第一篇：《新英汉翻译教程》第一章课后作业答案
If it worked once, it can work twice
⑽ 一次得手，再次不愁
例2:The child has started going on all fours.孩子会爬了
1.He has a weakness for smoking
B．他有抽烟的癖好。
2．A cat is a cleanly animal
B．猫是喜爱清洁的动物。
He is dead，as I live
B．他的确死了。
4．His English leaves nothing to be desired
B．他的英语无可挑剔。
5.I would rather have his room than his company
B．我宁愿他不在。
6.Your loss is nothing to mine
A．你的损失与我无关
7．The patient is waiting to cross the Styx
B．这个病人已经等死了。
8.The headmaster made an example of the boy.B．校长惩罚这个孩子，目的在于警告他人。
9．The Disney management is stressing this tradition in an apparent response to suggestions that is culturally insensitive.B.迪斯尼管理强调，这一传统显然是有人对迪斯尼管理在文化传统方面麻木不仁的态度所提出的种种建议。
10．The effort to shield assets to be passed on to children and grandchildren is making prenups more common among retired people in their 60s and 70s who are remarrying after a spouse has died.B.努力保护自己的婚前契约，把财产能传到儿孙手中，这在已退休并丧偶、又准备再婚的六七十岁的老人当中十分普遍。
1.He wanted to learn, to know, to teach
他想学习、掌握知识，也想把知识传授给别人
2.She is young enough to get married她很年轻到能够结婚
3.From there I could see the whole valley below, the fields, the river, and the village.It was all very beautiful, and the sight of it filled me with longing.(N.S.Momaday: The End of My Childhood)
3.从那里我可以看见下面的整个山谷,那田野、河流、村庄。这一切都很美丽,并且见到它,使我心驰神往。
4..We have 365 days in a year.一年有365天。（5.He stood up straight with arms folded, and laughed at the cap hanging there on the pole.5。他站起来直,双手紧抱在胸前,并嘲笑帽子挂在电线杆。
6.Our son must go to school.He must break out of the pot that holds us in.6。我们的儿子一定得进学校。他一定得打破锅持有我们进去。
7.Is the press a great power in your country
7。报界有很大的影响力在你的国家
8.Brown may say what he likes, but it is his wife who wears the trousers
8。布朗可能会说他喜欢做的事,但正是他的妻子穿裤子
9.青岛今昔 9.Qingdao is now
10.全世界人民
10.The people of the world
11．黄色录像（电影）
11.Yellow video(film)
12．不见不散
12.It's a date
13．文如其人
13.The style is the man
14．1997年7月1日零点整，香港回归祖国。
14.1997 1 July, the zero Hong Kong's return to the motherland.15． 9.11事件
15.9.11 events
1)I took advice on the matter.【译文】就此事我已征求过意见。
2)They are all of age.3)It has made the headlines that the president’s wife threatened her husbands with public exposure.【译文】总统夫人说要公开揭发丈夫，这件事成了头条新闻。
4)He often talks horse.【译文】她常吹牛。
5)They lingered long over his letter.【译文】他们反复看了他的来信。
6)Between ourselves, I don’t think much of him.7)There is something in the wind.【译文】好像要出事了。（风里有些什么东西。）
8)She hasthe making of agood teacher.【译文】 她具有一个优秀教师的潜质。
9)You never realize how fortunate you are to havegoodhealth until it is suddenly brought home to you by the sight of suffering.【译文】除非你亲眼目睹体弱多病之苦，不然，你是不会意识到你有一个健康的身体有多好。
10)That notion is being nurtured by people.【译文】有人在吹这种风。
11)Dawn breaking over the islands, very beautiful in a soft grey light with many clouds.There is a transparency about the light here which cannot be described or painted.【译文】曙色中的海岛美极了，晨曦柔合，彩云片片。澄澈的光影是无法描绘的。
12)From each according to his ability, to eachaccording to his needs.【译文】各尽所能，各得所需。
13)When we make friends, we should choose those who areour supporters in danger.(Aesop)【译文】要交朋友，要选那些我们遇到危险时支持我们的人。
14)Only a very slight and very scattering ripplesof half-hearted hand-clapping greeted him.【译文】欢迎他的只有几下半声不响的、七零八落的、虚情假意的掌声。
15)So long as we love we serve;so long as we are loved by others, I would almost say we are indispensable;and no man is useless while he has a friend.(Robert Louis Stevenson)【译文】只要我们去爱人，我们就有所贡献；只要我们被人所爱，我们就不缺少什么；任何一个人，如果有一个朋友，那他就不是无用之人。
16)With determination, with luck, and with the help from lots of good people, I was able to rise from the ashes.【译文】凭着我的决心，我的运气，还有许多善良人们的帮助，我终于获得了新生。
17)All the wis 【译文】古往今来人类的一切智慧结晶，数百年来人们津津乐道的那些故事，我们都可以轻松地从书本中得到。
I had scarcely passed my twelfth birthday when I entered the inhospitable regions of examinations, through which for the next seven years I was destined to journey.These examinations were a great trial to me.The subjects which were dearest to the examiners were almost invariably those I fancied least.I would have liked to have been examined in history, poetry and writing essays.The examiners, on the other hand, were partial to Latin and mathematics.And their will prevailed.【译文】我一过12岁生日，就步入了令人头疼的考试时期，而且随后的7年，竟注定一直在这区域跋涉。这些考试真让我伤透了脑筋。主考老师最喜欢考的科目，几乎无一例外的都是我最不喜欢的科目。我喜爱历史、诗歌和写作，可他们却喜欢拉丁文和数学，而每次考试都是他们说了算。
