英文注释MLA和APA格式[大全五篇]

第一篇：英文注释MLA和APA格式

Modern Language Association为美国现代语言协会制定的论文指导格式，在一般书写英语论文时应当使用MLA格式来保证学术著作的完整。APA格式简介

一个为广泛接受的研究论文撰写格式，特别针对社会科学领域的研究，规范学术文献的引用和参考文献的撰写方法，以及表格、图表、注脚和附录的编排方式。APA格式因采用哈佛大学文章引用的格式而广为人知，其“作者和日期”的引用方式和“括号内引用法”相当著名。

正式来说，APA格式指的就是美国心理学会（American Psychological Association）出版的《美国心理协会刊物准则》，目前已出版至第五版（ISBN 1-55798-791-2），总页数超过400页，而此协会是目前在美国具有权威性的心理学学者组织。APA格式起源于1929年，当时只有7页，被刊登在《心理学期刊（Psychological Bulletin）》。

MLA和APA格式

参考文献引用的规范应该按专业方向的不同选择使用MLA（the Modern Language Association）或者APA（the American Psychological Association），一般偏重人文学科的应用MLA，偏重自然学科的应用APA。学位申请人应认真阅读相应的规范使用手册。本节提供部分实例，供参考。

3.2 参考文献著录的格式

参考文献著录在MLA规范里叫做Works Cited，在APA规范里叫做References。撰写论文时应仔细阅读MLA或APA的规范手册，本节仅提供部分著录实例，供参考。

3.2.1 著录已出版的文章 一位作者写的文章 MLA：

Stewart, Donald C.“What Is an English Major, and What Should It Be?” College Composition and Communication 40(1989): 188-202.APA：

Roediger, H.L.(1990).Implicit memory: A commentary.Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 28, 373-380.注意：（1）在MLA规范里，作者的姓名应完整，应标明首名的全称和中间名的首字母。在APA里，作者的首名和中间名均应用首字母。（2）在MLA规范里，期刊名与期刊卷数之间不用逗号。（3）在APA规范里期刊的卷数（即“28”）应用斜体表示。（4）按MLA的规范，标题第一个词和冒号后第一个词的首字母均必须大写，而其余每一个词的首字母，除冠词、介词、并列连词以及不定式符号（“to”）以外都必须大写。按APA的规范，标题第一个词和冒号后第一个词的首字母必须大写，而其余每一个词的首字母，除专有名词以外，均不需要大写。

两位作者写的文章 MLA： Brownell, Hiram H., and Heather H.Potter.“Inference Deficits in Right-Brain Damaged Patients.” Brain and Language 27(1986): 310-21.APA：

Tulving, E., & Schacter, D.L.(1990).Priming and human memory systems.Science, 247, 301-305.两位以上的作者写的文章 MLA：

Mascia-Lees, Frances E., Pat Sharpe, and Colleen B.Cohen.“Double Liminality and the Black Woman Writer.” American Behavioral Scientist 31(1987): 101-14.APA：

Barringer, H.R., Takeuchi, D.T., & Xenos, P.C.(1990).Education, occupational prestige and income of Asian Americans: Evidence from the 1980 Census.Sociology of Education, 63, 27-43.无论用MLA 还是APA，第一作者以姓氏开始（加上逗号），继以名字或者名字的首字母，但是从第二作者开始，在MLA规范里以名字开始，继以姓氏，而在APA规范里以姓氏开始（加上逗号），继以名字的首字母。

如果作者人数超过三人，也可以考虑仅保留第一作者的名字，加上et al.（拉丁文 “and others”），如： MLA：

Mascia-Lees, Frances E., et al.“Double Liminality and the Black Woman Writer.” American Behavioral Scientist 31(1987): 101-14.APA：

Barringer, H.R.et at.(1990).Education, occupational prestige and income of Asian Americans: Evidence from the 1980 Census.Sociology of Education, 63, 27-43.书评、影评、电视节目评论等（Review）

MLA：

Kidd, John.“The Scandal of Ulysses.” Rev.of Ulysses: The Corrected Text, by Hans Walter Gabler.New York Review of Books 30 June 1988: 32-39.APA：

Falk, J.S.(1990).[Review of Narratives from the crib].Language, 66, 558-562.收集在书籍中的文章（Selection from an edited book）

MLA： Glover, David.“The Stuff That Dreams Are Made Of: Masculinity, Femininity, and the Thriller.” Gender, Genre and Narrative Pleasure.Ed.Derek Longhurst.London: Unwin Hyman, 1989.67-83.APA：

