第一篇:第七单元语法语法背诵版
初一英语Module 7语法重点
一. 要掌握的短语:
1.half past eight 八点半14.play computer games 玩游戏
2.at ten o’clock在十点 15.leave school 离开学校
3.a quarter to nine 差一刻九点16.finish school 放学
4.have a Chinese lesson 上语文课 17.go home 回家
5.have history 上历史课18.write down 写下
19.study English 学英语6.my favourite lesson
我最喜欢的课 20.send sth.to sb.7.my school day 我的学校生活把某物给(寄给)某人
8.have a break 休息一会 21.get up起床
9.talk to him 和他谈谈22.have breadkfast 吃早饭
10.watch TV 看电视 23.have lunch 吃午饭
11.have dinner 吃饭24.do housework 做家务
12.do one’s homework 做作业 25.go to school 去上学
13.go to bed 去睡觉
二、要掌握的句型:
1.What day is it today? 今天是星期几?
2.What time is it? = What’s the time? 几点钟?It’s five o’clock.五点钟
3.When is your science lesson? 你的科学课是什么时间?
It’s in the morning.在早上
4.What are your lessons today? 今天你的课程是什么?
We have Chinese, science and art.我们上中文、科学和美术。
5.What about you? 你怎么样?
6.What do you do in the evening? 晚上你做什么?
I do my homework..我做作业。
7.When do you go to bed? 你什么时候上床睡觉?
I go to bed at ten o’clock.我十点钟睡觉。
8.周日我去公园。
I don’t go to the park on Sunday.周日我不去公园。
Do you go to the park on Sunday? 你周日去公园吗?
Yes, I do./No, I don’t.是的,我去。/不,我不去
对划线部分提问:What do you do on Sunday? 周日你做什么?
9.早上他们有美术课。
They don’t have art in the morning.早上他们没有美术课。
Do they have art in the morning? 早上他们有美术课吗?
Yes, they do./No, they don’t.是的,他们有。/不,他们没有。
对划线部分提问:What do they have in the morning? 早上他们有什么课?
第二篇:语法
一提到语法,许多英语学习者都会紧皱眉头,深深地叹气,同时也会马上联想到高中厚厚的语法书,还有一堆做不完搞不明白的语法题,那么对于雅思写作,语法的重要性在哪里呢?其实如果对雅思作文有所了解的同学会发现,雅思对语法的要求和高中语法完全不一样,其主要讲求实用性以及基本的语法要点,不会从细节上考察语法。本文中,朗将对雅思写作中的常见的语法错误进行分析,帮助考生们在今后的写作中避免这些错误。
一、名词的单复数
在雅思写作中,考生常常分不清可数名词和不可数名词,从而导致一系列的语法错误: The number of fruit in summer is larger than in winter.“fruit”是一个不可数名词,往往考生们受母语的影响,误认为其为可数名词。与汉语不同,英语中名词要区分可数与不可数。
笼统地讲,物质名词,如:water(水), iron(铁), wood(木头)等和抽象名词,如:democracy(民主), freedom(自由), happiness(幸福)等为不可数。以下名词为不可数名词:
news(消息)information(信息)furniture(家具)equipment(设备)advice(劝告)weather(天气)work(工作)clothing(衣服)baggage(行李)
work作“工作”解释时为不可数名词,“找工作”不能说to find a work, 应为to find a job;work作“著作”、“作品”解时是可数名词,如:Deng Xiaopin's works(邓小平著作)/a work about Deng Xiaopin(一件关于邓小平的作品);作“工厂”解释时,单复数同形:a steel works(一个钢铁厂)/two chemical works(两家化工厂)以下名词单复数同形:
means(手段)headquarters(司令部)works(工厂)species(物种)aircraft(飞机)Chinese(中国人)sheep(羊)fish(鱼)
中国的计量单位:li(里), yuan(元), mu(亩)等 实例:Every means has been tried out, but without satisfactory results.(每个方法都试过了,但结果不令人满意。)
形式上是复数的学科名称,如physics, statistics, dynamics作单数看待;时间、距离、钞票、重量等复数,可以看作一个整体作单数处理,如:Two days is not enough for me to finish the task.(要我完成此项任务两天是不够的。)
二、主谓一致
主谓一致也是雅思考生经常犯的语法错误之一,在许多同学的作文中,主谓一致的错误比比皆是,大量的主谓一致错误一定会导致比较低的语法分数,所以想要取得高分的同学一定不能忽略这个问题。
主谓一致指“人称”和“数”方面的一致关系,如:He is going abroad.They are playing football.可分为:语法一致,内容一致,就近一致。
语法一致原则:即主语为单数,谓语用单数,主语为复数,谓语也用复数。以下为注意事项: 1.单数主语即使后面带有with, along with, together with, like(像),but(除了),except, besides, as well as, no less than, rather than(而不是),including, in addition to引导的短语,谓语动词仍用单数。
如:Air as well as water is matter.空气和水都是物质。
No one except two servants was late for the dinner.除了两个仆人外,没有一个人迟来用餐。
2.用and连接的并列主语,如果主语是同一个人、同一事、同一概念,谓语动词用单数,否则用复数。如:
The poet and writer has come.那位诗人兼作家来了。(一个人)
A hammer and a saw are useful tools.锤子和锯都是有用的工具。(两件物品)3.用and连接的成对名词习惯上被看成是一个整体,如:bread and butter(黄油抹面包),knife and fork(刀叉)等作主语时,谓语动词用单数。
4.不定式(短语),动名词(短语),或从句作主语时,谓语动词用单数。如: Serving the people is my great happiness.为人民服务是我最大的幸福。
When we’ll go out for an outing has been decided.我们什么时候出去郊游已决定了。
5.当连接的并列主语被each, every或no修饰时,谓语动词用单数。Every boy and every girl likes to go swimming.每个男孩和每个女孩都喜欢去游泳。No teacher and no student was absent from the meeting.没有老师也没有学生开会缺席。
Each man and(each)woman is asked to help.每个男人和每个女人都被请去帮忙。each of + 复数代词,谓语动词用单数。复数代词+each, 谓语动词用单数,如: Each of us has something to say.我们每个人都有话要说。
6.若主语中有more than one或many a/an, 尽管从意义上看是复数,但它的谓语动词仍用单数。但more+复数名词+than one做主语时,谓语动词仍用复数,如: Many a boy likes playing basketball.许多男生都喜欢打篮球。More than one student was late.不只一个学生迟到了。
More persons than one come to help us.不止一个人来帮助我们。
7.none做主语时,谓语动词可用单数,也可用复数;但在代表不可数的东西时总是看作单数,因而谓语动词要用单数。如: None of us are(is)perfect.人无完人。None of this worries me.这事一点不使我着急。
8.名词如:trousers, scissors, clothes, goods, glasses等作主语时,谓语动词必须用复数,如:
His clothes are good.但这些名词前若出现a pair of , 谓语一般用单数,如: A pair of glasses is on the desk.桌上有一副眼镜。
9.形复意单名词如:news;以ics结尾的学科名称如:physics, mathematics, economics;国名如:the United States;报纸名如:the New Times;书名如:Arabian Night <天方夜谈>;以及The United Nations<联合国>等作主语时,谓语动词用单数。10.“a+名词+and a half”, “one and a half+名词”,“the number of+名词”等作主语时,谓语动词要用单数,如:
Only one and a half apples is left on the table.注意:one or two+复数名词作主语,谓语动词用复数形式,如: One or two places have been visited.参观了一两个地点。内容一致原则: 1.主语中有all, half, most, the rest等,以及“分数或百分数+名词”做主语时,谓语动词单复数取决于连用的名词,如:
The rest of the bikes are on sale today.剩下的自行车今天出售。
60% of the apple was eaten by little boy.这个苹果的60%都被这个小男孩吃了。Most of the apples were rotten.大部分的苹果都是烂的。
Most of the apple was eaten by a rat.这个苹果的大部分被老鼠吃了。
2.不定数量的词组,如:part of, a lot of, lots of, one of, a number of, plenty of等作主语时,谓语动词的单复数取决于量词后面名词的数,如: A part of the textbooks have arrived.一小部分教科书已运到。
A part of the apple has been eaten up by the pig.这个苹果的一部分被猪吃光了。3.加减乘除用单数,如:
Fifteen minus five is ten.15减去5等于10。
4.表示时间,金钱,距离,度量等的名词做主语时,尽管是复数形式,它们做为一个单一的概念时,其谓语动词用单数,如:
Ten miles is a good distance.十英里是一个相当的距离。
5.(1)通常作复数的集体名词:包括police, people, cattle等,这些集体名词通常用作复数,如:
The British police have only very limited powers.(2)通常作不可数名词的集体名词:包括equipment, furniture, clothing, luggage等。(3)可作单数也可作复数的集体名词:包括audience, committee, government, family, enemy, group, party, team, public等,如:
The committee has/have decided to dismiss him.委员会决定解雇他。6.“the+形容词/过去分词形式”表示一类人或事物,作主语时,谓语动词用复数,如: The injured were saved after the fire.就近原则:
1.由here, there, where等引导的倒装句中(有时主语不止一个时),谓语动词与靠近它的主语在数上一致,如:
Here comes the bus.公共汽车来了。Here is a pen and some pieces of paper for you.给你一支钢笔和几张纸。Where is your wife and children to stay while you are away? 你不在这儿的时候,你爱人和孩子呆在哪儿呢?
2.用连词or, either....or, neither….nor, not only….but also等连接的并列主语,谓语动词与靠近它的主语在数上一致,如:
Neither the students nor the teacher knows anything about it.学生和老师都不知道这事。
He or you have taken my pen.他或你拿了我的钢笔。
注意:one of+复数名词+who/that/which引导的定语从句中,定语从句的动词为复数,如:
Mary is one of those people who keep pets.玛丽是饲养宠物者之一。
The only one of+复数名词+who/that/which引导的定语从句中,定语从句的动词应为单数。
Mary is the only one of those people who keeps pets.玛丽是唯一一个饲养宠物的人。
三、时态
时态是雅思作文中至关重要的一部分,如果时态出现错误会导致整篇文章的错误。主要需要掌握的时态为一般现在时,过去时和将来时,掌握好这三种时态对于雅思写作来说已经足够。提醒考生注意,Task One的第一段肯定是一般现在时态,中间段落的时态要由图表中的时间来决定,但是基本上不会出现进行时态,而对于流程图,只能使用一般现在时态。Task Two基本上以一般现在时态为主,根据所写内容决定是否应该使用其他时态。一般现在时态主要就是注意主谓一致的问题,一般过去时态需要特别注意动词过去式的拼写,特别是不规则动词过去式的变化,而将来时态需要注意的是在小作文中只能使用will+do的形式而不能使用be going to。
