehearsal will help you come up with the right answer.The problem is that men do not think of their looks in the same way women do.Most men form an opinion of themselves in seventh grade and stick to it for the rest of their lives.Some men think they're irresistibly desirable, and they refuse to change this opinion even when they grow bald and their faces visibly wrinkle as they age.Most men, I believe, are not arrogant about their looks.If the transient thought passes through their minds at all, they like to think of themselves as average-looking.Being average doesn't bother them;average is fine.They don't affix much value to their looks, or think of them in terms of aesthetics.Their primary form of beauty care is to shave themselves, which is essentially the same care they give to their lawns.If, at the end of his four-minute allotment of time for grooming, a man has managed to wipe most of the shaving cream out of the strands of his hair and isn't bleeding too badly, he feels he's done all he can.Women do not look at themselves this way.If I had to guess what most women think about their appearance, it would be: “Not good enough.” No matter how attractive a woman may be, her perception of herself is eclipsed by the beauty industry.She has trouble thinking I'm beautiful, She magnifies the smallest imperfections in her body and imagines them as glaring flaws the whole world will notice and ridicule.令人困惑的对美的追求

如果你是一位男士，肯定在某个时候会有女士问你她看起来怎么样。

对于如何应对这个问题，你一定得小心。最好的对策就是给一个诚实但又谨慎的回答，然后借口有急事马上脱身。相信我，这是最简单的方法。对于她的这一问题，无论你事先练习多少次，都不会找到正确答案。

其原因是，男性和女性对外表的看法截然不同。大多数男性对自己外表的评价在七年级时就形成了，而且终生不变。有些男性认为自己有不可抗拒的魅力，即使随着年龄的增长，他们头发掉光了，脸上布满皱纹，他们仍然拒绝改变这种看法。我相信，大多数男性都不会对自己的相貌感到过分自傲。如果他们偶尔想到自己外表的话，他们愿意认为自己样貌中等。长相普通不会使他们有任何烦恼，因为普通就已经是很好了。男性不是特别注重自己的外貌，也不会从美学的角度去审视自己。他们的打扮方式主要就是刮刮胡子，就像打理自家草坪一样。对于一位男性来说，如果能花四分钟刮刮胡子，结束之后再把粘到头发上的剃须膏擦净，又没有出血太厉害，他就觉得自己已经尽心尽力了。

女性可不是这样看待自己的。如果非要我猜测大多数女性对自己的相貌是如何评价的话，那肯定是：“还不够好。”一位女士，无论她看起来多么吸引人，她对自己的看法总是由于受美容业的影响而蒙着一层阴影。要她认为“我很漂亮”是一件难事。她把身体上的极小的不完美之处加以放大，并且幻想这些缺点十分明显，以至于全世界的人都会注意到并且嘲笑她。

Why do women consider their looks so deficient? This chronic insecurity isn't inborn, but created through the interaction of many complex psychological and societal factors, beginning with the dolls we give them as children.Girls grow up playing with dolls proportioned so that, if they were human, they would be seven feet tall and weigh 61 pounds, with tiny thighs and a large upper body.This is an absurd standard to live up to, especially when you consider the size of the doll's waist, a relative measurement physically impossible for a living human to achieve.Contrast this absurd standard with that presented to little boys with their “action figures”.Most of the toys that young boys have played with were weird-looking, like the one called Buzz-Off that was part human, part flying insect.This guy was not a looker, but he was still extremely self-confident.You could not imagine him saying to the others, “Is this accessory the right shade of violet for this outfit?” But women grow up thinking they need to look like Barbie dolls or girls on magazine covers, which for most women is impossible.Nonetheless, the multibillion-dollar beauty industry, complete with its own aisle in the grocery store, is devoted to constant warfare on female self-esteem, convincing women that they must buy all the newest moisturizing creams, bronzing powders and appliances that promise to “stimulate and restore” their skin.I once saw an Oprah Show in which supermodel Cindy Crawford dispensed makeup tips to the studio audience.Cindy had all these middle-aged women apply clay masks and other “wrinkle-removing” products to their faces;she stressed how important it was to adhere to the guidelines, like applying products via the tips of their fingers to protect elasticity.All the women dutifully did this, even though it was obvious to any rational observer that, no matter how carefully they applied these products, they would never have Cindy Crawford's face or complexion.为什么女性会把自己的外貌想得这么差呢？这种长期的不安全感并不是与生倶来的，而是由许多复杂的心理和社会因素的相互作用造成的，从小时候大人们给她们买洋娃娃时就开始了。女孩成长过程中摆弄的洋娃娃，如果按照身材比例还原为真人大小的话，就会是 7 英尺高，61 英磅重，大腿纤细，上身丰满。要达到这样的标准是很荒唐的，尤其是当我们想想那种洋娃娃的腰围尺寸，就知道其相对尺寸对任何一个活人来说都是不可企及的。与女孩玩具的这种荒唐标准相比，小男孩们得到的“动作玩偶”却是完全不同的模样。大多数男孩的玩具都样貌古怪，例如那个叫作“蜜蜂侠”的玩偶，一半像人，一半像会飞的昆虫。这个玩偶尽管样子不好看，但仍然非常自信。你肯定无法想象他会问别人说：“这个配饰的紫罗兰色和这件外套配不配呢？”

然而，女性在成长过程中却认为自己应该长得像芭比娃娃或杂志的封面女郎那样，这对大多数女性来说是不可能的。尽管如此，产值达几十亿美元的美容业，在超市化妆品销售专区的配合下，总是在不停地攻击着女性的自尊，使其相信自己只有购买最新的保湿面霜、古铜散粉，以及各种美容器具，才能“激发和恢复”肌肤活力。我曾经看过一期《奥普拉脱口秀》，在节目中，超级名模辛迪•克劳馥和演播室里的观众分享了自己的化妆秘诀。辛迪要求这些中年妇女在脸上敷上黏土面膜和其他去皱产品；她还强调一定要遵守这些方法，例如：往脸上涂抹这些产品时，要用指尖，这样可以保护皮肤的弹性。所有这些妇女都非常忠实地按照辛迪说的做了。可是对任何一个理智的旁观者来说，无论她们如何认真地使用这些产品，她们都不可能拥有辛迪那样的面容或肤色。

I'm not saying that men are superior.I'm just saying that you're not going to get a group of middle-aged men to plaster cosmetics to themselves under the instruction of Brad Pitt in hopes of looking more like him.Men don't face the same societal focus purely on physical beauty, and they're encouraged to reach out to other characteristics to promote their self-esteem.They might say to Brad: “Oh yeah? Well, what do you know about lawn care, pretty boy?” Of course women argue that they become obsessed with appearance as a reaction to pressure from men.The truth is that most men think beauty is more than just lipstick and perfume and take no notice of these extra details.I have never once, in more than 40 years of listening to men talk about women, heard a man say, “She had gorgeous fingernails!” To most men, little things like fingernails are all homogeneous anyway, and one woman's flawless pink polish is exactly as invisible as another's bare nails.By participating in this system of extreme conformity, women are actually opening themselves up to the scrutiny of other women, the only ones qualified to judge their efforts.What is the real benefit of working this hard to appease men who don't notice when it only exposes women to prosecution from other women? Anyway, to get back to my original point: If you're a man, and a woman asks you how she looks, you can't say she looks bad without receiving immediate and well-deserved outrage.But you also can't shower her with empty compliments about how her shoes complement her dress nicely because she'll know you're lying.She has spent countless hours worrying about the differences between her looks and Cindy Crawford's.Also,she suspects that you're not qualified to voice a subjective opinion on anybody's appearance.This may be because you have shaving cream in your hair and inside the folds of your ears.我并不是说男性优于女性。我的意思是你不可能让一群中年男子在布拉德•皮特的指导下把化妆品敷到自己脸上，期望自己能看起来更像布拉德。与女性不同，男性的外貌美不是社会所关注的唯一焦点。人们会鼓励男性借助其他特征来提升自尊。他们也许会对布拉德说：“是吗？那么帅哥，你对草坪维护又知道多少？” 当然，女性会争辩说她们对外表的热衷追求是出于对来自男性的压力的一种反应。而事实是，大多数男性认为美丽不仅仅来自于口红和香水，而且他们也不会去注意这些额外的细节。四十多年来，我在听男性谈论女性时，从来没有一次听到过哪位男性这样说：“她的指甲真漂亮啊！”对大多数男性来说，像指甲这样小的东西看起来都一样，无论一个女士的指甲是用粉色指甲油涂得完美无瑕，还是光光的毫无修饰，男性都一概视而不见。