Wilson, S.F.(1990).Community support and integration: New directions for outcome research.In S.Rose(Ed.), Case management: An overview and assessment(pp.13-42).White Plains, NY: Longman.注意：（1）“Ed.”代表“编”。（2）在MLA规范中，书的编者的姓和名均用全称，在APA规范里，编者的姓用全称，名用首字母。

杂志中的文章 MLA：

Miller, Mark Crispen.“Massa, Come Home.” New Republic 16 Sept.1981: 29-32.APA：

Gibbs, N.(1989, April 24).How America has run out of time.Time, pp.58-67.注意：著录引用杂志中的文章应标明杂志的出版日期。

报纸中的文章 MLA：

“Literacy on the job.” USA Today 27 Dec.1988: 6B.APA：

Freudenheim, M.(1987, December 29).Rehabilitation in head injuries in business and helath.New York Times, p.D2.百科全书中的文章（An entry in an encyclopedia）MLA: Mohanty, Jitendra M.“Indian Philosophy.” The New Encyclopaedia Britannica: Macropaedia.15th ed.1987.APA：

Bergmann, P.G.(1993).Relativity.In The new encyclopedia britannica(Vol.26, pp.501-508).Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica.政府文件（A government publication）MLA：

United States.Natl.Council on Disability.Promises to Keep: A Decade of Federal Enforcement of the Americans with Disabilities Act.Washington: GPO, 2000.APA：

National Institute of Mental Health.(1990).Clinical training in serious mental illness(DHHS Publication No.ADM 90-1679).Washington, DC: U.S.Government Printing Office.3.2.2 著录已出版的书籍 一位作者写的书籍 MLA：

Graff, Gerald.Professing Literature: An Institutional History.Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1987.APA：

Rossi, P.H.(1989).Down and out in America: The origins of homelessness.Chicago: University of Chicago Press.注意不同规范里书籍标题大小写规则的不同。

新版书（Book with a new edition）MLA：

Erikson, Erik.Childhood and Society.2nd ed.New York: Norton, 1963.APA：

Kail, R.(1990).Memory development in children(3rd ed.).New York: Freeman.团体作者（Book with a corporate author）写的书籍 MLA：

College Board.College-bound Seniors: 1989 SAT Profile.New York: College Entrance Examination Board, 1989.APA：

American Psychiatric Association.(1987).Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders(3rd ed., rev.).Washington, DC: Author.无作者书籍（Book with no author）MLA：

Guidelines for the Workload of College English Teacher.Urbana: National Council of Teachers of English, 1987.APA：

Standards for educational and psychological tests.(1985).Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.编撰的书籍（Edited book）MLA：

Kerckhove, Derrick de, and Charles J.Lumsden, eds.The Alphabet and the Brain: The Lateralization of Writing.Berlin Springer-¬Verlag, 1988.APA：

Campbell, J.P., Campbell, R.J., & Associates.(Eds.).(1988).Productivity in organizations.San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.翻译的书籍（Translated book）MLA：

Lacan, Jacques.Ecrits: A Selection.Trans.Alan Sheridan.New York: Norton, 1977.APA：

Michotte, A.E.(1963).The perception of causality(T.R.Miles & E.Miles, Trans.).London: Methuen.(Original work published 1946)

注意在两种规范里，翻译者的名和姓均不需要改变次序。

重版书（Republished book）MLA：

Hurston, Zora Neale.Their Eyes Were Watching God.1937.

第二篇：MLA格式

Hua Su

Political Science 101, Section009

Professor Dighton M.FiddnerMarch 2010

Brief Analysis of Cuban Missile Crisis

I think the people who have at least a little bit concern about the world issues should know the famous Cuban Missile Crisis.It has being discussed and studied over and over again by many scientists, scholars and experts since it happened.On October 15, 1962, United States reconnaissance discovered and had photos to prove that there were missile bases being built in Cuba.“One of the most startling of the thousands of photographs---some 30,000 feet of film in all---analyzed by the President and his advisers is this one of a fully operating medium-range missile base, manned by Russian technicians and able to shoot its missiles as far into the U.S.as Norfolk or Houston “(The Pictures That Spurred Us to Act)”.The next day, the president of United States was informed and organized a group of advisors, which is called Executive Committee of the National Security Council, short for EXCOMM, to discuss how to deal with this perilous event.In Cuba at that time, the government was led by communist Fidel Castro.He was afraid that the United States would attack Cuba again after the failure of the Bay of Pigs invasion.So he agreed that Soviet Union, which was led by Nikita Khrushchev at that time, could put missiles in Cuba.Because Cuba and United States are so close to each other, the missiles in Cuba were