第三篇:语法
初、高中英语知识的有效衔接
河北盐山中学
田宝葵
高中是初高中阶段承前启后的一年,初高中英语的有效衔接关系到学生整个高中阶段英语学习成绩的好坏和教师教学任务是否能够顺利完成。然而许多高一新生由于不适应高中英语教学,经过一段时间的学习,英语学习成绩愈来愈差,以至于失去学习信心,造成学习上的困难,而英语教师由于对学生初中英语学习的知识点和起始能力了解不足,缺乏足够的调研分析,结果学生英语学习越来越困难,兴趣也越来越低落。究其原因,一是:学生存在知识和能力的缺陷,以至于初高中的英语知识衔接上产生了一定的困难;二是:有些学生没搞清楚初高中英语不同阶段的学习特点及其知识差异,缺少高中阶段有效的英语学习策略。为帮助学生搞好初高中英语知识的有效衔接,使学生能对英语产生持久浓厚的兴趣,使老师的衔接教学更有针对性,我们进行了研究。
一、辨析初高中英语词汇的异同,形成有效的单词记忆策略。
1.激发兴趣,提高对词汇教学的认识。在长期的初中英语词汇教学中,“教师领读,学生跟读”已成模式。在这种模式中,口拼与书写脱离,单词与上下文脱离,重语言的语法解释,轻单词本身的记忆。许多学生常常死记硬背,不注意将词汇的音、形、义有机地联系起来记忆,因而往往记了忘,忘了记,记了又忘,收效甚微,磨灭了学生学英语的兴趣。所以,高中教师应采用灵活多样的词汇教学方法开展教学。同时,对学生阐明初高中词汇存在的差异,进行词汇学习重要性的教育,使他们做好充分的心理准备。新课程标准中对情感态度也作出明确的描述,引导学生将兴趣转化为稳定的学习动机,以使他们树立较强的自信心,形成克服困难的意志,努力让尽可能多的学生参与到词汇教学中来,引导学生逐步由“要我学”到“我要学”。2. 改善单一的词汇教学方法
第一,词汇的意义由语境决定,极少孤立存在。一个词通常会有几种意义,若要学习它,切忌把所有的词汇意义死记硬背,必须要在不同的语境中理解以后,其学习和记忆的效果才更好。
第二,帮助学生在语境中运用词汇。新课程倡导学生用语言做事的能力,要培养这种能力,教师就要创设有意义的教学情景,让学生置身于真正的交际情景中体会词汇的意义、搭配和用法。教师应打破“教师领读,学生跟读”的词汇教学模式,彻底改变词汇教学与语境相脱节的局面。
第三,根据发音记忆词形,根据语境学习词义,根据构词法巧记词性词义,运用中理解巩固短语及单词的用法。强调高中英语词汇与初中词汇相比,具有的两个典型的特征。一是高中词汇的一词多义,如单词run在初中英语中学生只知道跑得意思,而在高中英语中它常用的意思就有跑、管理,经营,褪色,融化等意思。二是利用构词法来拓宽词汇,辨析词性,如单词devote在初中它的意思是献身,而在高中的devotion就可以由名词后缀tion 判断出它的词性为名词,词义是名词献身。并要有效利用字典,对单词进行音、形、义相结合的有效词汇记忆。
第四,强化语音教学,为词汇教学打好基础。词汇教学一般采取由音到形再到义的顺序,语音是学生接触一个词的最初印象,如果读不出音就不易记住形,无音无形就谈不上什么义。学好语音不但有利于正确地以声音形式表达思想,而且对词汇学习和记忆大有帮助。因此,要牢记一个单词首先应把音念准。重视语境教学,帮助学生在语境中理解和运用词汇。
二、区别初高中听力、阅读、写作的异同,培养学生应用能力的提高
第一,初中和高中英语完形填空的区别在初中英语中,鉴于学生的词汇量不大、知识面较窄和逻辑推理能力不够健全等因素,选作完形填空的文章往往都是一些故事性的短文或是学生非常熟悉的话题,且对学生的文章的整体理解、上下文的段落衔接、情节分析及推理判断能力的考查虽然有所体现,但要求不算太高。学生进入高中以后,除了在单词掌握的数量上要有明显的提升外,还要有语言交际、文化背景和社会风俗习惯等知识的拓展与积累。高中英语完形填空题更突出考查语篇的完整性,强调段与段、句与句之间的逻辑性。高中英语完形填空的文章偏重于理性的分析和情感的交融,出现的科普、文化及议论性的文章偏多,往往还夹叙夹议,在议论中升华。这就要求学生既要有较好的运用词汇、语法和理解语篇的能力,还要擅于让自己进入文章的角色,感悟人物的内心世界,领会人物的心理活动,把握文章。
第二.初中英语阅读教学重视对学生基础语言知识和基本语言技能的培养,重视对阅读内容的理解,关注学生获取有效信息的能力;而高中英语阅读教学除了以上要求,更强调对学生进行阅读方法的指导和阅读技能的训练,更关注他们处理阅读材料不同信息的过程和整合相关信息的能力,同时着力培养学生情感与态度等,从而逐步提高学生对英语语言的理解力和掌控力。因此要使高中英语阅读教学顺畅衔接,教师就很有必要了解初高中英语阅读课的特点及教学要求,有效地利用教材提供的各种语言材料和各项活动任务,重视学生的词汇积累、培养学生的阅读习惯、强化阅读技能,从而提高学生的整体英语水平,让学生“掌握方法、养成习惯、形成能力”,顺利实现初高中的衔接。也为学生将来进一步学好英语奠定坚实的基础。
