第一篇：新编实用英语(第二版)课后翻译
he English of Review Materials------Translate the following sentences into English(1-87)------
Arranged by 1535 dormitory
1.她一家商店一家商店地看，最后以她能付出的价格买了她所需要的东西。$ She shopped around till she got what she wanted at a price she could afford.2.除了向我要东西，他从不跟我说话。$ He never speaks to me other than to ask for something.3.你永远应该以搞好你的工作为目的。$
You should always aim at doing your job well。
4．几个星期来她一直呆在家中照顾有病的父亲。$
She has been tied to the house for weeks looking after her invalid father。
5．修建这条路是为了缓解交通拥挤。$
The route was designed to relieve traffic congestion。
6.社会是由形形色色的人组成的。有些人很好，有些人很坏，也有些人介乎两者之间。$ Society is made up of a wide variety of people;some are good, others(are)bad, and still others(are)in between.7.在电视上推销新产品已经成了一种十分普遍但又十分恼人的做法。
It has become a very common but very annoying practice to promote a new product on television.8.圣诞节那天，新世纪百货公司给前往该店购物的每位顾客赠送一盒巧克力。
On Christmas Day, New Century Department Store gave away a small box of chocolate to every customer who shopped there.9.等了很久以后，我们终于看到校长在主席台上露面了。
After waiting for a long time, we finally saw the President show up on the platform.10.街上隔一段距离设一个电话亭是文明的象征，同时也是城市里一条美丽的风景线。
Telephone booths placed one after another along the streets is the symbol of civilization and a beautiful view of the city as well.11.中国已经顺利完成两次载人航天的任务。
The spaceships manned by Chinese have witnessed two successful outer space missions.12.直到今天，我仍然清楚地记得老校长在我们毕业典礼讲的一席话。
Even today, I still remember clearly what the old headmaster said at our graduation ceremony.13.这个星期你每天都迟到，对此你如何解释？$
How do you account for the fact that you've been late every day this week? 14.政府已经承诺改善落后地区人民的生活条件。$
The government has committed itself to improving the life conditions of the people living in the underdeveloped areas.15.据最新报道，这次火车交通事故造成多名乘客死亡。$
According to the latest report, the train accident resulted in the death of several pasengers.16.多呼吸新鲜空气有助于身体健康。$
Plenty of fresh air contributes to good health.17.他试图竞争学校学生会主席，但是没有成功。$
He attempted to compete for the position of chairman of the Students' Union, but he didn't get in / succeed.18.经过一年辛勤的劳力，公司本年度目标全部达到。$
Throughout one-year industrious work, the company has achieved all its goals this year.19.这一方法证明是非常成功的。
This method has proved to be very successful.20.我们生了病才知道健康的价值。
We won't know the worth of health until we are ill.21.这种表演很受大学生的欢迎。
This kind of performance was very popular with college students.22.人们认识到吸烟有害健康。
It is recognized that smoking is bad to one's health.23.学习一件事情的最好方法是去做这件事。
The best way to learn something is to do it.24.他们将和来自全世界的游泳选手进行比赛。
They will compete with swimmers from across the world.25.我们不能解决所有问题，但肯定能减轻他们的痛苦。
We can't solve all the problems, but we certainly can ease their suffering.26.那天晚上我玩得很开心，晚会的上其他人也都一样。
I had a lot of fun that evening and so did everyone else at the party.27.盗贼从这家银行偷走了一大笔现金。$ The thieves made off with a large sum of money from the bank.28.高血压使千万人有患心脏病的危险。$ High blood pressure places millions of people at the risk of heart disease.29.在做任何重要决定之前都要慎重思考。$ Think twice before you make any important decisions.30.非洲大陆的一大片区域有就变成沙漠的危险。$ A large part of the African continent is in danger of becoming a desert.31.他从来没有给我提出过解决问题的好方法。$ Not once has he suggested a good way to deal with any problem.32.在山区，越来越多的文盲有机会授受教育了。
In the mountain areas, growing numbers of illiterate people now have access to education.33.你不能总是不表态，你必须对此事做出决定。
You can’t sit on the fence forever;you have to make a decision about it.34.你可以看到，有很多贸易信息可以利用。
As you can see, there is a lot of trade information available.35.她给经理打电话，问是否可以打折扣。
She called up the manager and asked if she could get a discount.36.要在这一领域获得成功需要有智慧和才能，尤其需要勤奋。
Success in this field requires intelligence, and talent, and, above all, hard work.37.在文化交流中，误解常常是不可避免的。$ In cultural exchanges, misunderstanding is often unavoidable.38.在美国留学的几年中，我有机会见到了不同国籍的留学生。$
In my few years of study in Britain, I had chances to meet students of all sorts of nationalities.39.在西方国家，向老师赠送圣诞节贺卡，是一种常见的表达敬意的方式。$ In Western countries, it is a common way for students to send Christmas cards to teachers to show their respect.40.老师望着我，脸上露出不解的表情。$ My teacher looked at me, with a puzzled expression on the face.41.我们都十分清楚，市场竞争是非常残酷的。$ We are all aware that competition in the market is very fierce.42.一些汉语习语被译成英语后，会使一些英语读者感到很吃惊。$ When some Chinese idioms are translated into English, their meanings may startle some readers of English.43.我们很遗憾，可是这个空缺已经被人填补了。
We are sorry, but this vacancy has already been filled.44.我们现在已经进入信息时代，而把工业时代甩在了后面。
We have now entered the information age and left behind the industrial age.45.全球经济的迅速变化要求大学生掌握最新技术。
The rapid change of the global economy calls for college students to master the latest technology.46.我们必须努力发展自己，以适应新形势的需要。
We must try our best to develop ourselves to meet the needs of the new situation.47.应当承认，真正合适的高校教师并不容易找到。
It should be admitted that really qualified college teachers are hard to find.48.防灾害和反恐怖需要新的一套管理方法。
Prevention of disaster and terrorism requires a new set of management skills.49.上学期王钢表现出色，被授予优秀学生的称号。$
Last semester, Wang Gang was awarded the title of an Outstanding Student for his excellent performance.50.同学们在教师节给老师做了一张贺卡，以表示对老师过去一年工作的感谢。$
On Teachers' Day, the students made a greeting card for their teacher, which symbolized their appreciation of what the teacher had accomplished in the past year.51.孩子们听了关于那只猫的故事都笑了起来。$ The children were amused by the story about the cat.52.连续几个晴天, 气温骤然升高。$ The continual sunny days made the temperature soar sharply.53.饭后散步有助于消化。$ Walking after supper promotes digestion.54.这种床用一把螺丝刀就可以很容易地安装好。
This kind of bed can be assembled easily with a screwdriver.55.她体现了一个医生的全部优良品质。
She embodies all the best qualities of a doctor.56.当你面对困难时，你那些所谓的亲密朋友都到哪儿去了？
Where are your so-called intimate friends when you are confronted with difficulties? 57.厂家推荐的这些钢笔的零售价是18元一支，批发价是12元一支。
The manufacturer-recommended retail price for the pens is 18yuan a piece and the wholesale price is 12yuan each.58.尽管他们是兄弟，但性格却完全不同。
Although they are brothers, their personalities are quite distinct.59.这几家公司签署了一项新的协议。$ These companies entered into a new agreement.60.一家大规模生产移动电话的公司已经建立。$ A company has been set up to produce mobile phones on a large scale.61.这次事故造成两名乘客死亡。$ This accident resulted in the death of 2 passengers.62.我们最好将房子投保火险。$ We'd better insure the house against fire.63.因不经心造成的任何损坏须由借用者赔偿。$ Any damage resulting from negligence must be paid for by the borrower.64.他一直努力工作来养家糊口。
He has been working hard to maintain his family.65.我要你对我昨天向你提的问题给一个明确的回答。
I want a specific answer to the question I asked you yesterday.66.他把书整齐地摆在书架上。
He put his books on the shelf in order.67.许多中国城市都得依赖长江供水。
Many cities in China have to rely on the Yangtze River for water supply.68.你有资格加入这家俱乐部吗？
Are you eligible to join this club?。69.我们过去用煤烧饭，但现在已换用煤气了。
