英美文学发展史

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第一篇:英美文学发展史

英美文学新古典主义时期

18世纪前半叶,英国社会安定,文学上崇尚新古典主义,其代表者是诗人蒲柏。他运用英雄偶句体极为纯熟,擅长写讽刺诗,但以发泄私怨居多。表现出启蒙主义精神的主要是散文作家,他们推进了散文艺术,还开拓了两个文学新领域,即期刊随笔和现实主义小说。

期刊文学是应广大读者的要求而兴起。斯梯尔与艾迪生两人有首创之功。前者创办《闲谈者》报(1709~1711),后者继出《旁观者》报(1711~1712),将街谈巷议和俱乐部里的风趣幽默写上了期刊。艾迪生的文笔尤见典雅。后来笛福、斯威夫特、菲尔丁、约翰逊、哥尔德斯密斯等名家都曾主编期刊或为期刊撰稿,可见此风之盛。由于他们的努力,英国式的随笔得到进一步的提高,题材更广泛,文笔也更灵活。更具英国特色而又对欧洲大陆产生重大影响的则是散文小说。笛福的《鲁滨孙飘流记》(1719)、《摩尔•弗兰德斯》(1722)等书把水手和女仆当做英雄人物来介绍,细节写得十分逼真,虽然书的结构松散,作者却有娓娓动听的说故事的本领,使读者始终保持兴趣。他的文字口语化,善于绘声绘形,而又迅捷有力。这些特点,加上笛福对英国城乡诸色人等的深刻了解,使他奠定了英国现实主义小说的基础。斯威夫特的《格利佛游记》(1726)是以讽刺朝政、表现人类的丑恶为目的的寓言,然而作为故事,也是十分引人入胜。他把现实细节放在十分奇特的幻想的情景之中,而幻想也是正在发展中的英国小说所需要的。世纪中叶,理查逊用书信体小说细致地描写遭遇不幸的少女的内心,以《克拉丽莎》(1747~1748)等大部头小说感动了一整代英国和西欧的读者,法国启蒙思想家狄德罗称之为伟大创造力的表现。但在菲尔丁的眼里,理查逊只是市侩哲学的代表,于是他起而用仿作去讽刺之,其结果却掌握了写小说的艺术,于是有了他自己的创作,其中最受称道的是《弃婴托姆•琼斯的故事》(1749),它的人物、风景、场面都是典型的英国式的。作者歌颂真诚、热心、忠实而又不受传统束缚的青年男女,全书有一种爽朗、清新的空气,而又结构完整,把现实主义小说推进到了一个新的水平。当时及稍后还有斯摩莱特、哥尔德斯密斯、斯特恩等人的小说,或扩充了题材,或实验了新写法,都有建树,因此虽然世纪末出现了渲染神秘恐怖的“哥特小说”,但是现实主义已经成为英国小说中的主流,继续向前发展。菲尔丁的作品《弃婴托姆•琼斯的故事》插图 出色的散文还见于其他文学品种。约翰逊的《诗人传》(1779~1781)是传记和文论的卓越结合,鲍斯韦尔的《约翰逊传》(1791)开辟了传记文学的新境界,伯克的《论美洲的赋税》(1774)展示了政治讲演术的力量,罗吉《罗马帝国衰亡史》(1776~1788)更以其深刻的启蒙主义思想和典丽的文笔成为全欧钦仰的史学杰作。

然而散文之势虽盛,诗歌并未沉寂,不仅有世纪初的蒲柏和汤姆逊在创作,就是一些散文名家,如斯威夫特、约翰逊和哥尔德斯密斯,也善于写诗。等到世纪后半叶,感伤主义抬头,诗歌也复振,出现了扬格的《夜思》(1742~1745)和格雷的《墓园挽歌》(1750)等佳作,反映了英国许多人在产业革命加紧进行中所感到的痛苦和彷徨。珀西编的《英诗辑古》(1765)引起了对古民歌的爱好,于是仿作者有之,伪造者有之,形成一种对中世纪神往的风气。这时从经济不甚发达的苏格兰传来了农民诗人彭斯的声音,他既是旧民歌的整理者,又是新诗篇的创造者,而吟唱的内容则是爱情和自由、平等、博爱的新思想。后者正是法国启蒙思想的结晶,在80年代之末导致了法国大革命。对这次革命的迎或拒,同情或反对,使英国散文作家发生了严重的分裂,但大多数诗人却在革命初起的“黎明”时刻对人类的未来充满了希望。在这样的气氛中产生了浪漫主义诗歌。

浪漫主义时期

浪漫主义诗歌的第一个大诗人是布莱克。这个靠镌版谋生的手工匠人是法国革命的热烈的拥护者,但又反对它的哲学基础理性主义,所写的诗也大异于18世纪的优雅含蓄,而着重想象力和神启式的宗教感,初期的《天真之歌》(1789)写得纯真,《经验之歌》(1794)写得沉痛;后来诗风一变,转而写作篇幅巨大的长诗如《四天神》(1804),其中有一套独特的象征和神话系统。

