第一篇：讲英语的国家
以英语为母语的国家有十余个
它们是：美国，加拿大，英国，爱尔兰，澳大利亚，新西兰，南非和几个加勒比国家。
以英语为官方语言的国家超过七十个
以英语作为官方语言的有：(171个国家)
* 英国
* 澳大利亚
* 巴哈马群岛
* 博茨瓦纳（但国语是Setswana）
* 加拿大（连同法语）
* 斐济（但是国语是斐济语）
* 香港（连同汉语）
* 印度（连同孟加拉语，泰卢固语，马拉地语，泰米尔语，乌尔都语，Gujarati，Malayalam，埃纳德语，Oriya，Punjabi，阿萨姆语，克什米尔语，Sindhi，梵语）
* 肯尼亚（连同Kiswahili）
* 基里巴斯
* 尼日尔利亚
* 巴基斯坦
* 爱尔兰（但是第二语言，第一语言是爱尔兰语）
* 南非（连同南非荷兰语，Ndebele，Northern Sotho，梭托语，斯威士语，Tsonga，茨瓦纳语，Venda，班图语，祖鲁语）
* 新西兰（习惯上的官方语言；其它法律规定的是毛利语）
* 新加坡（连同马来语，泰米尔语和汉语。国语是马来语）
* 菲律宾（但国语是菲律宾语）
* 冈比亚
* 美国的部分地区。美国联邦政府没有一种官方语言；英语是习惯上的第一语言，而不是法律上规定的。英语在下列州或地区是官方语言：
o 阿拉巴马州o 亚利桑那州o 阿肯色州o 阿肯色州o 科罗拉多州o 佛罗里达州o 乔治亚州o 夏威夷州（连同夏威夷语）o 伊利诺州o 印地安那州o 肯塔基州o 路易斯安那州o 密西西比州o 蒙大拿州o 内布拉斯加州o 新罕布什尔州
o 新墨西哥州（连同西班牙语）o 北卡罗莱纳州
o 北达科他州o 波多黎各（连同西班牙语）o 南卡罗莱那州
o 南达科他州o 田纳西州o 维吉尼亚州o 怀俄明州
第二篇：英语国家概况美国部分精讲2
Chapter 17 American History(III)in post-W.W.II Era(1945-1980S)
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必背细节
1.On Feb 22,1946,George Kennan, a high-ranking official in the American embassy to Moscow, wrote in the telegram that the U.S.policy should be vigilant containment of Russian expansive tendencies.Later the containment policy became the official policy towards the Soviet Union.1946年2月22日，美国驻苏联大使乔治。凯南在他的电报中主张对苏联采取遏制政策。
2． The open declaration of the containment policy was made by President Truman on March 12,1949 in a speech to the joint session of congress.1949年3月12日杜鲁门总统在国会联席会议上公开宣布了遏制政策。
3． In order to protect Western Europe from possible Soviet expansion, the U.S.decided to offer Western European countries economic aid.This later came to be called the Marshall plan.为了保护西欧不受苏联扩张影响，美国决定给予西欧国家经济支援，此举后来被称作“马歇尔计划。”
4． The North Atlantic Treaty, which was signed on April 4,1949,marked the beginning of U.S.efforts in setting up a military alliance around the Soviet Union and its allies.美国于1949年4月4日签订的北大西洋公约标志着美国开始致力于在苏联及其盟国周围建立军事同盟。
5． When the Korean War broke out in June,1950,Truman sent the 7th Fleet to the Taiwan Straits to prevent the PLA from liberating Taiwan.1950年6月朝鲜战争爆发，美国杜鲁门政府第七舰队进驻台湾海峡，阻止中国人民解放军解放台湾。
6． The Montgomery boycott was led by Martin Luther King, Jr,a young black clergyman who later became a national leader of the Civil Rights movement.1955年的蒙哥马利抵制公共汽车公司运动由小马丁。路德。金领导，他是一个黑人牧师，后来成为民权运动的全国领导人。
7． Since 1945 the United States had entered a twenty-five-year economic boom.The cornerstones were the automobile,housing,and defense industries.自1945年以来，美国经济进入了长达25年的繁荣期，经济繁荣的基本为汽车，住房和国防工业。
8． Between 1946 and 1961,more than 63.5 million babies were born in the U.S,making the baby-boom generation the largest by far in the American history.从1946年到1961年，是美国历史上的生育高峰期。
9． When the Cuban Missile Crisis happened in 1962,the president of American is Kennedy,the president of Russia is Khrushchev.1962年古巴导弹危机爆发时，美国在位总统为肯尼迪，苏联首领为赫鲁晓夫。
10． Richard Nixon ,who was elected on a platform of ending the Vietnam War, changed the strategy into “Vietnamization” of the war building up South Vietnamese troops to replace American fighting force.里查德。尼克松以结束越战作为自己的竞选纲领，提出把战略改为战争越南化，即建立越南军队以其代替美国军队。
11． In the late 1960s and early 1970s the U.S began to look for a way to improve relations with China so as to get China's help for its withdrawal from south Vietnam and to work with China against Soviet expansion.20世纪60年代末70年代初，美国改善对华关系的有两上：一是以便从越撤军时能得到中国的帮助，再是希望与中国合作联手对付苏联的扩张。
12． In February 1972,President Nixon visited China and met Mao Zedong and the two countries issued the Shanhai Communique.This visit ended twenty-three years of hostility and led to the establishment of diplomatic relations in January 1979.1972年2月尼克松与毛泽东东会晤，双方
签署了《上海联合公报》。
13． From 1972 to 1979,the key problem that affected the progress in U.S.-China relations remained the Taiwan problem.1972-1979年，影响中美关系的主要问题还是台湾问题。
14． Kennedy initiated the program called the New Frontier.Johnson also started a War on Poverty.肯尼迪执政时启动了“新边疆号召”，约翰逊做总统时发动了反贫困大战。
15． The two famous leaders of black movements in the U.S.in the 60s were Martin Luther King,who advocated non-violent Civil Rights movement,and Malcolm X,who advocated violence in self defense,and attempted to separate themselves from whith society.60年代美国有名的黑人运动领袖为马丁。路德。金和迈克姆。X。