We used to cook on coal, but we've now switched to gas.70.他们试图离开营地，但被大雪止住了。$ They attempted to leave the camp but were stopped by the heavy snow.71.由于开车速度太快而引起的交通事故在不断增加。$ Accidents due to driving too fast are on the increase.72.他们在相同的环境下长大，因此在举止上有许多共同点。$ They grew up in the same environment, so their behaviors had much in common.73.和山区的孩子们相比，我们就幸运多了，能有机会使用计算机。$ In contrast to children in the mountainous areas, we are lucky to have access to computers.74.我们对她过于繁琐地讲述她过去的荣誉感到厌烦。$ We were bored at hearing her dwelling so much on her past glories.75.你必须有成功的欲望并努力争取实现。$ You must have the appetite for success and try hard to realize it.76.要求每位研究生每学期要听四次讲座。
Every graduate student is required to attend four lectures every term.77.这座亚洲最大的跨江大桥正在建设中。
The construction of the largest bridge in Asia across a river is in progress.78.这位杰出的作家获得了本年度的诺贝尔奖。
The outstanding writer has won the Nobel Prize for this year.79.他学习努力，在班上名列前茅。
He worked hard and ranked first in his class.80.成立了一个咨询委员会来革新教育体系。
An advisory council has been established for innovating the education system.81.科学家为人类的进步作出了巨大贡献。
Scientists have made great contributions to the progress of human beings.82.所有乘客都必须出示车票。
All passengers are required to show their tickets.83.对于中国“入世”后的影响，一些经济学家认为中国将面临更多的机遇和挑战。$ Some economists believe that China will meet with more opportunities and challenges in regard to the impact after its accession to the WTO.84.每一个成员国都必须遵守世贸组织制定的一系列国际贸易规则。$ Each member country must observe a series of international trade rules set up by the WTO.85.他的任务是消灭学生写的文章中的错误。$ His task is to eliminate mistakes from the students' writing.86.“入世”之后，中国所面对的最大挑战是如何转变政府职能。$ The greatest challenge China faces after its joining the WTO is how to transform the functions of the government.87.世界贸易组织规则体现的是现代市场经济文化。$
The WTO rules embody the culture of the modern market economy.88.Numerous measures aimed at conservation of resources and pollution prevention have been justified on the grounds that they are necessary to promote sustainable development.无数旨在保护资源和防止污染的措施是无可厚非的, 因为它们对促进可持续发展是不可少。89.An argument is made(mostly by European governments and the EU institutions
themselves)that centralized control over the use of resources is necessary in order to prevent humans from depleting the stock of resources below a level that would enable people in the future from living in as pleasant a manner as the current generation.提出的论据（主要是欧洲各国政府和欧盟的机构自己提出的论据）是，为了防止人类将资源储存消耗到某一水平之下，致使未来人民的生活不如现在的人一样舒适，就有必要对资源的使用进行集中控制。
90.The solution typically offered by those who follow this interpretation of 'sustainable development' is to impose outcome-oriented policies on people in wealthy countries.对“可持续发展”持这种诠释的人的解决途径一般是对富国强制实行“以结果为目标”的政策。
91.Lack of adequately defined and readily enforceable property rights — often the result of well-meaning but utterly misguided government intervention — holds back economic development in many countries, while red tape stifles entrepreneurial activity and perpetuates poverty.缺乏足够明确和随时可强制执行的财产权（其结果通常是善意但完全错误的政府干预）在许多国家抑制了经济发展，而繁文缛节又窒息了企业活力，从而使贫穷延续下去。92.Truly sustainable policies and institutions will ensure that people can improve their own well-being, and that we can improve our world, by creating, innovating, and developing.真正意义上的可持续政策和制度将确保人们能改善自己的健康和幸福，同时通过创造、革新和发展来改善这个世界。
ATTENTION: ”$” 表示是第一篇文章之后的句子翻译。
第二篇：新编大学英语3课后翻译答案
新编大学英语3课后翻译
1)你应该适当花一点时间休息和锻炼。You should spend a reasonable amount of time relaxing and exercising.2)总的来说，孩子们比过去任何时候都更健康，受到了更好的教育。In general, children are healthier and better educated than ever before.3)待适当的机会来临，他就能抓住。When the right opportunity comes along, he’ll take it.4)每天他都留出点时间跟家人在一起，享受生活。Every day he sets aside some time to be with his family and enjoy life.5)我记得那些黑暗的街道以及同父亲手拉手走路的情景。I remember those dark streets and walking hand in hand with my father.6)他最终辜负了父母的期望。He finally failed to live up to his parents’ expectations.Unit 2)on it.为我们准备了一顿丰盛的饭菜).3)Ann(信誓旦旦地保证)that she would never tell.4)Could you(把这封信送到)to the accounts department? 精选的牛奶巧克力和纯巧克力).(别胡闹).7)We could hear 远处打雷的声音).(虽然他喝酒太多).Unit 3
1)由于紧急情况，这位医生几小时内都没有空。Because of an emergency, the doctor will not be available for several hours.2)税收将会如何影响低收入的人群？ How will taxes affect people with low incomes?
3)我母亲总是告诉我，从长远来看我会很高兴我没有放弃练钢琴。My mother always told me that in the long run I would be glad I didn’t give up practicing the piano.4)这些书的价格从10美元到20美元不等。These books range in price from $10 to $20.5)在我看来你没有什么选择。It seems to me that you don’t have much choice.6)考虑到他们缺乏经验，这工作他们已经做得相当不错。Given their inexperience, they have done quite a good job.7)对这么一幢大房子来说这价格相当便宜，但你得考虑维修所需要的钱。For such a big house the price is fairly cheap / low, but you’ve got to take into consideration the money you will spend on repairs.8)我们能否从讨论上次会议产生的问题开始？Can we begin with discussing questions / problems arising from the last meeting.Unit 4
1)几年前他心脏动了一次大手术。He underwent a major heart surgery several years ago.2)我们估计完成这项工作要花一个星期。We estimated that it would take a week to finish the work.3)我过去喜爱摄影，但我现在没有时间从事任何业余爱好了。I used to enjoy photography, but I now have no time to pursue any hobbies.4)你可以爱一个人而不一定要跟他结婚。You may love someone but not necessarily have to marry him.5)恐怖分子（terrorist）采用暴力手段以达到他们的政治目的。Terrorists resorttoviolencetoachievetheir political aims.6.他说他下午会呆在办公室里，以便万一你要见他。He says he will stay in the office this afternoon in case you want to see him.7)科学家已确定了造成畸形发育的基因。Scientists have identified the gene that causes abnormal growth.8.这些例子显明了有些学生的简历写得多么差。These examples demonstrate how badly some students write their resumes.Unit 5
1)看到所有的人在办公室外走来走去，我变得更焦虑了。Seeing all the people walking to and fro outside the office, I became more worried.2)最终他会明白谁是他真正的朋友。In time he will see who is his true friend.3）那位科学家的实验产生了一种新药。That scientist’s experiment gave birth to a new drug.4）大半个冬天他都因病被困在屋里。He had been shut in by illness during much of the winter.5)他们一有机会就会练习英语口语。They would practice spoken English at the first opportunity.6)她所珍爱的一切或许会在一夜之间化为乌有。Everything she valued might be swept away overnight.7)临近学期结束时，同学们都忙着准备考试。Towards the close of the term, all the students are busy preparing for the finals.8）这么冷的冬天，我们渴望它快点过去。It is a very cold winter and we long for it to be over.Unit 6
1)每当她姨妈来访的时候，她总是表现不好。She always behaves badly when her aunt comes to visit.2)要不是你们的帮助，我们不会准时完成任务。If it hadn’t been for your help, we wouldn’t have been able to finish the task in time.3)我劝他别去东海岸，因为那里到处都是游客。I warned him off going to the east coast because it was full of tourists.4)东西便宜并不见得质量就低劣。The fact that something is cheap doesn’t necessarily mean it is of low quality.5)如果没有人可以求教，就难以做出恰当的选择。Without anyone to turn to for help, making an appropriate choice can be difficult.6)他用音乐表现了他失去妻子的悲痛。His sadness at the death of his wife found expression in his music.7)只有彼得去参加晚会她才会去。Only if Peter goes to the evening party will she go.8)我只能把这次经历比作一场噩梦。I can only compare the experience to a nightmare.