女性参与这种极端的从众行为，实际上是把自己置于其他女性的审视之下，因为只有那些女性才有资格评价她们所付出的努力。但是，如此费力地去取悦男性而他们却根本不会注意，同时又只是招致其他女性的指责，这样做究竟有什么好处呢？

不管怎样，言归正传：如果你是一位男性，当有女士问你她看起来怎么样时，你千万不能说她看起来很糟糕，那样肯定会使她立刻迁怒于你，这也是你咎由自取。但是，你也不能慷慨地大放空洞之词，赞美她的鞋子和裙子是多么相配，因为她知道你是在说谎。她已经花费了无数个小时发愁自己的容貌不能和辛迪•克劳馥的一样。而且，也许因为你的头发和耳廓上粘着剃须膏，她会怀疑你根本没有资格对任何人的外表给出主观评价。

Unit 3 Fred Smith and FedEx: The vision that changed the world

Every night several hundred planes bearing a purple, white, and orange design touch down at Memphis Airport, in Tennessee.What precedes this landing are package pickups from locations all over the United States earlier in the day.Crews unload the planes' cargo of more than half a million parcels and letters.The rectangular packages and envelopes are rapidly reshuffled and sorted according to address, then loaded onto other aircraft, and flown to their destinations to be dispersed by handknown originally as Federal Expressstopping ozone depletion and the greenhouse effectbiodiversity is after all necessary to the ecosystem.But we must remember that not every species is needed to keep that diversity.Sometimes aesthetic aspects of life have to be sacrificed to more fundamental ones.If the cost of preserving the spotted owl is the loss of livelihood for 30,000 logging families, I choose the families(with their saws and chopped timber)over the owl.11 The important distinction is between those environmental goods that are fundamental and those that are not.Nature is our ward, not our master.It is to be respected and even cultivated.But when humans have to choose between their own well-being and that of nature, nature will have to accommodate.12 Humanity should accommodate only when its fate and that of nature are inseparably bound up.The most urgent maneuver must be undertaken when the very integrity of humanity's habitat, e.g., the atmosphere or the essential geology that sustains the core of the earth, is threatened.When the threat to humanity is lower in the hierarchy of necessity, a more modest accommodation that balances economic against health concerns is in order.But in either case the principle is the same: protect the environmentat first.But after a while, it annoys, as if the only things that people heard one say were what had been filtered through the sieve of social niceties: I'm so pleased to meet you.I've heard many wonderful things about you.These remarks are not representative of new ideas, honest emotions, or considered thought.Like a piece of bread, they are only the crust of the interaction, or what is said from the polite distance of social contexts: greetings, farewells, convenient excuses, and the like.This generalization, therefore, is not a true composite of Chinese culture but only a stereotype of our exterior behavior.“So how does one say 'yes' and 'no' in Chinese?” my friends may ask carefully.At this junction, I do agree in part with The New York Times Magazine article.There is no one word for “yes” or “no”, but not out of necessity to be discreet.If anything, I would say the Chinese equivalent of answering “yes” or “no” is specific to what is asked.Ask a Chinese person if he or she has eaten, and he or she might say chrle(eaten already)or meiyou(have not).Ask, “Have you stopped beating your wife?” and the answer refers directly to the proposition being asserted or denied: stopped already, still have not, never beat, have no wife.What could be clearer? 我当然相信每个人在一开始都会把这种描述的话当成称赞。但过了一段时间，这种话就会让人恼怒，就好像所听到的只是些经过细微的社交区别过滤后的言辞，诸如“很高兴认识你，我听到许多人都夸奖你”之类的话。

这些话不能表达什么新观点，也不能传达什么真实的情感或深思熟虑的想法。它们就像一片面包，只是人们交往中最表层的东西，或社交场合下出于礼貌而说的一些话：问候、道别、顺口的托词，诸如此类。由此看来，那些对中国人的概括性评价并非是对中国文化成分的真实描述，而仅仅是对我们外在行为的一种成见而已。

“那么中文究竟怎么表达„是‟和„不是‟呢？”我的朋友也许会小心翼翼地问。

在这一点上，我的确在某种程度上同意《纽约时报杂志》的那篇文章。在中文里，没有哪一个字专门用于表达“是”或“不是”，但这并非是因为需要保持谨慎。若的确有什么不同的话，那我会说中文里对应的“是”或“不是”的表达通常是针对所问的具体内容而定的。如果你问一个中国人是否吃饭了，他（或她）会说“吃了”（已经吃过）或“没有”（没有吃过）。你若问：“你停止打老婆了吗？”他会直接就所断定或所否认的假设进行回答：已经停止了，还没有，从来不打，没有老婆。还有什么能比这更明了的呢？

Unit 6 The weight men carry

When I was a boy growing up off the grid in the Commonwealth of Virginia, the men I knew labored with their bodies from the first rooster crow in the morning to sundown.They were marginal farmers, shepherds, just scraping by, or welders, steelworkers, carpenters;they built cabinets, dug ditches, mined coal, or drove trucks, their forearms thick with muscle.They trained horses, stocked furnaces, made tires, stood on assembly lines, welding parts onto refrigerators or lubricating car engines.In the evenings and on weekends, they labored equally hard, working on their own small tract of land, fixing broken-down cars, repairing broken shutters and drafty windows.In their little free time, they drowned their livers in beer from cheap copper mugs at a bar near the local brewery or racecourse.The bodies of the men I knew were twisted and wounded in ways visible and invisible.Heavy lifting had given many of them spinal problems and appalling injuries.Some had broken ribs and lost fingers.Racing against conveyor belts had given some ulcers.Their ankles and knees ached from years of standing on concrete.Some had partial vision loss as the glow of the welding flame damaged their optic receptors.There were times, studying them, when I dreaded growing up.All around us, the fathers always seemed older than the mothers.Men wore out sooner, being martyrs of constant work.Only women lived into old age.There were also soldiers, and so far as I could tell, they scarcely worked at all.But when the shooting started, many of them would die for their patriotism in fields and forts of foreign outposts.This was what soldiers were forthe news commentators, the lawyers, the doctors, the politicians who levied the taxes and the bosses who gave ordersany place where the fates of men and women are symmetrically bleak and grim.When the women I met at college thought about the joys and privileges of men, they didn't see the sort of men I had known.These daughters of privileged, Republican men wanted to inherit their fathers' power and lordship over the world.They longed for a say over their future.But so did I.The difference between me and these daughters was that they saw me, because of my sex, as destined from birth to become like their fathers, and therefore as an enemy to their desires.But I knew better.I wasn't an enemy to their desires, in fact or in feeling.I was an ally in their rebellion.If I had known, then, how to tell them so, or how to be a mediator, would they have believed me? Would they have known? 在这样一个满是富人的陌生世界里，我在理解女人们深深的怨怒方面很是迟钝。这是因为，当我还是一个小男孩时，我就嫉妒过她们。在上大学之前，我所认识的唯一对艺术、音乐或文学有兴趣的人，唯一看上去能够享受一丝自在的一群人就是那些做母亲和女儿的人。而且，她们也不必去参加战争。与父亲们所遭受的狭隘的、封闭的日子相比，母亲们所承担的相对较轻的工作显得更加宽泛一些。她们剪用购物券，探访邻居，在学校或教堂跑跑腿。我仿佛是透过望远镜看到她们的生活，满是闪烁的星星和一缕缕光线，而漏掉了她们生活岁月的真实细节。毋庸置疑，如果我用更具理性的方式审视她们的生活，我就不会那么嫉妒她们了。可在那时，我实在看不出一幢房子能成为什么样的牢狱，因为房子在我看来比任何厂房都更亮堂、更体面。我也没有意识到女人是多么频繁地遭受男人的欺凌，因为这样的事情从未被提及过。即使在那时，我也能够看出一个母亲整日忙碌着应付年幼孩子们的需要是多么地辛苦。但是，作为男孩，如果我那时必须在照顾婴儿和照看机器之间作选择，我想我会选择照顾婴儿。

