第一篇：英美文学资料汇总精选
一，中世纪文学（约5世纪---1485）
1.英国最初的文学是口头的。
2.5世纪中叶，盎格鲁，撒克逊，朱特三个日耳曼部落开始从丹麦以及现在的荷兰一带地区迁入不列颠。
3.盎格鲁，撒克逊时代最重要的一部古英语文学作品是《贝奥武夫》，它被认为是英国的民族史诗。主题：反映了7、8世纪不列颠的生活风貌，呈现出新旧生活方式的混合，兼有氏族时期的英雄主义的封建时期的理想，体现了非基督日耳曼文化和基督教文化两种不同的传统。
4.1066年，威廉公爵率领法国的诺曼底人，征服英格兰。法国文化占据主导地位，法语成为宫廷和上层贵族社会的语言。
5.1066年阶段这一时期的文学形式是浪漫传奇。典型是亚瑟王和圆桌骑士的故事。
6.传奇文学（主人公：高贵的骑士的冒险和爱情故事）是英国封建社会发展到成熟阶段的一种社会理想的体现。
7.14世纪以后，英语开始恢复使用，杰弗里 乔叟（Geoffrey Chaucer,1343-1400）的出现标志着以本土文学为主流的英国书面文学历史的开始。乔叟首创英雄诗行，即五步抑扬格双韵体，被誉为“英国诗歌之父”。他推动了英语作为英国统一的民族语言的进程。
二：文艺复兴时期文学（15世纪后期----17世纪初）
1.英国的文艺复兴发生在15世纪末。
2.文艺复兴时期的思想体系是人文主义：以人为本，反对中世纪以神为中心的世界观，提倡积极进取、享受现世欢乐的生活理想。
3.该时期典型人物：英国托马斯 莫尔（Thomas More，1478--1535），作品《乌托邦》（Utopia），内容：社会平等，财产公有，人们和谐相处的理想国。
4.《乌托邦》（Utopia）开创了英国哲理幻想小说传统的先河。
5.该时期典型人物：埃德蒙 斯宾塞（Edmund Spenser,1552--1599）的长诗《仙后》（The Faerie Queen），主题歌颂女王，宣扬人文主义思想。文学特色：创造了有音乐性的“斯宾塞诗体”（Spens—erian）。
6.该时期典型人物：弗兰西斯 培根（Francis Bacon，1561--1626），散文家，作品是《论说文集》（Essays）
7.英国戏剧起源于中世纪教堂的宗教仪式，16世纪末，戏剧进入全盛时期。
8.该时期典型人物：克里斯托佛 马洛（Christopher Marlowe，1564---1593）创作了新戏剧。主要组品：《帖木儿大帝》（Tamburlaine）、《浮士德博士的悲剧》（The Tragically History of the Life and Death of Dr.Faustus）、《马耳他岛的犹太人》（The Jew of Malta），主题：探索精神和极端的个人主义精神。
9.该时期典型人物：英国最杰出的作家是，威廉 莎士比亚（William Shakespeare,1564--1616），全部作品：两首长诗，154首十四行诗和38部戏剧。主要剧作有喜剧《仲夏夜之梦》（A Midsummer Night’s Dream）、《威尼斯
商人》（The Merchant of Venice）；悲剧《罗密欧与朱丽叶》（Romeo and Juliet）、《哈姆雷特》（Hamlet）、《奥赛罗》（Othello）、《李尔王》（King Lear）、《麦克白》（Macbeth）；历史剧《亨利四世》（Henry IV）；传奇剧《暴风雨》（The Tempest）。
10.莎士比亚作品的主题：宣扬了人文主义和个性的解放。展现了封建制度和资本主义制度交替时期的波澜壮阔。
11.Renaissance is commonly applied to the movement or period in western civilization, which marks the transition from the medieval to the modern world.Generally, it refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th century.Renaissance –Rebirth.（意大利语：Rinascimento，由ri-“重新”和nascere“出生”构成）是一场发生在14世纪中期至16世纪末的文化运动，在中世纪晚期发源于佛罗伦萨，后扩展至欧洲各国。“文艺复兴”只是对这一时期的通称。
12.文艺复兴的社会背景Historical Background：
1.The New Monarchy—The Tudor Dynasty by Henry VIII 新君主政体。
2.The Reformation宗教改革。
3.The Enclosure movement 圈地运动。
4.The commercial expansion 商业扩张。
5.The war with Spain 与西班牙之战。
6.Renaissance in Europe 欧洲文艺复兴的影响。
13.文艺复兴的特征Features of Renaissance：
1.A Thirsting for Classical literature, Greek and Latin authors
2.Dissatisfaction at the Catholic and feudal ideas
3.The Keen Interest in Humanity