第三.初高中写作要求特点及训练的差异及应对的策略,初中英语作文重在简单的情景运用或喜好评论,且因为分值和乡村中学英语基础薄弱,大多数学生忽视英语写作。高中英语重在实际应用和观点评论,且因为分值和以后学习生活中的实际应用,应重点诱发学生英语写作能力的提高。对比初高中英语写作要求的差异,并鉴于中考作文中出现的一些问题,高中英语写作应强化书写的规范性和整洁度,狠抓学生的书写规范,主要包括书写字迹的工整,标点符号的正确使用,大小写,写完后要检查的习惯等。强化句子的训练,句子是构建短文重要的单位,因此高中教师必须在高一阶段进行连词成句的强化训练,为短文写作打下良好的基础。教师可以利用每单元中的重点句型结构,充分利用新教的单词或词组让学生做连词成句练习,并要求学生注意时态、语态、名词单复数、冠词等。强化阅读和背诵,教师从高一开始就要有意识地将课文原文或是经过改写后的文章让学生读背,重视经典句子的收集和模仿并以默写的形式予以巩固,这样既帮助学生打下扎实的语言基础,同时也为学生积累了写作的素材。
三、、分析初高中语法学习框架,降低高中语法的难度
初中生和高一学生对复杂句的概念很模糊,而这就给学生从句的学习带来了很大的困难。定语从句是高一上学期的重点语法项目,也是整个高中语法的难点,且影响以后名词性从句的学习。虽然学生在初三学过定语从句,但却是一知半解,不少学生无法判断先行词、关系代词、关系副词。为了让学生学习定语从句不至于那么困难,教师应做好大量的衔接工作。教师可先从学生熟悉的简单句入手,每天2-3个句子让学生划分句子成分,判断基本句型。在学生分清句子成分,牢固掌握了简单句的五种基本句型后慢慢渗透并列句和主从复合句的概念,从而过渡到定语从句的学习。也可结合初中英语中定语从句的讲解,先重点引出which, that和who, whom的定语从句用法,再引出高中语法中where, when , why和whose等从句的用法,学生既易于理解,也降低了高中语法的难度。这对于普通中学的学生来讲是必不可少的,所谓“磨刀不误砍柴工”就是这个道理。
总之,只要教师能正确引导,帮助学生调整好心态,逐步掌握高中英语的特点,形成适合自己的学习策略和学习方法,就一定能顺利地做好初高中的衔接,出色地完成高中英语学习。
第四篇:必修4第一单元语法
1.Either you or one of ytour students ____ to attend the meeting that is due tomorrow.A.are B isC.have D.be
2.Professor James will give us a lecture onthe Western culture, but when and where ____ yet.A.hasn’t been decidedB.haven’t decided
C.isn’t being decidedD.aren’t decided
3._Did you go to the show last night?
—Yeah.Every boy and girl in the area ___ invited.A.wereB.have beenC.has been D.was
4.The basketball coach, as well as his team, ___ interviewed shortly after bookthe match for their outstanding performance.A.wereB.was C.isD.are
5.Most of what has been said about the Smiths ____ also true ofthe Johnsons.A.areB.is C.being D.to be
6.One-third of the country ___ covered with trees and the majority of the citizens _ black people.A.is;are B is;is C.are;are D.are;is
About 60 percent of the students ____ from the south;the rest of them ___ from the north and foreign countries.A.are;is B.are;are C.is;are D.is;is
8.At present, one of the arguments in favor of the new airport ___ that iti will bring a lot of jobs to the area.A.isB.are C.will be D.was
9.The number of foreign students attending Chinese universities ______ rising steadily since 1997.A.is B.are C.has been D..have been
10.—Why does the lake smell terrible ?