Moreover, the questions which they asked on both these subjects were almost invariably those to which I was unable to suggest a satisfactory answer.I should have liked to be asked to say what I knew.They always tried to ask what I did not know.When I would have willingly displayed my knowledge, they sought to expose my ignorance.This sort of treatment had only one result: I did not do well in examinations.更可气的是，他们在这两个科目上所提的问题，又几乎全都是我无法做出满意答案的。我一直喜欢回答一些我所熟悉的东西，可他们总是问一些我全都不知道的问题。我一直很想展现自己的才华，可他们却变着法儿让我出丑。其结果是：考试中我屡屡失败。
During the past few years, scientists the world over have suddenly found themselves productively engaged in a task they once spent their lives avoiding writing, but particularly letter writing.Lured by electronic mail’s seductive blend of speed, convenience and economy, people who have never before touched the stuff are routinely, skillfully, even cheerfully tapping out a great deal of correspondence.【译文】在最近几年中，全世界的科学家们突然发现他们在高效率地从事着一种自己以前极不愿做的工作——写作，特别是信件的写作。由于电子邮件的速度快捷，经济方便，使得从未使用过的人，也开始熟练地使用电子邮件处理日常事务，甚至能高高兴兴地写出大量信函。
Electronic networks, woven into the fabric of scientific communication these days, are the route to colleagues in distant countries, shared data, bulletin boards and electronic journals.Anyone with a personal computer, a modem and the software to link computers over telephone lines can sign on.An estimated five million scientists have done so, with more joining every day, most of them communicating through a bundle of interconnected domestic and foreign routes known collectively as the internet, or net.当前电子网络，已经融入现代科学交流中。通过电子网络，人们可以和异国他乡的同事取得联系、分享数据、游览新闻简报和阅读电子杂志。不管是谁，只要你有一台个人电脑，一个调制解调器以及所需要的软件，再把电话线连接到电脑上，就能申请上网。目前，大约已有500万科学家登记上网，而且人数与日俱增，绝大多数的科学家通过国内和国际线路进行通讯。这些线路称为“互联网”，或简称“网”。
第二篇：新编英汉翻译教程第一章练习答案
第一章综合练习及参考译文
1．翻译下列句子，注意斜体部分的表达并说明翻译的特点
1)I took advice on the matter.【译文】就此事我已征求过意见。
2)They are all of age.【译文】他们都是成年人。
3)It has made the headlines that the president’s wife threatened her husbands with public exposure.【译文】总统夫人说要公开揭发丈夫，这件事成了头条新闻。
4)He often talks horse.【译文】她常吹牛。
5)They lingered long over his letter.【译文】他们反复看了他的来信。
6)Between ourselves, I don’t think much of him.7)There is something in the wind.【译文】好像要出事了。（风里有些什么东西。）
8)She hasthe making of agood teacher.【译文】 她具有一个优秀教师的潜质。
9)You never realize how fortunate you are to havegoodhealth until it is suddenly brought home to you by the sight of suffering.【译文】除非你亲眼目睹体弱多病之苦，不然，你是不会意识到你有一个健康的身体有多好。
10)That notion is being nurtured by people.【译文】有人在吹这种风。
11)Dawn breaking over the islands, very beautiful in a soft grey light with many clouds.There is a transparency about the light here which cannot be described or painted.【译文】曙色中的海岛美极了，晨曦柔合，彩云片片。澄澈的光影是无法描绘的。
12)From each according to his ability, to eachaccording to his needs.【译文】各尽所能，各得所需。
13)When we make friends, we should choose those who areour supporters in danger.(Aesop)【译文】要交朋友，要选那些我们遇到危险时支持我们的人。
14)Only a very slight and very scattering ripplesof half-hearted hand-clapping greeted him.【译文】欢迎他的只有几下半声不响的、七零八落的、虚情假意的掌声。
15)So long as we love we serve;so long as we are loved by others, I would almost say we are indispensable;and no man is useless while he has a friend.(Robert Louis Stevenson)【译文】只要我们去爱人，我们就有所贡献；只要我们被人所爱，我们就不缺少什么；任何一个人，如果有一个朋友，那他就不是无用之人。
16)With determination, with luck, and with the help from lots of good people, I was able to rise from the ashes.【译文】凭着我的决心，我的运气，还有许多善良人们的帮助，我终于获得了新生。
17)All the wisdom of the ages, all the stories that have delighted mankind for centuries, are easily and cheaply available to all of us within the covers of books.【译文】古往今来人类的一切智慧结晶，数百年来人们津津乐道的那些故事，我们都可以轻松地从书本中得到。
18)Besides working to improve building structure，people in areas where earthquakes are common should also prepare for the possibility of a great earthquake in several other aspects.【译文】除了努力改进建筑结构外, 地震多发区的人们还应该在其它几个方面为可能发生的大地震做好准备。
19)I am filled with wonder when I consider the immeasurable contrast between the two lives which it connects.It was the third of March, 1887, three months before I was seven years old.【译文】就是从这一天开始，我的生活和以前全然不同，一想到这个，我就感到无比兴奋。这个重要的日子是1887年3月 3日，当时我还差三个月才满七周岁。