big threat to US.After several days of discussion, the government of Kennedy imposed a naval quarantine around Cuba and demanded that the Soviet Union removed the missiles from Cuba.After a series of negotiations between the United States, Soviet Union and Cuba, on October 28, 1962, the crisis eased after a no-invasion agreement was reached and the Soviet Union agreed to dismantle the missiles.I think it will be best for me to explain this significant event using the interstate level of analysis and the theory of realism.Interstate level of analysis contains several categories which influence the Cuban missile crisis obviously.Power is the most apparent influence.Just like Cuban, Soviet and United States all competed and threatened each other with their military power.And between Cuba and Soviet Union, they formed an alliance against United States.During the crisis, IGOs, summit meetings, each side’s diplomacy and the bargaining happening among their negotiations all had important influences which should not be forgotten.Power is the ability to get someone to do what it would not otherwise have done(or not to do what it would have done)(Goldstein et al.).United States at that time could not stand that there is a communist country located so close to it.So a CIA trained force tried to overthrow the government of Fidel Castro on April 17, 1961.But it turned out a failure.After the Bay of Pigs invasion, Cuba found out that only by increasing its own power can it prevent another United States’ invasion.And, improvement of its military power is the best way.At that time, the biggest and

strongest communist country was Soviet Union.It possessed nuclear weapons.That was also the time when the United States and the Soviet Union were the major participants of the Cold War.They competed with each other in the fields of politics, military, economy, etc.Cuba is located only several miles away from Florida.So, it would be a great threat to the United States by placing nuclear missiles on the island of Cuba and at the same time prevent the United States from starting another invasion of Cuba.Cuba agreed the nuclear missiles building is for the sake of its sovereignty, territory and organization of governing.As for the Soviet Union, the reason is its diplomatic recognition.They all did it for their own interests.During the event, in order to prevent the Soviet Union from shipping more nuclear missiles devices to Cuba, the United States blocked the sea around the island of Cuba.But, the United States actually had no right to do the quarantine.United States’ quarantine against Cuba, in my opinion, was realism.Every nation has its right to possess its weapon for defense.It is against the international law, the United Nation’s Charter and the right of passage in international waters.The United States’ action had implied that there is no central organizing authority in the international politics.Every entity seeks its self-interests.The United States has reported that the nuclear missiles which were being placed in Cuba were seriously offensive(The Pictures That Spurred Us to Act).So in order to keep its national security under control, the United States chose to use quarantine.And this quarantine greatly related to the power of the United States.It had strong economic and military power so that this restrict quarantine can be forced.The United Nations had noticed the possibility that the conflict between these two super powers could lead to a nuclear war which would be a huge disaster.So the United Nations was negotiating with these three nations trying to ease the tension.“The break in the crisis came on Sunday, October 28, when the Soviet Government finally agreed to dismantle its offensive weapons in Cuba and return them to the Soviet Union subject to United Nations’ verification”(GlobalSecurity.org).When the United States, the Soviet Union and Cuba were negotiating with each other, there was a lot of bargaining going on between them.There were a lot of letters and communications being exchanged between Khrushchev and Kennedy:

On October 23 and 24, Khrushchev sent letters to Kennedy indicating

the deterrent nature of the missiles in Cuba and the peaceful intentions of

the Soviet Union.On October 26, Khrushchev sent Kennedy a long

rambling letter seemingly proposing that the missile installations would

be dismantled and personnel removed in exchange for United States

assurances that it or its proxies would not invade Cuba.On October 27,another letter to Kennedy arrived from Khrushchev, suggesting that

missile installations in Cuba would be dismantled if the United States

dismantled its missile installations in Turkey(Cold War: Cuban Missile

Crisis).However the United States did agree the Soviet Union to remove the Jupiter missiles in Turkey.Just at that time this agreement didn’t go public.At the same time, the United States agreed to sign an agreement that promised not to invade Cuba.So

we can tell from the information that the Soviet Union and the United States both were bargaining about their preferred outcomes.And the Soviet Union had achieved its two main goals.Asking the United States to remove the Jupiter missile in Turkey was for the sake of its national security;and forming an agreement which the United States would not invade Cuba was for its diplomatic recognition.Because at that time, the world media did not report the news that the United States had already agreed to remove the Jupiter missile in Turkey and, which was very obvious that the Soviet Union had already removed its missile in Cuba.In public, it seemed that the Soviet Union lost and the United States won.However in reality, they both made concessions.I basically used the theory of realism and the interstate level of analysis to explain my point of view toward this event.And I pointed out a couple of key influences of the Cuban missile crisis, like the theory of power, UN’s interference, bargaining, summit meeting etc.In my point of view, these are the major factors I should think of when it comes to analyze the Cuban missile crisis.This Cuban missile crisis makes the world realize that how close we are to a nuclear war and how important the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons is for the people around the world.We cannot afford the price of starting WWIII.So the best way to avoid it is to know, learn and study the possible causes and try to predict the outcome of complicated international event.Works Cited

