专业英语考试小结

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第一篇:专业英语考试小结

aliasing 混叠现象 amplifier放大器

burst 脉冲 bipolar(电子)双极的 bandwidth带宽,频带宽度

carrier载波,载流子 circuit电路 capacitor电容current电流 charge 电荷,充电diode 二极管

encryption编码器,加密equalization均等(衡),均匀比

field(电,磁)场 filter滤波器 film胶片,薄膜gateway网关

impedance阻抗impairment失真,损伤 interference干扰

line电线,电网,市电Network网络

microprocessor 微型处理器 moderm调制解调器 microelectronic 微电子parity奇偶,等价,类似

robustness强壮,雄壮,坚固,耐用 transistor 晶体管resistance电阻(值)

spectrum频谱 substrate基质,底质 specturm光频

Adative equalization 自适应均衡 acquisition time 采集时间 anti-aliasing filter 抗混叠滤波器analog modulation 模拟调制Bit error rates误码率 Bit stream比特流 bandpass signal带通信号bus network总线binary-coded number 二进制编码器bus interfaces 总线接口Compact disk激光磁盘(CD)Dynamic range 动态范围digital signal processing(DSP)数字信号处理 digital modulation 数字调制digital communication systems 数字通信系统Electromagnetic wave 电磁波electromagnetic carrier电磁共振error-control codes差错控制码error-correction code 纠错编码electormagnetic induction 电磁感应

assignment频率配置frequency spectrum 频谱field-programmable现场可编程的Functional accelerator 性能加速器frequency Hand-held手持的 hold time 保持时间Low pass 低通Non-fading channel无衰落信道noise immunity抗扰度 negative-feedback amplifier 负反馈放大器Multi-path fading多径衰弱 Power efficiency 功率效率 pules-width 脉冲宽度personal communication system 个人通信系统power dissipation 功率耗散quantization level(step)量化电平(间隔)radio frequencies无线电频率 real time 实时serial data中行数据传送 sample and hold circuit采样保持电路 sampling interval 采样间隔spread spectrum system扩频系统 signal-to-noise信噪比signal-to-noise ratio信噪比spectralinversion频谱反转triode vacuum tube 真空三极管

AC 交流电ac自适应控制 AM幅度调制ADC 模/数变换器 AI人工智能

CATV 有线电视CAI计算机辅助教学CPU 中央处理器

DBMS数据库管理系统DSP数字信号处理 DC直流电FM调频

HDTV 高清晰度电视Hi-Fi高保真度

ISDN综合业务数字网ISDN综合业务数字网IC集成电路

LANs 局域网LED发光二极管PCM脉冲编码调制

RF无线电频率RAM随机存取存储器

SNR信噪比VLSI超大规模集成WWW万维网 under sampling欠采样Video conferencing 视频会议

第二篇:英语考试小结

总结一:英语考试小结

英语其中考试我得了95分,虽然对其他同学来说,这分数很高,但是我并不满意,因为班里还有100分呢。

其中有三分我扣得很可惜,因为我竟然没看清题目,让我们写tf,我打成了勾叉,如果这三分不扣掉,我就变成98分了。

还有二分扣在哪里呢?原来我在正确抄写下列句子中,加标点符号时把逗号写成了句号,后面的大小写也随之错了。所以加起来一共扣了5分。我拿到考卷的时候惊讶不已,心想:我怎么这么粗心,竟会把题目看错。

不过,我以后还要更加仔细,不能像这次一样细心大意了。(这句是经过提醒的,希望真能做到)

我回到家迅速订正好,让妈妈签了名,理进书包......总结二:英语考试小结

我上个周末,给我最大的震撼的一件事是看了我们班这次英语校考的成绩。这次考试有点难,不过学得扎实的同学,也能轻而易举拿到80分。至于不及格的人数嘛,一个字:多;上70、80分的人数呢,也多。可见我们班还是有实力的。