16． Nixon resigned because of Watergate Scandal ,the first president to do so in American history.水门事件使尼克松成为美国历史上第一位辞职的总统。
17． From the mid-seventies onwards ,the U.S suffered from“stagflation”,that is ,the occurrence of stagnation and inflation at the same time.从70年代中期开始，美国开始遭受“经济滞胀”即经济停滞与通货膨胀的同时出现。
有几个名词解释我就不一一列出了，只把题目列出，你们翻到书本记忆吧。
1． The Truman Doctrime 杜鲁门主义
2． The Marshal Plan(马歇尔计划)
3． McCarthyism（麦卡锡主义）
4． Montgomery bus boycott（蒙哥马利抵制公共汽车公司运动）
5． The New Frontier（新边疆号召）
6． The Counterculture（反文化运动）
7． Watergate Scandal（水门事件）2001年全国统考第52题已考8． The little Rock Incident（小石城事件）
英语国家概况美国部分精讲
Chapter 18 the Economy 美国经济
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1． The U.S is by far the biggest industrial country in the world.It is first in such advanced field as computers, space, nuclear energy and electronics.到止前为止，美国是世界上最大的工业国，在计算机，宇航，核能和电子等先进领域居世界首位。
2． Now American has more than half of the European market in transistors, oil refining,farm products,telecommunications,and computers.现在美国的晶体管，炼油，农产品，通讯和计算机占欧洲市场分额的一半多。
3． The U.S has less than 6% of the world's populatinon.Yet it products about 25% of the total world output.美国拥有不到6%世界人口，却生产出占世界总产量的25%的产品。(2001,23题已考）
4． The U.S has a free-marked economy with a dominant private sector.The privately owned and operated businesses, including farms,produce about 85% of the total output of goods and services.Of course,the government has always been an important element American economy.美国经济是以私营为主的自由市场经济。(2002,44)
5． In the postwar years government involvement was again emphasized when the U.S adopted the Keynesian theory in running the economy.But the American economy was still plagued by stagflation.In the early 1980s,under the Reagan Administration, the traditional Keynesian theory was replaced by new monetarist policies.二战后美国采纳了凯恩斯理论来管理国这经济，再次强调政府于预。但美国经济还是出现连年的经济滞胀，于是，在80年代初期，在里根政府的领导下，传统的凯恩斯理论被新的货币主义政策所代替。
6． The cultivated land in the U.S makes up 21% of the total land, and people who are engaged in farming make up only 2.7% of the total population.Yet the U.S grows nearly one fourth of the world's grain and supplies a half of all the exports of grain in the world.It is the world's leading exporter of agricultural products.在美国，耕地占国土总面积的21%，而从事农业生产的人口只占总人口的2。7%。然而，美国还生产出占全世界近1/4的粮食。美国是世界上最大的农产口出口国。
7． The U.S ranks first in the production and export of corn.It produces nearly 50% of the corn in the world.The Corn Belt is in the Midwest.Iowa is the leading corn-producing state.The Midwest is the most important agricultural region of the U.S.美国的玉米产量几乎占到世界总产量的50%，是世界最大的玉米生产和出口国，玉米带主要位于中西藏部地区，衣阿华是主要的玉米生产洲，中西部是美国最重要的农业区。
8． Wheat is American's most important food crop.It is second only to corn in production every year.The Wheat Belt is located near the Corn Belt in the Midwest.小麦是美国最重要的食用作物，小麦带也位于中西部地区。
9． The U.S ranks second in the export of rice in the world after Thailand.美国的大米出口量仅次于泰国，居世界第二位。
10． The Midwest is the nation' leading center of heavy industry.Texas is the country's leading state in oil and natural gas deposits。中西部是美国最重要的重工业中心，得克萨斯是美国石油和天然气储量最大的州。
11． Huston is now the greatest commercial center of the Southwest and the chemical capital of the world.It is a center of petrochemical and synthetic rubber production.It is also the home of the space center.休斯敦被称作世界化工之都，是美国西南部地区最大的商业中心，也是石油化工和合成橡胶中心，还是宇航中心所在地。
12． The state of California now has passed New York as the most populous state.It is now first in manufacturing ,especially the manufacture of aircraft parts and missiles ,and in shipbuilding ,as well as in food production.加利福尼亚为美国人口最大的州，其飞机和导弹加工业，造船业和食口加工业居世界首位。
13.Currently U.S.exports are about 15% of the world's total.The U.S imports bout 13% of all world imports,Canada is the largest single source of goods imports by the U.S., outside of North American, Europe is the largest source of imports.当前美国的出口额占世界总出口额的确良15%，进口额占到期13%，加拿大是美国进口产品的最大来源地，在北美以外，欧洲则是最大的进口来源。