所以，当学校里的女性大吵大囔，谴责我和我所属的性别，说我们霸占着世间的欢乐时，我很困惑。她们要求从性别歧视的束缚中解放出来。我认为别的男孩（女孩也一样）也会有我这样的迷惑，只要他们成长于一贫如洗的农村，成长于码头边或工厂附近——成长于任何让男人和女人的命运同样苍白和严酷的地方。当我在大学里遇到的那些女子们想到男人的享乐和特权时，她们并没有见过我以前认识的那些男人。这些特权阶层的、共和党男人的女儿们渴望继承她们父亲的权力和凌驾世界的贵族身份。她们渴望能对自己的未来拥有发言权。而我也渴望这样。我和这些女儿们之间的区别在于，她们看我时想到的是，我因为自己的性别而自出生起就注定可以成为像她们父亲那样的人，从而也是她们实现自己欲望的敌人。但我比她们更清楚，无论是事实上还是情感上，我都不是她们欲望的敌人。我是她们反抗行动的同盟者。如果那时我就知道如何把这些告诉她们，或如何在中间做一个调停人，她们会相信我吗？她们能够理解吗？

第三篇：新视野大学英语课文翻译

班级：09

级金融二班

学号：0965147227

姓名：梁丽丽

公司的力量观后感

这次的选修课我选了公司法要以这门课，上课时老师为我们放了公司力量10集纪录片，看完以后我的心情很复杂，是激动、是迷茫、是迷惑、总之自己也说不太清楚，我不明白为什么人和人之间会有这么大的不同，公司和公司之间会有这么大的不同，是什么阻止了我们中国公司的发展，是创新、是权力、是欲望、还是文化？从整个公司发转的历史长河里，中国公司能站在世界舞台的屈指可数，到底是什么原因阻碍了我们公司的发展？我百思不得其所。《公司的力量》是一部很好的纪录片，集集精彩，发人深省，充分论证了公司作为社会的组织，具有无与伦比的作用和力量。说到心得体会，实际上在观看的过程中，时时有感想，处处觉震撼，常常受启发，可谓百感交集、受益匪浅。既然要写成文章，还是拿出影响较深的两点，片面的说说自己的感受吧：一个是文化，一个是创新。

先说文化：片中开幕就说，“公司是一种组织、一种制度、一种文化，公司是一种生存方式，也是一种生活方式。”

在第七集《各领风骚》中，开幕又说，“人们发现，公司归根到底是人的组织，在制度和理性之外要想调动人、激励人、凝聚人，唯有文化，那是公司管理的更高境界，也是效益和利润的新来源，只有那些善于汲取先进文化并创造出自己独特新文化的公司，才可能成为时代的佼佼者。”在第七集中还说道，“员工喜欢以公司的名字为自己命名，称自己为松下人，丰田人等等，他们将这种强烈的归属称为„忠‟，公司对日本人来说就象是一个更大的家。员工需要这个家，社会文化需要这个家，这是对人类千年传承的情感方式和生活方式的一种延续。经营者则扮演着家长的角色，努力让家庭保持和睦、团结和秩序，让家庭成员分享幸福，于是在很长的一段时期内，松下公司始创的终身雇佣制的年功序列制被广为使用，几乎成为日本企业的象征。”最后还引用专家的观点说，“我想最重要的一点是大家逐渐建立了这样的观念，公司不是股东的，也不是经营者的，而是公司职员的，这是日本企业文化最大的特点。”

感受与联想：文化，实际上包罗万象，作为一个企业，要有自己的文化，也就是要形成良好的企业文化氛围。中国自古就有自己独特的文化底蕴，那么为什我们就不会把自己的文化和公司的文化相融合呢。良好的企业文化，其目的和作用，简单一点说就是两点，即对内提高凝聚力、对外扩大影响力。在对内提高凝聚力方面，如果一针见血的指明，就是要提高员工的忠诚度，围绕这个目标，就要全方位的培养、建立并形成一种良好的企业文化氛围。

这种良好的企业文化氛围的出发点，首先应该是“以人为本”。从人力资源的视角来看，就是，在引进人才的过程中，要引进认同公司价值观，能够和公司同舟共济、共同发展的人；引进之后，要注重培养，每个人的兴趣不一致、特长各不同，要将不同的人放在不同的岗位上锻炼和成长，最后将合适的人放在合适的岗位上培养和发展；这就涉及到怎样使用人，使用好人的同时，还要给予好的待遇，用优厚的待遇来留住人、鼓舞人、激励人。这样，就能形成一种好的“以人为本”的企业文化，提高员工的忠诚度。

在对外扩大影响力方面，如果直截了当一点，就是要塑造企业文化，加强宣传工作，承担社会责任，重视从实践到理论的总结，形成有自主企业特设的企业文化理念，不仅用这套理念来武装内部员工的头脑，而且要让外界知晓，提高企业品牌知名度与社会影响力。当然，公司终究是公司，他要以营利为目的，这是毋庸置疑的，如果说一个公司专门做慈善，不考虑成本，那绝对是假话，或者说那不是公司行为，而是其他方面的行为。因此，作为一个公司，在加强宣传工作的同时，要有一个目的，就是要通过宣传，促进品牌建设，扩大影响力，进而促进销售，提高市场占有率，销售做上去了，再反辅过来，支持企业文化建设、支持宣传工作，形成良性循环。说到底，作为一个公司，应该重视企业文化建设，企业文化建设的作用就是对内提高凝聚力、对外扩大影响力；而公司终究是要营利的，所以，在具体操作过程中，要以市场宣传为目的，促进企业文化建设。

再说创新：片中，北京大学光华管理学院院长张维迎教授说，“如果个人没有自由，法律、文化不鼓励人们冒险，不鼓励人们创新，这个社会就不可能出现真正的企业家。”第八集《创新先锋》开幕说，“据统计，从17世纪到20世纪70年代，被经济学家认为改变了人类生活的160种主要创新中80%以上都是由公司完成的。今天，全世界70%的专利和三分之二的研究开发经费出自跨国公司。”“当科技创新日益显示出创造利润的能力后，公司对财富的追逐就直接变成了对技术发明的热爱。19世纪中后期，德国大公司们率先设立工业实验室，并在化学和电气工业领域取得重大突破。”“这是美国电话电报公司在20世纪30年代形成的生产链：贝尔实验室负责研发，交由西方电气生产，产品由贝尔系统运营商销售，并按一定比例付给贝尔实验室专利使用费，以保证研发经费。如此循环下，美国电话电报公司的业务迅猛扩张，„公司以创新为荣，我们有创新的优良传统。不仅追求创新的数量，还追求颠覆性创新。‟”

第十集《地球无疆》说到，“这个世界不再需要通过模仿碰巧成为全球企业的公司，世界需要的是创新！需要那些可以为其他地区带来创新产品和服务的公司，无论这样的公司来自发展中国家还是发达国家，因此，不要为了走出去而走出去，公司走向国际化要带着他人不能够提供给消费者的东西。”

还说到，“这是一个英雄不问出处的时代。要在竞技场上长久保持领先者的席位，惟有创新。创新管理、创新组织模式、创新技术，公司已经开始上演全球化时代的变形记。”

感受与联想：创新是个筐，什么都可往里面装。虽然是句调侃话，但确实有一定的道理。作为一个企业，特别是一个立志永葆青春、实现基业长青的企业，创新是必须的，拿国家领导人的话来说，就是要与时俱进、不断创新。在创新中，首先应该是观念创新，只有从思想上追求革新，才可能在行动上表现进步、敢为人先。正所谓，心有多大，舞台就有多大。作为一个企业，机制和制度创新是保障，且非常重要，在现实中，有很多国有企业长期停滞不前，搞不好，就是因为机制和制度墨守成规、不能突破。因为有国家养着，所以从思想上总是等、靠、要。有些经过改制，进行机制和制度的创新后，经过“鹰之锐变”的改革，就有了生机和活力，形成了较好的发展。