这个世界上没有傻子,也不会有天才,只有付出与回报。我们班上不是英语学不好,也不是有英语白痴。因为英语的学习气氛一点儿也不浓:那些差生认为自己差到尽头,好学生又不认真对待。同志们呐,英语会越学越难的。什么时态,什么从句,一下子就会窜出来。我觉得,全班要是团结起来,组建几个英语学习小组,这对以后的我们定会受益匪浅。

这次考试,我要表扬一下第十五组,全组的组员都考得不错。就拿黄钦禹来说,他的英语不太好,听写一直不及格。这个学期他的听写不仅及过几次格,这次还考了70分的成绩。这很值得表扬一番,说明他努力了,付出了,当然,他的组员和组长也为他操心不少,70分,不容易啊。陈思铭考得也不错,尽管只有20多分。他比上个学期有进步了。任俊霖嘛,就是做题太不认真了,不然三四十分绝不在话下。

我一直都未尽好职责,不然当了几个学期的课代表,大家的英语也不见得提升多少。我明白,我也会改进。同学们以后有不会的题目或建议尽管对我、miss姚或几个课代表说。我们会用心为大家服务,与大家共同进步。

总结三:英语考试小结

今天我们还不知道英语总分成绩,老师先让把知道的一部卷子总结一下: 这次考试主要错在没有将实力完全发挥出来,尤其是后半章的笔试部分。几个不应该错的根据答语写问句的题,我本该全对,但因为粗心开头字母不该大些,却大写,这样的低级错误导致我的笔试部分没考好。其次是词汇量,对于初一来说,我的词汇量勉强过关,但对于像这次发展卷的题,我的词汇量还是略有不足的,如油漆这个单词就没认出来,不过这次发展卷考得还行,只扣了一分。但这也充分反映了我做完形填空或根据短文填单词一类的题时的一种格式化或定式思维一看到spend就想写on,但其实呢它应该填with,主要就是没有去理解文章,分析文章,只是用语法知识来做题,这种方法至少对这种题来说是绝对不行的。

这次选择题考得不错,但对于一些常用语的选择有点模糊,不能在第一时间及时做出来,需加强此方面的练习,并对一些较细较繁杂语法点语法知识掌握的不是很准确,有时就不能活学活用,需加强此方面的练习!

总结四:英语考试小结

这次英语月考之所以没有考好,总结原因如下:1平时没有养成细致认真的习惯,考试的时候答题粗心大意、马马虎虎,导致很多题目会做却被扣分甚至没有做对。2准备不充分。毛主席说,不打无准备之仗。言外之意,无准备之仗很难打赢,我却没有按照这句至理名言行事,导致这次考试吃了亏。3没有解决好兴趣与课程学习的矛盾。自己有很多兴趣,作为一个人,一个完整的人,一个明白的人,当然不应该同机器一样,让自己的兴趣被平白无故抹煞,那样不仅悲惨而且无知,但是,如果因为自己的兴趣严重耽搁了学习就不好了,不仅不好,有时候真的是得不偿失。失败了怎么办?认真反思是首先的:第一,这次失败的原因是什么?要认真思考,挖掘根本的原因;第二,你接下来要干什么?确定自己的目标,不要因为失败不甘心接着走,而是要正确地衡量自己。看看想要什么,自己的优势在什么地方,弱势是什么第三,确定目标。明确自己想要的,制定计划,按部就班的走。失败不可怕,可怕的是一蹶不振以及盲目的追求。

第三篇:英语考试失败小结

英语考试失败小结

英语考试失败小结

英语这门可以说考得更加糟糕了。我们乡下来得孩子似乎英语都不大好,大部分同学跟我一样150分的试卷就考个30到50分,真是惭愧啊。说是在话,我一直想把英语提高上去,可就是提不上去啊。这能怪我吗?可问题其它同学有得就考得那么好哪,而且还是一0直都好。不过,话又说回来,他们确实要认真多了,每天读英语,看英语,上课似乎也特认真了。看样子我也该反省反省自己了。以后,我想,我也应该更加认真,更加努力了。老师不是说过吗,改听听力的时候就听听力,该做阅读训练的时候就做,该背单词得时间就记单词,好吧。废话不多说把。请同学和老师看我的行动把。

第四篇:金融专业英语考试

金融专业英语考试

一、PROPER NAMESDirection: Please translate Chinese into English.1.资产质量

2.现场检查

3.证券业监管

4.外汇标价

5.成本原则

6.资产负债表

7.投资性有价证券

8.财务会计

9.一般准备金

10.国库券

二、CHOICES TOPIC

Direction: Read the sentence and select the best one from the four choices, then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.11.Which one is NOT the type of cost behavior?