14.Fertile soil, forests, water, and minerals are the major natural resources in the U.S.肥沃的壤，广袤的森林，充足的水源和丰富的矿藏是美国的主要自然资源。
15.Unemploument, inflation ,financial deficit, and trade deficit are the trouble that always face the U.S.失业，通货膨胀，财政赤字和贸易赤字是美国一直面临的问题。
16．The estimated number of people living under the poverty line in 1995 was 35.7 million which made up about 14% of the total population.据估计，1995美国生活在贫困线以下的人口达3570万人，占总人口的14%。
17，The leading farm products in the U.S are corn ,wheat ,rice ,soybeans, oranges, meat, milk, apple, oats, cotton, tobacco, etc.美国的主要农作物有玉米，小麦，大米，大豆，桔子，肉类，牛奶，苹果，燕麦和烟草等。
18．The Midwest round the Great Lakes, the Middle Atlantic state, the south, and the Pacific Coast
are the major industrial regions of the U.S.五大湖区周围的中西部，大西洋中部各州，南部和太平洋沿岸为美国主要的工业区。
必背解释：
Monetarist policies(货币主义政策)
Since the American economy was plagued by stagflation, in the early 1980s, the traditional Keynesian theory(传统的凯恩斯理论)was replaced by new monetarist, which sought to fight inflation by increasing supply and reducing demand, On one hand ,taxes were cut to increase economic dynamism.On the other hand, interest rates were raised to reduce the supply of money.Briefly discuss the factors that contributed to the fast growth of the American economy.简要论述美国经济迅速增长的几个因数：
The fast growth of the American economy has been contributable to many factors:
1> The geographical location of the U.S.provides very good conditions for the country to grow and become strong.2>the U.S has been by being a land rich in mineral resources and fertile farm soil, together with a moderate climate.3>American has been fortunate in having enough people to provide the labor necessary for a constantly expanding economy.4>The U.S has a skillful and willing labor force.The American labor force is not only hard-working ,but also willing to experiment, to change and to learn new technology.英语国家概况美国部分精讲
Chapter 19 Political institution（政治制度）
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1．The American Constitution is the oldest written constitution in the world.It was draw up in 1787 and went into effect in 1789.美国宪法是世界上最早的成文宪法，它起草于1787年，生效于1789年。
2．In 1787,Congress called for a meeting of delegate from all the states to revise the Articles of Confederation.1787年，国会召开各州代表参加的大会，主要目的是修改有明显缺点的《联邦条款》。
3．The government is divided into three branched: the legislative ,the executive ,and the judicial.Each branch has part of the powers but not all the power.美国政府被分为3部分：立法机构，行政机构和司法机构。
4．In either case, amendments must have the approval of three-fourths of the states before they enter into force.有两种情可以提出修改宪法条款，但不管是哪种，修正案必须经过3/4的批准才能生效。
5．The President of the U.S is the head of the executive branch and the head of the state elected by the whole nation.The Constitution requires the President to be a natural-born American citizen at least 35 years of age.The president election was held every 4 years.宪法规定总统必须是美国本土出生的美国公民，至少年满35岁，总统选举每四年举行一次。
6． In American ,the “winner-take-all” system applies in all states expect Maine.在美国，嬴者全赢的制度适用于除缅因州外的各州。
7．The electors of all fifty states and the District of Columbia-a total of 538 persons-comprise what is known as the Electoral College.To be successful, a candidate for the Presidency must receive 270 votes.50个州加上哥伦比亚特区共有538位总统候选人，他们组成选举团，要成为美国总统，候选人则要获得270票。
8．The presidential term of 4 years begin on Jan 20 following the November election, The president publicly takes an oath of office, which is administered by the Chief Justice of the U.S.A
president can be elected to office only twice.美国总统任期为4年，每位总统任期最多只能两届，总统宣誓就职仪式是由美国首席娃哈哈官主持的。
9． Article I of the Constitution grants all legislative power of the federal government to a Congress composed of two chambers, a Senate and a House of Representatives.The Senate is composed of 2 members from each state, Membership in the House is based on population and its size is therefore not specified in the Constitution.国会由参议院和众议院组成，参议院由各州派出两名议员共同组成，众议院成员数则按各州人口及大小而定，因此众义员数宪法没有具体规定。