—Because large quantities of water ____.A.have polluted B.is being polluted
C.has been pollutedD.have been polluted
11.E-mail, as wel as letters, ____an important part in daily communication.A.are playing B.is playing C.have played D.play
12.The factory used 65 percent of the raw materials , the rest of which ___ saved for other purposes.A.is B.are C.was D.were
13.The famous farmer and scientist ___ oru evening party tonight.A.is going to B.are going to C.is coming in D.are to come
14.The rest of his life ___ spent in poverty.When he died, only half of his relatives and friends ___ able to attend his funeral.A.was;were B.was;was C.were;wereD.were;was
15.No one in the class but Tom and I ____ the truth.A.know B.knows C.have knownD.are to know
答案:1-5BAABB6-10ABACD11-15BDAAB
第五篇:第一单元语法小结2
1、delay耽搁,拖延,推迟
例句:He delayed telling her the news, waiting for the right moment.Report it to the police without delay.There’s no time for delay.Thousands of commuters were delayed for over an hour.2、persuade说服,劝说 名词:persuasion 例句:I persuaded him to see a doctor.I persuaded him into seeing a doctor.I tried to persuade him to see a doctor.I advised him to see a doctor.She had persuaded herself that life was not worth living.3、note笔记,记录;注意,留意
例句:take(make)a note of sth/ take(make)notes of sth记录某事 Please make a note of the notes.note sth down=write sth down记下、写下
Please note that the office will be closed on Monday.4、dentist牙科医生
例句:at the dentist’s牙科诊所 an appointment at the dentist’s
5、care保重,小心,当心
例句:She chose her words with care.Bye!Take care!再见!多保重!
Take care that you don’t drink too much!He is old enough to take care of himself.care about关注、在意、担忧
She cares deeply about environmental issues.care for想要、喜欢、照顾
Would you care for another drink? He cared for her more than she realized.6、discourage使灰心, 使气馁, 阻止,劝阻 例句:discourage sb from doing sth
His parents discourage him from smoking.The weather discouraged many people from attending.Learners can feel very discouraged if an exercise is too difficult.沮丧的
a discouraging result令人泄气、沮丧的结果
7、anxious焦虑的、渴望的、担心的 副词:anxiously 名词:anxiety 例句:be anxious about sth/for sb He seemed anxious about the meeting.Parents are naturally anxious for their children.be anxious for sth渴望某物
There are plenty of graduates anxious for work.be anxious for sb to do sth渴望,非常希望 He was anxious not to be misunderstood.7、puzzle使困惑,使迷惑不解
例句:What puzzles me is why he left the country without telling anyone.puzzle over苦苦思索,仔细琢磨
Karen puzzled over the question all evening.puzzle out琢磨出…答案
He was trying to puzzle out why he had been brought to the house.8、puzzled困惑的、迷惑不解的
例句:She had a puzzled look on her face.He looked puzzled so I repeated the question.9、absorb吸收,吸引
例句:Black walls absorb a lot of heat during the day.She seemed totally absorbed in her book.an absorbing book
10、attitude态度,看法
例句:have a good/bad/positive/negative attitude towards sth/ sb If you want to pass your exams you’d better change your attitude.11、consistent一致的;连续的 例句:be consistent in We must be consistent in applying the rules.a pattern of consistent growth in economy be consistent with与…相一致、相符合
The results are consistent with our earlier research.12、hesitate犹豫
例句:He t hesitated before replaying.Please do not hesitate to contact me if you have any problems.without hesitation
She answered the question without any hesitation.13、respond回答,响应,作出反应responsibility 例句:Has she responded to your letter? The government has responded to pressure and dropped the proposal.The disease failed to respond to drugs
14、responsible负责任的
例句:We should give the job to a responsible person.She is my child, and I am responsible for her.Bad weather is responsible for the poor crop.Mr.March held a responsible position.15、regardless of不管,不顾
例句:Regardless of danger, he climbed the tower.They decorated the house regardless of cost.She is determined to do regardless of all consequences