A.Common cost

B.Variable cost

C.Fixed cost

D.Semi-variable cost

12.What does LOF stand for?_______

A.Listed Organized Firm

B.Listed Open-ended Fund

C.Listed Open-ended Federal

D.Listed Organized Fund

13.____ deposits are deposits that are made by one person as trustee for the other person.A.assetB.current

C.trustD.fixed

14.Which of the following is the credit in the five-category loan classification

system as having potential weaknesses that deserve management’s close attention?

A.lossB.substandard

C.doubtfulD.special mention

15.The monthly statement gives you a record of all the ____ of your account.A.transactionsB.principal

C.negotiableD.debt

16._____ currency is the actual currency of the transaction.A.localB.foreign

C.naturalD.base

17.______ refers to the common shares issues by the companies registered in China’s mainland and traded by domestic entities or retail investors in Chinese currency.A.T-bondsB.Convertible bonds

C.A-shareD.B-share

18.Which of the following does NOT belong to liquid assets?

A.CashB.Plant

C.InventoryD.Account receivalbe

19.In the CAMELS rating system, “C” stands for()?

A.Capital fundB.Capital adequacy

C.Capital concentrationD.Capital quality

20.Which of the following does NOT belong to policy bank?

A.The State Development Bank

B.The Bank of China

C.The Agricultural Development Bank of China

D.The Export and Import Bank of China

21._____ brings together two companies in a similar industry.A.horizontal mergerB.vertical merger

C.conglomerate mergerD.leveraged buyout

22.____ is a financial market in which new issues of securities are sold to initial

buyers by the corporation or government agency borrowing the funds.A.primary marketB.secondary market

C.domestic marketD.foreign market

23.Which of the following does NOT belong to foreign exchange?

A.Foreign currencies, including banknotes and coins

B.Payment vouchers denominated in foreign currency

C.Securities denominated in foreign currency

D.Assets held by foreign residents

24.Which one is the core of the banking licensing process?

A.informal pre-filing stageB.formal filing stage

C.the organizing stageD.the application stage

25.They are main user groups of foreign exchange markets except()?

A.banksB.brokers

C.customersD.government

第五篇:烟草专业英语考试总结

Chapter 1 单词翻译:

Nicotian烟草属

combustion :燃烧.Solanaceae茄科

combustibility 可燃性度

nicotine 尼古丁,烟碱

pest resistance抗虫害 agronomic performance农艺性能

Chinese-Style Cigarette :中式卷烟 Chinese-style cigarette:中式卷烟

Virginian-type cigarette:烤烟型卷烟 blended cigarette:混合型卷烟

tar content:焦油含量

aromatic芳香的limit regulation’:限焦令.Virginia tobacco :弗吉尼亚烟 Flue-cured tobacco:烤烟

Bright tobacco :浅色烟

Burley tobacco :白肋烟 Oriental tobacco 东方烟

Aromatic tobacco :香料烟

Maryland tobacco :马里兰烟 Cigar tobacco :雪茄烟

disease resistance:抗病性

plant's physiology:植物生理 thresh:打叶

redrying:复烤

aging:老化,(陈化、醇化)