第三篇：新编大学英语4课后翻译和答案
Unit 1
1.Lively behavior is normal for a four-year-old child.2.Fast cars appeal to John, but he can’t afford me.3.Dave required a lot of time to study the diverse arguments.4.I asked my boss for clarification, and she explained the project to me again.5.Photographic film is very sensitive to light.6.Mutual encouragement can be a great help, especially in the early days.7.Jimmy cried when people made fun of him.8.John won't give up.He persists in his opinion/viewpoint.9.Ted always wants to be the focus/center of attention.10.Is it cheap if we buy our tickets in advance?
Unit 2
1.However, the main drawback with this type of search engine is its tendency to include too much information.2.She's very generous with her time----always ready to help other people.3.You may have known someone else 20 years and yet they will never be more than a casual acquaintance.4.He doubted that the car was hers because everybody knew she had no money.5.It's impossible to forget such horrific events----they will remain in the memory forever.6.In a world too often filled with uncertainties, it is nice to have a safety net, something you can rely on.7.The earthquake happened a year ahead of the prediction by the research group, but earthquakes are usually difficult to predict.8.I don't mind being awakened once or twice in the middle of the night by my roommate so long as she doesn't make a habit of it.Unit 3
1.Their study shows that sports skills carry over into personal life.2.I find myself calling on the boys more often, because they tend to be the ones having trouble staying on task.3.I used to have trouble getting all the laundry put away before it was time to do the next batch.4.After her time in hospital, Jenny’s parents are afraid she has fallen behind academically.5.People are wondering who's going to take over when the old president dies.Unit 4
1.I think it is up to him to finish the work no matter how long it takes.2.We decided to sacrifice a trip for a new car, though it was really hard for us to make the decision.3.He tried not to involve his wife in the management of the company, because in most cases the advantages outweighed the disadvantages.4.It is of vital importance to future generations that open spaces and parklands are protected and maintained to a high standard to keep the city increasingly attractive.5.We have reached the agreement at the meeting that the key to this problem is better planning.6.I propose pursuing this question further by considering critically the four theories well-known in this area.7.The house was a completely original design----neither the interior nor the exterior was copied of any existing buildings of the kind.8.Through all his life he has made efforts to promote the mutual understanding between the two countries.全国注册建筑师、建造师考试备考资料历年真题考试心得模拟试题
Unit 6
1.He was finally offered the job on the strength of his good memory and the many exams he had passed.2.She favors a bit of adventure as well as a certain degree of self-government when her children's education is concerned.3.Most people who are sick with AIDS want to stay at home, rather than spend time unnecessarily in hospital.4.What if I choose to give small amounts of money regularly over a period of time instead of donating a large sum once for all?
5.I am afraid, Mr.Peterson, the answer is that we have to be more efficient than our European competitors.6.The museum does not intend to focus on a particular aspect of modern art, but prefers to offer material for the public to study and compare.7.She has decided not to go for a drive on such a windy day even supposing a car was available.8.I am well aware of the fact that you have cut yourself off from your past and have started a totally new life.Unit 7
1.Drops executed in the first two weeks of the course will leave no record/won’t leave a record on students’ transcript, but a drop executed during the third through eighth week will result in a grade of W(withdrawal).2.We often heard of stories about some people who could think calmly and creatively when confronting/facing difficulty.3.You should be aware that applications won’t be accepted if they’re beyond the deadline.4.The manager was so angry that he tossed the report on the desk and shouted at Sam, “Get out!I don’t want to see you again!”
5.You must start by unlearning all the bad habits your previous piano teacher taught you!6.Some trees have grown too high and deprived the house of light.7.What would be the first word that would pop into your mind when you see Sunflowers by Vincent Van Gogh? 8.Living on his own on the campus, he has learned to budget his time.9.These details were supposed to be secrets/confidential, but were somehow leak out.10.This is a reminder that proposals for state research funding are due this Friday.Unit 1
1.（活泼的举止是正常的）for a four-year-old child.2.（速度快的车对
约翰有吸引力）,but he can 't afford me.3.Dave required a lot of time to study the(各种各样的论据).4.(我要求我的上司进行澄清),and she explained the project to me again.5.Photographic film is(对光很敏感).6.(互相鼓励)can be a great help, especially in the early days.7.Jimmy cried when people(拿他开玩笑).8.John won't give up.He(坚持他的观点).9.Ted always wants(成为注意的焦点).10.Is it cheap if(我们提前买票)?
Unit 2
1.However,（这种搜索引擎的主要缺陷）is its tendency to include too much information.2.（她从不吝惜自己的时间）----always ready to help other people.3.You may have known someone else 20 years and yet(他们永远只是泛泛之交).4.(他怀疑这车不是她的)because everybody knew she had no money.5.It's impossible to forget such horrific events----(它们会永远留在记忆中).6.(在这样一个常常充满各种不确定性的世界上),it is nice to have a safety net, something you can rely on.7.The earthquake happened(比该研究小组的预报提前了一年), but earthquakes are usually difficult to predict.8.I don't mind being awakened once or twice in the middle of the night by my roommate(只要她不养成习惯).Unit 3
1.Their study shows that sports skills(可以运用到个人生活中).2.I find myself(更多地叫男生回答题),because they tend to be the ones having trouble staying on task.3.I used to have trouble(把要洗的衣服好)before it was time to do the next batch.4.After her time in hospital, Jennys parents are afraid she(在学业上落了).5.People are wondering(谁会接班)when the old president dies.Unit 4问放’后
1.I think(这工作都得由他来完成)no matter how long it takes.2.We(决定为买新车而放弃旅行)，though it was really hard for us to make the decision.3.He tried not to(让他的妻子参与公司的管理工作),because in most cases the advantages outweighed the disadvantages.4.(对未来几代人都是极其重要的)that open spaces and parklands are protected and maintained to a high standard to keep the city increasingly attractive.5.We have reached the agreement at the meeting that(解决这个问题的关键是更好的策划).6.I propose(继续深入讨论这个问题)by considering critically the four theories well-known in this area.7.(这个房子是完全新颖的设计)----neither the interior nor the exterior was copied of any existing buildings of the kind.8.Through all his life he has made efforts(增进两国间的相互了解).Unit5
1.One of the reasons that they became good friends;
2.not by repeating the others' footprints.3.which means he will miss theworld cup.4.whether to express her missing him or to keep silent.5.the days she stayed with her dad in the rural when she was a small girl.6.Whatever the reseach result was how meaningless,7.Always being criticized by parents,8.Overdone danger 4
Unit 6
1.He was finally offered the job(凭借他的记忆力好)and the many exams he had passed.2.She favors a bit of adventure as well as a certain degree of self-government(当涉及到她孩子的教育时).3.Most people who are sick with AIDS want to stay at home,(而不愿意毫无必要地呆在医院里).4.What if I choose to(在一段时间内定期给少量的钱)instead of donating a large sum once for all?
