铁路每周新闻摘要中英文

第一篇：铁路每周新闻摘要中英文

Abstract from Weekly News on Railways 做出重大贡献：have made great contribution to 巡回检查组：circuit inspection team 先进性教育活动：advancedness education campaign 举行各种活动：to launch various activities 为了纪念：In commemoration of

召开全路运输安全电视电话会议：to hold a sector-wide televised conference on transportation safety.要求全路吸取教训：to urge the whole sector to draw lessons 一个重大举措：a significant initiative 明确职责：ascertain responsibility 构建长效机制：to forge long-acting mechanism 增强整体合力：to enhance the overall capacity of 三项治理活动：three overhauls campaign 正在开展的：on-going 发出紧急通知：to issue urgent circulars 从严从重处理：…will be severely punished …严重危及人民群众生命财产安全：..have posed a great threat to the safety of the people’s life and property.采取果断措施：take resolute measures 精心组织,严密监控：conduct meticulous organization and tight control 取得显著成效：Remarkable success has been gained(with…)发现隐患和问题3件：3 problems or hidden dangers spotted 现场整改2件：2 corrected on site 责令限期整改2件：2 ordered to be overhauled within a specified time 先后4次刷新纪录：break historic record for 4 consecutive times 大幅度增长：the dramatic increase of

告别了上周阴雨连绵的天气，本周，明媚的阳光让人们的心情开朗了许多：

Dispelling last week’s wet weather, the bright sunshine has lit up our mind this week.复线电气化工程：double-tracking & electrification Project 力争2008年完成：be scheduled for completion by 2008 届时：by then 提供可靠运力保证：provide reliable transportation capacity 经济社会发展：social-economic development 省委书记：the provincial CPC Party Chief 将共同努力，促进…：will make joint effort in promoting… 汛期已经到来：The flood season has arrived 密切关注：keep a close watch on 全面进入防洪状态：shift to full anti-flood mode 严格落实安全措施：earnestly nail down safety measures 确保雨季行车安全：ensure train operation safety during the rainy season 恢复通车：train operation was resumed

倒树：fallen trees 塌方：cave-ins 落石：sliding rocks。。主办：sponsored by …

。。承办：held by…

重点介绍了。。基本思路和措施：sb highlighted …basic thought and approaches for 目前，中国铁路局有良好的发展空间和广阔的市场前景。

Now, Chinese Railways is enjoying remarkable growth potential and bright market prospect.洋溢着节日气氛：festival atmosphere pervaded(some place)先进集体：advanced units 先进工作者：excellent individuals 社会治安综合治理：comprehensive social order management 保卫处：Guard Division 荣获。。称号：received the title of

为适应新体制的要求：in order to better adapt the new structure of 为基层服务：to serve the grassroots units 做出及时准确地答复：make a reply in a timely and accurate manner 新闻联播节目：News Broadcast’s coverage 各大新闻媒体：almost all major domestic media 第一轮建设高潮：the first wave of construction momentum 西部大开发：developing western China 古老的华夏大地：the ancient land of China 建设高潮：a high tide of construction 广袤的祖国西北：in a vast land of northwestern China 铁道部党组：MOR Party Group 国家机密：state secret

个人隐私：individual privacy 向社会如实、及时公开：should be publicized to the society in a timely and truthful manner 增加透明度：enhance transparency 知情权、参与权和监督权：right to know, participate and supervise 人民群众：the general public 调整生产力布局：rationalize distribution of productive forces 取得初步成效：has led to initial success …主持召开：presided over by sb 动员大会：a mobilization meeting 征地拆迁：land requisition and house removal 按照特事特办、急事急办的原则：the principle of “give according priority to various urgent issues 规范报批手续：standardize the procedures of application 简化审批程序：streamline approval formalities 得到高度评价：has won high appraisal from … 针对。。状况：addressing…

为历史罕见：reach an unprecedented level 作为头等大事：give the first priority to

最大限度地保证了：This has secured the need of 迅速启动应给预案：initiate the emergency response plan 六月份，天气持续高温，不少地方普降暴雨，特别是南方地区降水量剧增，对行车安全构成严重威胁