大学生华兹华斯和柯尔律治却经历了另一种变化,即从拥护法国革命变成反对,于是前者寄情山水,在大自然里找慰藉;后者神游异域和古代,以梦境为归宿。两人的诗歌合集,题名《抒情歌谣集》,于1798年出版。两年后再版,华兹华斯加了一个长序,认为“所有的好诗都是强烈情感的自然流露”,主张诗人“选用人们真正用的语言”来写“普通生活里的事件和情境”,而反对以18世纪格雷为代表的“诗歌词藻”。他进而论述诗和诗人的崇高地位,认为“诗是一切知识的开始和终结,它同人心一样不朽”,而诗人则是“人性的最坚强的保护者,是支持者和维护者。他所到之处都播下人的情谊和爱”。

这一理论有足够的实践作为支持。华兹华斯的小诗清新,长诗清新而又深刻,他的十四行诗雄奇,他的《序曲》(1805)首创用韵文来写自传式的“一个诗人的心灵的成长”,无论在内容和艺术上都开了一代新风。柯尔律治另有特长。他的《古舟子咏》(1798)借用了一个充满了奇幻之美的航海故事,探索了罪和赎罪的问题;他的短诗《忽必烈□》(1816)发掘了诗的音乐美和人心的联想作用;他的理论著作《文学传记》(1817)吸收了德国哲学家谢林的论点,对浪漫主义诗歌的特色,尤其是想象力在诗歌创作中的重要作用,作了精辟的论述,使他成为英国文学批评史上最敏锐的理论家之一。

然而这两人的诗才在短期的闪耀之后相继熄灭了,另一代诗人在1815年左右起来,把浪漫主义诗歌带进了更广阔的境界。拜伦、雪莱、济慈三人各有特色,但是都忠于法国革命的理想。拜伦是出于对暴政的反感,雪莱是着眼于未来的理想社会,济慈是由于憎恨这个使“青年脸色苍白、骨瘦如鬼”的残酷世界。在艺术上,他们都有重大的创新。拜伦在他的杰作《唐璜》(1818~1823)里一反欧洲旧传说,把主人公从纨□子弟转变成热血青年,让他两度横越欧陆,通过他的眼睛见证了又评论了广阔的欧洲现实,而作者在本诗里对于口语体的运用又达到前所未有的高峰。拜伦诗如其人,始终为自由而斗争,产生了超越英国和欧洲的文化和政治上的重大影响。雪莱的抒情诗情思专注而意境高远,鼓舞了当时和后世的革命志士;他的哲理诗探讨人类解放和理想的男女关系等重大问题,以议论入诗而诗句依然绚烂多采;他有志于复兴希腊式的诗剧,在《解放了的普罗米修斯》(1820)里他师法埃斯库罗斯而又不取其懦弱,重申人的复兴的胜利,诗句挺拔,取得了辉煌成就。而济慈,这个英年夭折的天才,在1819年一年之内,写出了他几乎全部最重要的诗篇:《心灵》、《夜莺》、《希腊古瓮》、《秋颂》、《许佩里翁》,每一篇都使人感染到年轻诗人是怎样不知疲倦地追求着美,然而这却只使他更憬然于当时英国无处不见的丑,使他明白“只有那些把世界的苦难当作苦难,而且苦难使他们不能安息的人”才能达到艺术巅峰。正是这对于“世界的苦难”所感到的切肤之痛使得济慈的诗篇不仅瑰丽,而且深刻。

这一时期诗歌还有司各特、克莱普、莫尔、坎贝尔、胡德等人的作品,总的成就是惊人的。英国文学史上,莎士比亚去世以后,没有另外一个时期有这样多的第一流诗人,创作了这样大量的为后世所珍视的第一流作品。

浪漫主义也有著名的散文作家,如哈兹里特和兰姆,前者的《时代的精神》(1825)是精辟的文论;后者的《伊利亚随笔集》(1823)以其风趣、典雅得到了英国和世界无数读者的欣赏。此外还有《一个英国鸦片服用者的自白》(1821)的作者德•昆西,《幻想的对话》(1824~1848)的作者兰道尔,都讲究风格,喜作“美文”。德•昆西还运用词句的音韵,试图在散文中造成诗的效果。与之成为对照的是平民政治家科贝特所写的《骑马乡行记》(1830),结合对民生疾苦的观察和美好山水的感兴,表明朴实有力的平易散文仍在发展。