5.I am afraid, Mr.Peterson,(答案是这样的)we have to be more efficient than our European competitors.6.The museum(并不打算只关注现代艺术的某个具体方面),but prefers to offer material for the public to study and compare.7.She has decided not to go for a drive on such a windy day(即便能搞到一辆车).8.I am well aware of(你已经同过去一刀两断，并已经开始全新的生活这一事实).Unit 7
1.Drops executed in the first two weeks of the course(在学生的成绩单上不会留下记
录),but a drop executed during the third through eighth week will result in a grade of W(withdrawal).2.We often heard of stories about some people who could think calmly and creatively(当面临困难的时候).3.You should be aware that applications won’t be accepted if they’re(过了截止时间).4.The manager was so angry that he(猛地把报告扔在桌子上)and shouted at Sam, “Get out!I don’t want to see you again!”
5.You must start by(改掉所有的坏习惯)your previous piano teacher taught you!6..Some trees have grown too high and(挡住了房中的光线).7.What would be the first word that would(跃入你的脑海)when you see Sunflowers by Vincent Van Gogh？ 8.Living on his own on the campus, he has learned to(安排好时间).9.These details(本应是机密),but were somehow leak out.10.This is a reminder that proposals for state research funding(本周五截止).
第四篇：新编大学英语综合教程4课后翻译
Unit 1
child.(活泼的举止是正常的)
John, but he can’t afford one.(速度快的车对······有吸引力)
3.Dave required a lot of time to study the 多种多样的论据)and she explained the project to me again.(我要求我的上司为我解释清楚)
5.Photographic film is very(对光很敏感)
6.can be a great help, especially in the early days.(互相鼓励)7.Jimmy cried when people(拿他开玩笑)
8.John won’t give up.He 坚持他的观点)
9.Ted always wants(成为注意的焦点)
10.Is it cheaper if 我们提前买票)Unit2 1.However,(这种搜索引擎的主要缺陷)is its tendency to include too much information.2.她从不吝惜自己的时间)—always ready to help other people.3.you may have known someone else for thancasual acquaintances(他们永远只是泛泛之交).4.(他怀疑这车不是他的)because everyone knew she had no money.5.It’s impossible to forget such horrific events — they will remain in the 它们会永远留在记忆中).6.In a world too often filled with(在这样一个常常充满各种不确定性的世界上), it is nice to have a safety net, something you can rely on.7.The earthquake happened(比该研究小组的预报提前了一年), but earthquakes are usually difficult to predict.8.I don’t mind being awakened once or twice in the middle of the night by my roommate habit of it(只要她不养成习惯).Unit3
1.Their study shows that sports skills over into personal life(可以运用到个人生活中).(更多地叫男生回答问题), because they tend to be the ones having trouble staying on task.put away(把要洗的衣服放好)before it was time to do the next batch.4.After her time in hospital, Jenny’s parents are afraid she has fallen behind academically(在学业上落后了).5.People are wondering over(谁会接班)when the old president dies.Unit4
这工作都得由他来完成)no matter how long it takes.2.(我们决定为买新车而放弃旅行), though it
was really hard for us to make the decision.3.He tried not to 让他的妻子参与公司的管理工作), because in most cases the advantages outweigh the disadvantages.(对未来几代人都是及其重要的)that open spaces and parklands are protected and maintained to a high standard to keep the city increasingly attractive.5.We have reached the agreement at the 解决这个问题的关键是更好的策划)
6.I propose(继续深入讨论这个问题)by considering critically the four theories well-known in this area.7.(这房子是完全新颖的设计)---neither the interior nor the exterior was copies of any existing buildings of the kind.8.Through all his life he has made efforts 增进两国间的相互了解).Unit5
1.One of the reasons they became good friends(他们成为好朋友的其中一个理由)was that they enjoyed the same sports and music.2.We will learn by our own experience what is best, and 不是靠重复别人的足迹).3.He will play in two tournaments in Japan, 这意味着他将错过世界杯)in his home country.是否表白自己很想他还是继续保持沉默).She had to think about her relationship again.5.Her mind was soothed by memories of her dad and of the days when she was a little girl(她还是个小女孩时同父亲一起住在乡下的日子).6.No matter how insignificant the findings 无论调查结果在当时是多么没有意义), it is important to record all of them properly.总是
受到父母的批评)can seriously hurt the children
and won’t reinforce what the parents try to teach.8.The danger of going too far(做过头的危险)was always present because he was talking too much.But he couldn’t help it.Unit6
(凭借他的记忆力好)and the many exams he had passed.2.She favors a bit of adventure as well as a certain degree of self-government children’s education is concerned(当涉及到她孩子的教育时).3.Most people who are sick with AIDS want to stay at home, rather than spend time unnecessarily in hospital(而不愿意毫无必要地呆在医院里).4.What if I choose to give small amounts of money regularly over a period of time(在一段时间内定期给少量的钱)instead of donating a large sum once for all?
5.I am afraid, Mr.Peterson, the answer is that(答案是这样的)we have to be more efficient than our European competitors.6.The museum 并不打算只关注现代艺术的某个具体方面), but prefers to offer material for the public to study and compare.7.She had decided not to go for a drive on such a windy day 即便能搞到一辆车).你已经同过去一刀两断，并已经开始全新的生活这一事实).Unit 7
1.Drops executed in the first two weeks of the course will leave no records on students’ transcript(在学生的成绩单上不会留下记录),but a drop executed during the third through eighth week will result in a grade of W(withdrawal).2.We often heard of stories about some people who could still think calmly and creativelywhen facing difficulties(当面临困难的时候).3.You should be aware that applications won’t be accepted if they’rebeyond the deadline(过了截止时间).4.The manager was so angry that hetossed the report on the desk(猛地把报告扔在桌子上)and shouted at Sam, “Get out!I don’t want to see you again!”
5.You must start bygetting rid of all the bad habits(改掉所有的坏习惯)your previous piano teacher taught you!