“The Pictures That Spurred Us to Act).” Life(1962): 38-41.Print.Goldstein, Joshua S., and Jon C.Pevehouse.“Power.” International Relations.7th ed.Priscilla McGeehon, 2006.57-58.Print.“Cuban Missile Crisis.” GlobalSecurity.org.Web.20 Mar.2010.“Cold War: Cuban Missile Crisis.” Library of Congress.Web.20 Mar.2010.“Vienna Summit.” Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia.Web.20 Mar.2010.

第三篇：英文注释

英文注释：

1、当首次引用一本著作的资料时，注释中须将该书的作者姓名、书名、出版地、出版者、出版年代及资料所在页码顺序注明。具体格式如下：

（1）专著类：

Harold U.Faulkner, American Economic History(New York: Harper＆Brothers Publishers, 1960), pp.23-25.说明：（a）作者姓名按通常顺序排列，后面加逗号；书名用斜体，手稿中可在书名下用横线标出；书名后紧接圆括号，括号内注出版地，加冒号，后接出版者名称，再加逗号，然后注出版年代；括号后面加逗号，再注出引用资料所在的页码，页码后加句号表示注释完毕；单页页码用 p.表示；多页页码用pp.表示，意为pages。（b）作者如系二人，作者姓名之间用and或＆ 连接；如系二人以上，可写出第一作者姓名，后面加et al.表示and others，如：Donna Worrall Brown et al., Form in Modern English，其余与（a）同。（c）著作名如有副标题，则以冒号将其与标题隔开，如：Robert K.Murray, The Harding Era: Warren G.Harding and His Administration(Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1969), p.91.（d）著作如系多卷本中的一卷，须在注明页码前，用Vol.加罗马数字标明卷数，如：Ralph F.de Bedts, Recent American History: 1945 to the Present，Vol.II(Illinois: Dorsey Press, 1973), p.169.（2）编著类：

Paul M.Angle, ed., The American Reader: From ColumbustoToday(New York: Rand McNally Co.,1958), pp.52-53.说明：（a）如编者系多人，则须将ed.写成eds.，如：E.B.White ＆ Katherine S.White, eds.,A Subtreasury of American Humor，后面的注释内容与著作类同。（b）既有编者又有著者的著作，须将著者姓名置于书名前，编者姓名置于书名后，如：George Soule, Prosperity Decade: From War to Depression, 1917-1929(eds.Henry David et al., New York: M.E.Sharpe, Inc., 1975), p.235.亦可不注编者，按著作类注释处理。

（3）文集内文章：

Erwin Panofsky, “Style and Medium in the Motion Picture,” Problems in Aesthelics, ed.Morris Weitz(New York: Harcourt, Brace and World, Inc., 1969), p.326.说明：（a）文章名不用斜体或划线，与其后的逗号均置于引号内。（b）书名采用斜体，后面注出编者姓名，格式与编著类（b）相同。

（4）报刊文章类：

Constance M.Drake, “An Approach to Blake,” College English, XXIX(April 1968), pp.541-543.“Reading Teachers Put on Spot,” The Kansas City Star, May 1, 1969, p.16 A.说明：（a）第一例为引用期刊中署名文章的注释，期刊名称用斜体，卷号须用罗马数字标明，然后在圆括号内注出版日期；不必注编者、出版者和出版地。（b）第二例为引用报纸中不署名文章的注释，报纸名称用斜体，后面注出版日期。(5)电子信息类：

如使用因特网上的资料，须注明资料所在站点详细地址 如：http://。

2、再次引用已引用过的著作时，注释格式如下：

(1)仅注出作者姓名、页码即可，如：

Soule, p.229.E.White ＆ K.White, eds., p.45.(2)如在一篇文章中，引用了同一作者的两本(篇)或两本(篇)以上的著作，则须加注书名