散文的更大成就见于小说。原来以写诗出名的司各特从1814年起写了27部长篇历史小说,用雄迈的文笔再现了苏格兰、英格兰和欧洲历史上的一些有突出意义的事件,包括人民起义、民族矛盾、宗教冲突和近代国家在反封建的斗争中的建立,展示了历史的进程,刻划了众多的英雄人物,留下了《威弗利》(1814)、《罗布•罗伊》(1817)、《米德洛西恩的监狱》(1818)、《艾凡赫》(1819)等名著,不仅创建了一个新的小说部门,而且对英、法、德、意、俄、美等国的小说写作产生了影响。同样有影响的,特别在英语国家的读者当中,是女作家奥斯丁。她一共写了6部小说,都以乡下绅士家女儿的婚姻为主题,用笔细腻而略带嘲讽,写出了真爱情的可贵,伪善的可笑,创造了一类有见地、有个性的新的青年妇女典型,而小说结构匀称,组织紧密 《傲慢与偏见》(1813)与《爱玛》(1815)尤为精心之作。小说在19世纪40至50年代得到更大的发展,这也是英国国内阶级斗争激化的时期。列宁称为“世界上第一次广泛的、真正群众性的、政治性的无产阶级运动即宪章运动”带来了宪章派文学。同时科学技术在加快发展,达尔文的划时代的进化论给了传统信仰以猛烈冲击。在宗教界内部,出现了围绕“牛津运动”的论争。在政界和舆论界,围绕谷物法和“英国现状”问题展开了时间更长的论争。论争锻炼了散文。正是在这个多事之秋,散文文学成果累累,卡莱尔的《法国革命》(1837)和《过去和现在》(1843)、麦考莱的《英国史》(1849~1861)、罗斯金的《威尼斯之石》(1851~1853)、穆勒的《论自由》(1859)等便是明证。读者层也在急剧扩大;不少新刊物问世,开始了逐期连载长篇作品的作法。

这样的环境和气氛使小说作者更加关心社会上的重大问题。狄更斯最初用幽默风趣的笔触写了《匹克威克外传》(1837),使人们感染到他的乐观主义;而不过两年,他就在《奥列佛•特维斯特》(1838)里写孤儿的苦难和伦敦贼窟的黑暗;进入40年代,他又写了一系列小说揭发崇拜金钱的罪恶后果,其中《董贝父子》(1848)尤为深刻;《大卫•科波菲尔》(1850)是一部充满人世沧桑之感的成熟作品;接着而来的《荒凉山庄》(1853)、《艰难时世》(1854)与《小杜丽》(1857)则更见阴郁;《双城记》(1859)强烈地谴责了法国贵族的残酷,也表达了作者对于人民采取暴烈行动的戒惧;60年代的《远大前程》(1861)写的是前程渺茫,而《我们共同的朋友》(1865)则用巨大的垃圾堆来作英国社会的象征。象征手法的更多使用和对于小说结构的注意是他后期小说的特点,表示了他在小说艺术上的发展;然而他最吸引读者的依然是他一贯保持的优点,即真实的细节与诗意的气氛的结合,幽默、风趣与悲剧性的基本人生处境的结合,具体情节与深远的社会意义的结合。这些结合,加上他对于语言的莎士比亚式的运用,使狄更斯的小说不仅内容丰富、深刻,而且以其艺术上的创新对欧洲现实主义小说的发展作出了独特贡献。

同样关心社会问题但在范围与写法上不同于狄更斯的还有一大批别的作家。萨克雷的《名利场》(1847~1848)是另一部有长远吸引力的巨著,用文雅的笔法讽刺了上层社会的贪婪和欺诈,而他的《亨利•埃斯蒙德》(1852)则发扬了英国历史小说的优良传统。1847至1848年间是英国小说的“奇迹年”:除了狄更斯的《董贝父子》和萨克雷的《名利场》外,还出版了夏洛蒂•勃朗特的《简•爱》,埃米莉•勃朗特的《呼啸山庄》,盖斯凯尔夫人的《玛丽•巴顿》。更多女作家的出现是一个值得注意的现象,而她们各有特长:盖斯凯尔夫人用同情的笔调写工人斗争;勃朗特姊妹一个把倔强、有个性的家庭女教师放在小说的中心,让她对有钱的小姐们发出抗议的声音;另一个则用炽热的情感写爱与恨的故事,以荒凉的约克郡的野地为背景,情节中充满40年代特有的严厉性。稍后,另一个女作家乔治•艾略特写了一系列剖析伦理问题的小说,其中充满田野景色的《弗洛斯河上的磨坊》(1860)是一动人的悲剧,而她的晚年作品《米德尔马奇》(1871~1872)则又以缺乏爱情的痛苦的婚姻生活为中心,细致、深入地描写了一整个小市镇的形形色色的人物。此外,这一时期里还有迪斯雷利写贫富对立的两个英国的社会小说,里德和金斯利写为社会改革服务的揭露小说,特罗洛普写小镇故事和以内阁和议会为中心的政治小说,科林斯写对狄更斯也产生了影响的侦探小说,都留下了出色作品。进入19世纪的后30年,英国小说依然活力不衰,题材范围继续扩大。梅瑞狄斯的《利己主义者》(1879)细致地分析了英国绅士在婚姻问题上的虚妄的自信,而他的《维托利亚》(1867)和《克劳斯威的黛安娜》(1885)又描绘了一类参与政治斗争的新女性;劳瑟福德在《皮市巷的革命》(1887)里写相信“异议派”教义的手工业者,勃特勒在《众生之路》(1903)里写维多利亚时期中产阶级的冰冷无爱的家庭生活,威廉•莫里斯在《梦见约翰•保尔》(1888)里怀念举行1381年起义的壮士。