Humanism is the idea that man has a potential for culture which distinguishes him from lower orders of beings, and which he should strive constantly to fulfill.Rebellious spirit against the Medieval feudal value and blind faith in humbleness, servitude, and after-life.Belief in man’s divinity and capability of self perfection Emphasis of the importance of personal worth and enjoyment of the present life.三，17世纪文学
1.1649年1月国王查理一世被送上断头台。
2.该时期典型人物：约翰 弥尔顿（John Milton,1608-1674），在1660年的查理二世复辟时期，主要作品有《失乐园》（Paradise Lost）和《复乐园》（Paradise Regained），诗剧《力士参孙》（Samson Agonistes）。
3.17世纪英国诗歌的另外一支是玄学派诗歌。
该时期典型人物：约翰 邓恩（John Donne,1572--1631）和安德鲁 马维尔（Andrew Marvell，1621--1678）
4.王政复辟时期该时期典型人物：约翰 班扬（John Bunyan,1628---1678）,典型
作品是《天路历程》（The Pilgrim’s Progress）,采用梦幻的形式讲述宗教寓言，展现是17世纪英国社会的一幅现实主义图景。
四，启蒙时期文学（17世纪后期---18世纪中期）
1.1688年“光荣革命”推翻复辟王朝，确定了君主立宪制度，建立了资产阶级和新贵族领导的政权。
2.18世纪初，新古典主义（理性）成为时尚。
3.18世纪英国散文繁荣起来，散文风格基本建立在新古典主义美学原则之上。
4.该时期典型人物：乔纳森 斯威夫特（Jonathan Swift，1667--1745）是英国文学史上最伟大的讽刺散文作家，主要作品：《格列佛游记》是一部极具魅力的儿童故事。
5.《格列佛游记》可分为小人国，大人国，飞岛国，慧马国的描写，以理性为尺度。
6.塞缪尔 约翰逊（Samuel Johnson,1709--1784）是18世纪英国人文主义文学作家，在英语词典编撰史上有独特地位；《英语词典》（A dictionary of the English Language），这是英语史上第一部也是随后一百年间英国唯一的标准辞书。
7.18世纪被称为“散文世纪”。原因：小说的兴起。
8.18世纪中叶，英国发生了工业革命。英国诗歌开始逐渐摆脱了新古典主义的束缚，理性的优势地位为感情或感受所替代。
五，浪漫主义时期文学（1798--1832）
1.18世纪末，19世纪初，苏格兰农民诗人罗伯特 彭斯（Robert Burns，1759--1796）。
2.威廉 布莱克（William Blake，1757--1827），是版画家兼诗人，他在诗歌中建立起自己一套独特的神话体系，具有神秘主义色彩，布莱克的革命性，独创性和复杂性使他成为浪漫主义诗歌的先驱。
3.1798年，威廉 华兹华斯（William Wordsworth，1770--1850）与塞缪尔 泰勒 柯勒律治（Samuel Taylor Coleridge，1772--1834）合作出版了一本小诗集《抒情歌谣集》，这部作品的问世标志着英国浪漫主义文学的真正崛起。
4.浪漫主义是对新古典主义的反拨：诗歌内容不再是对现实的反映或道德说教，而是诗人内心涌出的真实感情。
5.浪漫主义诗人崇尚自然，主张返璞归真。
6.华兹华斯为湖畔派诗人。
7.乔治 戈登 拜伦（George Gordon Byron，1788--1824）和波西 比希 雪莱（Percy Bysshe Shelley,1792--1822）是革命诗人。
8.雪莱深受柏拉图哲学影响。
9.约翰 济慈（John Keats,1795--1821）,是创造艺术美的天才诗人。
六，现实主义时期文学。（19世纪30年代--1918）
1.1837年维多利亚女王（Queen Victoria, 1819--1901）登基。
2.维多利亚时期英国诗歌表现出注重形式的典雅，对诗艺精益求精。
3.该时期典型作家：简 奥斯丁（Jane Austen 1775--1817）以女性作家特有的敏锐和细腻刻画英国乡村中产阶级的生活和思想。
4.奥斯丁“一个乡村中的三四户人家是合适的写作对象。”
5.主要作品：《傲慢与偏见》（Pride and prejudice）;《爱玛》（Emma）。
6.勃朗特三姐妹在19世纪英国文学上很重要，夏洛蒂 勃朗特（Charlotte Bronte,1816---1855）的《简爱》（Jane Eyre）受到20世纪女性主义批评家的青睐。艾米丽 勃朗特（Emily Bronte,1818--1848）的呼啸山庄（Wuthering Heights）采用了间接叙述手法，具有神秘恐怖色彩。安妮 勃朗特的《阿格尼斯 格雷》。
7.查尔斯 狄更斯(Charles Dickens, 1812-1870)是19世纪英国最伟大的小说家；代表作品：《雾都孤儿》Oliver Twist，《大卫科索菲尔》David Copperfield, 《远大前程》Great Expectation, 等都是以孤儿为主人公；《荒凉山庄》Bleak House；《双城记》A Tale of Two Cities.8.查尔斯 狄更斯在他的小说中展示了一幅幅维多利亚时期英国社会生活的画卷，是一位具有浪漫，幽默气质的作家。