20)The college student caught cheating does not even blush.He shrugs his shoulders and comments: “Everybody does it, and besides, I can’t see that it really hurts anybody.(J.Krutch: The New Immorality)
【译文】那位大学生考试作弊被发现，连脸都不红，只是耸耸肩，振振有词地说：“大家都是这么干的。再说了，我认为这不会损害任何人。”
翻译下列段落
I had scarcely passed my twelfth birthday when I entered the inhospitable regions of examinations, through which for the next seven years I was destined to journey.These examinations were a great trial to me.The subjects which were dearest to the examiners were almost invariably those I fancied least.I would have liked to have been examined in history, poetry and writing essays.The examiners, on the other hand, were partial to Latin and mathematics.And their will prevailed.【译文】我一过12岁生日，就步入了令人头疼的考试时期，而且随后的7年，竟注定一直在这区域跋涉。这些考试真让我伤透了脑筋。主考老师最喜欢考的科目，几乎无一例外的都是我最不喜欢的科目。我喜爱历史、诗歌和写作，可他们却喜欢拉丁文和数学，而每次考试都是他们说了算。
Moreover, the questions which they asked on both these subjects were almost invariably those to which I was unable to suggest a satisfactory answer.I should have liked to be asked to say what I knew.They always tried to ask what I did not know.When I would have willingly displayed my knowledge, they sought to expose my ignorance.This sort of treatment had only one result: I did not do well in examinations.更可气的是，他们在这两个科目上所提的问题，又几乎全都是我无法做出满意答案的。我一直喜欢回答一些我所熟悉的东西，可他们总是问一些我全都不知道的问题。我一直很想展现自己的才华，可他们却变着法儿让我出丑。其结果是：考试中我屡屡失败。
During the past few years, scientists the world over have suddenly found themselves productively engaged in a task they once spent their lives avoiding writing, but particularly letter writing.Lured by electronic mail’s seductive blend of speed, convenience and economy, people who have never before touched the stuff are routinely, skillfully, even cheerfully tapping out a great deal of correspondence.【译文】在最近几年中，全世界的科学家们突然发现他们在高效率地从事着一种自己以前极不愿做的工作——写作，特别是信件的写作。由于电子邮件的速度快捷，经济方便，使得从未使用过的人，也开始熟练地使用电子邮件处理日常事务，甚至能高高兴兴地写出大量信函。
Electronic networks, woven into the fabric of scientific communication these days, are the route to colleagues in distant countries, shared data, bulletin boards and electronic journals.Anyone with a personal computer, a modem and the software to link computers over telephone lines can sign on.An estimated five million scientists have done so, with more joining every day, most of them communicating through a bundle of interconnected domestic and foreign routes known collectively as the internet, or net.当前电子网络，已经融入现代科学交流中。通过电子网络，人们可以和异国他乡的同事取得联系、分享数据、游览新闻简报和阅读电子杂志。不管是谁，只要你有一台个人电脑，一个调制解调器以及所需要的软件，再把电话线连接到电脑上，就能申请上网。目前，大约已有500万科学家登记上网，而且人数与日俱增，绝大多数的科学家通过国内和国际线路进行通讯。这些线路称为“互联网”，或简称“网”。
E-mail is starting to edge out the fax, the telephone, overnight mail and, of course land mail.It shrinks time and distance between scientific collaborators, in part because it is conveniently asynchronous(writers can type while their colleagues across time zones sleep;their message will be waiting).If it is not yet speed discoveries, it is certainly accelerating disclosures.电子邮件正在逐步取代传真、电话、特快专递，当然还有陆上邮件。它既缩短了科学合作者之间的距离，又节省了通讯时间。其部分原因是因为它具有不同时性（当发送的一方正在输入时，居住在其他时区的接收方可能正在睡觉。传送的信息将在网上等待。）因而带来方便。电子邮件即便是不能加速产生新的发现的话，它也肯定能加快信息的传递。
第三篇：毛概课后作业答案(新)
马克思主义中国化，就是将马克思主义的基本原理同中国的具体实际相结合。具体地说，“就是要使马克思列宁主义这一革命科学更进一步地和中国革命实践、中国历史、中国文化深相结合起来”，使马克思主义在其每一表现中都带有中国的特性，带有新鲜活泼的、为中国老百姓所喜闻乐见的中国作风和中国气派，使其在中国进一步民族化和具体化。
马克思主义的基本原理同中国的具体实际相结合的过程，一方面是在实践中学习和运用理论，用理论指导实践的过程；另一方面又是在总结实践经验的基础上深化对理论的认识并丰富和发展理论的过程。概括地说，马克思主义中国化就是用马克思主义来解决中国的问题，同时又使中国丰富的实践经验上升为理论，并且同中国历史、中华民族优秀文化相结合，以形成具有中国特色、中国风格和中国气派的马克思主义理论。
（1）毛泽东思想的历史地位和指导意义。毛泽东思想是中国共产党和中华民族宝贵的精神财富，它将长期指导我们的行动。第一，毛泽东思想是马克思主义中国化第一次历史性飞跃的理论成果。第二，毛泽东思想是中国革命和建设的科学指南。第三，毛泽东思想是中国共产党和中国人民宝贵的精神财富。
（2）邓小平理论的历史地位和指导意义。邓小平理论集中反映了中国共产党对中国社会主义建设规律的认识，具有鲜明的时代精神和民族精神，是中华民族振兴和发展的强大精神支柱。第一，邓小平理论是马克思主义中国化第二次历史性飞跃的理论成果。第二，邓小平理论是改革开放和社会主义现代化建设的科学指南。第三，邓小平理论是党和国家必须长期坚持的指导思想。尽管现在国际国内的形势比起当年有很多新的变化，但是邓小平理论为我们确立的基本思想依然有着现实的指导意义。
（3）“三个代表”重要思想的历史地位和指导意义。“三个代表”重要思想作为中国共产党必须长期坚持的指导思想，在理论和实践上都有着重要的历史地位和指导意义。第一，“三个代表”重要思想是面向21世纪的中国化的马克思主义。第二，是实现全面建设小康社会的根本指针。第三，是加强和改进党的建设、推进我国社会主义自我完善和发展的强大理论武器。“三个代表”重要思想提出的一系列关于中国特色社会主义发展道路、发展阶段、发展战略、根本目的、根本任务、发展动力、依靠力量、国际战略等重要思想，对我们正在进行的改革开放和现代化建设事业具有长期的指导意义。毛泽东1948年《在晋绥干部会议上的讲话》中完整地表述了新民主主义革命总路线的内容，这就是无产阶级领导的，人民大众的，反对帝国主义、封建主义和官僚资本主义的革命。