英美文学超现实主义时期

超现实主义是20世纪20年代兴起于法国的现代资产阶级文艺思潮,也是第一次世界大战后在法国出现的一个文学艺术流派,它的追随者遍及美国、比利时、瑞士、德国、南斯拉夫、希腊、美国、墨西哥、巴西、日本及非洲。

超现实主义是从达达主义发展而来的。达达主义由特里斯唐·查拉于1916年在瑞士的苏黎世创立。“达达”一词是全无意义的。它实际上是主张推翻一切传统的写作技巧,完全打乱人的思维表达方式,企图以毫无意义的文字堆积取得惊人的效果。达达主义没有系统的理论,也没有成功的创作,只存在了短短的几年。超现实主义一词最先是在阿波利奈德一个剧本序(1917)中提出的:“人当初企图模仿行走,所创造的车轮子却不象一条腿。这样,人就在不知不觉中创造出超现实主义。”

1919年,安德烈.布勒东和保尔·艾吕雅、路易.阿拉贡等创办了《文学》杂志,进行了超想实主义的实验。1924年法国作家布勒等人在巴黎创立“超现实主义研究室”,并发表《超现实主义宣言》,创办《超现实主义革命》杂志,宣布了这一流派的思想倾向和艺术观点。他们以柏格森的直觉主义和弗洛伊德的精神分析学说为哲学基础,否定文艺反映现实生活的基本创作规律,鼓吹超越现实,超越理智,用“自然写作”的方法(即不受理性、道德准则制约的写作法)来表现思想的真实活动。他们相信梦幻的下意识比事实更能表现出精神深处的真实,因此提出要挖掘久受压抑的下意识世界,使之居于主宰的地位。超现实主义作品大多杂乱无章,荒谬混乱,有的甚至用晦涩难懂的符号来代替文字,反映了当时欧洲青年一代苦闷彷徨和找不到出路的狂乱不安的精神状态,除布勒东外,这一流派的代表作家还有法国的艾吕雅和阿拉贡、英国的托玛斯等人。

至1930年为止的整整十年,是超现实主义的兴盛时期。随后,超现实主义的阵营产生了分裂,阿拉贡和艾吕雅先后退出。

在理论上,超现实主义提出了一套文学主张。它的理论依据来自弗洛伊德的潜意识学和关于梦的阐释。超现实主义认为,文学艺术要在人的复杂性后面发现它的统一;现实的表面不足于反映实现本身;超于现实之上存在着“某种组合形式”,这种形式能达到事物的本质。这种形式之一是潜意识,另一种就是梦。潜意识,反映了人的灵魂和世界的内在秘密;表达了潜意识,才能达到人对自己的完全意识,才能解释现实世界的动因。梦,把人秘而不宣的东西完全剥露出来,既显示了过去和现在,也预知着未来。

超现实主义者极端强调人的内在意识的重要性反映了他们对外在世界的一种厌倦情绪。他们自我标榜是“精神的反叛者”,并要以他们的作品去实现这场“血腥的革命”。否定西方文明,中止人们的现存关系。所以,他们的言论既有不满现实的一面,又深深打上了虚无主义和无政府主义的烙印。

超现实主义在艺术上还提出要注意幽默的手法,认为有了幽默表明作家不向社会偏见屈服,这种手法是“绝望的面具”。因此,超现实主义的作品具有对一切事物采取笑谑态度的特点,被称为“黑色幽默”。超现实主义还提出追求“神奇”、“奇特”的艺术效果,他们的创作寓于各种不同的令人预料不到的形象比喻,故他们的作品都有意象丰富新颖的特色。但在很多场合下,由于比喻过于庞杂,想象过于离奇,又往往导致怪诞、晦涩和不可理解。最后,超现实主义主张自动地“记录思想,摒弃理智的一切控制,排除一切美学和道德的考虑”,为此,采用了一种“自动写作法”,既把梦幻和一刹那间的潜意识记录下来,而不考虑文学之间的联系和美学效果。但超现实主义的这种尝试并没有取得“解放诗歌”的预期效果,反而使他们的大多数作品不可卒读。