6.Some trees have grown too high and deprived the house of light(挡住了房中的光线).7.What would be the first word that would pop into your mind(跃入你的脑海)when you see Sunflowers by Vincent Van Gogh？ 8.Living on his own on the campus, he has learned tobudget his time(安排好时间).9.These detailswere supposed to be secrets(本应是机密),but were somehow leaked out.10.This is a reminder that proposals for state research fundingare due this Friday(本周五截止)
第五篇：新编大学英语4课文翻译及课后答案
新编大学英语4课文翻译及课后答案
课内阅读参考译文及课后习题答案(Book 4)Unit 1 享受幽默—什么东西令人开怀？
听了一个有趣的故事会发笑、很开心，古今中外都一样。这一现象或许同语言本身一样悠久。那么，到底是什么东西会使一个故事或笑话让人感到滑稽可笑的呢？ 2
我是第一次辨识出幽默便喜欢上它的人，因此我曾试图跟学生议论和探讨幽默。这些学生文化差异很大，有来自拉丁美洲的，也有来自中国的。我还认真地思考过一些滑稽有趣的故事。这么做完全是出于自己的喜好。3
为什么听我讲完一个笑话后，班上有些学生会笑得前仰后合，而其他学生看上去就像刚听我读了天气预报一样呢？显然，有些人对幽默比别人更敏感。而且，我们也发现有的人很善于讲笑话，而有的人要想说一点有趣的事却要费好大的劲。我们都听人说过这样的话：“我喜欢笑话，但我讲不好，也总是记不住。”有些人比别人更有幽默感，就像有些人更具有音乐、数学之类的才能一样。一个真正风趣的人在任何场合都有笑话可讲，而且讲了一个笑话，就会从他记忆里引出一连串的笑话。一个缺乏幽默感的人不可能成为一群人中最受欢迎的人。一个真正有幽默感的人不仅受人喜爱，而且在任何聚会上也往往是人们注意的焦点。这么说是有道理的。
甚至有些动物也具有幽默感。我岳母从前经常来我们家，并能住上很长一段时间。通常她不喜欢狗，但却很喜欢布利茨恩—我们养过的一条拉布拉多母猎犬。而且，她们的这种喜欢是相互的。布利茨恩在很小的时候就常常戏弄外祖母，当外祖母坐在起居室里她最喜欢的那张舒适的椅子上时，布利茨恩就故意把她卧室里的一只拖鞋叼到起居室，并在外祖母刚好够不到的地方蹦来跳去，一直逗到外祖母忍不住站起来去拿那只拖鞋。外祖母从椅子上一起来，布利茨恩就迅速跳上那椅子，从它那闪亮的棕色眼睛里掠过一丝拉布拉多式的微笑，无疑是在说：“啊哈，你又上了我的当。”
典型的笑话或幽默故事由明显的三部分构成。第一部分是铺垫（即背景），接下来是主干部分（即故事情节），随后便是妙语（即一个出人意料或令人惊讶的结尾）。如果这个妙语含有一定的幽默成分，这个笑话便会很有趣。通常笑话都包含这三部分，而且每部分都必须交代清楚。如果讲故事或说笑话的人使用听众都熟悉的手势和语言，则有助于增强效果。6
我们可以对幽默这种娱乐形式，进行分析，从而发现究竟是什么使一个有趣的故事或笑话令人发笑。举例来说，最常见的幽默有以下几种，包括了从最显而易见的幽默到比较微妙含蓄的幽默。
“滑稽剧”是最明显的幽默。它语言简单、直截了当，常常以取笑他人为乐。说笑打闹这种形式过去是、现在仍然是滑稽说笑演员和小丑的惯用技巧。它为不同年龄、不同文化背景的人们所喜爱。几乎本世纪的每个讲英语的滑稽说笑演员都曾以这样或那样的方式说过下面这则笑话。一位男士问另一位男士：“昨晚我看到的那位和你在一起的贵妇是谁？”那位男士回答道：“那可不是什么贵妇，那是我老婆。”这个笑话的幽默之处在于第二位男士说他的妻子不是一位贵妇，也就是说她不是一个高雅的女人。这个笑话并没有因为经常讲而变得不再那么好笑。由于这是一个经典笑话，观众都知道要说什么，而且因为大家对这个笑话很熟悉而更加珍爱它。
中国的相声是一种特殊的滑稽剧。相声中两名中国喜剧演员幽默地谈论诸如官僚主义者、家庭问题或其他一些有关个人的话题。相声随处都能听到，无论是在乡村的小舞台上，还是在北京最大的剧院里，抑或在广播、电视上。它显然是中国人家喻户晓的一种传统的幽默形式。
“俏皮话”不像滑稽剧那样浅显，它是因语言的误用或误解而引人发笑。我特别喜欢的一个例子是三位年长的绅士在英国乘火车旅行的故事。当火车慢慢停下来时，第一位绅士问道：“这是Wembley(温布利)吗？”“不，”第二位绅士说：“是Thursday(星期四)。”“我也是，”第三位说道，“让我们下车喝杯啤酒吧。”我们知道上了年纪的人往往耳背，因此会把Wembley（温布利）听成了Wednesday（星期三），把Thursday（星期四）听成了thirsty（渴了），这样一来就为第三位老人的妙语做好了铺垫。
著名的中国漫画家和幽默家丁聪便是一位俏皮话大师。在他的一幅幽默漫画中，一位老师说：“你为什么一字不改地抄别人的作业？”那位年轻的学生回答道：“我没有一字不改地抄。我把作业上的名字改成自己的了。”在丁聪的另一幅经典漫画里，一位生气的父亲问道：“告诉我，1加2等于几？”儿子说：“我不知道。”这位不耐烦的父亲接着说道：“比方说，你、你妈妈和我，我们加起来一共是几个，傻瓜？”儿子得意地回答道：“是三个傻瓜。” 这些故事无论是漫画还是笑话，是由演滑稽剧的喜剧演员说还是由搭档的相声演员讲，都为各地人们所喜爱。人们喜爱这些有趣的故事，因为它们贴近现实生活，而且里面那些出人意料的妙语十分有趣。
双关语是一种更微妙的俏皮话。它使用的技巧是利用发音相似的词或同一个词的不同意思。有些批评家认为双关语是最低级的幽默，但我不同意这种观点。双关语与其他形式的幽默相比需要更细微、更巧妙的语言技巧；然而，简单的双关语甚至很小的孩子也能利用。例如，谜语或脑筋急转弯问题常使用双关语做铺垫、制造故事情节，而且更多地是用在妙语部分。双关语是我最早懂得的幽默。记得大约在五岁时我听到了下面这个谜语。一个人问：“什么东西整个儿是黑的、白的和红的？”另外一个人通常猜不出来，于是问道：“我不猜了。是什么呀？”出谜语的人回答：“是报纸。”如果你知道在英语中“red（红色）”和“read（读）”的读音一样但意思完全不同，答案就很明显了。12
DOUBLE ENTENDRES（法语中的“一语双关”）是双关语的特殊形式, 其中的词或短语有双重意思。两个意思往往很不相同，一个比较恰当，另一个往往比较粗俗—但并不总是这样。我喜欢那个关于一位中学教师和校长因看见学生在学校操场上接吻而感到担心的故事。故事并不过火。那位教师对学生们说；“我和校长已经决定停止在学校操场上接吻。”听到笑声，她意识到她没有把意思表达清楚，于是补充说：“我的意思是不能再在我们的鼻子下面发生接吻这样的事了。”当然，这个解释并没有纠正她的第一句话，反而使这个笑话的双重含义变得更加好笑。
一些专业的幽默家认为如今的幽默大多缺乏智慧，不够巧妙。他们不喜欢在幽默中过多使用有色情意味或粗俗的语言，而且觉得大多数幽默家缺乏创造性。的确，现在有些幽默令人震惊，但我认为这不是幽默的过错。幽默本身是活泼健康的，它还会继续生存下去，只因为每天都有有趣的事情发生。一些有幽默感的人会看到听到这些有趣的事情，并把它们编成妙趣横生、令人开心的笑话和故事。Vocabulary
1.1)A.entertaining
B.entertainment
C.entertained
D.entertainer
2)A.recognizable
B.recognized
C.recognition
3)A.tempting
B.temptation
C.tempt
4)A.reasoned
B.reasoning
C.reasonable
D.reason
5)A.analyzed
B.analytical
C.analyst
D.analysis 6)A.valuable
B.valuation
C.valued/values
D.values
7)A.humorist
B.humor
C.humorous
D.humorless
8)A.understandable
B.understanding
C.understand
D.misunderstood
2.1)a sense of responsibility
2)a sense of safety/security
3)a sense of inferiority
4)a sense of superiority
5)a sense of rhythm
6)a sense of justice
7)a sense of shame
8)a sense of helplessness
9)a sense of direction
10)a sense of urgency
3.1)Lively behavior is normal 2)Fast cars appeal to
3)diverse arguments
4)I asked my boss for clarification
5)sensitive to light
6)Mutual encouragement
7)made fun of him
8)persists in his opinion/viewpoint 9)to be the focus/center of attention
10)we buy our tickets in advance 4.1）certain/sure
2)involved
3)end
4)behavior
5)disciplining
6)agreed 7)individually
8)first
9)response
10)question
11)attempt
12)voice
13)directly
14)followed
15)trouble Unit 2 便笺的力量