fermentation 发酵 cigarette manufacture:卷烟生产

smoke chemistry:烟气化学

cigar雪茄 cigarillo小雪茄

smokeless tobacco:无烟烟草

botanical植物的 air-curing 晾制 sun-curing晒制 fire-curing 熏制fiue-curing烤制

the State Tobacco Monopoly Administration :STMA officially:国家烟草专卖局

2.长句子翻译

Tobacco(Nicotiana tabacum L.)is a kind of special plant containing nicotine, belong to Solanaceae, Nicotiana.Tobacco differs from other crops in that it is used mostly for combustion.Variables of botanical, physical and chemical characteristics of leaf tobacco determine degrees of combustibility, smoke composition, taste and aroma and, thus, product acceptability.烟草是一种特殊的含有尼古丁的植物,属于茄科烟草属。烟草作为燃烧物质又不同与其他作物,烟草的植物、物理、化学特性决定了其燃烧程度、烟气组成、香气、吸味和可接受程度。Because the properties of tobacco and, therefore, its usability vary markedly with variety, locality, system of production and curing method, standardization of the commercial product is essential for growers and users(i.e.manufacturers).It is based primarily on curing method(air-, sun-, fire-and flue-curing), locality of production(growth)and the way in which the leaf is to be used(cigarette, cigar, pipe, etc.).Further classification is then according to position on the stalk from which the leaves have originated and factors such as their color, quality and ripeness at harvest.由于烟草的性质及其可用性均随品种、生产区域、生产方式和调制方法的不同而发生显著的变化,因此,制定烟叶商品标准对烟草种植者和产品制造商来说都是十分必要的。先按烟草的调制方法(晾、晒、熏、烤)、生产区域和使用方式(卷烟、雪茄、斗烟等)进行分类,然后再依据烟叶的生长部位、颜色、质量和成熟度等因素进一步细分。3.简答

根据烟草的调制方法,使用方式把烟草分为几类?(至少写五种,每种一分,共五分)Virginia tobacco弗吉尼亚烟Flue-cured tobacco烤烟Burley tobacco白肋烟sun-cured tobacco晒烟Oriental tobacco东方烟、香料烟Maryland tobacco马里兰烟Cigar tobacco雪茄烟

Cigarette卷烟light air-cured tobacco浅色晾烟dark air-cured tobacco深色晾烟

Chapter2 alkaloid生物碱Frost-free days无霜期blue mold 霜霉病photoperiodism光周期现象short-day plants 短日照植物seedlings幼苗bare-root transplants裸根移植plant populations植物种群nitrogen氮肥Topping打顶 stalk茎秆 suckering抹叉ripeness成熟premature未成熟的

Chapter 3 1.单词翻译

light air-cured:浅色晾晒型dark air-cured:深色晾晒型sun-cured:晒(烟)cigar filler:雪茄芯烟binder(雪茄烟)内衣;(雪茄烟)内包皮Turkish土耳其(烟叶)wrapper(雪茄烟)外衣;(雪茄烟)外包皮interspecific cross:杂交

gene mutations:基因突变broad terms:广义breeder:育种人员;育种工作者; cultivar品种germplasm sources:种质资源genotypes:基因型

outlining tests概述测试trait:特征attribute属性handling处理 lamina(烟叶)叶片 midvein:(烟叶叶片)中脉 filling:填充值 harsh(烟气)粗糙、(烟气)生硬 bitter苦pungent辛辣 aroma香气mass selection:混合选择allele:等位基因.pedigree杂交分离世代谱系backcross回交recurrent:轮回选择haploid:单倍体

tissue culture techniques:组织培养技术doubled haploids:双单倍体

inherited trait:遗传性状homozygote纯合子interspcific bridge cross种间杂交 inbreeding近亲繁殖genetically variable:基因变异recombination基因重组

black root rot:黑腐病crop failure:粮食欠收sensory properties:感官特性morphological形态特征pyrolysis:裂解heterosis杂种优势 长句子翻译

In broad terms, a modern breeding project will consist of three phases: planning, line development and testing.In the planning phase, a breeder should carefully define the goals to be accomplished.Generally, this will be correcting a deficiency in existing cultivars or increasing the desirability of cultivars for one or more traits.Other aspects of planning include identifying and/or selecting appropriate germplasm sources, choosing the best breeding method, identifying or developing techniques needed to evaluate the breeding materials and to select the best genotypes and outlining tests required to fully characterize the lines obtained from the breeding effort.The line development and testing phases are the parts of the project where the plans are carried out and, hopefully, the objectives accomplished.概括地讲,现代育种项目包括制定计划、品种培育和品系鉴定3个阶段。在计划制定阶段,育种者必须仔细地确定欲完成的育种目标。一般是改进现有栽培品种的缺陷,或提高栽培品种一个或多个性状合乎需要的程度。另外,计划还应包含鉴定或筛选适当种质资源,选择最佳的育种方法,鉴定或开发评价育种材料和选择优良基因型所需要的技术,以及提出完全表征该育种研究筛选品系特性的鉴定要点。品系培育和鉴定阶段是育种项目进行并最后完成所期望的目标的一部分。