超现实主义存在的时间较长,这个流派颇有吸引力和生命力,不少的现代派都受其理论影响并加以发展。

英美文学-后现代主义文学

后现代主义时期是第二次世界大战之後西方社会中出现的范围广泛的文学思潮,于20世纪70-80年代达到高潮。无论在文艺思想还是在创作技巧上,後现代主义文学都是现代主义文学的延续和发展。主流学术界曾经不区分“现代”和“後现代”两个概念,但由于二战之後文学发展的特征已经远远超过了传统的“现代主义”所能涵盖的范围,因此将後现代主义文学看作一个独立的文学思潮,和古典主义、浪漫主义、现实主义以及现代主义并举。

第二篇:英美文学

Analysis of Robinson Crusoe

2009级师范三班刘静 Robinson Crusoe is written by Defoe(1660 ~ 1731), known as the father of English novel and the periodical literature.He is the father of the English novel and periodical literature, who was born in a family which was against the Anglican Protestant.His father is a businessman, doing business.His article influenced the later development of journal articles and newspaper.Because the speech, he was repeatedly arrested.At the age of 59 Defoe began writing fiction as a novelist, show remarkable ability.Robinson Crusoe Robinson is Defoe's first novel, is also one of the most famous novels.It is based on a British seaman on a deserted island alone for 4 years in exile records and creation.Robinson is the heroine of Defoe works in accordance with their ideals and created the character, he killed out of doing business, living on a desert island for 28 years, overcome all sorts of unimaginable difficulties.He start empty-handed, develop the island, not only to their own survival, and create a new world.He was a pioneer in the image, a real asset class hero.In this figure embodies the western ocean civilization tradition, with the outward development of curiosity, desire to conquer and spirit of adventure, praised the strength quality and working spirit.The novel opens English realistic novel road.In this novel, there are so many about the Wonderful part, but two points impress: one is the author of the narrative language easy to understand.In front of the book, the author use a lot of space to introduce Robinson in the sea to sea before, whether does not listen to parents' guide, but follow the guidance of the soul, the careful psychological description, the author description most incisive.Two is a fascinating story, the protagonist of nearly thirty years of life vividly in front of us, let our eyes as if emerging from a young life.Robinson Crusoe is to let a person look after all that the most primitive, most of my books, not only because it is the wonderful, and it gives us the modern enlightenment.The most qualities I learn from Robinson Crusoe is not his hard-working and brave, but his amazing mental capacity.One can imagine, a single large living alone on a desert island life ten years, no one to accompany him, even the most basic, and a person simply talk for a while to do.The deserted island there is no house, no rice, can only rely on his own hard to create a piece of heaven and earth.The first nonwhite character to be given a realistic, individualized, and humane portrayal in the English novel, Friday has a huge literary and cultural importance.Recent rewritings of the Crusoe story, like J.M.Coetzee’s Foe and Michel Tournier’s Friday, emphasize the sad consequences of Crusoe’s

failure to understand Friday and suggest how the tale might be told very differently from the native’s perspective.Besides his importance to our culture, Friday is a key figure within the context of the novel.Friday’s sincere questions to Crusoe about the devil, which Crusoe answers only

indirectly and hesitantly, leave us wondering whether Crusoe’s knowledge of Christianity is superficial and sketchy in contrast to Friday’s full

understanding of his own god Benamuckee.In short, Friday’s exuberance and emotional directness often point out the wooden conventionality of Crusoe’s personality.Despite Friday’s subjugation, however, Crusoe appreciates Friday much more than he would a mere servant.Crusoe does not seem to value intimacy with humans much, but he does say that he loves Friday, which is a

remarkable disclosure.Crusoe may bring Friday Christianity and clothing, but Friday brings Crusoe emotional warmth and a vitality of spirit that Crusoe’s own European heart lacks.This novel shows that we need to believe ourselves, where there is a will, there is way.Use our hands, then see a new world.What is more, we are not only live ourselves in the world, we need to care about others.Be brave, and

never lose hope.

第三篇:英美文学

术语解释:

Couplets: a rhymed pair of Iambic pentameter lines.Blank verse: unrhymed Iambic pentameter lines.Sonnet: 14 Iambic pentameter lines which follows certain rhyme schemes.2.The conquest: In the year the Normans headed by which is mainly about 4.The Canterbury Tales, in Chaucer’s plan, was to exceed that of Boccaccio’s Decameron, but he failed and only 24 tales were written.5.William Shakespeare, one of the first founders of realism.6.In the first period of his work Shakespeare wrote:

1590The Second and Third part of King Henry VI

1591The First part of King Henry VI

1592The Life and Death of King Richard III;The Comedy of Errors

1593Titus Andronicus;The Taming of the Shrew

1594The Two Gentlemen of Verona;Love’s Labour’s Lost;Romeo and Juliet

1595The Life and Death of Richard II;A Midsummer Night’s Dream

***8Much Ado About Nothing;The Merry Wives of Windsor;The Life of King Henry V

1599The Life and Death of Julius Caesar;As You Like It

1600Twelfth Night, or, What You Will

In the second period:

1601 1602 Troilus and Cressida;All’s Well That Ends Well

160416051606Antony and Cleopatra

1607The Tragedy of Coriolanus;Timon of Athens

1608Pericles, Prince of Tyre

In the third period:

1609Cymbeline, King of Britain

1610The Winter’s Tale

1612The Tempest;The Life of King Henry VIII

7.Hamlet.To be, or not to be: that is the question: is soliloquy which used in a play on the stage and without a listener.To die, to sleep, no more.8.Francis Bacon is scientist, philosopher, essayist.John Donne, a metaphysical poets(玄学派诗人)

John Milton, his Paradise Lost, which tells how Satan rebelled against God and how Adam and Eve were driven1

out of Eden.John Bunyan, The plain man’s pathway to heaven.成功刻画人物。

Daniel Defoe, Robinson Crusoe, the first English novel, 是一部现实主义小说,作品的主题是通过对主人公鲁滨孙的成功刻画,歌颂资本主义上升时期那种不畏艰难和困苦,充满野心和冒险精神,富有百折不挠,顽强毅力和斗志,依靠自己的双手改变一切、创造一切的自我奋斗和创业精神。Is a realistic novel, the theme is according to the successfully describe of the hero Robinson, sing the praises of the not afraid of hardships and difficulties, and full of ambition and spirit of adventure , indomitable will power and fighting power, what’s more, the spirit of self-made depending on oneself in the liftperiod of capitalism.John Swift, his Gulliver’s Travels, 抨击当时英国的议会政治和反动的宗教势力,通过描写格列佛四次遇险,写出了作者看透了当代的腐败,以讽刺的方法,抨击了当时腐败的社会。Attack the Britain

parliamentarism and reactionary religious forces, according to describe Gulliver’s four-time distress to show the writer has understood the contemporary social corruption, and attack the corrupted society by satire at that time.Henry Fielding is the father of English novel.John Smith is the first American writer.Thomas Jefferson is the writer of The Declaration of Independence.The literature of romanticism period is from American War of Independence to before the Civil War.combining historical romance loaded with symbolism and deep psychological themes, bordering on

surrealism.His depictions of the past are a version of historical fiction used only as a vehicle to express

Transcendentalism是美国浪漫主义最高潮时期的体验,认为世间万物都是平等的。

Henry David Thoreau is the beginner of transcendentalism.Herman Melville, American novelist, proser and poet.Moby Dick, in which shows the struggle between

mankind and nature and draw people’s attention on how to get along with nature properly.He wants to subvert transcendentalism.9.诗歌鉴赏

Sonnet 18

Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?我能否将你比作夏天?

Thou art more lovely and more temperate:你比夏天更美丽温婉。

Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,狂风将五月的蓓蕾凋残,And summer's lease hath all too short a date;夏日的勾留何其短暂。

Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,休恋那丽日当空,And often is his gold complexion dimm'd,转眼会云雾迷蒙。

And every fair from fair sometime declines,休叹那百花飘零,By chance or nature's changing course untrimm'd:催折于无常的天命。

But thy eternal summer shall not fade唯有你永恒的夏日常新

Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow'st,你的美貌亦毫发无损。

Nor shall Death brag thou wand'rest in his shade,死神也无缘将你幽禁,When in eternal lines to time thou grow'st.你在我永恒的诗中长存。

So long as men can breathe or eyes can see,只要世间尚有人吟诵我的诗篇,So long lives this,and this gives life to thee.这诗就将不朽,永葆你的芳颜。

全诗的基本格律是五音步抑扬格(iambic pentameter),包括三个四行组(quatrain)和一个对偶句(couplet),采用典型的莎氏十四行的韵式,即abab cdcd efef gg。

二、比喻和描述有时平淡或离奇,破坏意美

Sonnet 29

When, in disgrace with fortune and man's eyes当我受尽命运和人们的白眼,I all alone beweep my outcast state暗暗地哀悼自己的身世飘零,And trouble deaf heaven with my bootless cries徒用呼吁去干扰聋瞶的昊天,And look upon my self and curse my fate顾盼着身影,诅咒自己的生辰,Wishing me like to one more rich in hope愿我和另一个一样富于希望,Featured like him,like him with friends possess'd面貌相似,又和他一样广交游,Desiring this man's art and that man's scope希求这人的渊博,那人的内行,With what I most enjoy contented least最赏心的乐事觉得最不对头;

Yet in these thought myself almost despising可是,当我正要这样看轻自己,Haply I think on thee,and then my state忽然想起了你,于是我的精神,Like to the lark at break of day arising便象云雀破晓从阴霾的大地

From sullen earth sings hymns at heaven's gate振翮上升,高唱着圣歌在天门:

For thy sweet love remember'd such wealth brings一想起你的爱使我那么富有,That then I scorn to change my state with kings和帝王换位我也不屑于屈就。

赏析:对社会、对自己的命运的不满和无奈。格律是五音步抑扬格(iambic pentameter).韵式,即abab

cdcd efef gg。

To a Waterfowl《 致 水 鸟 》

-----by William Cullen Bryant威廉·卡伦·布赖恩特

Whither, 'midst falling dew,披着滴落的露珠,While glow the heavens with the last steps of day,天空灿烂,白日的行程就要结束;

Far, through their rosy depths, dost thou pursue穿过玫瑰色的遥远空际,Thy solitary way?你往何方把孤单的前程追逐?