我当体育编辑，最早是为蒙比利埃（俄亥俄州）的《企业导报》工作，当时我很少收到体育迷的来信。因此，一天早晨放在我桌上的一封来信把我吸引住了。2
打开来信，我看到了下面的话：“关于老虎队的述评很不错，再接再厉。”签名的是体育编辑堂?沃尔夫。当时我只是一个十几岁的小伙子（为每一竖栏写一英寸文字，稿酬总计达15美分），因此他的话最鼓舞人心了。我把这封信一直放在书桌的抽屉里，后来它的边角都卷起来了。每当我怀疑自己不是当作家的料时，重温一下堂的便笺，就又会树起信心来。3
后来，我逐渐对堂有所了解，知道给各行各业的人写快捷而鼓舞人心的便笺是他养成的习惯。他告诉我说：“当我使别人充满信心时，我也感觉好极了。”
因此毫不奇怪，他的朋友圈子就像附近的伊利湖那么大。去年他去世了，享年75岁。电话与悼函像潮水般涌向报社，都来自于曾经得到过他激励（文字）的人们。
多年来，我努力效仿堂以及我的其他朋友，他们关心别人，常写一些鼓舞人心的话语，因为我觉得，他们这样做是很有意义的。在这样一个惯于冷漠、无动于衷的世界上，这种便笺给人们带来了温暖和安慰。我们都时不时地需要鼓励，大家知道几行赞扬的话会改变一个人的一天，甚至一生。
那么，这些激励人心的便笺的作者为什么寥若晨星呢？我猜想很多人回避写，是因为他们太看重人们的看法。他们担心会被误解，怕别人觉得他们自作多情或者言不由衷。还有，写也要花时间，远不如打电话方便。7
当然打电话的缺点是：说过的话留不住。而一张便笺使我们的良好意愿显得更加珍贵。便笺是白纸黑字记录在案的东西，而且我们写下的字可以反复阅读，细细品味并珍藏起来。8
尽管写便笺会多花一些时间，但一些非常忙的人也在这么做，其中包括乔治?布什。有人说，他政治上的成功在很大程度上归功于他那枝随时准备写字的笔。这是怎么回事呢？在他整个职业生涯中，每次与人们接触之后，他几乎都随后写封信，内容亲切——一句赞美之辞，一行表扬的话，或一段感谢语。他不仅写给朋友和同事，还写给萍水相逢的人以及完全陌生的人——比如那位借伞给他的人，后来收到他热情的赞扬信，感到很惊讶。
那些通常做作的公司高层经理们，其领导作风只能被形容为强硬、冷漠、脱离群众。甚至这些人也开始学习写便笺去鼓舞人心，且从中获益匪浅。唐纳德?彼得森，福特公司的前主席，把每天写便笺鼓励同事当作一件日常工作。该公司在80年代时走出低谷取得成功主要是他的功劳。“我只不过匆匆地在备忘录或信的角上写一些鼓舞人心的话，然后传递出去，”他说道。“每天最重要的一段时间，就是鼓舞那些为你工作的人的那10分钟。” 10
“太多的时候，”他发表自己的看法说，“那些我们真正喜欢的人并不知道我们是怎么看待他们的。太多的时候，我们会以为，我并没有说过什么批评的话，为什么非得去说好话呢？我们忘了，人类需要正面的肯定或鼓励——事实上，我们靠这个取得进步，获得成功！” 11
怎样才能写出振奋精神、温暖人心的信呢？只要我们怀有要表示感激之情的心愿。写这种便笺的高手都具有我所谓的 “４S”技巧。12
１）真诚(sincere)。没人要听虚假的赞美。
２）简短(short)。如果不能用三句话表达出你的意思，你很可能过火了，写得太长。14
３）具体(specific)。赞扬一位业务伙伴 “演讲精彩”太笼统含糊；告诉他“关于沃伦?巴菲特的投资策略讲得很精彩”才是一语中的。
４）自然(spontaneous)。这使得便笺充满了生气，洋溢着热情，并使读者的心灵长久地感受这种生气和热情。
当你非得到处找写信用品时，写出来的东西就难以自然，因此我总是把纸、信封和邮票放在手边，甚至在旅行时也是如此。信封信笺不需要很花哨，重要的是要表达的思想。17
那么，你周围又有谁值得你写便笺表示感谢或鼓励呢？一位邻居？为你服务的那位图书馆管理员？一位亲戚？你的市长？你的伙伴？一位教师？你的医生？你不必富有诗意。如果你需要一个写的理由，就找一个生活中的重要事件，例如你们共同参加的某个特殊事件的周年纪念日、生日或者节日。例如，过去的25年里，我总是为远方的朋友每年准备一张圣诞卡，而且常常在上面亲笔写上一句感谢或祝贺的话。鉴于圣诞节的氛围，就一年来所取得的成功与得到的好运特意表示谢忱似乎是最恰到好处的。18
不要吝啬你的赞美之言。像“最了不起的”、“最聪明的”、“最漂亮的”这种最高级的表达法——使大家都感到高兴。即使你的赞美之词稍稍超前了一点也没关系，记住，梦想的实现往往孕育于期望之中。
今天，我收到了以前的老板和精神导师诺曼?文森特?皮尔的一封温暖的赞扬信。这张小小的便笺上满是鼓舞人心的词句，这促使我坐到了打字机前来完成几封我早就该写的信。我不知道这些信会不会使别人的一天别有意义，但是，对我自己确实如此。正如我的朋友堂?沃尔夫所说的：使别人充满信心，也就使我自己感觉很好。Vocabulary 1.Creating Compound Words
STEP ONE:
Column A
Column B
The compound words created through
day
throughout up
man
upbeat, uplift draw
eared
drawback teen
ready
teenage hand
conscious
handout, handwritten birth
back
birthday, birthstone chair
distance
chairman rag
beat
rag-eared ever
lift
ever-ready over
age
overdue, overage
long
due
long-distance, long-eared self
stone
self-conscious mile
out
mileage, milestone type
wishing
typewriter, typewritten well
writer/written
well-wishing, well-written
STEP TWO:
1)long-distance
2)upbeat
3)ever-ready
4)overdue
5)typewriter
6)milestone
7)handwritten
8)uplifted
9)self-conscious
10)rag-eared 11)birthday
12)throughout
13)drawbacks
14)chairman
15)teenage
2.1)A.intrigued
v.interest
B.intrigue
n.the act or practice of secretly planning to harm someone or make them lose their position of power
2)A.straining
v.try very hard to do something using all your physical or mental strength
B.strain
n.a force that stretches, pulls or puts pressure on something
3)A.savor
n.taste;flavor
B.savored
v.enjoy the taste or flavor of;enjoy as much as you can
4)A.treasure
v.treat something as being very special, important, or valuable
B.treasure
n.a store of gold, silver, jewels, etc.5)A.credited
v.consider … as having achieved something or being the reason for it B.credit
n.trust;faith 6)A.boost
n.an encouraging act of cheering somebody up
B.boost
v.make someone feel more confident and less worried 7)A.note
n.a short, usually informal, letter
B.noted
v.notice or pay careful attention to something 8)A.signed
v.write your signature on a letter or document to show that you wrote it, agreed with it
B.sign
n.gesture used to express one’s meaning, idea, etc.9)A.totaled
v.come to a certain amount
B.total
n.the whole amount
10)A.stuffed
v.fill something with a substance
B.stuff
n.substance or material
11)A.count
n.the number that is reached when something is being counted
B.count
v.be important
12)A.last
v.manage to remain in the same situation
B.last
n.the remaining part of something
13)A.complimented
v.express praise or admiration of somebody
B.compliment
n.an expression of praise, admiration, approval, etc.14)A.flood
n.a large number or amount
B.flooding
v.arrive in large numbers
15)A.contact
n.communication with a person, organization, country, etc.B.contact