科技创新是关键，片中提到，“当科技创新日益显示出创造利润的能力后，公司对财富的追逐就直接变成了对技术发明的热爱。19世纪中后期，德国大公司们率先设立工业实验室，并在化学和电气工业领域取得重大突破”。在我们熟知的领域里，还包括ABB、西门子、施耐德等电气企业，他们往往在科技领域有很大的投入，也因此给企业带来突飞猛进的收益。为什么在我们投标的过程中，知名品牌有时候最高价也可以中标，而不知名品牌即使是最低价也不一定中标，这就是科技创新的直接功效。正如片中所说，“这个世界不再需要通过模仿碰巧成为全球企业的公司，世界需要的是创新”！作为一个普通的公司员工，我的感觉就是，“不要通过廉价的重复劳动和廉价的普通产品去乞求用户的同情，赚取微薄的收入；而要创新工作，通过卓越的技术、一流的品质、精湛的服务为顾客创造价值，赢得高额的回报”。

市场创新是灵魂，企业不同于研究机构，他必须将科学技术转化为生产力，将科研成果转化为产品和服务，将产品和服务卖出去转化为现金收入。这就需要做好市场和销售工作，有的时候甚至需要先做市场，在市场调研中取得数据和分析结果，反过来指导技术创新、研发新产品。因此说，市场创新是一个企业得以生存和发展的灵魂。

管理创新是基础，在一个企业运行的过程中，人在变、事在变、环境在变；内部员工在变、外部竞争对手在变；客户在变、供应商在变；社会在变，政府在变，有时候甚至国家和政权都在变。难怪片中说，“这是一个英雄不问出处的时代。要在竞技场上长久保持领先者的席位，惟有创新。创新管理、创新组织模式、创新技术，公司已经开始上演全球化时代的变形记”。而在所有创新中，管理创新是基础，应贯穿始末、包罗万象。

说到底，作为一个公司，应该重视创新，其中，观念创新是前提，机制和制度创新是保障，科技创新是关键，市场创新是灵魂，管理创新是基础。

通过上面的分析联想到我们中国企业目前的现状，中国企业发展现状

据我国海关统计，2008年我国加工贸易进出口值达1.1亿万元，比2007年增长6.9%，低于当年我国总体对外贸易增速10.9个百分点，占当年我国进出口总值的41.1%。其中，出口6751.86亿美元，增长9.3%，增速回落11.7个百分点；进口3784亿美元，增长2.7%，增速回落11.9个百分点。所以我们更应该清醒的认识到中国制造业的现状，造成这些状况出现的原因如下：

1、产品附加值低，核心技术缺乏

在世界制造业的产业链上，中国大多数企业只处在下游。中国制造业的加工组装在整个产业链中的附加值较低。目前可利用的比较优势是廉价劳动力，接受的是技术或产品的转移，这决定了我们在产业链中的位置即组装和制造。在中国制造的产品大多停留在加工制造的初级阶段的情形下，中国制造业将处于低附加值、低技术含量的困境中，而高附加值、高技术含量产品的核心技术则仍然被发达国家所掌控。

2、品牌观念淡薄

纵观中国整个制造业，拥有自主知识产权的品牌较少，具有国际竞争力的品牌更是屈指可数。与国外跨国公司的国际品牌相比，自主品牌无论是在市场知名度还是品牌价值方面都还存在很大的差距。国际品牌的缺乏不仅会带来表面的国际地位以及直接的经济利润的下降，更会进一步使得中国制造企业在国际分工中处于不利的位置。国外企业赚取了丰厚的品牌溢价，而中国制造业仅仅赚到很小部分的加工费。然而缺少自主品牌，主要是由于我国制造企业缺乏树立品牌的观念意识。

3、人才瓶颈问题突出

发达国家技术工人中，高级工占35%以上，中级工占50%以上，初级工占15%，而我国高级工仅占4%，中级工占36%，初级工占60%。劳动保障部门的有关调查发现，某些技能人才、高级技工在一些地区供不应求，缺乏高级技师这样的骨干技术技能人才已是国有大中型企业的共同问题。进一步说，我们更加缺少创新型、复合型技术人才。这样我们就很难将现有的技术转化为现实的生产力，也难以吸收国外的先进技术，难以推进技术革新，从而削弱了“中国制造”的国际竞争力。

中国制造业的现状给我们带来了深深的忧虑，然而没有发达的制造业，就没有中国经济的今天。眼下“中国制造”面临如此大的困境，除了低廉的成本和充沛的劳动力，制造业的出路究竟在哪？

四、中国企业发展出路

中国企业发展的重点是在今后很长的时间内解决战略转型问题、持续增长问题，就应走由“中国制造”到“中国创造”的道路。

由“中国制造”走向“中国创造”是中国企业发展的必由之路，那什么是“中国创造”呢？“创造是人无我有，制造是我有人也有”海尔集团董事长张瑞敏曾表示。作为中国电子信息百强企业之首，海尔集团在2002年就已经成功将冰箱、洗衣机等家电产品打进日本市场，在日本本土和日本制造“短兵相接”，并提出“中国创造”才是取胜之道。国家前商务部部长***也曾打过这样的比喻：“中国只有卖出8亿件衬衫才能进口一架空客A380。”这一鲜明的比喻，指出了中国制造业的核心问题，没有自己的技术创新能力就没有中国企业发展。“中国制造”已不新鲜，也不能给中国经济带来更长远、更强劲的动力支持，中国需要的是有创造力的企业。只有技术才能转变成金钱，在这方面，最有说服力的莫过于美国的微软，20世纪70年代，比尔·盖茨仅以区区几千美元创业，但到1998年他创下了1000亿美元资产的纪录，也就是说20年他的资产增加了上千万倍。这一切都是技术创新带来的。

那如何走向中国创造？如果简单了解一下近几十年日本和亚洲四小龙经济发展轨迹不难发现，这几个地区存在着相似之处——以前都曾作为全世界成本最低的制造中心，经济活跃、中国企业发展飞速，缺乏有世界影响力的品牌，其制造业主要以OEM为主，依靠大量的出口拉动经济发展，企业的生命线被拥有世界品牌的跨国公司牢牢掌握。但是，随着经济的发展，这些国家进行了经济的转型。拿日本来说，60年代以传统制造业为主，收取低廉的加工费。70年代进入自主开发阶段，实现在主导产业的技术突破和创新，从资本密集型向技术知识密集型的成功转换。80年代，日本又提出了“科技立国”的新战略。再大力开发尖端科技，从而推动了高科技、高附加值产品的生产和出口。完成了“日本制造”向“日本创造”的成功转型。看到日本等外国经济转型的过程，我们应该从中归纳学习，也为中国制造业的转型，找到自己的道路：从单一生产到品牌塑造。这就要求我们国家的企业应该从简单的制造转型到品牌塑造，通过技术创新，品牌创新，以提高产品的附加价值，实现从劳动力密集型向技术知识密集型的成功转换。

首先是依靠技术提高产品的技术含量，增加附加值。

我国企业要从单纯追求量的扩张向质的提升转变，不断提高出口产品的技术含量，优化出口产品结构，提高效益，促使我国制造业转向中高端产品的开发和生产，如此既有利于减少贸易抑制，也有利于改变我们在世界制造业价值链中靠后的位置，提升“中国制造”的整体竞争力，争夺在世界产业发展中的主动权和控制权。在这一方面，中国可以借鉴其他国家的成功经验。比如“日本制造”同样遇到过类似问题，上世纪80年代，日本产品不断取得在美国的优势，因此遭遇了美国制造的种种贸易摩擦，日本被逼上另外一条道路，以更高档的技术含量产品进军市场，从而更大限度地获取利润。当前中国也要转变思路，寻求和打造“中国制造”的技术优势，由“中国制造”到“中国创造”，在市场上占据主动性。

中国企业发展在依靠技术时，企业该如何获取技术呢？一是企业建立自己的研发部门，专门针对自己的产品改进技术。二是通过与研究所，高校合作委托技术研发、改进。三是企业可以在社会上广泛获取技术。在当今信息化快速发展的今天，企业可以多关注一些有关于专利技术的网站，比如“中国应用技术网”它所提供的是全国各地的专利应用技术。还有一些期刊杂志之类比如《中国发明与专利》。企业可以从中找到自己所需求的技术，把技术应用到生产中从而提高产品技术含量，给公司带来更多的经济效益。