总结:As the dew falls and the sun sets in the rosy depths of the heavens, I wonder where you(waterfowl)are

going?

Vainly the fowler's eye看你远远飞翔而无计可施,Might mark thy distant flight to do thee wrong,捕鸟人的眼光徒劳眷顾;

As, darkly painted on the crimson sky,满天红霞把你映衬,Thy figure floats along.暗黑的身影飘飘飞舞。

总结:the hunter can bring no harm to you ,you are free and safe.Without success, a hunter(fowler)might try to

bring you down as you float in silhouette against the crimson evening sky.Seek'st thou the plashy brink你是在寻找开阔的大河之滨,Of weedy lake, or marge of river wide,还是波浪拍岸的水草之湖?

Or where the rocking billows rise and sink或者潮水冲刷的海滩,On the chafed ocean side?那里的巨浪奔腾起伏?

• 总结:are you seeking for a place that is suitable for rest? Are you looking for the marshy edge of a lake,the bank of a river, or the shore of the ocean?

There is a Power whose care有上苍把你关照,Teaches thy way along that pathless coast,--在无路的海岸为你指路,The desert and illimitable air,--在荒漠和无边的空际,Lone wandering, but not lost.你孤单的飘荡不致迷途。

• 总结:There is a Power that leads you on your way across deserts and through unlimited expanses of air.You may be wandering and alone, but you are not lost.All day thy wings have fann'd你成天翕动翅膀,At that far height, the cold thin atmosphere:任空气稀薄暴风寒冷,飞在高处,Yet stoop not, weary, to the welcome land,疲乏中你不肯降落舒适的大地,Though the dark night is near.即使黑夜即将紧闭它的帷幕。

总结:you have been flying the whole day, but do not stop and have a rest though dark is coming.You have been flapping your wings all day high in the sky, yet you continue on even though night is near and land beckons beneath you.And soon that toil shall end,你很快就会结束这样的劳苦,Soon shalt thou find a summer home, and rest,你即将找到你夏天的住处;

And scream among thy fellows;reeds shall bend休息中呼唤自己的伙伴,Soon o'er thy sheltered nest.芦苇也会躬身把你的窝巢遮护。

• 总结:you have a strong desire to be with your family;or, to achieve your goal.Soon your journey will

end.Soon you will descend to your summer home.There, you will scream among others of your kind and find secure shelter among the tall grasses.Thou'rt gone, the abyss of heaven你的身躯全被吞没,Hath swallowed up thy form;yet, on my heart天堂深渊里,你踪影全无;

Deeply hath sunk the lesson thou hast given,然而你的启迪深深留在我的心底,And shall not soon depart.我将久久地久久地把它记住。

• 总结:I can no longer see you, but I will never forget the lesson you taught me.He, who, from zone to zone,谁,从一个地方到另一个地方,Guides through the boundless sky thy certain flight,指引你穿越无限的天空作必然的飞翔,In the long way that I must tread alone,也会在我必须独自跋涉的长途上,Will lead my steps aright.正确地引导我的脚步。

赏析:There are eight 4-line stanzas, in each stanza, their rhyme is abab.

第四篇:英美文学

《英美文学》复习方法

一、找到《英美文学》的辅导书,例如《自考一本通》《自考直通车》等类型的汉语版辅导书。

二、先把汉语版辅导书的课文翻译通读,理解了全书每个章节的内容和知识点;用汉语记录重点;

三、第一轮复习顺序:

1、先看英国文学,后看美国文学

2、按照时间顺序看,每个时代都有代表性文学流派和代表作家及代表性作品

3、按照课本的章节顺序,看完汉语译文后,对照英语译文,划出课本上对每个时代代表性流派,代表作家和代表作品的描述和评论。名词性描述一般是填空题和选择搭配题;评论部分是简单题和问答题;*只看代表性的重要信息,非代表性作品和作家生平介绍不用看;记住某个时代某个流派有哪些代表作家,哪些代表性作品及该作品的简要介绍和评论。

4、按照章节划出重点信息,然后整理笔记;

5、全部整理完毕之后,基本上对文学史和代表文学作品有了基本了解。

四、第二轮复习顺序

1、找到历年真题,做题的时候对照答案,寻找该答案在课文原文中的原始线索,并作好整理记录;