无产阶级的领导权是中国革命的中心问题，也是新民主主义革命理论的核心问题。区别新旧两种不同范畴的民主主义革命，根本的标志是革命的领导权掌握在无产阶级手中还是掌握在资产阶级手中。
由于帝国主义要把中国变成它们的殖民地，由于中华民族资产阶级的软弱性和妥协性，领导中国革命取得成功的重任，历史地落到了中国无产阶级及其政党的肩上。新民主主义革命不能由任何别的阶级和任何别的政党充当领导者，只能和必须由无产阶级充当领导者。
新民主主义政治纲领的主要内容是：推翻帝国主义和封建主义的统治，建立一个无产阶级领导的，以工农联盟为基础的，各革命阶级联合专政的新民主主义的共和国。
新民主主义经济纲领的主要内容是：没收封建地主阶级的土地归农民所有，没收官僚资产阶级的垄断资本归新民主主义的国家所有，保护民族工商业。
新民主主义文化纲领的主要内容是：新民主主义文化就是无产阶级领导的人民大众的反帝反封建的文化，即民族的科学的大众的文化。
社会主义初级阶段是一个具有特定内涵的新概念，它不是泛指任何国家进入社会主义都会经历的起始阶段，而是特指我国生产力发展水平不高、商品经济不发达条件下建设社会主义必然要经历的特定历史阶段。它包括两层既相对区别、又紧密联系的基本含义：
第一，我国社会已经是社会主义社会。我们必须坚持而不能离开社会主义。第二，我国的社会主义社会还处在初级阶段。我们必须从这个实际出发，而不能超越这个阶段。前一层含义阐明的是初级阶段的社会性质，后一层含义则阐明了我国现实中社会主义社会的发展程度。
(1)党在社会主义初级阶段的基本纲领的主要内容。
党的十五大根据社会主义初级阶段基本路线的要求，围绕社会主义现代化建设的总题目，制定了党在社会主义初级阶段的基本纲领。建设中国特色社会主义经济，就是在社会主义条件下发展市场经济，不断解放和发展生产力。保证国民经济持续快速健康发展，人民共享经济繁荣成果。
建设中国特色社会主义政治，就是在中国共产党领导下，在人民当家作主的基础上，依法治国，发展社会主义民主政治。实现社会安定、政府廉洁高效、全国各族人民团结和睦、生动活泼的政治局面。建设中国特色社会主义文化，就是以马克思主义为指导，以培育有理想、有道德、有文化、有纪律的公民为目标，发展面向现代化、面向世界、面向未来的，民族的、科学的、大众的社会主义文化。建设立足中国现实、继承历史文化优秀传统、吸取外国文化有益成果的社会主义精神文明。
(2)如何理解党的最高纲领和最低纲领的统一。
第一，实现共产主义是无产阶级政党的最高纲领，同时在革命和建设的不同发展阶段，党也制定了最低纲领，建设中国特色社会主义的纲领，就是党在现阶段的最低纲领。第二，最高纲领与最低纲领既有区别，又有联系，辩证统一于为实现共产主义奋斗的全部历史过程。最高纲领为最低纲领的制定指明前进方向；最低纲领为最高纲领的实现准备必要的条件。第三，科学阐明和正确处理最高纲领和最低纲领之间的辩证统一关系，是中国共产党在理论上政治上清醒和成熟的重要标志。
第四篇：课后作业答案
答：
一、文体特色
首先，我们要明确《野草》作为鲁迅开创的“独语体”散文已经成为现代文学的经典之作。它开创了中国现代散文诗之先河。作为兼有诗歌和抒情散文特点的一种文学体裁。就表现形式来讲它应该具有以下几种特色：
1． 是诗歌的一种，本质上属于诗；
2． 兼有散文和诗的特点；
3． 篇幅短小，情感浓重，有诗的意境，有诗的情绪和幻想，具有诗歌语言的精炼性和音乐
美；
4． 用散文形式写出，不受固定格式束缚，不分行，不押韵，有散文表现力的灵活性、多样
性；
5． 语言隽永，内容浓缩，耐人寻味。
其次，我们从另一个角度去看散文诗，它还具有以下两个很重要的特色：
1.它的抒情性即抒情自我。例如：鲁迅在《<野草>英文译本序》中也说：“大抵仅仅是随
时的小感想。因为那时难于直说，所以有时措辞就很含糊了。”又说：“所以这也可以说，大半是废弛的地狱边沿的渗白色小花，当然不会美丽。”鲁迅把有感而发都说成是“小感触”或“小感想”，其实它是作者的浓重情绪情感借社会人生某一事物而生发出来，抒写了作者在当时探索和战斗的那种特有的思想感情，是个人情绪情感在艺术上的渲泄。他把自己的散文诗看成是“废弛的地狱边沿的惨白色小花”，这说明作者在当时的特定社会背景下，所处的境遇，带有苦闷、彷徨、沉郁、寂寞的情绪，然而却仍然顽强不屈地生活着抗争着。“不会美丽”是指社会对它的压迫。但它是压不垮的，将顽强地艳放着。
2.它的“散文”定位。鲁迅《野草》中的篇章，既有叙事抒情式的，也有诗剧、寓言故事
和讽刺小品式的，像《过客》、《聪明人和傻子和奴才》、《狗的驳诘》等。这说明了散文诗应是诗和文（即各种文艺文体）的整合，它可以以文入诗，亦可以诗入文；或以文为诗，或以诗为文，是诗与文交叉、渗透中产生的一种独立的自由的新文体，是一种艺术的新的“格式塔质”。
二、思想内容
首先，《野草》的基本思想内容大致可归纳为：
1.表现对美好生活和光明未来的追求，赞扬为此而敢于斗争、敢于牺牲的精神。如《秋夜》描绘了在肃杀的秋夜里，自然界各种生物与暗夜及严寒抗争搏斗的诗的图景，用枣树坚强、挺拔的形象，象征革命者韧性战斗的精神，全篇充溢着一种诗意。其他如《好的故事》、《雪》等也属于这一类。
2.揭露黑暗势力，鞭挞社会丑恶，如《失掉的好地狱》，《狗的驳诘》、《这样的战士》等。
3.表现自我在彷徨与探索中孤独苦闷的情绪和矛盾的心情，如《希望》、《影的告别》、《过客》等篇。
其次，《野草》中还透露着一个很重要的思想内容，即鲁迅独特的人生存在体验和反抗绝望的生命哲学。这一生命哲学又包含了三方面内容：
1．韧性战斗的哲学。《野草》里有一篇东西就是《聪明人 傻子和奴才》要开个窗子，不行。最后把墙砸了，行了。非常艰苦，要改变一种东西。鲁迅对中国社会改革的艰难，艰难性了解的深刻，对于“五四”以来的青年，那种抗争的过分乐观、过分急躁的这样一种观察。他用他启蒙者特有的清醒，提出了长期作战的这样一种思想。《野草》开头的第一篇叫《秋夜》，暗示传达的就是这样一个思想，就是这样一种哲学。在《秋夜》中两个对立的势力，一个是以“夜空”为代表的；一个是以“枣树”为代表的，两边的势力。那么在两个势力的对峙中来抒发自己的这样一种生命哲学，就是要一种韧性的战斗，执着的韧性的战斗。
2.反抗绝望的一种哲学。例如在《希望》他用一种无可奈何的、缠绵的、悱恻的调子倾诉了自己这种发自心灵深处的痛苦：“我只得由我来肉薄这空虚中的暗夜了，纵使寻不到身外的青春，也总得自己来一掷我身中的迟暮。但暗夜又在哪里呢？现在没有星，没有月光以至笑的渺茫和爱的翔舞；青年们很平安，而我的面前又竟至于并且没有真的暗夜。”其中，鲁迅用裴多菲的诗句“绝望之为虚妄，正与希望相同”，发出了抗争绝望的声音，这里的“希望”，实际上正是“反抗绝望”的代名词。
3．向麻木复仇的哲学。鲁迅出于改造国民性的思想，对群众的精神麻木抱有一种激愤批判的情绪和思想。为此，他在《野草》里连着写了《复仇》《复仇(其二)》两篇散文诗，把对社会精神现象的人生思考传达到了淋漓尽致的程度。《复仇(其二)》用了《新约全书》里耶稣受难的故事，第一篇《复仇》写群众做“戏剧”看客的麻木，第二篇《复仇》不仅写民众一般的麻木，而且写了民众的麻木到了怎样自私残忍的程度，表达的是孤独的先觉者对于社会上麻木庸众的复仇哲学与愤激情绪。
三、创作方法
（一）、运用了大量的象征、隐喻等修辞手法。尤其是象征手法，我们可以将其归纳为以下四种：
1.借助于一些奇突的象征性形象的创造来完成，如《复仇》中全身裸露和看客永远对峙的青年男女，《颓败线的颤动》中垂老的女人，《这样的战士》中坚执投枪的战士，都不是写实的，而有着怪诞、变形、夸张的特点。
2．借助于眼前自然景观的象征性描绘，如《秋夜》中枣树、花草、小青虫与星空的对立。《雪》中江南和朔方雪景的对衬，《好的故事》中那倒映在清澈河水中的山阴路上的美景，这些瑰丽的自然景观都是工笔结合着写意法绘出，带有象征寓意色彩。
3．借助于幻境，特别是梦境的象征性描写，《野草》中有七篇是专写梦境的，如《影的告别》等，造境的奇诡、怪诞前无古人，有一种阴森神秘的气氛。如果纵观《野草》，从某种意义上说，鲁迅是从《秋夜》入梦，至末篇《一觉》清醒，做了一个很长的“秋夜梦”。
4．借助于象征性的寓言故事的创造，如《立论》、《聪明人和傻子和奴才》等，这些寓言幽默泼辣，意味隽永。
（二）、借鉴西方散文诗的艺术方法，在思想和艺术上吸收中国寓言或短小散文传统的营养。在艺术上，鲁迅进行了广泛的吸取。包括了：
1．屠格涅夫散文诗启蒙主义的思想和现实主义的表现法；
2．望·霭覃《小约翰》亲切优美的象征主义的笔致；
3．爱罗先珂童话饱含稚气和童心的抒情格调以及充满哲理的气息；
4．裴多菲诗歌中反抗虚无思想、坚韧前进的乐观精神；
5．尼采文章在冷峻中洋溢箴言和警句的风格特色等。
可以说鲁迅在《野草》中的创作方法除了运用一些象征主义、现实主义等创作手法，更坚持着一种共生、互补、融化、创造的美学观，是鲁迅在融化中西文化之长基础上的一种独具匠心的创造。
第五篇：英汉翻译离线作业
浙江大学远程教育学院 《英汉翻译》课程作业
姓名： 年级：
学
号： 学习中心：
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Translation Practice One I.Translate the following sentences into Chinese.1.A wise man will not marry a woman who has attainments but no virtue.聪明的人不会娶有才无德的女子为妻。