如：Soule, Prosperity Decade, p.134.(3)本注与紧邻之上注所引资料出于同一著作，可以ibid.代替，意为“引书同上”或“出处同上”(如本注所引著作并非与紧邻之上注、而是与间隔之上注相同，则不可用ibid.代替)，如：

③Harold U.Faulkner, American Economic History(New York: Harper ＆ Brothers Publishers, 1960), pp.23-25.④Ibid., p.51(意为与注释③引书相同，页码不同)⑤Ibid.(意为与注释④引书及页码都相同)

第四篇：APA英文学术论文格式规范

APA英文学术论文格式规范：

论文应被打印出来，隔行打字。使用标准纸张（8.5*11英寸），四边的页边都留1英寸。使用容易被阅读的清晰字体。APA推荐12字号的Times New Roman字体。每页应有页眉，右对齐写页码，然后用全部大写的方式打下论文的标题。页眉是你论文的短版本，包括空格和标点符号在内，不能超过50个单词。

论文应包括四个主要部分：书名页，论文摘要，正文和引用

书名页应包含论文的标题，作者的名字，（学术）单位名称。书名页的页眉需左对齐写Running head: TITLE OF THE PAPER, 右对齐写页码。在页面的上半部分用每个单词首字母大写的方式打下标题。标题长度不超过12个单词，且其中不应该包含缩写或者无意义的词。标题可以有一到两行。书名页的所有文本，实际上是整篇论文中的文本，都需要隔行打。在标题下面是作者的名字，先名再姓，中间名用首字母代替，不要用职衔，如博士等。在作者名字下面，是（学术）单位名称，要能显示作者做出此学术研究的地点。

论文摘要需要另起一页，需要页眉。第一行要写Abstract，不用加粗/斜体/下划线/引号。另起一行给这个研究的几个关键点写一个简要总结，不用首行缩进。摘要至少要包含研究题目，研究问题，参与者，方法，结果，数据分析和结论。也可以包含这个研究可能带来的影响和有可能与此研究发现相关的future work。论文摘要应只有一段，而且隔行打，词数载150到200之间。如要列出论文的关键词，另起一段缩进，使用斜体，列出关键词。

第五篇：APA格式

附件：中文参考文献格式

中文文献遵循中国国家标准GB7714-87 《文后参考文献著录规则》，参见“陈燕, 陈冠华.研究生学术论文写作方法与规范 [M].北京：社会科学文献出版社, 2004”，《外语与外语教学》文献格式的实例），中文文献次序按作者或编者姓氏的汉语拼音字母顺序排列。

下面是中文参考文献格式说明： 一． 文献类型标示代码

M：专著；

R：报告；

C：论文集；

A：论文集中的析出文献； N：报纸文章；

S：标准； J：期刊文章；

P：专利；

D：学位论文；

Z：不属于上述任何文献类型的采用此标识 二．专著

[美]亨利·詹姆斯(James, Henry).(2001).小说的艺术[M].朱雯等译.上海: 上海译文出版社.徐世荣(Xu, Shirong).(1999a).普通话语音常识[M].北京: 语文出版社.徐世荣(Xu, Shirong).(1999b).汉语语音学[M].北京: 语文出版社.申丹(Shen, Dan).(2001).叙述学与小说文体学研究(第2版)[M].北京: 北京大学出版社.三.论文集

奥斯丁, L.(Austin, L.).(1979).论言有所为[C](第一辑).北京: 中国社会科学出版社.四．报刊文章

朱小玲, 李家友(Zhu, Xiaoling & Li Jiayou).(2003).浅谈英语课业评语的作用[N].英语辅导报.(33).p.A1.李大明(Li, Daming).(1998-12-27).经济全球化的重要[N].光明日报,(3).p.B1.五．期刊文章

林书明(Lin, Shuming).(1996).教学语言——一个仍有待研究的问题[J].外语界,(2).21-27.张德恒(Zhang, Deheng).(1997).诗歌意象的跨文化比较[J].中国比较文学,(2).13-17.赵毅非(Zhao, Yifei).(1987).小说叙述中的转述语[J].文艺研究,(5).32-36.六．学位论文

刘伟(Liu, Wei).(1998).汉字不同视觉识别方式的理论和实证研究[D].北京: 北京师范大学心理系.七．报告

白秀水, 刘敢, 任保平(Bai, Xiushui, Liu Gan & Ren Baoping).(1998).西安金融、人才、技术三大要素市场培育与发展研究[R].西安: 陕西师范大学西北经济发展研究中心.八.论文集中的析出文献

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