其次是依靠技术保证产品质量，树立品牌形象。

只有从根源上解决产品质量问题，才能从根本上维护“中国制造”的正面国际形象，促使“中国创造”的出现。所以，提高企业的管理水平与效率，特别是加强出口产品的质量监控与管理，改进制约产品质量的薄弱环节与因素，不断提高出口产品的质量，采用以品质、品牌为主导的贸易营销策略取代目前某些企业以“拼价格、拼数量”作为代价来占领市场的方法，这才是恢复“中国制造”形象的重要出路。这与关键的技术紧密相连。依靠先进的科技技术生产出来的高品位、精品化、品牌化商品才能开拓更广的国际市场。

再次还要依靠技术培养高技术人才，提高员工素质。

随着中国企业发展，大量初级工的使用使得劳动在国际产业分工中不仅出现了劳动力“双低”（低成本与低效率）的现象，而且还表现出成本不低但效果不高的趋势。因此，如果不迅速提高我国劳动力技术素质，势必削弱劳动力成本在国际产业分工中的比较优势。提高我国劳动力技术素质对提升“中国制造”产品竞争力也很重要。高技术人才是企业的核心，也就是一批有技术、有能力、有素质的人才。依靠先进的技术来武装我们的劳动力，激发他们的创造灵感，带动中国企业发展。

公司，作为迄今为止最为广泛高效的经济组织形式，被看作是“人类的成就”。公司如何诞生？如何发展演进？公司的力量源自哪里，公司的力量又如何改变了世界？所有疑问凝聚成了一个关于“公司”的故事。金蝶与央视联合摄制大型电视记录片《公司的力量》一一为我们解答“公司不举，则工商之业无一能振；工商之业不振，则中国终不可以富，不可以强。” 这是清政府驻英、法、意、比四国公使薛福成说的，也是我看完《公司的力量》感触最深的一句话。今天，“公司”一词的出现是如此频繁以至于我们有些熟视无睹。公司已经无处不在。我们的财富来源、创业理想、衣食住行、情感寄托、人际交往，都与公司这个组织有着千丝万缕的联系。当下公司无所不在的影响力令世人震惊。在数百家乃至数十家跨国公司左右着世界经济运行的今天，公司已成为最重要的一种经济组织。公司创造财富、提供就业、带动经济增长；公司推动创造发明、产生新的社会文化；公司改变社会秩序、影响制度建设。但同时，公司也放大了人类的贪欲，带来权力失衡和贫富悬殊。公司带来了人类历史上最快速的经济增长，也将自己发展成一个超越社会控制的权力组织。伴随着工业化和城市化进程，各国都不得不面临一系列社会问题：贫富差距、劳资矛盾、贪欲膨胀、欺诈横行等等。这是农业社会向工业时代转型所必须经历的痛苦，它们并非公司之恶、却因公司而被加剧和放大。

公司让人爱恨交织。公司一方面将一切明码标价，是千夫所指的商业化祸首，另一方面又是大量新知识新技术的创造者，是科技创新和文化再造的助推器。公司似乎身不由己。自利的本能和道德的底线，让公司自身矛盾纠结。作为有机体的公司，既有长大成人的冲动，也有成长的烦恼。无论我们是否喜欢，公司有自己的发展规律。当人们用贪婪和欺诈来解释灾难的根源时，当人们呼吁政府救市加强监管时，当人们担忧下一次危机是否还会降临时，我们必须关注和思考的一个对象就是这个与我们的工作和生活息息相关的组织，这个已经显示了足以撼动世界的能量的组织：公司。

从中我们也可以清晰的看到，中国公司一路走来的脚步,从官督商办到全民下海，从国家垄断到自由竞争，从中央计划到市场主导，和所有向市场经济转型的国家一样，中国公司历经了发展模式的一次次试验和修正。改革开放后，随着个人的创造力得以解放，法治社会逐步建立和完善，中国公司开始了真正的成长。公司能扩展一个经济单位所能掌握和支配的资源、分散商业活动的高风险。公司凝聚了生命个体，让它变成强大于任何个人的经济动力。公司使得血缘、地缘联系之外的陌生人之间的合作成为可能。公司实现了人类经济生活的一个新篇章。经过几个世纪的演变，公司已不仅仅一个经济性组织，而已经成为介于国家和个人之间、在各个领域都极具影响力和支配力的社会性组织：促进自由公平的竞争、建立和完善法治社会、推动科学技术的进步、提高社会的文明程度、改变人们的生活方式和彼此间关系、改变国与国之间合作与竞争的方式„„公司的力量日益壮大??这其中值得注意的是：在对各领域正向推进的力量之外，也不乏因公司自身弊病或制度环境而产生的负面影响。

全球化的加速在一定意义上是由公司在大力推进的，因为全球化就是由公司组成的一个网络。全球资源、全球市场、全球规则，这是公司梦中的美景。公司就从没有停止过自我更新，那些并没有终极答案的问题一直并将继续吸引着我们。

看完本片，让我看到的除了是公司对个体公司的影响外，还看到了公司、或者说是市场经济对一个国家的影响。从第一节罗马的兴盛与意大利的繁华离不开公司的贡献，凝结个人力量而成就的公司展示了1+1＞2的现实能力，各阶级力量水平发生变化矛盾激化，产生了世界史的开端：资产阶级革命。再到第二节英国的东印度公司成立，开始全球积累血腥资本。英国进行了轰轰烈烈的工业革命，全球市场打开。第三节，美国资本主义市场经济迅猛发展。在自由市场中蕴含有巨大的生机。许多平民企业家通过技术和管理发家致富，从普通的工人一跃成为资产大亨，聚集了大量资本，公司开始蓬勃发展向上。而拥有这些成就的美国一跃成为强国。第七节，明治维新后的日本打开了市场在东方的大门，日本一度崛起成为世界第一经济体。而今，在第九节讲到中国的体制也开始为了适应市场经济而改变，从官督商办到全民下海，从国家垄断到自由竞争，从中央计划到市场主导，和所有向市场经济转型的国家一样，中国公司历经了发展模式的一次次试验和修正。改革开放后，随着公司的不断产生和壮大，市场经济逐步完善和发展。

那么公司在哪里？首先，我们生活中的点点滴滴离不开公司，其次我们未来将要做的人生规划也要在各种公司中做出选择。我记得在第七集对日本的介绍中京瓷公司的董事长说他劝说了那十一个要辞职的人后进行了深入的思考，原来公司所完成的梦想已经不单单是创业者、管理者的梦想，而是所有员工的价值实现，他们在进入公司前，也是怀揣着梦想的。公司成就了许多人，也正在激励着许多人为之奋斗。我们这些年轻的学子在大学毕业后，选择了斗志昂扬的去公司为的也是实现自己理想追求。

我们如何进入公司？公司是一种管理一种文化价值的体现，每个不同的公司都有不同的历史和其价值观念。首先，根据本片我认为要提升自我的科技水平和技术能力以及做事效率，这样在日趋竞争激烈的公司中，才能站得住脚。尤其作为一名会计人员，要对公司各项了然于心。其次，在公司中要有准确的定位和努力方向，逐步实现计划，为公司创造最大利益，不仅是股东利益最大化，更是公司价值最大化。第三，要融入进公司文化中，以最佳合作制造最大效益。

公司的未来在哪里？我们的未来在哪里？一边面对全球化的趋势，一边面对经济危机的威胁，选择投入公司在吸引中将更加谨慎。中国的经济体制日益成熟，在《公司的力量》这部纪录片中，让我们冷静的看着西方经济的成长和发展，不断为中国未来经济壮大注入着力量。汲取营养，取精华去糟粕。机遇与挑战并存。

世界的未来在中国，中国的未来在我们手里

第四篇：新视野大学英语第四册Vocabulary及翻译(修订版)

新视野大学英语第四册Vocabulary及翻译

1.Hundreds of workers sat 流水线)to start again.数百名工人被闲置在工厂地板上等待流水线重新开始。

2.To some of our problems there was more than one answer, so we were looking at the students’ reasoning as to how they got it and if they couldthe answer they had.对我们的一些问题有一个以上的答案,所以我们看学生推理他们如何得到它,如果他们能证明他们的答案。