2.Winter is the best time to study the growth of trees.Although the leaves are gone and the branches are bare, the trees themselves are beautiful.冬天是研究树木生长的好季节，尽管树叶落了，树枝光了，但树本身却是美丽的。3.These developing countries cover vast territories, encompass a large population and abound in natural resources.这些发展中国家地大物博，人口众多。4.Eight o’clock found Franz up and dressed.八点钟，费兰兹起床穿衣。
5.Sino-British links have multiplied-----political, commercial, educational, cultural, defense, science and technology.中英两国在政治、商务、教育、文化、国防和科技方面的联系成倍地增加。
II.Translate the following sentences into English.1.我们要培养分析问题、解决问题的能力。
We must cultivate the ability to analyze and solve problems.2.中国足球的落后状态必须改变。
The backwardness of the Chinese football must be changed.3.广告是很赚钱的生意，大部分电台和电视台都是靠广告费收入而生存的。Commercial business is very profitable, and most radio and TV stations depend on the income.4.来稿有可取的，要帮助他加工，改好，发表。
Manuscripts which are acceptable but in need of improvement should be allowed publication after they have been revised and polished by the editors.5.结婚大办筵席，实在可以免去了。
The practice of giving lavish feasts at weddings can well be dispensed with.III.Translate the following passage into Chinese.If people mean anything at all by the expression “untimely death ”, they must believe that some deaths run on a better schedule than others.Death in old age is rarely called untimely — a long life is thought to be a full one.But with the passing of a young person, one assumes that the best years lay ahead and the measures of that life was still to be taken.History denies this of course.Among prominent summer deaths, one recalls those of Marilyn Monroe and James Deans, whose lives seemed equally brief and complete.Writers cannot bear the fact that poet John Keats died at 26, and only half playful judge their own lives as failures when they past that year.The idea that life cut short is unfulfilled is illogical because lives are measured by the impressions they leave on the world and by their intensity virtue.如果人们想通过“不合时的死亡”这个词表达什么的话，他们肯定相信有些死亡要比另一些死亡来得合时一些。老年时逝去很少被称为是不合时的――长命百岁被认为是完整的生命。但如果是一个年轻人逝去，人们会设想大好年华还在后面，还不能对生命做出评价。历史当然会否认这种观点。在那些英年早逝的人当中，人们会想起玛丽莲·梦露，詹姆斯·迪恩斯。他们的生命看起来既短暂又完整。作家们难以接受诗人济慈26岁即逝去的事实，只能半开玩笑地认为他们自己26岁还一事无成。那种认为中断的生命是不完整的想法是不合逻辑的，因为生命的价值是由他们留给世界的影响及其成就与美德来衡量的。
IV.Translate the following passage into English.成名者之所以成名，大多是因为发挥了自己在歌唱、舞蹈、绘画或写作等方面的特长，并能形成自己的风格。为了能迅速走红，经纪人会极力吹捧他们的这种风格。他们青云直上的过程让人看不清楚。他们究竟是怎么成功的，大多数人也说不上来。尽管如此，艺术家仍然不能闲下来。若表演者，画家或作家感到厌烦，他们的作品就难以保持以前的吸引力，也就难以保持公众的注意力。公众的热情消磨以后，就会去追捧下一个走红的人。有些艺术家为了不落伍，会对他们的写作、跳舞或唱歌的风格稍加改动，但这将冒极大的失宠的危险。公众对于他们藉以成名的艺术风格之外的任何形式都将不屑一顾。
Those who gain fame most often gain it as a result of exploiting their talent for singing, dancing, painting, or writing, etc.They develop a style that agents market agressively to hasten popularity, and their ride on the express elevator to the top is a blur.Most would be hard-pressed to tell you how they even got there.Artists cannot remain idle, though.When the performer , painter or writer becomes bored, their work begins to show a lack of continuity in its appeal and it becomes difficult to sustain the attention of the public.After their enthusiasm has dissolved, the public simply moves on to the next flavor of the month.Artists who do attempt to remain current by making even minute changes to their style of writing, dancing or singing, run a significant risk of losing the audience’s favor.The public simply discounts styles other than those for which the artist has become famous.Translation Practice Two I.Translate the following sentences into English 1.中华文明博大精深、源远流长, 为人类文明进步作出了巨大贡献。The Chinese civilization, extensive and profound, and with a long history behind it, has contributed tremendously to the progress of human civilization.2.今天邀大家来开座谈会，目的是要和大家交换意见，„„ You have been invited to this forum today to exchange ideas on„„
3.只有你方把现有订货量增至我们所确定的最低数字，我们才能供货。
We will not be able to dispatch your shipment until your order is large enough to qualify our minimum requirement in size.4.采取“一国两制”适合中国的国情，并非权宜之计。
The “one country two systems”has been adopted to suit China’s conditions and is not an espedient.5.国家要统一，民族要复兴，台湾问题不能无限期地拖延下去。
China will be unified, and the Chinese nation will be rejuvenated.The Taiwan question must not be allowed to drag on indefinitely.II.Translate the following sentences into Chinese.1.As the weather was fine, we decided to climb the mountain.天气很好，我们爬山去了。