There have been many advances in tobacco breeding and genetics over the past several years.Breeders have developed cultivars with high yield, good quality and resistance to several diseases.In addition, inheritance information has been obtained for numerous characteristics, and a vast array of germplasm has been collected and characterized.This solid base of genetic information and germplasm enhances the prospects for future advancements.Also, new information and emerging technologies in chemistry and biology, especially in genetic engineering, have promising applications in tobacco improvement.在过去的几年里,烟草遗传和育种上出现了许多新进展。育种学家培育出了高产、优质和抗多种病害的新品种。另外,还得到了许多性状的遗传信息,搜集和鉴定了大量的种质。遗传信息和种质的坚实基础展现了未来光明的发展前景,在化学和生物方面,尤其基因工程技术方面的新信息、新技术在烟草的改良中具有光明的应用前景。2.简答 烟草改良常用的育种方法有哪些?(至少写出五种,每种一分,共计五分)Backcross Breeding 回交育种Genetic engineering Breeding 基因工程育种 Haploids Breeding 单倍体育种Mass selection Breeding 混合选择育种

Pedigree Breeding 系谱法育种,系统育种Pure-line selection Breeding 纯系选择育种 Recurrent selection Breeding 轮回选择育种Introduction Breeding 引种育种 Hybridization Breeding 杂交育种Distant hybridization Breeding 远缘杂交育种 Induced mutation breeding 诱变育种 3.看图翻译

1.下图是一个完整烟草花的解剖图,请选择合适的英文单词填空

雄蕊 stamens 雌蕊 pistil花药anther花丝 filaments柱头 stigma花柱style 花冠 corolla 子房 ovary花萼 calyx

Chapter 4

fungal:adj.真菌的,由真菌引起的 fungus:n.真菌;霉,霉菌 复数:fungi; funguses; bacterial:adj.细菌的;细菌性 bacterium: n.细菌 复数: bacteria yield and quality:产质量blue mold: 烟草霜霉病brown spot:烟草赤星病 powdery mildew:烟草白粉病target spot:烟草靶斑病wild fire :烟草野火病

angular leaf spot :烟草角斑病black shank:烟草黑胫病black root rot:烟草根黑腐病

stalk :n.[植]茎vascular: n.[植]维管的sore shin:烟草立枯病Granville wilt:烟草青枯病 collar rot:烟草菌核病(Sclerotinia rot)Fusarium wilt :烟草枯萎病hollow stalk:烟草空茎病efficient methods :有效方法disease control:病害控制cured tobacco:烤烟 nematode: 线虫parasitic:adj.寄生的;寄生物的;由寄生虫引起的属(Genus)种(Species)insecticide :杀虫剂pesticide:农药 问题:

1.真菌病害:brown spot:烟草赤星病black shank:烟草黑胫病powdery mildew:烟草白粉病black root rot:烟草根黑腐病sore shin:烟草立枯病blue mold: 烟草霜霉病 2.细菌病害:hollow stalk:烟草空茎病angular leaf spot :烟草角斑病

3.根茎部病害:black shank:烟草黑胫病black root rot:烟草根黑腐病Fusarium wilt :烟草枯萎病hollow stalk:烟草空茎病sore shin:烟草立枯病Granville wilt:烟草青枯病 4.叶部病害:blue mold: 烟草霜霉病brown spot:烟草赤星病

powdery mildew:烟草白粉病target spot:烟草靶斑病wild fire :烟草野火病? 主要病源:funguses.真菌bacteria细菌 virus病毒nematode pests 有害线虫insect pests害虫