10． The Constitution requires that U.S.Senators must be at least 30 years of age, citizens of the U.S for at least 9 years, and residents of the states from which they are elected.The senatorial term is 6 years, and every 2 years one-third of the Senate stands for re-election.宪法规定美国参议员必须是年满30岁有美国公民资格9年以上的公民，并且是选其为议员的州的居民，参议员任期为6年，且每月年改选1/3的议员。
11． Menber of the House of Representative must be at least 25, citizens for 7 years, and residents of the states which send them to Congress.Today, the House is composed of 435 members.Since members of the House serve two-year terms, the life of a Congress is considered to be 2 years.宪法规定美国众议员必须是年满25岁有美国公民资格7年以上的公民，并且是选其为议员的州的居民，现在，众议院由来35名议员组成，由于众议员任期为2年，所以国会任期往往被认为是2年。
12． Each hours of the Congress has the power to introduce legislation on any subject, except revenue bills which must first come from the House of Representatives.除了税收法案必须首先由众议院提出，国会的两院各自有权就任何提议立法。
13． The Constitution provides that the Vice president shall be president of the Senate.He has no vote, except in a case of a tie.The House of Representatives choose its own presiding officer-the Speaker of the House.宪法规定由美国副总统担任参议院议长，议长不参加投票，除非出现两派票数相等的情况，众议院则选出他自己的主持官员，-众议院议长。
14． According to the Constitution, the judicial power of the U.S shall be vested in one Supreme Court.The judicial system has evolved into the present structure: the Supreme Court, 11 court of appeals, 91 district courts, and 3 courts of special jurisdiction.U.S.judges are appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate.根据宪法规定，美国的司法权属于最高法院，司法体系结构为：最高法院，11个上诉法院，91个地方法院，3个有特殊司法权的法院，美国的法官是由总统任命并由参议院批准的。
15． The Supreme Court is the highest court of the U.S and is the only organ which has the power to interpret the Constitution The Supreme Court at present consists of a Chief Justice and 8 Associate Justices.最高法院是美国最高等的法院，也是惟一有权解释的机构，目前法院由一名首席娃哈哈官和颜悦色名助理法官组成。
16． The Supreme Court has original jurisdiction in only two kinds of cases: those involving foreign dignitaries, and those to which a state in a party.高等法院最初只对两种案件拥有司法权：涉及国外达官贵人，一个州为一方当事人。
17． In general, American has a two-party system.There are two major political parties in America: the Democrats and the Republicans.There have been four periods in the history of political parties in American.一般说来，美国实行的是两党制，两大主要政党为：民主党和共和党，美国政党的历史可分为四个时期。
18． The first period of the party system in American refer to the appearance of the Federalists and
the Anti-federalists.The third phase of the two-party system ran from the 1860s to the 1920s with the Republican Party dominating the political scene for most of the time.美国政党制的第一阶段出现了两个主要党派，联邦派各反联邦派，第三阶段从容不迫9世纪60年代到达9世纪20年代，绝大部分时间是共和党执政。（2002，21题）
19． In the 28 terms of the House of Representatives from 1933 to 1989,the Democrats enjoyed a majority of 26 terms, in the Senate, the Democrats had a majority for 23 terms.从1933年到1989年的确届众议院中，民主党在于6届中拥有多数席位，在参议院中民主党在于23届中拥有多数席位。
20． After the 1828 election of Andrew Jackson, the Democratic-Republican party split.The main faction, led by Andrew Jackson, called themselves the Democratic Party, while the faction opposed to Jackson formed the Whig party in 1834.1828年安德鲁。杰克逊当选总统后，民主共和党分裂，由安德鲁。杰克逊领导的主派自称为民主党，反对杰克逊的一派于1834年另立辉格党
必背解释：
1.联邦制：the Federal system
2.the Bill of Right <权利法案》
3.“winner-talk-al ”system(羸者全羸)
必背问答：
1． What mechanism did the writers of the American Constitution introduce to provide safeguards?
They introduced the mechanism of separation of powers and checks and balances.2.According to the Constitution, what judicial power does the President have?
The president has the power to give reprieves(缓刑)and pardons(赦免)in dederal criminal cases.3。What are the two special powers of the Senate?
There are two special powers: one is to confirm presidential appointments of high officials of the federal government;the other is to ratify all treaties by a two-thirds vote.4.What is the cause for the decline of the influence of political parties?