2.As water can float a ship, so can it swallow the ship.水能载舟，亦能覆舟。
3.Put into an old Chinese proverb, it means that one will never find it difficult to do anything until one has experienced it.用中国的一句老话来说：事非经过不知难。
4.A notion has taken hold in the United States to the effect that the only people who should be encouraged to bring children into the world are those who can afford them.在美国有一种根深蒂固的观点，说是只有那些抚养得起子女的人才应鼓励其生育。
5.As soon as the cinema is in darkness, spotlights are focused on the curtains which are drawn slowly apart, often to the accompaniment of music to reveal the title of the cinema.在电影院变成一片漆黑的一刹那间，聚光灯照在徐徐打开的帷幕上，常常在音乐的伴奏下，显露出影片的片名。
III.Translate the following passage into Chinese.It’s a relief to know that life eventually gave Charlie Chaplin the stability and happiness it had earlier denied him.In Oona O’Neill Chaplin, he found a partner whose stability and affection spanned the 37 years age difference between them, which had seemed so threatening that when the official who was marrying them in 1942 turned to the beautiful girl of 17 who’d given notice of their wedding date, he said, “And where is the young man?”---Chaplin, then 54, had cautiously waited outside.As Oona herself was the child of a large family with its own problems, she was well prepared for the battle that Chaplin’s life became as many unfounded rumors surrounded them both---and, later on, she was the center of calm in the quarrels that Chaplin sometimes sparked in his own large family of talented children.令人宽慰的是，生活最终把卓别林先前没能获得的稳定和幸福给了他。他找到了沃娜·奥尼尔·卓别林这个伴侣。她的坚定和深情跨越了他们之间37岁的年龄差距。他们的年龄差距太大，以致当1942年他们要结婚时，新娘公布了他们的结婚日期后，为他们办理手续的官员问这位漂亮的17岁姑娘：“那位小伙子在哪儿？”——当时已经54岁的卓别林一直小心翼翼地在外面等候着。由于沃娜本人出生在一个被各种麻烦困扰的大家庭，她对卓别林生活中将面临的挑战也做好了充分准备，因为当时关于他俩有许多毫无根据的流言。后来在他们那个有那么多天才孩子的大家庭中，卓别林有时会引发争吵，而她则成了安宁的中心。
IV.Translate the following passage into English.与俄罗斯相比，在未来是10年中，中国大陆计划对通信设备投入1,000亿美元。从某种意义上说，中国的落后成了一种有利因素，因为这一发展正好发生在新技术比铜线电缆系统更便宜的时候。到1995年底，中国除了拉萨以外的省会都将有数字转换器和高容量的光纤电缆网，这意味着其主要城市正在具备必须的基础设施，成为信息高速公路的主要部分，是人们能够进入系统，获得最先进的服务。
电信工程也是上海实现其成为一流的金融中心这一梦想的关键。为了能给国际投资者提供其所期望的电子数据和无纸化交易方面的出色服务，上海计划建设与曼哈顿同样强大的电信网络。
Compare that with the mainland of China.Over the next decade, it plans to pour some $100 billion into telecommunications equipment.In a way, China's backwardness is an advantage, because the expansion occurs just as new technologies are becoming cheaper than copper wire systems.By the end of 1995, each of China's provincial capitals except for Tibet will have digital switches and high-capacity optical fiber links.This means that major cities are getting the basic infrastructure to become major parts of the information superhighway, allowing people to log on to the most advanced services available.Telecommunications is also a key to Shanghai's dream of becoming a top financial center.To offer peak performance in providing the electronic data and paperless trading global investors expect, Shanghai plans telecommunications networks as powerful as those in Manhattan.Translation Practice Three I.Translate the following sentences into Chinese.1.Better be wise by the defeat of others than by your own.从别人的失败中汲取教训比从自己的失败中汲取教训更好。
2.Universities applicants who had worked at a job would receive preference over those who had not.报考大学的人，有工作经验的优先录取。
3.But another conflict on the borders clearly would put strains on neighborly relations between the two countries.但是，如果在边界再次发生冲突，|显然会使这两个国家的和睦关系处于紧张状态。4.It is very easy to bring some books from the bookstores and libraries, but to learn the knowledge in the books and put the knowledge into practice is by no means an easy job.从书店和图书馆带一些书回来是轻而易举的。然而，从书中学得知识并把这些知识运用到实践中去就决不是那么简单的事情。
5.So it is with the science of biological control in its modern sense.In America it had its obscure beginning a century ago.现代的生物控制学就是如此。一百年前，这门学科在美国开始创立时也是隐隐约约的。
II.Translate the following sentences into English.1.我们从来没有看见过这样光明的前途。Never have we seen so bright a future before us!2.去年八月那场使七个国家遭受了极大损失的来势凶猛的龙卷风已经引起了全球科学家的高度重视。
The violent tornado that struck in August last year has aroused great attention among the scientists throughout the world.Seven countries suffered a great loss form the tornado.3.旧历新年快来了。这是一年中的第一件大事。除了那些负债过多的人以外，大家都热烈的欢迎这个佳节的到来。