9.19世纪末，20世纪初，英国不少小说家创作出以“幻灭”为主题的小说。
10.托马斯 哈代(Thomas Hardy,1840-1920)，他的小说一直以故乡多塞特郡和该郡附近的农村附近作为背景。
11.托马斯 哈代早期作品描写的是英国农村的恬静景象和明朗的田园生活，后期作品是明显变得阴郁低沉，主题都是无法控制的外部力量和内心冲动决定着个人命运，并造成悲剧。
12.托马斯 哈代代表作品：《德伯家的苔丝》Tess of the D’ Urbervilles；《无名的裘德》(Jude the Obscure)
13.19世纪末迎来英国戏剧的复兴。
14.王尔德和萧伯纳是戏剧复兴的里程碑，他们的戏剧创作活动使英国剧坛发根本的变化，一改英国戏剧百年不振的局面。
第二篇：英美文学
A summery of first two lessons
From the previous classes, we＇ve essentially get an brief idea of some basic knowledge about the United Kingdom.The main knowledge points can be concluded as follows:
The full name of the complicated country is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.Britain is no longer an imperial country, though its past has huge effects.The two main effects respectively lie in Britain＇international relationships and the make-up of the British population.UK, as a multiracial society, has the remarkable class regional and economic differences.London, the capital and the largest city, is dominant in the UK in all fields.England, the largest in geography and population of the four nations, dominant in culture and economy.A British invasions history which experiences from stages.Scotland, the most confident of its own identity, has spent a history as a unified state independent of the UK.Scotland joined the Union by agreement of the English and Scottish parliament.A brief introduction to Wales.Northern Ireland has an active cultural life but has its problems because of the conflicts and the influence of UK.Irish desires for an indepent Irish state all the time, therefore issues accurred in frequent succession.The Home Rule Bill, the East Rising of 1916 and the Sinn Fein Party made Irish independent.There exists religious conflicts between the Irish and the British because of the ethnical distinction.British government organised a partition of Ireland as a compromise.More violent campaign, IRA＇s violence and Bloody Sunday.In order to halt the terrible conflicts, Ireland and Great Britain aim to cooperate with each other and arrive at a resolution.Finally, the Good Friday Agreement was emerged.Learning first two lessons has laid a good foundation for our further study on the following lessons.I＇m looking forward to comprehend more knowledge about British politics, economy, culture and foreign relations and so on.