2、整理理解全部真题的答案以后,对课本的重点知识就有了比较清楚的理解;

五、考前突击复习

1、依据真题笔记和第二轮复习的笔记,对不熟悉的部分进行重点复习。

2、根据以往考题的研究,旧题还会重新考,所以大家要关注所有做过的真题和各章节中没有考过的但属于代表性知识的部分,这些有可能是将要考的新题。自学考试已经有历史了,所以过去的真题加起来也就是全书的重点知识网络,所以认真复习真题并理解消化,整理帮助记忆,这对于考试制胜是最好的办法。

*警告:千万不要抛开课本直接做真题;

千万不要死记硬背,而是要在理解的基础上反复读,抄写,默记;反复整理笔记,新的笔记只记录没有掌握好的,直到最后的笔记成为提纲式的。

〈高级英语〉复习方法说明;

一、对照辅导书,精读课文,做课后练习;

二、找来历年考试真题,认真做,查到答案在课本中的相关地方

三、认真复习真题,总结知识点;错题本,反复研究错题

四、回到课本,从头到尾认真阅读课文,全面复习重点知识点;

五、整理真题,再次复习错题;

*高级英语上下册32个单元,复习面积很大,所以必须早动手,狠下功夫。

祝愿大家能够取得优秀的成绩!

第五篇:英美文学

SIR THOMAS MALORY

(1405-1471)

The OutlineI.SIR THOMAS MALORY

II.Morte d' Arthur《亚瑟王之死》

III.Questions for Discussion

.SIR THOMAS MALORY(1405-1471)

Life: He was very rich because he inherited a

considerable estate in Warwickshire(a county in west

central England)upon his father's death in 1433 and he

seems to have quickly become drawn into the turmoil of

local politics.In 1445, he became a Member of

Parliament for his county: a rather unstable area during

this time because the usually powerful Earl of Warwick,was only in his mid-teens.A lot of political affairs in Warwickshire led Sir

Thomas into his numerous clashes with the law.From

1444 onwards, he was caught up in raids(袭击)on the

attacks on the Duke of Buckingham and Combe Abbey

大修道院,大寺院 , as well as a number of thefts in the county

of Essex.Keen to blacken his name, Sir Thomas'

enemies branded(给某人加上污名)him “a rapist, church-

robber, extortioner(勒索者,敲诈者)and would-be

murderer".Unlucky or incompetent,Sir Thomas was certainly in prison almost

continuously throughout the 1450s, though he did

escape several times.His pardon came to him in

October 1462, followed by military service in

Northumbria.From then on he kept his head down,but may have become embroiled(使卷入)in Cook's

Conspiracy(阴谋活动)of 1468, for which he was

imprisoned.There, he turned to writing and earned

eternal fame.Sir Thomas died on 12th March 1471,probably in Newgate Prison(London).He was buried in the nearby Friary Church of St.Francis.II.Morte d' Arthur

《亚瑟王之死》

Malory's tale begins with the mysterious birth of Arthur and ends with his equally mysterious death.The central concern is with the adventures of Arthur and his famous Knights of the Round Table.The knights fight many battles and win glory, all of which is a credit to the name of King Arthur.Near the end of the story, however, the tide of good fortune turns.Launcelot, one of Arthur's knights, falls in love with Arfhur's queen, Guinever, and the lady

returns his love.One by one the other knight become discontented(使不满), selfish, or

disillusioned(使醒悟;使不再抱幻想;使...的理想破灭).Thus weakened, the kingdom is attacked by force under Sir Mordred, Arthur's treacherous(背叛的;不忠的)nephew, and ultimately it goes down in defeat.Arthur is borne away(被...所驱使)on a barge(大型平底船)by three mysterious ladies of the Lake.Morte d‘Arthur was written in a time of transition.The feudal order was dying.By the time Malory began writing his story, soldiers were fighting with gunpowder, a middle class of

tradesmen was arising;and the practices of chivalry were being replaced(代替,取代)by a new aristocratic code.Malory, in a desire to escape the disorder and uneasiness of his day,tried to recapture lost ideals of the romantic past as recounted(叙述,讲述)in his tale of noble kings, adventurous knights, and damsels(少女;闺女)in distress(悲痛;苦恼;忧伤;贫困,穷苦;危难;不幸;引起痛苦或悲痛的事物).This book is very important in English literature.Its Arthurian materials have a strong influence on literature of later centuries.III.Questions for Discussion

1.What are the features of Popular Ballads?

2.What is the story of Morte d‘Arthur ?

3.Why is Sir Thomas Malory an important writer the 15th century?

1.What are the features of Popular Ballads?

See the last paragraph on Page 50 to the fifth paragraph on Page 51.of our text book.What is the story of Morte d‘Arthur ?See Page 6 –9 of our PPt..Why is Sir Thomas Malory an important writer the 15th century?

See the first paragraph on Page 52 of our text book.

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