The traditional New Year Holiday was fast approaching, the first big event of the year, and everyone, except those who owed heavy debts---(which traditionally had to be paid off before the year)---was enthusiastically looking forward to it.4.他似乎想不出恰当的字眼来阐明自己的观点。
He seemed to be at a loss for the precise words to elaborate his opinion.5.也亏了你倒听她的话！我平日里和你说的，全当耳旁风；怎么她说了你倒依，比圣旨还快呢！
So you do whatever she asks, but let whatever I say go in one year and out the other.You jump to obey her instructions faster than if they were an Imperial edict.III.Translate the following passage into Chinese.Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability.Their chief use for delight, is in privateness and retiring;for ornament, is in discoures;and for ability ,is in the judgement and disposition of business.For expert men can execute,and perhaps judge of particulars,one by one;but the general counsels,and the plots and marshalling of affairs,come best from those that are learned.To spend too much timein studies is sloth;to use them too much for ornament,is affectation;to make judement wholly by their rules,is the humour of a scholor.They perfect nature,and are perfected by experience:for nature abilities are like natural plants,that need pruning by study;and studies themselves do give forh directions too much at large, except they be bounded in by experience.Crafty men contempt studies,simple men admire them,and wise men use them;for they teach not their own use;but that is a wisdom without them,and above them,won by observation.Read not to contradict and confute;nor to believe and take for granted;nor to find talk and discourse;but to weigh and consider.Some books are to be tasted,others to be swallowed,and some few to be chewed and digested;that is,some books are to be read only in parts;others to be read,but not curiously;and some few to be read wholly,and with diligence and attention,Some books also may be read by deputy,and extracts made of them by others;but that would be only in the less important arguments,and the meaner sort of books;else distilled books are,like common distilled waters,flashy things.读书足以怡情，足以傅彩，足以长才其怡情也，最见于独处幽居之时；其傅彩也，最见于高谈阔论之中；其长才也，最见于处世判事之际。练达之士虽能分别处理细事或一一判别枝节，然纵观统筹、全局策划，则舍好学深思者莫属。读书费时过多易惰，文采藻饰太盛则矫，全凭条文断事乃学究故态。读书补天然之不足，经验又补读书之不足，盖天生才干犹如自然花草，读书然后知如何修剪移接；而书中所示，如不以经验范之，则又大而无当。有一技之长者鄙读书，无知者慕读书，惟明智之士用读书。而书又不以用处告人，用书之智不在书中，而在书外，全凭观察得之。读书时不可存心诘难作者，不可尽信书上所言，亦不可只为寻章摘句，而应推敲细思。书有可浅尝者，又可吞食者，少数则需咀嚼消化。换言之，有只须读其部分者，有只须大体涉猎者，少数则须全读，读时需全神贯注，孜孜不倦。书亦可请人代读，取其所作摘要，但只限题材较次或价值不高者，否则书经提炼犹如水经蒸馏，淡而无味矣。
IV.Translate the following passage into English.有两只老虎，一只在笼子里，一只在野地里。在笼子里的老虎三餐无忧，在外面的老虎自由自在。
笼子里的老虎总是羡慕外面老虎的自由，外面的老虎却羡慕笼子里的老虎安逸。一日，一只老虎对另一只老虎说：“咱们换一换。”另一只老虎同意了。
于是笼子里的老虎走进了大自然，野地里的老虎走进了笼子。但不久，两只老虎都死了。一只是饥饿而死，一只是忧郁而死。
许多时候，人们往往对自己的幸福熟视无睹，而觉得别人的幸福很耀眼，却想不到别人的幸福也许对自己不合适。
There were two tigers;one lived in a cage and the other in the wild.The caged one didn't have to worry about his meal while the one outside was unrestrained.The caged tiger was always envious of the freedom of the one in the wild, while the other one envied the caged one for his ease.One day, one tiger said to the other: “let's change places”.The other one agreeded.Thereupon the caged one went back to nature while the other came into the cage.But before long both died, one of starvation, and the other, melancholy.Sometimes one is not conscious of his own happiness and always thinks the grass is always greener on the other side of the fence, but not think over that one man's meat is anoter man's poison.Translation Practice Four I.Translate the following sentences into Chinese.1.His work is still a long way off perfection.他的工作远远不够完美。
2.I am never at a loss for a word;Pitt is never at a loss for the word.我总是能凑合找个词儿说说，可是皮特什么时候都能找到恰如其分的词儿。3.Winston Churchill, today an idealize hero of history, was in his time variously considered a bombastic blunderer, an unstable politician, an intermittently inspired orator, a reckless self-dramatizer, a voluminous able writer in an old-fashioned vein, and a warmongering drunkard.温斯顿丘吉尔今天是一个被理想化了的历史英雄，但当时却被看成各种各样的人物：爱唱高调但常犯错误的人，摇摆不定的政客，有几分才气的演说家，轻率的装腔作势者，写有大量著作但文风古老的多产作家，以及贩卖战争的酒徒。4.Luckily, at this tie he caught a liver complaint, for the cure of which he returned to Europe, and which was the source of great comfort and amusement to his in his native country.算他运气好，正在那时害了肝病，必须回到欧洲去医治，才算有机会在本国享福。5.His successes wee so repeated that no wonder the envious and the vanquished spoke sometimes with bitterness regarding them.他赢钱的次数那么多，无怪乎眼红的人，赌输的人，有时说起这件事便要发牢骚。