3.Consumers expect to find the brand(品牌)available at a(n)and are unpleasantly surprised to find a higher price.消费者期望发现品牌(品牌)可以在一个(n)的折扣和非常惊讶地发现一个更高的价格。

4.The European Union is made up of 27 nations with(独特的)cultural, linguistic(语言学的)and economic roots(根源,根本).欧盟的27个国家组成的具有明显的的文化、语言和经济根源。

5.Police found 警方发现了微量的血在汽车座椅。

6.Despite his promise to eliminate(消除)cronyism(任人唯亲的), he was openlyof giving government positions to friends and relatives.尽管他承诺消除任人唯亲他被指控向公开政府的职务的朋友和亲戚。

7.But I would like t accept his kind offer if he did notto my sharing the seed with my friend, Mary, who was an experienced grower and had a beautiful rock garden.但是我想没有接受他的好意,如果他不反对我和我的朋友分享种子,玛丽,她是一位经验丰富的种植者和有一个美丽的石头花园。

8.The pollution from factories continues tothe river and also poses(造成)health threat to people living nearby.来自工厂的污染继续污染河流也对附近的居民造成健康威胁。

9.We believe it’s possible to(维持)growth through the use of different kinds of energy that will allow for lower carbon emissions.我们相信可以维持(维持)增长通过使用不同种类的能源,这将允许降低碳排放量。

10.The people loved her so much that they nicknamed her “Evita”, and long after her death, many Argentines continue toher.人们爱她,以至于他们曾戏称她为“埃维塔”,长在她死后,很多阿根廷人继续崇拜她。

11.To our surprise，when he heard the news he laughed suddenly and all the anger in his faceaway.让我们吃惊的是,当他听到这个消息,他笑了突然和所有的愤怒都在他的脸上消失了。

12.The Prime Minister said his government would try topublic trust

首相说他的政府将尝试恢复公众信任

13.Although she was quite young，she showed a lot ofand was promoted to manager after a year.虽然她很年轻,她表现了极大的积极性和被提升为经理一年之后。

14.There is no doubt that children learn far more by example than by precept(规矩)，and therefore teachershave a(n)to behave well themselves.毫无疑问,孩子们学习到多得多的例子比言教(规矩),因此老师有(n)义务要好好表现自己。

15.It is believed that listening to gentle and soft music might help torelaxation and reduce stress.据说听轻音乐可能有助于让人放松和减轻压力。

16.The young driver looked over the engine carefullyit should go wrong on the way.这个年轻的司机仔细检查了发动机,以防在路上出毛病。

17.Seeing the patient in good condition after the operation，the doctor breathed a sigh of1

看到病人情况良好手术后,医生松了一口气

18.Will these findings more information on prehistoric man?

将这些发现提供更多的信息在史前的人吗?

19.A special committee was formed tointo complaints made by several employees who claimed to

have been treated unfairly by the company.一个特别委员会的成立是为了调查几个员工的投诉他声称曾由公司不公平的对待。

20.Stress can be extremely damaging to your health.Exercise,压力可以对你的健康造成极大的损害。与此同时,锻炼,可以降低它的影响。

21.I prefer to eat vegetables我喜欢吃未经烹饪的生蔬菜，因为我相信这有利于健康。

22.Ifof the charge he would face a prison sentence of six years.如果被判有罪，他将面临6年的有期徒刑。

23.Any claims for refund or如要求退款或赔偿，必须在28天内将书面申请交至我们总公司。

24.If you will require childcare in order to attend the meeting, please or Martha at Jordan’s office.如果你为了参加会议而要求照看孩子，请到乔丹的办公室留消息给简或玛莎，这样我们就会知晓了。

25.The government attaches great importance to the training of food handlers and the new Food Safety Act

contains specific on this.政府很重视对食物生产者进行培训，新的《食品安全法》对这一点有明文规定。

26.Keep your保留好收据，这样商品出问题时你可以拿收据来更换。

27.Her job in that company was to merely fill the containers and thenlabels on them.她在公司的工作就是把罐子装满，然后在上面贴上标签。

28.When he realized that one engine was not working, the pilotair traffic control.当飞行员意识到一个引擎坏了时，他向空中交通管制部门发了警报

29.My garden is too dry and shady—not many plants我家的花园既干燥又阴凉，没有多少植物可以在这样的环境中茁壮成长。

30.This is tothat the holder of this certificate has been awarded top prize in the English-speaking

contest.这可以证明该证书的所有者在英语演讲比赛中获得了第一名。

31.Although this report onlythe surface of the subject, it has already sparked a nationwide

debate.虽然这个报告只是触及了这个话题的表面，它却已经引发了全国范围内的讨论。

32.Mrs.Cresson will need all her negotiating skills toher bills through parliament.克莱森夫人需要运用她的一切谈判技巧以使议会通过她的议案。

33.International Aid Agencies haveships to transport supplies to the area stuck by natural

disaster.国际援助机构已经租了轮船向受灾地区运输物资。

34.Viewed from that particular从那个特殊的角度来看，当然，整个事件看起来是可疑的。

35.The government has been urged to lift theof secrecy surrounding the minister’s unexpected visit

abroad.政府被要求揭开部长突然出国访问的秘密。

36.I was just wondering how I could get home, when suddenly, as if by , a taxi pulled up.我正在想如何回家，突然就像变魔术一样，一辆出租车在我身边停了下来。

37.We all have a very high opinion of Dr.Franklin’s work.In thesurgery, he has no equal.我们对富兰克林医生的工作都有很高的评价，在外科领域，他是无人能及的。

38.But the advertisements that reallyme are not the ones aimed at women but ones aimed at men.但是真正让我烦恼的广告不是针对女性的广告，而是针对男性的广告。

39.These youngsters ,“fully-equipped”, went into a(n)puma, which was reported to have been observed.那些全副武装的年轻人进入茂密、潮湿的森林搜寻野生美洲狮，据报道有人曾看见过它。

40.The articleChina’s educational achievements during the past 20 years and outlined its

development plants for the next ten years.这篇文章强调了在过去的20年里中国在教育方面取得的成就，并概述了未来10年的发展规划。生产商目前正在制定数字传输和信号接收的行业标准。

41.Now people caninformation much more quickly than ever before.如今人们比以前传送信息要快得多。

42.Every effort has been made tothat all information was correct at the time of publication.竭尽全力来确保所有消息在公布时都是准确的。

43.A ’s success is their system of finding and looking after new talent.德国成功的关键是他们可以寻找和发现新型人才的系统。

44.When carrying out such exercises, students are actively involved in the learning process and they receive

constant在做这些练习时，学生积极地参与到学习的过程中，并不断地获得关于他们进展的反馈。

45.I start my day by readingand writing replies.我一天的工作就从阅读和回复信件开始了。

46.In his academic career, Professor Smith hadin international politics with an emphasis on the

politics of East Europe.史密斯教授在自己的学术生涯中专攻国际政治，研究方向是东欧政治。

47.In our university, each student has a personalwhom they normally meet two or three times a term

for an individual review of general progress.在我们大学，每名学生有一个私人导师，学生要和导师一学期碰两到三次面，回顾个人学业的总

体进展。

48.The town is built by the side of a hill,the name Hillside.这个小镇依山而建，因此取名“山坡”。

49.Beginning in fourth grade, students are expected to spent a considerable wording independently.学生们从四年级开始，就被要求把相当一部分学习时间用在独立学习上。

50.With piles ofto be dealt with, he should not have gone to the movie with you.有一大堆文件要处理，他本不应该和你一起去看电影的。

51.Employees at ’s words and closely watch their

expression.那些做着卑贱工作的员工必须仔细斟酌老板的每句话，小心谨慎地看他们的脸色行事。

52.In Paris, the Eiffel Tower closed to the public for four hours after a morning snowfall made it tooto climb.在巴黎，因一天早晨的大雪导致太滑而不能登塔，埃菲尔铁塔关闭了四小时。

53.Children and, later, teenagers have to learn to put a brake on their impulses, to孩子们以后会长成青少年，他们必须学会控制冲动以抑制自己的欲望。