There are two major factors:1>the decline of patronage using the Party's influence to bring material benefits to its followers;2>the wide use of direct primarsies in nominating candidates for public office.（1。利用党的影响给其追随者利益的特权减小了，2，广泛采用直接初选提名公职候选人）
第三篇：英语国家概况名词解释
Terms
1.A-level: General Certificate of Education Advanced Level referred to as A-level, It is a British general secondary education certificate examination’ advanced courses, is the British national curriculum system, and the students of the university entrance exam courses.2.bible: The Bible is the holy book of Christianity.It consists of two testaments.The Old Testament contains the Jewish writings before the coming of Christ.The much shorter New Testament contains four accounts(“gospel”)of the life of Christ, followed by the writings of the early Christians, of whom St Paul was the greatest.3.WASP:White Anglo-Saxon Protestant of the original meaning is to point to the United States in power elite group and its culture, customs and moral behavior standard, can now be referring to the European American Protestant people.This group has a huge economic and political power, American society and for the most part of the upper middle class.Despite the increasingly diverse American society, but their cultural, moral and value orientation is to a great extent, affects the development of the United States.4.Independence Day: commonly known as the Fourth of July, is a federal holiday in the United States celebrating the adoption of the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776, declaring independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain.5.wall street:Wall Street is the financial district of New York City, named after and centered on the eight-block-long, 0.7 miles(1.1 km)long street running from Broadway to South Street on the East River in Lower Manhattan.Over time, the term has become a metonym for the financial markets of the United States as a whole, the American financial sector(even if financial firms are not physically located there), or signifying New York-based financial interests.Wall Street is the home of the New York Stock Exchange, the world's largest stock exchange by market capitalization of its listed companies.Several other major exchanges have or had headquarters in the Wall Street area, including NASDAQ, the New York Mercantile Exchange, the New York Board of Trade, and the former American Stock Exchange.Anchored by Wall Street, New York City has been called the world's principal financial center.6.Hollywood:is a district in the central region of Los Angeles, California, in the United States.It is notable for its place as the home of the entertainment industry, including several of its historic studios.Its name has come to represent the motion picture industry of the United States.Hollywood is also a highly ethnically diverse, densely populated, economically diverse neighborhood and retail business district.Hollywood was a small community in 1870 and was incorporated as a municipality in 1903.It merged with the City of Los Angeles in 1910, and soon thereafter a film industry began to emerge, eventually becoming dominant in the world.7.Pilgrim Fathers: is a name commonly applied to early settlers of the Plymouth Colony in
present-day Plymouth, Massachusetts, United States.Their leadership came from the religious congregations of Brownist English Dissenters who had fled the volatile political environment in England for the relative calm and tolerance of 16th–17th century Holland in the Netherlands.Concerned with losing their cultural identity, the group later arranged with English investors to establish a new colony in North America.8.Great Charter:Magna Carta(Latin for Great Charter), also called Magna Carta Libertatum or The Great Charter of the Liberties of England, is an Angevin charter originally issued in Latin in June 1215.It was sealed under oath by King John at Runnymede, on the bank of the River Thames near Windsor, England at June 15, 1215.Magna Carta was the first document forced onto a King of England by a group of his subjects, the feudal barons, in an attempt to limit his powers by law and protect their rights.Question:
Melting pot: is a metaphor for a heterogeneous society becoming more homogeneous, the different elements “melting together” into a harmonious whole with a common culture.It is particularly used to describe the assimilation of immigrants to the United States.The melting-together metaphor was in use by the 1780s.The exact term “melting pot” came into general usage in the United States after it was used as a metaphor describing a fusion of nationalities, cultures and ethnicities in the 1908 play of the same name.Separation of powers: Separation of Powers(三权分立)is the basic of thewestern capitalist countries.The origin of the principle of separation of powers can be traced back to(追溯到)the period of Aristotle(亚里士多德时期).It is proposed to avoid the abuse of power(滥用权力).The US Government is divided into three branches so that no one branch has all the power.Each branch has its own purpose:
Legislative Branch(立法机构)— to make laws;
Executive Branch(行政机构)—to executive laws;
Judicial Branch(司法)—interpret the laws;
Civil war(U.S.): was a civil war fought from 1861 to 1865, after seven Southern slave states declared their secession and formed the Confederate States of America(the “Confederacy” or the “South”, which grew to include eleven states).The states that remained in the Union were known as the “Union” or the “North”.The war had its origin in the fractious issue of slavery, especially the extension of slavery into the western territories.Foreign powers did not intervene.After four years of bloody combat that left over 600,000 soldiers dead and destroyed much of the South's infrastructure, the Confederacy collapsed, slavery was abolished, and the difficult Reconstruction process of restoring national unity and guaranteeing civil rights to the freed slaves began.Presidential Election: is an indirect vote in which citizens cast ballots for a slate of members of the U.S.Electoral College;these electors in turn directly elect the President and Vice President.Presidential elections occur quadrennially(the count beginning with the year 1792)on Election Day, the Tuesday between November 2 and 8, coinciding with the general elections of various
other federal, states and local races.The most recent was the 2012 election, held on November 6.The next election will be the 2016 election, which will be held on November 8, 2016.British Newspaper culture: Traditionally, UK newspapers could be split into more serious-minded newspapers, usually referred to as the broadsheets due to their large size, and sometimes known collectively as “the quality press ”, and less serious newspapers, generally known as tabloids , and collectively as “the popular press”, which have tended to focus more on celebrity coverage and human interest stories rather than political reporting or overseas news.Democracy with a constitutional monarchy : Initially after the American and French revolutions, the question was open whether a democracy, in order to restrain unchecked majority rule, should have an élite upper chamber, the members perhaps appointed meritorious experts or having lifetime tenures, or should have a constitutional monarch with limited but real powers.Some countries(as The United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Belgium, Scandinavian countries, Thailand, Japan and Bhutan)turned powerful monarchs into constitutional monarchs with limited or, often gradually, merely symbolic roles.Often the monarchy was abolished along with the aristocratic system(as in France, China, Russia, Germany, Austria, Hungary, Italy, Greece and Egypt).Many nations had élite upper houses of legislatures which often had lifetime tenure, but eventually these lost power(as in Britain)or else became elective and remained powerful.Industrial Revolution: was the transition to new manufacturing processes in the period from about 1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840.This transition included going from hand production methods to machines, new chemical manufacturing and iron production processes, improved efficiency of water power, the increasing use of steam power, and the development of machine tools.It also included the change from wood and other bio-fuels to coal.