II.Translate the following sentences into English.1.从杭州坐旅游车向西南走大约三小时左右可以到达一个叫瑶琳仙境的旅游胜地.There is a tourist attraction called Yaolin Wonderland which you can reach in about 3 hours by going south west by tourist bus from Hangzhou.2.我不敢班门弄斧，诚望您发表高见。
I dare not show off in the presence of an expert.I hope you would be kind enough to enlighten us on this matter.3.美国私立学校课程繁多, 以满足学生的不同要求。
Private schools in the U.S.have a wide range of progress that are offered to meet the needs of certain students.4.我们的教育方针，应该是使受教育者在德育，智育，体育几方面都得到发展，成为有社会注意觉悟、有文化的劳动者。
Our educational policy enable everyone who receives and education to develop morally, intellectually and physically and become a worker with both socialist consciousness and culture.5.因为距离远，又缺乏交通工具，农村社会是与外界隔绝的。这种隔绝状态，由于通讯工具不足，就变得更加严重了。
The isolation of the rural world because of distance and the lack of transport facilities ifs compounded by the paucity of the information media.III.Translate the following passage into Chinese.Love is like an elastic band that must stretch apart before it pulls you back close to one another.It is a coming tide whose waters retreat a little after a single wave, but the next one is closer to your heart than the one before.Love needs words to make it real.Without words, quarrels can’t be resolved and we lose the power to share the meaning of our lives.The important thing is to acknowledge and express our feelings.In this way, we can truly send the spirits of those we love as well as our own soaring upwards.Love is not a single act, but a lifetime adventure in which we are always learning, discovering, growing.It is neither destroyed by a single failure nor won by a single kiss.It can only be achieved through patience and understanding.爱就像根松紧带，在它将你们紧紧拉在一起之前，必须先拉开。爱又像涌来的潮水，一浪过后先退却一点，下一个浪才比前一个离你们的心更近。
爱需要言语来实现。没有言语，争吵不能得到解决，这样我们就失去了分享自己生活意义的能力。重要的是承认并表达自己的情感。这样，我们才能真正使我们自己和我们所爱的人兴高采烈。
爱不是一次性的行为，而是一生的探索。我们总是在这种探索中学习、发现和成长。一次失败不能毁灭爱，一次亲吻也不能赢得爱。唯有耐心和理解才能得到爱。
IV.Translate the following passage into English.新中国建立了民族区域自治制度。在少数民族聚居地区设立自治机关，由当地民族自己管理本民族的内部事务。目前，全国共有159个民族区域自治地方，其中自治区5个，自治州30个，自治县（旗）124个。民族区域自治地方根据《中华人民共和国民族区域自治法》行使各种自治权利，有权依照当地民族的政治、经济和文化的特点，制定自治条例和单行条例；在不违背宪法和法律的原则下，有权采取特殊政策和灵活措施；上级国家机关的决议、决定、命令、指示，如有不适合民族区域自治地方实际情况的，自治机关可以报请批准变通执行或停止执行；自治机关有自主地管理本地方财政、经济、文化、教育事业的自治权利。在民族杂居散居地区，还建立了1500多个民族乡，使杂居散居的少数民族能更好地享受平等的权利。
New China brought about the system of regional autonomy for national minorities.Organs of self-government were set up in regions where people of national minorities live in compact communities,and the internal affairs of the national minorities were handled by themselves.At present,there are throughout the country 159 national autonomous areas，including five autonomous regions，30 autonomous prefectures and 124 autonomous counties(or banners).National autonomous areas exercise all rights of self-government in accordance with the Law of the People’s Republic of China on Regional National Autonomy and may work out autonomous rules and specific regulations according to local political, economic and cultural characteristics.Without violating the Constitution and the law, autonomous regions have the right to adopt special policies and flexible measures;autonomous organs can apply for permission to make alterations or desist from implementing resolutions，decisions，orders and instructions made by higher-level state organs if they are not in accordance with the situation in autonomous regions.Organs of self-government have the right to handle local financial, economic, cultural and educational affairs.In regions where people of a number of ethnic groups live together or in scattered communities, more than 1,500 national townships were established so as to enable national minorities to enjoy equal rights to the fullest.
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