Chapter 7 Tobacco Leaf Chemistry constituent :n.成分,构成部分;委托人, 选民Carbohydrate:碳水化合物,糖类 Starch:淀粉Sugar:糖Sugar Ester:糖脂Cellulose:纤维素Pectin:果胶质 polymer :n.多聚物;[高分子] 聚合物 polysaccharide: n.多醣,聚糖,多聚糖 saccharide:糖类amylose :n.直链淀粉amylopectin :n.支链淀粉sucrose:蔗糖 blend:混合物stinging:刺激的odor:气味,臭味reconstituted tobacco:重组烟草 fiber:纤维alkaloid:生物碱nicotine:尼古丁Plastid:质体pigment:色素

carotenoid:类胡萝卜素 precursor:前体物volatile:易挥发的;易变的,不稳定的; aroma:芳香,香味;

烟草中碳水化合物主要有:Starch:淀粉Sugar:糖Sugar Ester:糖脂Cellulose:纤维素Pectin:果胶质

Chapter 8 1.单词翻译

filling value 填充值burn rate 燃烧率adsorption 吸附作用raw material 原料

cut rag 烟丝specific volume比容shred烟丝constant velocity匀速compress压缩,压紧;精简adsorption equilibrium 吸附平衡vacuum drying 真空干燥relative humidity 相对湿度sulfuric acid 硫酸saturated饱和的;渗透的;深颜色的wrap paper 外包纸permeability渗透性;通透性additives添加剂ventilation通风设备;空气流通puff抽吸口数circumference 圆周;周长the static burning rate静燃速率equilibrium moisture平衡含水率,平衡水分taste吸味filter过滤材料tobacco blending配方body身份degree of damage残伤度cigarette paper卷烟纸

长句子翻译

There are three main ways to measure equilibrium moisture content.One method takes measurements by a gas with a fixed relative humidity that flows through a sample.Another method measures equilibrium moisture under the water vapor environment after evacuating air.The third way uses a desiccator and adjusts the humidity with a sulfuric acid solution or a saturated salt solution and takes measurements under atmospheric pressure.测定平衡含水率有三种主要方法。方法一是采用一种具有稳定相对湿度的气体流过被测样品进行测定。方法二是在抽出空气后的水蒸汽的环境下测定平衡含水率。第三种方法使用了一个干燥器,通过调整含有硫酸溶液或饱和盐溶液的湿度,在大气压下进行测定。

Chapter 10 1.单词翻译

Reconstituted sheet 再造烟叶expansion膨胀homogenized:均匀分布微粒的shred碎片slurring:稠浆法impregnation:渗入adhesives粘合剂slurry:浆体mainstream smoke:主流烟气sidestream smoke测流烟气lamina体积Slurry Sheet Process:稠浆法humectant:保湿剂 diced:切割cut filler:填料pulp纸浆 recon薄片烟Smoking Qualities :吸食质量 sensory quality:感官质量signature flavor:独特风味carbon monoxide:一氧化碳 tailor-made:量身定做carcinogen致癌物shredded:切丝rolled stems:压梗 filter过滤limonene ['liməni:n]:柠檬烯 长句子翻译 Expanded tobacco is an essential part of processing of most cigarette products.It is an efficient means of expanding the volume of tobacco lamina by up to 100%.The main benefits of using expanded tobacco are: reduces cigarette weight while reserving its natural tobacco taste;increases the filling value and burn rate, thus reducing the number of puffs, which in turn reduces the tar and nicotine deliveries per cigarette.膨胀烟丝是大多数卷烟产品加工中的重要组成部分。它是一种有效的手段,能够扩大烟草叶片体积高达100%。使用膨胀烟丝的主要好处是:减少卷烟的重量,同时保留其天然的烟草味道,增加填充值和燃烧率,从而降低了抽吸口数,也就是减少了每支卷烟的焦油和尼古丁含量。