第四篇：英语国家概况选择题
Chapter1 1.The two main islands of the British Isles are A.不列颠群岛的两个主要岛屿是
A.Great Britain and Ireland C.Great Britain and Wales
B.Great Britain and Scotland
D.Great Britain and England 2.B is the capital city of Scotland.是苏格兰的首府
A.Belfast
B.Edinburgh C.Aberdeen D.Cardiff 3.Among the four parts of the United Kingdom, D is the smallest.在英国的四个部分中，是最小的
A.England Ireland B.Scotland
C.Wales
D.Northern 4.English belongs to the C group of Indo-European family of languages.英语属于印欧语系语系
A.Celtic
B.Indo-Iranian C.Germanic D.Roman 5.The introduction of Christianity to Britain added the first element of D words to English.基督教传入英国，增加了英语的第一个元素。
A.Danish and Finnish C.French and Italian
B.Dutch and German D.Latin and Greek 6.The evolution of Middle English was reinforced by the A influence.中间英语的演变因影响而增强 A.Norman
B.Dutch
C.German
D.Danish 7.Samuel Johnson’s dictionary was influential in establishing a standard form of C.塞缪尔约翰逊的字典对建立标准形式有很大影响
A.grammar
B.handwriting C.spelling
D.pronunciation 8.At present, nearly C of the world’s population communicate in English.世界上几乎人都用英语交流。
A.half
B.a quarter
C.one third
D.one fifth Chapter2 9.The D attack on Rome ended the Roman occupation in Britain in 410.对罗马的进攻在410年结束了罗马在英国的占领
A.Norman
B.Danish
C.Celtic
D.Germanic 10.By the late 7th century, D became the dominant religion in England.到了7世纪晚期，成为英格兰的主流宗教
A.Celtic Christianity
B.Anglo-Saxon Christianity D.Roman Christianity C.Germanic Christianity
11.The C marked the establishment of feudalism in England.标志着英国封建制度的建立
A.Viking invasion
B.signing of the Magna Carta D.Adoption of common law C.Norman Conquest
12.The end of the Wars of the Roses led to the rule ofC.玫瑰战争的结束导致了统治的结束
A.the House of Valois
B.the House of York C.the House of Tudor
D.the House of Lancaster 13.The direct cause for the Religious Reformation was King Henry VIII’s effort to A.宗教改革的直接原因是国王亨利八世的努力
A.divorce his wife
B.break with Rome C.support the Protestants church
D.declare his supreme power over the 14.The English Civil War broke out in 1642 between B.英国之间的内战于1642年爆发
A.Protestants and Puritans C.nobles and peasants
B.Royalists and Parliamentarians D.aristocrats and Christians 15.A was passed after the Glorious Revolution.在光荣革命之后颁布
A.Bill of Rights
B.Act of Supremacy
D.Magna Carta C.Provisions of Oxford 16.The Industrial Revolution was accomplished in Britain by the middle of the C century.工业革命是在英国在世纪中叶完成的。
A.17th
B.18th
C.19th
D.20th Chapter3 17.The British government is characterized by a division of powers between three of the following branches with the exception of the C.英国政府的特点是，在除了以下的三个分支机构。
A.judiciary
B.legislature C.monarchy D.executive 18.The importance of the British monarchy can be seen in its effect on D.英国君主制的重要性体现在它对的影响上
A.passing the bills C.political parties
B.advising the government
D.public attitude 19.As a revising chamber, the House of Lords is expected to B the House of Commons.作为一个修订，上议院将会作为下议院的
A.rival
B.complement C.criticize D.inspect 20.Aisat the center of the British political system.英国政治体系的中心
A.The Cabinet
B.The House of Lords D.The privy Council
C.The house of Commons
21.The main duty of the British Privy Council is to B.英国秘密委员会的主要职责是
A.make decisions Cabinet B.give advice
C.pass bills D.supervise the 22.Generally speaking, the British Parliament operates on a B system.般来说，英国议会在系统上运行
A.single-party B.two-party
C.three-party D.multi-party 23.The policies of the Conservative Party are characterized by pragmatism and D.保守党的政策以实用主义和为特征
A.government intervention C.social reform
B.nationalization of enterprises D.a belief in individualism 24.In Britain, the parliamentary general election is held every C years.在英国，议会大选每隔年举行一次。A.three
B.four
C.five
D.six Chapter5 Null Chapter6 Null Chapter8 Null Chapter9 Null Chapter10 Null Chapter12 Null Chapter13 Null
第五篇：英语专科1 72讲
英语专科1
课堂笔记
英语专科1 72讲
陆晔
Part I Reading Comprehension
Passage One The last few days before Christmas passed quickly and it was soon Christmas Eve.That night when everyone went to bed, Bunny couldn't sleep.He still couldn't think of what he wanted his special Christmas present to be.He wondered how Santa would know what to bring him if he didn't know himself.As he was sitting up in bed, Bunny heard a big noise on the roof and a sound downstairs.It was Santa Claus, he realized.Bunny jumped out of bed and raced down the hall to the stairs hoping to catch a glimpse of the old fellow before Santa departed for his next stop.By the time Bunny reached the bottom of the stairs, though, everything was again silent.Brightly wrapped presents were piled under the Christmas tree, but Santa was gone.A little disappointed, Bunny turned to climb back upstairs when he heard a cry.“Hello,” said Bunny.