54.Some poets and philosophers choose to live in solitude because they can findin it.一些诗人和哲学家选择独处，因为他们能在独处中找到灵感。

55.No one noticed that the little boy had谁也没注意到那个小男孩已溜进房间，坐在那儿听。

56.Blake was wrongfully arrested and is now demanding anfrom the police.布莱克遭到误捕，他现在正要求警察道歉。

57.After months of , I personally can conclude that it was pretty much an arbitrary policy.通过数月观察，我个人可以断定，那几乎是一项专制政策。

58.Though he did not , he went at a pace slow enough for the listeners to take down a lot of what he

said.他虽不是做口述，但他已足够慢的速度说话以便听众能记下他所说的大部分内容。

59.Some people feel totallywhen faced with new responsibilities.一些人在面临新的责任时觉得手足无措。

60.The philosopher is said to be aman.He closed himself indoors and rarely had visitors.据说那位哲学家是一个深居简出的人。他很少出门，也没有他人来访。

61.It is generally acknowledged that psychology is extremely心理学被公认为是一门很抽象的理论科学。

62.All of these festivals were regarded as所有这些节日都被当作是神圣的，届时一切日常工作都会停下来。

63.It was a terrible accident.那是一次可怕的交通事故，然而乘坐飞机仍然是最安全的交通方式。

64.What is perhaps of great importance is the fact that she challenged the decision of her employers and

won the

case against all.也许最重要的是，她挑战了老板的决定，并不计艰难地赢了官司。

65.Far from helping the situation, the new regulations are likely to新规定不仅丝毫没有改善情况，反而是事情变得更复杂了。

66.They enjoy each other’s company and are prepared to他们喜欢彼此相伴，做好了忍受任何不便的准备。

67.She suffers from periods of deep , when she locks herself away and will speak to no one for

weeks.她极为消沉地度过了一段时期，把自己锁起来，几周都不与别人说话。

68.Both sides hope that the disputes can be solved without双方希望不用诉诸武力即可解决争端。

69.Susanin horror when a young man suddenly appeared with a gun from her back.当一个持枪的年轻人突然从她身后出现时，苏珊吓得惊叫起来。

70.A person with an eatingmay maintain a normal weight and so their condition may go

unnoticed for years.一个饮食不规律的人有可能保持正常体重，因此其状况多年不会引起注意。

Computer-based communications can offer many educational opportunities;therefore, educators will need to current teaching methods into the classroom.计算机通信可以提供更多的教育机会，因此，教室需要改进现代教学方法，吧这些新媒介融入课

堂教学中。

71.Since its release, Dr.Goleman’s Emotional Intelligence has heated debates about the

importance of EQ in one’s success in work and in life.丹尼尔•戈尔曼的《情感智能》一书自出版以来，引起了关于情商在人的工作和生活中重要性的激烈讨论。

72.Due to different life experiences and social backgrounds, people’s from person to person.由于不同的人生体验和社会背景，人们对同一个事件的看法也会不一样。

73.Dr.Goleman believes that the future.戈尔曼博士认为培养情商在将来会越来越重要。

74.When psychologists began to think about intelligence, they used to as memory and problem-solving.当心理学家开始思考智力问题时，他们常常局限于认识能力方面，如记忆力和解决问题的能力。

75.The purchase of 500 tanks is part of a strategy to increase militaryby 25% over the next five

years.购买500辆坦克是在下个5年内将军事力量提高25%的战略的一部分。

76.as EQ is, the company has attached much importance to the development of emotional

intelligence of its staff.虽然对于情商还有争议，但这家公司很重视员工情商的发展。

77.Working in a refugee camp and seeing the sufferings of the war victims had helped to raise his political.他在难民营工作看到战争受害者遭受的苦难，这使他提高了政治觉悟。

78.If you were interested in EQ, I’d Emotional Intelligence by Daniel Goleman—it’

s informative.如果你对情商感兴趣，我将会向你推荐丹尼尔•戈尔曼写的《情感智能》一书，该书内容较为翔实。

79.The state will encourage scientific and technological research, and promote the and technology to innovate traditional industries and develop high-tech industries.该国将鼓励科学和技术研究，并促进科技的运用以改造传统行业，并发展高科技行业。

80.She thought that if she armed herself with all the knowledge she could gather she couldanything.她想，如果能用自己所获得的全部知识来武装自己，那么她就能处理好所有的事情。

81.The combination of education and psychology has both immediate practical and long-term value, as the

two fields 教育学与心理学的结合既有眼前的实用性又有长远价值，因为这两个领域在多个层面上相互渗透和影响。

82.I am confident that we can我确信我们可以在几个月的时间内恢复和平、稳定以及对法规的尊重。

83.Anger is the natural reaction we experience when we feel threatened or.愤怒是人们感到自己受到威胁或者沮丧时的自然反应。

84.Low lighting and soft musicthe atmosphere in the room.微弱的灯光和轻柔的音乐增添了房间里的气氛。

85.It is highly recommended that old people check their diet against healthy food recommendations andwhere necessary.强烈建议老年人依照推荐的健康食品来检查自己的饮食情况，必要时进行调整。

86.It is乘车旅行时不经历一些颠簸几乎是不可能的。

87.Good presentation is an essentialof effective communication, but that is not all—clarity of

thought, understanding of subject, equal respect for the audience are equally important.有效交流的基本要素是清楚的表达，但这还不够，思路清晰、理解话题、给听众以同等的尊重，这些同样重要。

88.The students are immature and curious, so they can hardly resist theand indulge in net

surfing.这些学生不成熟、好奇心强，因此他们很难抗拒网络的诱惑，从而沉溺于网络世界。

89.Humans are人类享有自由选择的权力。

第五篇：新视野大学英语第四册第三版课后翻译

第一单元

The Doctrine of the Mean is the core ofConfucianism.The so-called “mean” by Confuciusdoesn’t mean “compromise” but a “moderate”and “just-right” way when understanding andhandling objective things.Confucius advocatedthat this thought should not only be treated as away to understand and deal with things but alsobe integrated into one’s daily conduct to makeit a virtue through self-cultivation and training.The Doctrine of the Mean is not only the core ofConfucianism but also an important componentof traditional Chinese culture.From the time itcame into being to the present, it has played aninvaluable role in the construction of nationalspirit, the transmission of national wisdom, and the development of national culture.中庸思想是儒家思想的重要内容。孔子所谓的“中”不是指“折中”，而是指在认识和处理客观事物时的一种“适度”和“恰如其分”的方法。孔子主张不仅要把这种思想作为一种认识和处理事物的方法来看待，而且还通过自身修养和锻炼，把它融入自己的日常行为当中，使之成为一种美德。中庸思想是儒家思想的核心，也是中国传统文化的重要组成部分。从它形成到现在，一直为民族精神的构建、民族智慧的传播、民族文化的发展发挥着不可估量的作用。第二单元

The four great classic Chinese novels are Romanceof the Three Kingdoms, Outlaws of the Marsh,journey to the West and A Dream of Red Mansions.All the four novels were written during the periodfrom the late Yuan and early Ming dynasties tothe Qing Dynasty.They all reflect various aspectsof ancient China, including political andmilitarystrife, social conflicts and cultural beliefs.Thefour novels are of supreme artistic standards,representing the peak of China’s classic novels.Lots of the characters and scenes in the books areWell-known in China and have exerted profoundinfluences on the ideology and values of the entirenation.Highly valuable for the research of China’sancient customs, feudal system, and social life, thefour classic novels are precious cultural relics ofChina as well as the human society as a whole.中国的四大名著是指《三国演义》《水浒传》《西游记》《红楼梦》四部著名小说。它们的创作时间均处于元末明初至清代期间，其内容反映了中国古代的政治和军事斗争、社会矛盾、文化信仰等各个方面。四大名著具有很高的艺术水平，代表了中国古典小说的高峰。书中的许多人物和场景在中国家喻户晓，并且已深深地影响了整个民族的思想观念和价值取向。四本著作在中国古代民俗、封建制度、社会生活等多个领域皆有巨大的研究价值，是中国乃至全人类的宝贵文化遗产。第三单元