Reconstituted sheet, commonly called recon, is now considered an integral part of processing any quality and cost-effective cigarettes product.Recent advances in paper making technology allow for producing tailor-made recon that can play a major role in the development of many blended cigarettes, Virginia, oriental and black cigarettes as well as other smoking products.再造薄片,俗称薄片烟,现在被认为是具有优秀质量和具有成本效益香烟产品工序的一个组成部分。再造薄片技术的进步使量身订做的薄片烟,在许多混合型卷烟的发展中起了重要的作用,在弗吉尼亚烟,东方烟和黑色香烟以及其他烟草产品也是如此。

Chapter 11 1.单词翻译

delivery /释放量TSNA(tobacco specific nitrosamine)烟草特有的亚硝胺 benzo(a)pyrene B(a)P 苯并芘;苯并(a)芘dimension 规格、尺寸 rod /(烟)支;(烟)条;枝条carton

纸板箱neutralizer 中和剂

resin 树脂;松香syrup 糖浆果汁;含药糖浆integral 积分的;完整的,整体的 venation 脉络;叶脉tobacco rod 烟条 烟丝被卷烟纸包卷后形成的长圆柱体。ash /æʃ/ 灰分;烟灰wrapper包装材料; /包装/ 包装纸;书皮binder粘合剂

inhale /in'heil/ 吸入aftertaste 余味shred

烟丝adverse effect 不利影响;副作用flavor grades(致香型)烟叶modifier grades调味型)烟叶filler grades(填充型)烟叶extensive

广泛的;大量的volatile 挥发性的;不稳定的 ameliorate / 改善;减轻(痛苦等);改良processability 加工性;加工性能 pliable柔韧的;柔软的;圆滑的;易曲折的evaporate蒸发,挥发

exterior外部;表面;外型;外貌stretch 伸展,延伸cellulosic有纤维质的 porous 多孔渗水的;能渗透的;有气孔的cellulose acetate醋酸纤维 charcoal

木炭cosmetic化妆品;装饰品firmness 硬度 长句子翻译

Cigarette manufacturing involves developing a specific tobacco blend utilizing the desired tobacco types, breaking up the tobaccos stored in hogsheads or bales, combining the blend components, cutting the raw tobaccos into specific dimensions, applying casing and top dressing materials(unless it is a no-additive product), adjusting moisture content, selecting the appropriate filter, paper, cigarette design properties, combining these components into a rod(usually on a high speed machine), inserting the rods into a pack, placing the packs into cartons and consolidating the cartons into cases for distribution.卷烟制造过程包括根据所需类型开发出特定的叶组配方,解烟包,烟叶掺配,切丝,加香加料(不加香加料的卷烟除外),调节水分,选择适宜的过滤嘴、卷烟纸、卷烟设计参数,卷成烟支(通常用高速卷烟机),装盒,成条,最后装箱以便于批发销售。

The blend is the single most important factor in determining the smoke quality of a product.Blending can be defined as the combining of raw materials in grades identifiable through visual, chemical and smoking characteristics.Through blending, taste character, irritation/harshness and strength can be altered to the desired product brief.The blender must be familiar with the smoke characteristics of each individual grade of each tobacco type.He must be able to look at the quality of each individual grade and know how that appearance of the tobacco will marry with other blend components and smoke in the final product.配方是决定卷烟产品吸食质量的最主要的因素。配方可以定义为将依据外观质量、化学成分和感官特性分级的烟叶原料进行组合。通过配方,口味特征、刺激性/粗糙感和劲头可以被调整为所期望的产品特征。配方设计人员必须熟悉不同等级、不同类型烟叶的吸食特性。并且能够根据某一等级烟叶原料的品质,知道它在与其他组分配时的表现,以及在最终产品中的吸食表现。

Cigarette paper is composed of an inorganic filler and cellulosic fiber.The most common inorganic filler is calcium carbonate(CaCO3).Special fillers may be used for reducing sidestream smoke yields.Common fibers used for cigarette papers include flax and wood pulp.卷烟纸由无机填料和纤维质材料组成。最为常用的无机填料是碳酸钙(CaCO3)。有时会用一些特殊填料来减少测流烟气量。卷烟纸使用的常见纤维包括亚麻纤维和木浆纤维。