“Is somebody there?” He was answered by another cry.Bunny looked around the big pile of presents to see what was making the noise.Right under the tree was a funny looking brown animal with big feet and mournful eyes.Bunny might have mistaken the creature for a dog, if it hadn't been for the antlers(鹿角)on his head.“Are you a reindeer?” asked Bunny.“Yes,” replied the brown creature with antlers, “my name is Ralph.” “And you were pulling Santa's sled?” “I was until I got air-sick,” replied Ralph, “Santa had to leave me here and go on with the other seven reindeer.” “Isn't it a bit unusual for a reindeer to get air-sick.I mean, isn't flying what reindeer are famous for?” “I'm afraid that I've always had a sensitive(敏感的)stomach when it comes to flying,” replied Ralph.“But everyone expected me to pull Santa's sled, so when it was my turn I gave it a try.I'm afraid I just wasn't cut out for the job.Now I'm stuck here and I don't know how to get back to the North Pole.” “Well, if you like, you can stay with us as a friend,” 英语专科1
课堂笔记
said Bunny.As he made the offer, Bunny suddenly realized the special present he wanted from Santa was a new friend!
1.Why couldn't Bunny fall asleep on Christmas Eve? A．He was looking forward to seeing his special present.B．He wanted to take a look at Santa when he came at night.C．He was disturbed by a noise on the roof of his house.D．He was thinking what present to ask from Santa.From the third sentence of the first paragraph we know that the answer is D.D．He was thinking what present to ask from Santa.2.Why did Bunny feel disappointed?
A.Santa left before he could have a look at him.B.Santa didn't bring the special present he wanted.C.Everything was silent and there was no sign of Santa coming.D.There was a pile of presents under the Christmas tree but nothing for him.The third paragraph tells us Bunny felt disappointed because Santa left before he could have a look at him.So the answer is A.A.Santa left before he could have a look at him.3.What do we learn about reindeer from the passage? A.They make big noises while they are flying.B.They look like dogs except for the antlers.C.They are all especially good at pulling sleds.D.They suffer stomachaches when they take to the air.The last sentence of the fifth paragraph tells us the answer should be B.B.They look like dogs except for the antlers.4.Why didn't Ralph go with the other seven reindeer? A.He got stuck in the chimney.B.Bunny asked him to stay.C.He was air-sick.D.He didn't know how to get back to the North Pole.From the ninth paragraph we know that the answer is C.英语专科1
课堂笔记
C.He was air-sick.5.This passage seems to tell us that ________.A.Santa knows what present a child wants without even being told B.reindeer are hired to bring presents to children on Christmas Eve C.if a child stays awake on Christmas Eve, he could catch a glimpse of Santa D.parents take great care when choosing Christmas presents for their children From the whole passage, we know that the answer should be Santa knows what present a child wants without even being told.The answer is A.A.Santa knows what present a child wants without even being told Passage Two
A study suggests that dirty air can reduce lung development.Researchers at the University of Southern California in Los Angeles published their work in the “New England Journal of Medicine”.About one thousand seven hundred children from different communities in Southern California took part in the study.The scientists tested the children every year for eight years, starting at age ten.They say this is the longest study ever done on air pollution and the health of children.The scientists found that children who lived in areas with the dirtiest air were five times more likely to grow up with weak lungs.Many were using less than eighty percent of normal lung strength to breathe.The damage from dirty air was as bad as that found in children with parents who smoke.Children with reduced lung power may suffer more severe effects from a common cold, for example.But the researchers express greater concerns about long-term effects.They say adults normally begin to lose one percent of their lung power each year after age twenty.The doctors note that weak lung activity is the second leading cause of early deaths among adults.The first is smoking.By the time people are eighteen, their lungs are fully developed, or close to it.The doctors say it is impossible to recover from any damage.Researchers say they are still not sure how air pollution affects lung development.They believe that pollution affects the tiny air spaces where oxygen and carbon dioxide 3 英语专科1
课堂笔记