第三篇：英美文学
severalfamous sonnets – a powerful expose of social evils
of the poet’s age,– on steadfast love
Artistic achievement profound in their moral depth and more complex in their expressed feelings.University witsa group of talented youngdramatists
Christopher Marlowe(1564-1593)
One of the “University wits”
The greatest tragedy playwright before William Shakespeare
His masterwork: Doctor Faustus(1604)(P75-76)
Doctor Faustus(1604)
Doctor Faustus’s contract with Lucifer, a devil.His twenty four year long life in an exchange for some magic power:
----playing tricks upon the Pope(The bishop of Rome and head of the Roman Catholic Church on earth.);
---calling for the spirit of Alexander the Great(the emperor ofMacedonia)and it appears;Doctor Faustus(1604)
---having succeeded in having Helen, the beauty of ancient Troy, as his wife.Finally, Doctor Faustus is sent to hell because of the deadly sin has damned both his body and his soul.Doctor Faustus(1604)
Analysis of the hero: Doctor Faustus
Knowledgeable, but having blind faith in human intellect;
Ambitious and proud: A passionate seeker for
power, which comes from forbidden knowledge.Doctor Faustus’s Biblical source:
The fall of Adam and Eve
William Shakespeare
He is the author of 37 plays, but we are not certain of his life story until now.Drama: his career may be dividedinto four periods.(P78)
---Comedies in the four periods
---Tragedies in the four periods
Plot of Four Great Tragedies(P86-P87)Othello:
---Othello: a capable general in Venice
---Desdemonon: a strong-minded, beautiful girl
---Iago: one of the officers under Othello
Reasons for the tragedy:
jealousy
Plot of Four Great Tragedies(P86-P87)Macbeth:
---Macbeth: to commit murder in order to become king knowing he will be the king of Scotland from the witch
---lady Macbeth: to encourage her husband
---Duncan: king of Scotand who was murdered by Macbeth
Reasons for the tragedy :ambition, lust for power
Plot of Four Great Tragedies(P86-P87)King Lear:
---King Lear: a wish to divide his kingdom and give it to his daughters
---Goneril and Regan: his two elder daughters who flatter him
---Cordelia: his youngest daughter who speaks her true mind but loves her father most
Reasons for the tragedy: Misjudgment
Hamlet
Leading characters:
Hamlet : the Prince of Denmark
King Hamlet: Father of the Prince, wecan only see his ghost
Claudius: Hamlet’s uncle, now the King
Gertrude: Hamlet’s mother, and the Queen of Denmark. Polonius:Ophelia’s father, the King’s trusted courtier
Laertes: Ophelia’s brother, Polonius’s son
Hamlet
Act 1:
Old Hamlet’sghost told Hamlet a tale of
horror.There has been murder andadultery;and the Ghost demands revenge for his wrongs.Hamlet makes a promise to revenge for his father’s death before the Ghostleaves.Act 2:
To dull his uncle’s vigilance, Hamlet pretends to go mad.However, his madness is taken by Polonius, an old courtier who is loyal to Claudius , to an emotionaldisturbance due to his passion for Ophelia, daughter of Polonius.At this moment, a company of playersvisits the castle, and Hamlet will have a play acted, which resembles the late king’s murder.Act 3:
The guilty Claudius starts up in fear before the play ends, and goes out.Gertrude sends Hamlet to her chamber, where he reveals Claudius’s baseness and expresses his indignation at her hasty marriage with Claudius, which renders the queen heart-broken.Then Hamlet becomes aware that he is being overheard in the conversation.Thinking it is Claudius that is in hiding, he runs his sword through the arras but finds the eavesdropper thus killed to be Polonius.Before he parts from his mother, Hamlet refers to the King’s decision to send him to England.Act4:
The king now determines to kill Hamlet.He sends Hamlet to England, intending to have him killed there.But pirates capture Hamlet and send him back to Denmark again.Heart-broken at the death of her father, Ophelia goes mad and then is drowned in a stream.Hamlet returns just at the time of her funeral.In the grave-yard he has a quarrel with Laertes, Ophelia’s brother.Laertes vows to avenge the death of his father and sister.Act 5:
With Laertes, Claudius conspires to do away with Hamlet.The kings arranges that Laertes is to challenge Hamlet to a friendly duel andkill him with a poisoned rapier.In the duel, Laertes wounds Hamlet but is himself struck with the same poisoned weapon.Before death, Laertes reveals the plot.The queen, at this moment, has drunk from a poisoned cup intended for Hamlet.Hamlet, in a passion, stabs the King, and then dies through his poisoned wound, giving the election to the crown to young Fortinbras, the prince of Norway.