In recent years, with the rapid development ofInternet technology, the Internet economy hasbecome a hot issue.As represented by the promisingE-commerce, the Internet economy has become astrong driving force for the economic development.Our government attaches great importance todeveloping the Internet-economy and proposes the concept of “Internet Plus”, aiming to integratethe Internet with other industries, such as healthcare, transportation, education, finance, and publicservice.This will create great potential and broadprospects for the development of the Interneteconomy.With the implementation of the“InternetPlus” strategy, the Internet is certain to be integratedwith more traditional industries and help build “theupgradedversion of the Chinese economy”.近年来，随着互联网技术的迅猛发展，互联网经济已成为一个热门话题。以蓬勃发展的电子商务为代表的互联网经济已成为经济发展的重要引擎。我国政府高度重视发展互联网经济，提出了“互联网+”的概念，以推动互联网与医疗、交通、教育、金融、公共服务等领域的结合。这将为互联网经济的发展提供极大地发展潜力和更广阔的发展空间。随着“互联网+”战略的深入实施，互联网必将与更多传统行业进一步融合，助力打造“中国经济升级版” 第四单元

Suzhou gardens are the most outstandingrepresentatives of classical Chinese gardens.Most of them were privately-owned.The gardensfirst appeared in the Spring and Autumn Period,developed in the Song and Yuan dynasties, andflourished in the Ming and Qing dynasties.Bythe late Qing Dynasty, Suzhou had got as manyas over 170 gardens of diverse styles, Winning itthe name “The City of Gardens”.Now, over 60gardens are kept in good condition, of which morethan 10 are Open to the public.The Surging WavePavilion, the Lion Grove Garden, the HumbleAdministrator’s Garden and the Lingering Gardenare called the four most famous gardens in Suzhourepresenting the artistic styles of the Song, Yuan,Ming and Qing dynasties respectively.Suzhougardens are assemblies of residences and gardens,which makes them suitable places for living, visitingand appreciating.The architectural principles of lthe gardens are a demonstration of the lifestylesand social customs of the ancient Chinese peoplein the south of the Lower Yangtze River.Suzhougardens are not onlya product of Chinese historyand culture, but also a carrier of traditional Chinese ideology and culture.In 1997,Suzhou gardens were inscribed on the World Heritage List by UNESCO.苏州园林是中国古典园林最杰出的代表，大部分为私家所有。苏州园林始于春秋，兴于宋元，盛于明清。清末苏州已有各色园林170余处，为其赢得了“园林之城”的称号。现保存完好的园林有60多处，对外开放的有十余处。其中沧浪亭、狮子林、拙政园和留园分别代表着宋、元、明、清四个朝代的艺术风格，被称为“苏州四大名园”。苏州园林宅园合一，可赏，可游，可居，其建筑规制反应力中国古代江南民间的生活方式和礼仪习俗。苏州园林不仅是历史文化的产物，同时也是中国传统思想文化的载体。1997年，苏州园林被联合国教科文组织列入“世界遗产名录” 第五单元

Chinese civilization once had a significant influenceon world civilization.With the development of ourcountry’s economy and the rise of her internationalstatus in recent years, Chinese culture, which hasa long history, is once again attracting globalattention.More and more Chinese cultural elementsprovide inspiration for and become popular subjectsof fashions, literature and movies around the world.This shows that the world needs Chinese culture.Itwas in this context that China decided to implementthe “Culture Exporting” strategy so as to enhanceher cultural exchanges with the rest of the world.After several years’ efforts, great achievements havebeen made in this respect.“Culture Exporting” hasgreatly promoted the development of our culturalindustries.It is becoming an effective approachthrough which China enhances her nationalimageand comprehensive strength.中华文明曾对世界文明产生过重大影响。近年来，随着我国经济的发展和国际地位的提升，历史悠久的中国文化正引起世界新的关注。越来越多的中国元素为当今世界时尚、文学、影视作品等提供了创作灵感，成为热门题材。这一现象表明，世界需要中国文化。在这种背景下，我国决定实施文化“走出去”大力推动了我国文化产业的发展，正成为提升我国国家形象和综合实力的有效途径。第六单元

Boao Forum for Asia(BPA)is a non-governmental,non-profit international organization.Initiated by25 Asian countries and Australia, it was officiallyfounded in 2001.The organization is headquarteredinBoao Town in China’s Hainan Province.Withequality, mutual benefit, cooperation and win-win as its objectives, EPA is devoted to promoting economic exchanges, coordination and cooperationbetween Asian countries as well as enhancingdialogs and ties between Asia and other parts of theworld.The forum provides a high-level platformwhere governments, businesses and scholars fromrelevant countries discuss Asian and global affairs.Through further regional economic cooperation,BFA will facilitate the realization of Asian countries’goals and contribute to a new Asia that boastsgreater prosperity, stability and peace.博鳌亚洲论坛是一个非政府、非营利性的国际组织。它是由25个亚洲国家和澳大利亚发起的，于2001年正式成立，总部位于中国南部的海南省博鳌镇。博鳌亚洲论坛以平等、互惠、合作和共赢为主旨，致力于推动亚洲各国之间的经济交流、协调与合作，并增强亚洲与世界其他地区的对话和联系。它为有关国家的政府、企业及专家学者提供了一个共商亚洲以及全球事务的高层次平台。通过区域经济的进一步合作，博鳌亚洲论坛将推进亚洲国家实现发展目标，为建设一个更加繁荣、稳定、和平的新亚洲作出贡献。第七单元

Urban-rural integration is a new stage of China’smodernization and urbanization process.It aims tobreak the urban and rural dual economic structurethrough making integrated plans for urban andrural development, and through system reform and policy adjustment, so that the urban and ruralareas will finally achieve equal policies and realizecomplementary developing patterns, enabling therural residents to enjoy the same level of civilizationand equal benefits with the urban residents.Urban-rural integration is a significant and profound socialreform which enables comprehensive, coordinatedand sustainable development of the entire urban-rural economy.Only by enhancing urban-ruralintegration, and by properly managing urban-ruralrelationships, increasing urban-rural collaborationand narrowing the gap between urban and ruralareas, can we guarantee that our country realize theblueprint goal of building a well-off society-in anall-round way by 2020.城乡一体化是我国现代化和城市化发展的一个新阶段，是要通过对城乡发展实行统筹规划，并通过体制改革和政策调整，破除城乡二元经济结构，实现城乡在政策上平等，在产业发展模式上互补，让农村居民享受到与城镇居民同样的文明和福利。城乡一体化是一项重大而深刻的社会变革。它使整个城乡经济能够全面、协调、可持续的发展。只有大力推进城乡一体化，妥善处理城乡关系，加强城乡合作，缩小城乡差距，才能确保到2020年我国实现全面建设小康社会的宏伟目标。第八单元

In recent years, the social development andchanges in employment situation have put higherrequirements on college students.Instead ofconfining themselves to the knowledge in books,more and more college students are stepping-outof the “Ivory Tower” and taking an active partin social practice in their spare time.Throughsocial practice, college students can have a deeperunderstanding of society, increase their sense ofsocial responsibility, and improve their analyticaland problem-solving abilities.Meanwhile, takingpart in social practice can also help studentsrecognize their own shortcomings and have a clearidea about where they are to go in the future.Allthese benefits will help them build up social andwork experience, which will lay a solid foundationfor them in finding jobs or starting their ownbusinesses in the future.近年来，社会的发展和就业形势的变化对大学生提出了更高的要求。越来越多的大学生不再局限于书本知识的学习，他们开始走出“象牙塔”，利用业余时间积极投身于社会实践活动。通过社会实践活动，大学生可以更多的了解社会，增强社会责任感，提高分析问题和解决问题的能力。同时，参加社会实践活动还可以帮助学生认识到自身的不足，明确未来努力的方向。所有这些都将为他们积累社会阅历和工作经验，为未来的就业或创业打下良好的基础。

新视野大学英语第四册第三版课文及翻译

第一篇：新视野大学英语第四册第三版课文及翻译

第二篇：新视野大学英语第三版第四册课文及翻译

第三篇：新视野大学英语课文翻译

第四篇：新视野大学英语第四册Vocabulary及翻译(修订版)

第五篇：新视野大学英语第四册第三版课后翻译

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