v.reach(someone)by message, telephone, etc.3.1)thrives
2)strategy
3)annual
4)deserve
5)spontaneous
6)sincere
7)investments
8)enterprise
9)follow up
10)characterized 11)lingered
12)acknowledged
4.column: 1)D
2)A
3)B
4)C
tough: 1)D
2)B
3)E
4)F
5)C
6)A 5.1)A.complementary
B.complimentary
C.complimentary complimentary: 1)expressing admiration, praise, etc.2)given free of charge complementary: making something complete or perfect;supplying what is lacking or needed for completion 2)A.stationery
B.stationary
C.stationary stationary: not moving, or not changing stationery: writing materials(e.g.paper, envelopes, etc.)3)A.typist
B.typewriter
C.typist typewriter: a machine with a keyboard that you use for typing words directly onto a sheet of paper typist: a person who types, especially one employed to do so 4)A.vulgar
B.vague
C.vague vague: 1)not clearly expressed, known, described or decided 2)not clear in shape;not clearly seen vulgar: not having or showing good taste or good manners;not educated 5)A.pad
B.pat
C.pad pad: 1)several sheets of paper fastened together, used for writing, drawing, etc.2)a piece of soft thick cloth or rubber which is used to protect a part of the body, give shape to something or clean something
6)A.own
B.owed
C.owes
D.owned owe: 1)have to pay, for something already done or given
2)feel grateful own: 1)a.belonging to oneself and to no one else 2)v.possess(something), especially by lawful right 6.1)searched
2)clever
3)solution
4)wasted
5)tolerate
6)hidden
7)dumb
8)subject
9)noise
10)extra
11)purchased
12)replaced 13)appreciation
14)hurried
15)warrant
16)strange
Unit 3 从文化角度看性别角色
在过去的几十年里，已经无数次地证实了这样一个事实：构成男子阳刚之气和女子阴柔之气的各种不同类型的行为、情感、和兴趣都既是遗传又是文化熏陶的结果。在成长的过程中，每个孩子学会了细微的行为举止，数量之多数以百计，这一切都带有文化的烙印，成了他们性别特征的一部分。有些行为举止是直接学到的。也就是说，别人教孩子如何恰如其分地行事, 男有男的规矩, 女有女的标准。另一些跟性别有关的具体举止是无意识地或间接地学会的，因为文化为女孩子和男孩子提供的形象、向往的目标以及成人的榜样各不相同。2
例如，最近对美国公立学校的一项研究显示，在教育中存在一种男孩比女孩更受偏爱的文化偏见。据研究人员反映，这种偏爱是无意的、不知不觉的，但它确实存在，并每年都在影响着数百万计学生的生活。为了研究在教育中存在的性别偏爱，戴维?赛德克博士和迈拉?赛德克博士夫妇录制了教师在课堂上课的情形。他们的研究显示，许多自认为无性别偏爱的教师惊奇地发现，从录像带上看他们竟是那么偏心。从幼儿园到研究生课程，都可以看到教师们请男生回答问题的次数远比女生多。这对学习过程有着巨大的影响，因为总的来说，那些积极的课堂活动参与者对学习更加乐观有信心，并能在今后取得更大的成就。事实上，在20世纪60年代末期，当美国东北部多所最好的女子学院向男生开放之后，教授们和女学生们都发现男孩们正在“接管”课堂讨论，而女生积极参与的程度则明显下降。近年来，在法学院和医学院的课堂上也发现了类似的情况：与男生相比女生处于次要的地位。
赛德克夫妇所做的研究显示，教师有时候会按照固有的性别模式给女孩子和男孩子不同布置的任务，这样便不知不觉地使女孩子不能像男孩子一样积极地参与。例如，有位教师在给幼儿园的孩子上自然科学课时，不断地让小男孩去操作科学“实验”，而让女孩子只是做一些安放材料的工作。既然使用课堂材料动手操作是早期教育的一个重要方面，这些女孩子就这样被剥夺了重要的学习经历，这会影响到她们今后的整个人生。
美国教师中一个具有代表性的想法是，男孩擅长数学和自然科学，这些学科都是“难懂的”、“适合于男性的”，而女孩会在语言和阅读技能上比男孩强。这是教育中性别偏见的另一种表现。结果美国的男孩们确实在阅读上出了问题，而在数学方面女孩尽管在九岁以前一直比男孩强，但此后却落在了他们后面。这成了预言自我应验的一个例子。然而这些特征是文化造成的，而非遗传的原因。例如，在德国，读书学习都被看作是“适合于男性的”，于是在阅读上有问题的便是女孩子了。而在日本，由于早期教育似乎不分性别，女孩和男孩在阅读上就旗鼓相当。
在教育过程中对女孩和男孩的不同态度始于家庭。例如，有一项研究显示了这样一种情况：让学龄前儿童看一幢房子的图片，然后要他们说出家里允许他们走开多远，这时男孩所指的范围要比女孩大得多，女孩指出的范围很有限，而且离家很近。女孩们不像男孩那样受到鼓励去发展求知欲和动手能力，尽管这些正是与外部世界打交道时有用的；对女孩灌输的结果是：对自己家外面的世界充满了恐惧，且期望别人对自己的优良品格和循规蹈矩的服从精神加以认可。这类教诲从家庭一直延续到课堂。于是，在课堂里我们常常可以看到女孩们更依赖教师，更注重作业的形式和整洁而非内容，更在乎她们所给的答案是否“正确”而不在乎智力方面的独立自主以及分析能力和创造能力的提高。教育过程占据了孩子除睡眠以外的大部分时间，社会则通过这一过程加强了它固有的价值观，并按其传统的、期望的模式造就了不同性别的人。Vocabulary
1.1)genetic
2)assign
3)noticeably
4)approved
5)Bias
6)deprived
7)constituted
8)participation
9)unintentional
10)postgraduate
2.conscious – unconscious
positive – negative
encourage – discourage
superior – inferior
directly – indirectly
biased – fair
sexist –
nonsexist
limited – unlimited
dependent – independent
appropriately – inappropriately
3.1)C
2)D
3)A
4)E
5)B
6)C
7)F
8)B 4.1)turn out
2)carry over
3)calling on
4)put away
5)fallen behind
6)take over Unit 4 关于创造力的培养——鼓励孩子思考
教育界和商业界的专家们说, 具有创造性是通向光明前程的关键。本文将介绍一下学校和家长如何才能鼓励孩子发展这一至关重要的能力。
如果1925年迪克?德鲁听从了他老板的意见，也许我们就不会有遮护胶带这种用品
了。现在我们几乎离不开它。德鲁当时就职于“明尼苏达制造和矿业公司”，通常称为3M公司。在工作中，他研制了一种用于胶带有黏性那面的物质，黏性很强，能使物体粘在一起。但是老板却不让他做进一步的研究。最后德鲁只好利用自己的时间改进了这种胶带。这种胶带现已被人们广泛使用。而他原来工作过的3M公司也从自己的失误中吸取了教训：现在该公司鼓励员工抽出15%的工作时间专门用来开动脑筋搞创新。
现在这种策略已被越来越多的公司所采用，而且全国各地的专家认为，对待孩子也应仿效这种做法，无论是在家里还是在学校。他们认为，如果我们教育孩子进行创造性思维，他们就能在明天的社会中更好地发挥作用。
受益于创造性的不只限于音乐和艺术领域。能取得成功的学生和成人都是那些会寻求各种办法解决问题的人。
创造性并非与生俱来，也不一定就是高智慧的特征。一个人智力高并不意味着他必然能创造性地发挥才智。创造性是指能利用已有的资源想出新点子，而这些点子有助于解决某方面的问题。
遗憾的是，学校还没有想到要促使学生发挥创造性。许多教育者十分看重考试分数，强调阅读、写作和数学能力，往往因追求正确的答案而牺牲了对创造性的培养。其结果是，孩子们能够反馈所学的知识，却不知道如何灵活地应用知识。比如，他们可能熟记乘法表，却不会用它来解决数学应用题。