简答题

1烟株的烟叶由下至上分别为:sand lugs,primings脚叶,中下部叶(下二棚),cutters中部叶(腰叶),leaf上中部叶(上二棚),tips顶叶 2烟草可分为三类:

flavor grades(致香型)烟叶 modifier grades调味型)烟叶 filler grades(填充型)烟叶

Chapter 12 Cigarette Quality Assurance

parameter:参数instrumentation :n.使用仪器,装设仪器; weight :重量cigarette:卷烟 circumference:圆周diameter:直径ovality:椭圆度roundness:圆度pressure drop :压降 resistance-to-draw(rtd):draw:吸引,拉,拖。draft :气流filter rods :过滤嘴

ventilation :通风设备Ventilation:通风Dilution :稀释low ‘tar’ cigarettes 低焦油卷烟 perforat :打孔Porosity : n.多孔性,有孔性porous : adj.有毛孔或气孔的

perforation n.穿孔,贯穿,针孔,齿孔cigarette paper:卷烟纸tipping paper接装纸(水松纸)plug wrap paper :成型纸(滤嘴棒纸)filter rod :滤嘴棒Moisture:水分 Water Content:含水率Total Oven Volatiles:烘箱总挥发物Plasticizer:增塑剂

cellulose acetate:醋酸纤维Smoking machine:吸烟机total particulate matter:总粒相物质 gas phase :气相 简答

卷烟的基本参数:Weight重量Circumference or Diameter Measurement圆周或直径Pressure Drop压降Ventilation通风度Firmness(Also Called Hardness)Including Filling Power坚实度Paper Porosity(or Permeability纸的孔隙度或透气度Moisture水分Length长度Measurement of Plasticizer增塑剂Smoking Machines and Gas Phase Analyzers吸烟机和气相分析仪Air Flow Measuring Instruments空气流量测定仪Cigarette Pack Seal Testers卷烟的包装密封性测试

chapter13 1烟气收集的方法:Cambridge filter剑桥滤片Electrostatic Precipitation 静电沉积器

Cold Traps冷阱Solid Adsorbents固体吸附Solvent Traps溶剂阱

Mainstream Smoke(MS)主流烟气Sidestream Smoke(SS)测流烟气Environmental tobacco Smoke(ETS)环境烟气

smoke aerosol烟气气溶胶gas phase and particles气相和粒相

剑桥滤片的优点:1.Effectively retains particulate phase smoke at room temperature2.Nonhygroscopic3.Easily fashioned into filters of uniform efficiency4.Requires minimum user preparation5.Inexpensive

影响剑桥滤片平衡的因素1.Temperature2.Filter loading3.Flow4.Moisture level of the pad What is TPM ? TPM=Total Particulate Matter = Nicotine + Tar + Water Chapter 14

Natural Tobacco Flavor top dressings flavor:加表用香精casing flavor :加料用香精filter flavor:滤嘴用香精 elucidate :vt.阐明,解释flue-cured烤制

burley

oriental东方的 Maryland tobacco马里兰烟 Turkish tobacco土耳其烟 Aroma芳香,香味

香精可以分为三种top dressings flavor:加表用香精casing flavor :加料用香精filter flavor:滤嘴用香精

Chapter 16 1.单词翻译

controversial有争议的,引起争议的,被争论的; 好争论的

millennia一千年(millennium的名词复数);千年期;myocardial 心肌的 infarction 梗塞形成,梗死形成peripheral:外围的;次要的;(神经)末梢区域的

vascular 脉管的,血管的,含有血管的;chronic 慢性的长期的;obstructive故意阻碍的monograph专著,专论carcinogenic致癌物(质)的surgeon 外科医生 长句子翻译

Numerous studies were conducted on the association with smoking of four diseases: cancer of the lung, myocardial infarction, peripheral vascular disease and chronic obstructive lung diseases.However, others maintain the conclusion that smoking is one of the factors contributing to these diseases is 'more fairly described as presumptive than as proved'.已经进行了大量有关吸烟与肺癌、心肌梗死、心脑血管疾病和慢性支气管疾病关系的研究。然而,一些人坚持认为吸烟只是这些疾病的发病原因之一。

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