第四篇：英美文学。
一、殖民主义时期The Literature of Colonial America
1．船长约翰•史密斯Captain John Smith
《自殖民地第一次在弗吉尼亚垦荒以来发生的各种事件的真实介绍》
“A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony”
《弗吉尼亚地图，附：一个乡村的描述》
“A Map of Virginia: with a Description of the Country”
《弗吉尼亚通史》“General History of Virginia”
2．威廉•布拉德福德William Bradford and John Winthrop
《普利茅斯开发历史》“The History of Plymouth Plantation”
3．约翰•温思罗普John Winthrop
《新英格兰历史》“The History of New England”
4．罗杰•威廉姆斯Roger Williams
《开启美国语言的钥匙》”A Key into the Language of America”
或叫《美洲新英格兰部分土著居民语言指南》
Or “ A Help to the Language of the Natives in That Part of America Called New England ”
5．安妮•布莱德斯特Anne Bradstreet
《在美洲诞生的第十个谬斯》
”The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America
二、理性和革命时期文学 The Literature of Reason and Revolution
1。本杰明•富兰克林Benjamin Franklin
※《自传》“ The Autobiography ”
《穷人理查德的年鉴》“Poor Richard’s Almanac”
2。托马斯•佩因Thomas Paine
※《美国危机》“The American Crisis”
《收税官的案子》“The Case of the Officers of the Excise”
《常识》“Common Sense”
《人权》“Rights of Man”
《理性的时代》“The Age of Reason”
《土地公平》“Agrarian Justice”
3。托马斯•杰弗逊Thomas Jefferson
※《独立宣言》
4。菲利浦•弗瑞诺Philip Freneau
※《野忍冬花》“The Wild Honey Suckle”
※《印第安人的坟地》“The Indian Burying Ground”
※《致凯提•迪德》“To a Caty-Did”
《想象的力量》“The Power of Fancy”
《夜屋》“The House of Night”
《英国囚船》“The British Prison Ship”
《战争后期弗瑞诺主要诗歌集》
“The Poems of Philip Freneau Written Chiefly During the Late War”
《札记》“Miscellaneous Works”
第五篇：英美文学
SIR THOMAS MALORY
(1405-1471)
The OutlineI.SIR THOMAS MALORY
II.Morte d' Arthur《亚瑟王之死》
III.Questions for Discussion
.SIR THOMAS MALORY(1405-1471)
Life: He was very rich because he inherited a
considerable estate in Warwickshire(a county in west
central England)upon his father's death in 1433 and he
seems to have quickly become drawn into the turmoil of
local politics.In 1445, he became a Member of
Parliament for his county: a rather unstable area during
this time because the usually powerful Earl of Warwick,was only in his mid-teens.A lot of political affairs in Warwickshire led Sir
Thomas into his numerous clashes with the law.From
1444 onwards, he was caught up in raids(袭击)on the
attacks on the Duke of Buckingham and Combe Abbey
大修道院,大寺院 , as well as a number of thefts in the county
of Essex.Keen to blacken his name, Sir Thomas'
enemies branded(给某人加上污名)him “a rapist, church-
robber, extortioner(勒索者，敲诈者)and would-be
murderer".Unlucky or incompetent,Sir Thomas was certainly in prison almost
continuously throughout the 1450s, though he did
escape several times.His pardon came to him in
October 1462, followed by military service in
Northumbria.From then on he kept his head down,but may have become embroiled(使卷入)in Cook's
Conspiracy(阴谋活动)of 1468, for which he was
imprisoned.There, he turned to writing and earned
eternal fame.Sir Thomas died on 12th March 1471,probably in Newgate Prison(London).He was buried in the nearby Friary Church of St.Francis.II.Morte d' Arthur
《亚瑟王之死》
Malory's tale begins with the mysterious birth of Arthur and ends with his equally mysterious death.The central concern is with the adventures of Arthur and his famous Knights of the Round Table.The knights fight many battles and win glory, all of which is a credit to the name of King Arthur.Near the end of the story, however, the tide of good fortune turns.Launcelot, one of Arthur's knights, falls in love with Arfhur's queen, Guinever, and the lady
returns his love.One by one the other knight become discontented(使不满), selfish, or
disillusioned(使醒悟;使不再抱幻想;使...的理想破灭).Thus weakened, the kingdom is attacked by force under Sir Mordred, Arthur's treacherous(背叛的;不忠的)nephew, and ultimately it goes down in defeat.Arthur is borne away(被...所驱使)on a barge(大型平底船)by three mysterious ladies of the Lake.Morte d‘Arthur was written in a time of transition.The feudal order was dying.By the time Malory began writing his story, soldiers were fighting with gunpowder, a middle class of
tradesmen was arising;and the practices of chivalry were being replaced(代替,取代)by a new aristocratic code.Malory, in a desire to escape the disorder and uneasiness of his day,tried to recapture lost ideals of the romantic past as recounted(叙述,讲述)in his tale of noble kings, adventurous knights, and damsels(少女;闺女)in distress(悲痛;苦恼;忧伤;贫困,穷苦;危难;不幸;引起痛苦或悲痛的事物).This book is very important in English literature.Its Arthurian materials have a strong influence on literature of later centuries.III.Questions for Discussion
1.What are the features of Popular Ballads?
2.What is the story of Morte d‘Arthur ?
3.Why is Sir Thomas Malory an important writer the 15th century?
1.What are the features of Popular Ballads?
See the last paragraph on Page 50 to the fifth paragraph on Page 51.of our text book.What is the story of Morte d‘Arthur ?See Page 6 –9 of our PPt..Why is Sir Thomas Malory an important writer the 15th century?
See the first paragraph on Page 52 of our text book.
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