然而，在有些学校里，教育者们正逐渐认识到这一问题，并致力于研究能启发学生创造性的新的教学方法。一些教师把基础知识和要求学生发挥想象力的活动结合起来。比如，教师不再简单地问学生哥伦布何时发现了新大陆，他们可能让学生思考如果哥伦布首先到达的不是加勒比地区而是纽约，情况会是如何。要回答这一问题，学生必须应用自己掌握的关于哥伦布、纽约和加勒比地区的知识。教师们认为即便学生的回答会很可笑，也毫无关系，这也许是通向创造性的重要一步。专家认为，在课堂以及在家里，必须允许孩子们有些荒唐的念头。家长和教师们则有责任和孩子共同努力，使那些念头成为切实可行的建议。最好的办法是通过提问来鼓励孩子，同时对他们的想法和新点子表示赞赏。专家认为必须创造一个可以自由发挥创造力的氛围，一个尊重和赞赏而不是鄙视或不理会荒诞想法的环境。
在家里，家长可以做一些鼓励孩子发挥创造力的事情。如果遇到合适的问题，家长可以就该问题征求孩子的意见，让他们参与决策。家长可以帮助孩子了解不同的决策将会带来的各种后果。家长还应鼓励孩子大声谈论他们正在做的事情。思维能力和语言能力是紧密相关的。大声地谈论有助于提高语言能力和思维能力。
具有幽默感对于开发孩子的创造力也非常重要。当家长表现出幽默时，孩子们就看到了最地道的创造性。从本质上看，幽默跨越了常规界限，打破了固有模式。要创造往往也得如此。
给孩子一些选择的余地也很重要。应该允许孩子自己做决定并清楚其后果，要让孩子从尽可能早的年龄开始这样做。做决定有助于培养思维能力，即便只是在午餐的两种食物的选择上做决定也行。随着孩子慢慢长大，家长应让孩子自己做主支配时间或金钱；当他们作出错误的决定时，不要不假思索地给予过多的帮助。这种做法可能会使孩子迷惑不解，但这没有关系。因为富有创造力的人有很强的动力，使他们能够从混乱中创造秩序。这是他们的一个最重要的特点。Vocabulary
1.1)confused, confusion
2)intelligence, intelligent
3)humorous, humor
4)strategy, strategic
5)motivated, motivation
6)combination, combined
7)creation, creative
8)pursuit, pursuing
9)multiplication, multiply
10)employ, employment
2.1)perfected
2)approaching
3)value
4)functions
5)approach
6)perfect
7)honor
8)function
9)honor
10)value 3.1)dismiss
2)consequences
3)promoting
4)applies
5)vital
6)scorned
7)conventional
8)original
4.1)consciously
2)innovative
3)unconsciously
4)determines
5)Imagination 6)aware
7)control
8)created
9)extension
10)technique
11)vulnerable
12)unfolding
13)joyful
14)gain
15)Apply Unit 6 风险与你
在说不定的某个时候，我们大家都曾充当过疑病症患者的角色,只凭一些轻微的症状便怀疑自己得了某种可怕的病。有的人只要一听说一种新的疾病，就会去检查，看自己是否可能患了这种病。然而，对疾病的恐惧并非我们唯一的恐惧。同样，患病的危险也并非我们唯一会遇上的危险。现代生活中充满了各种各样的威胁，诸如对我们生命的威胁，对我们平和心境的威胁，对我们家人的威胁，对我们未来的威胁。从而产生了好些问题，我们不得不问自己：我买的食品安全吗？给孩子们的玩具会伤害他们吗？我们家的人是不是不该吃熏肉？我度假时会不会遭抢劫？我们的疑虑就无休止地增加。2
对生活中风险的担忧与疑病症有相似之处；二者的恐惧或忧虑皆起因于信息不全面。但二者之间也存在一个明显的差别。疑病症患者通常可以求助于医生，以便澄清疑虑——要么你得了你所怀疑的疾病，要么你没得。但当涉及到其它形式的风险时，事情就要困难得多，因为对许多风险来说，情况并不那么简单。
风险几乎总是一个可能性的问题而无确定性可言。你也许会问：“我该不该系安全带？”如果你坐的车要与其它车正面相撞，那当然该系安全带。倘若你的车侧面被撞，结果你被困在车里，又因安全带装置遭破坏而无法挣脱，那怎么办呢？这是否意味着你该再花些钱在车内安一个保险气袋呢？同样，在正面相撞的情况下，保险气袋完全可以救你一命。但是，万一正当你在高速公路上开车时，保险气袋突然意外充气膨胀，从而导致了本来绝不会发生的事故，那又该如何是好？ 4
上面说的这一切，只是从另一角度说明我们所做的事没有一件是百分之百安全的。有些风险——常常是潜在的重大风险——与我们的每个业余爱好、所做的每项工作、所吃的每种食物有关，换句话说，与所进行的任何活动有关。但我们又不能，也不该因危险存在于我们将要做的每件事，而变成战战兢兢的神经症患者。有些活动是比其它活动更危险。关键在于要让自己了解相应的风险，然后相机行事。5
例如，两车相撞时，大车总的说来要比小车安全些。可究竟能安全多少呢？答案是这样：在一起严重的车祸中坐小车丧生的可能性是坐大车的两倍左右。然而，大车通常比小车贵（并且消耗更多的汽油，由此给环境带来了更大的风险！）。那么我们该怎样确定什么时候值得为降低风险增加花费呢？例如，避免风险最保险的做法也许是去买一辆坦克或装甲车，从而把撞车时死亡或受伤的风险降到最小。然而，即便你买得起，这笔额外的费用以及忍受坦克或装甲车所带来的不便是否值得呢？
在我们尚不知所涉及的风险程度之前，我们还无法回答这些问题。那么，我们该如何去衡量风险程度呢？有些人似乎认为答案只不过是一个简单的数字。例如，我们知道每年大约有25,000 人死于车祸。相比之下，每年只有大约300人死于矿山事故和灾难。这难道就意味着乘坐汽车要比采矿危险得多吗？未必。事实是，在美国每年大约有两亿人经常性地以车代步；而大概只有70万人从事采矿作业。我们评估一种风险时，所需要的有关数字是一个比率或分数。该分数的分子告诉我们在某个特定时期由于从事某种特定活动而丧生或受伤的人数；其分母告诉我们在这一时期从事这种活动的总人数。这样，所有的风险程度都是由比率或分数表示，其大小介于0（无风险）到1（完全风险）之间。7
通过把所有风险都简化为这种比率或分数，我们便可以开始比较不同种类的风险，如比较采矿与乘坐汽车。这个比率越大，也就是说它越接近1，那么有关活动的风险就越大。在刚才讨论的例子中，我们可以用每一活动中死亡的人数除以参与该活动的总人数，从而找出汽车旅行与采煤的相对安全性。此处，我们可以很清楚地看到，乘坐汽车旅行的风险是每一万人中大约有一人丧生；而就采矿而言，其危险程度是每一万矿工中大约有四人死亡。所以，尽管在车祸中丧生的人远比采矿要多，其实后者的风险是前者的四倍。这些比率使我们能够对毫不相干的活动或情形的危险性加以比较，即便差别如苹果与橘子那样大也能比较。如果你反对冒险，你就会选择风险比率较小的活动。如果你无所畏惧，那么你往往会对高比率不太在乎，除非它们大得令人难以承受。
我们一旦明白了风险是永远无法从任何情况中完全去除的，因而就没有绝对安全的事，我们也就会明白问题的关键不是要彻底避免风险，而是要理智地管理风险。风险管理需要两大要素：常识以及与我们可能要承担的风险的性质和程度相关的信息。Vocabulary Practice 1.1)sensible sensible: having or showing good sense;reasonable sensitive: easily hurt, upset, or offended by things that people say 2)relative relevant: directly connected with the subject or problem being discussed or considered relative: considered in relation or proportion to somebody/something else;comparative 3)mechanism machine: 机器
mechanism: a structure of working parts functioning together to produce an effect 4)requires require: need something request: ask for something politely or formally 5)eliminate reduce: make something smaller in size, number, degree, price, etc.eliminate: completely get rid of something that is unnecessary or unwanted 6)crash crash: a breaking to pieces especially by or as if by collision collision: an accident in which two or more people or vehicles hit each other while moving in different directions 2.1)character
2)end up
3)Rarely
4)casual
5)risky
6)all manner of
7)inform
8)sensible
9)definitively 3.1)On the strength of
2)all manner of
3)feed on
4)reduce…to
5)end up
6)associated with
7)focus on
8)turned to
9)participate in
10)involved in
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