(二氧化碳)are exchanged.Arden Pope is an economics professor at Brigham Young University in Provo, Utah.Professor Pope wrote a commentary about the study.He noted that air quality in Southern California has improved since the study began in the early nineteen-nineties.Clean-air laws have reduced pollution from vehicles, industry and other causes.But dirty air is still a problem in areas of California and other places.Professor Pope says continued efforts to improve air quality are likely to provide additional improvements in health.6.A study done by researchers at the University of Southern California indicates that ________.A.1,700 children from Southern California have weak lung activities B.children in Southern California use less lung strength to breathe C.air pollution may affect the growth of children's lungs
D.80 percent of children in Southern California suffer from air pollution From the third paragraph, we know that the answer should be C.C.air pollution may affect the growth of children's lungs
7.According to the article, children living in dirty air A.may lose eighty percent of their normal lung strength B.may suffer more severe effects from a common cold C.were five times more likely to catch a common cold D.were unlikely to recover from any lung damage
From the fourth paragraph, we know that the answer should be B.B.may
suffer more severe effects from a common cold 8.Why do the researchers express greater concern about the long-term effects of air pollution on children?
A.They begin to lose 1% of their lung power each year after 20.B.They do not show any signs of lung damage when they are young.C.They may suffer early death when they grow up.D.They cannot expect to have their lungs fully developed at 18.The third sentence in the fifth paragraph tells us the answer is C.C.They may suffer early death when they grow up.英语专科1
课堂笔记
D.9.What do we learn from the passage about the air in Southern California? A.It is unlikely to improve in the near future.B.It is free of pollution from vehicles and industry.C.It is as dirty as it was before.D.It is cleaner than it was in the early 1990s.The last two sentences in the eighth paragraph illustrates that the answer should be D.It is cleaner than it was in the early 1990s.10.Professor Pope believes that ________.A.improvement in air quality will provide further health benefits B.clean-air laws should be passed to reduce air pollution in California
C.further studies should be done to find out how dirty air affects lung development D.air pollution does even greater harm to children's health than their parents' smoking
From the last sentence in the last paragraph we know that the answer is A.A.improvement in air quality will provide further health benefits Part III Cloze The girl took ____________(1)the pudding from its __________(2)and started to make a ___________(3)of it, …
1.down
2.stand
3.parcel We were young;we were smart;we were looking forward to the world of work.And _______(51)we graduated from Oxford University in the early 1970s, my wife and I thought we'd ________(52)it all.We'd both have successful, satisfying careers(事业).We'd have ________(53)time to travel the world and have fun.51.A.when B.since C.as 52.A.do
D.while
B.have C.make
D.take B.little
C.enough
D.few 53.A.plenty 英语专科1
课堂笔记
Translation 杰克坚持每天锻炼身体，所以他精力充沛，学习效率高。
Jack works out every day.As a result, he is quite energetic and efficient in his studies.美国总统克林顿来华访问的结果是成功的。
The visit of Bill Clinton, the president of the United States, to China turned out to be a great success.最为奇怪的是，在失物招领启事贴出两星期后竟然没有人来认领这辆小汽车。Most curious of all, no one has come to claim the car yet although the finding notice of lost property was put up two weeks ago.为了援助灾区的人民，这位著名的流行歌手将在全国进行短期的巡回义演。This well-known pop singer will make a national tour to give benefit performances in aid of the people in the flood-stricken area on a short-term basis.只要不断努力学习新知识，你就能跟上时代的步伐。
As long as you keep learning new knowledge, you’ll be able to keep up with the pace of our age/keep pace with the times.能请你把音乐开轻点吗？我无法专心工作。
Would you please turn the music down? I can’t concentrate on my work.夫妇俩为他们的女儿感到骄傲，因为她在奥运会上获得了两枚金牌和一枚银牌。
The couple was proud of their daughter, who won two gold medals and a silver medal at the Olympic Games.他们已安排好让我们明天去游览西湖，我相信我们在那儿一定会玩得很开心。They've arranged for us to visit the West Lake tomorrow.I'm sure we'll have a good time there(we'll enjoy ourselves there).众所周知，肺癌至少部分地是由于吸烟过多而引起的。
It is well known that lung cancer is caused at least in part by smoking too much.他看起来虽然很镇定，但实际上却非常紧张。He looked calm, but actually he was very nervous.6 英语专科1
课堂笔记
全球变暖是由世界各地的大气污染造成的。
Global warming results from air pollution all over the world.圣诞节临近时，许多商店开始促销活动以吸引购物者。
As Christmas draws near, many shops begin their sales campaigns to attract shoppers.
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