June witnessed persistent high temperature and sweeping heavy rainstorms especially in southern China, which constitute a severe threat to train

safety 发出紧急调度命令：issue urgent dispatch 制定应急预案：work out emergency response plans 全力做好：fully prepare against..确保线路畅通：secure the smoothness of railway operation 铁路第六次大提速：CR’s planned 6th round speed-enhancement programme 200公里动车组：200 km/h EMUs 奠基仪式：foundation-laying ceremony 物流配送网络：logistics distribution station 为适应规模大、标准高、技术新的铁路建设新形势：in order to meet the emerging situation of large-scale, high-standard and technically-advanced

railways construction 严厉打击票贩子：crack down on illicit ticket dealers 全线设计为双线、全封闭、全立交：It is designed for double tracks, complete enclosure and solid crossings.表彰大会：awarding conference 关心下一代：care for the nest generation 出台：be rolled out/worked out 标志着。。进入正轨：mark “well-on-track”of … 做出重要批示：deliver important remarks to 广泛合作：cooperation in a comprehensive way 深入地交换了意见：exchange in-depth views 共同创建绿色家园，营造和谐社会，弘扬生态文明，繁荣生态文化：

Make joint efforts to build a green home, cultivate a harmonious society, promote eco-civilization and enhance environmental culture 全路宣传思想工作会议：CR’s work meeting on propaganda and ideology 适应新形势新任务的要求：to be adapted to the emerging situation and new mission 与时俱进：keep abreast with the times 锐意进取：be committed to progress 铁路跨越式发展：CR’s forward-leaping development 营造良好氛围：to create a favorable environment for 电视电话会议：televised conference 贯彻落实会议精神：to implement the spirit of 合理安排：rationalize …

全力以赴确保：go all out to secure… 夺取全胜：to achieve a complete victory 举行新闻发布会：hold a press conference on… 介绍形势：to brief on the situation 回答记者关于春运热点问题的提问：to address the media on the hot concerns of the Spring transportation 全面启动：to launch…

历年之最：setting a historic record in… 逼近：to near 计划工作会议：planning work meeting 部署2006年工作：to make deployment for Year 2006 加快改革：to accelerate reform on… 全面推进：to advance…in an all-round way 为…做出新贡献：to make new contribution to … 记者从铁道部了解到：According to sources from MOR

今年铁路建设计划投资1600亿元，大规模铁路建设将全面铺开。随着路网建设的全面推进，今年全路计划新开工建设项目87个，续建项目38个，收尾销号项目38个。新线铺轨376公里，投产1436公里。复线铺轨1028公里，投产1214公里。电气化铁路投产3860公里。160 billion yuan will be invested in CR’s full-swing railway construction this year.As railway network expansion gains momentum, CR plans to kick off 87 new projects, continue 38 projects and complete 38 projects this year.376 kilometers of new lines will be constructed with 1436 kilometers put into operation.1028 kilometers of lines will be double tracked with 1214 kilometers put into operation and 3860 kilometers of lines will be electrified and put into operation.铜像：bronze statue 获奖证书：award certificate 提出总体要求：to set forth the general guideline 同比增长2%：up 2% year-on-year 铁路轮渡船：train ferry 国务院第8次全体会议：the 8th general assembly of the State Council 提出明确要求：raise requirement on 确实抓好安全生产：Work safety should be managed in a concrete manner.重点行业、重大危险源、公共聚集场所：key sectors, major danger sources and people-intensive places 坚决遏制各类重特大安全事故发生：All sorts of serious accidents should be avoided.铁道部党组书记、部长刘志军：MOR Party Secretary & Minister Liu Zhijun 认真贯彻落实重要指示：to implement ….important instructions 滞留：to hold up 滞留旅客：the stranded passengers 面对突发事件，铁路有关方面紧急启动红色预警方案：CR immediately activated the red-level alert scheme to address the stringency.制定应急措施：to work out an emergency solution.迅速调集机车车辆：swiftly mobilize rolling stocks 疏散旅客: to evacuate the passengers 运输秩序基本恢复正常：Normal traffic was resumed.踏上回家的旅程：step on the way home 节前客流高峰如期而至：the pre-festival passenger peak has come as expected.春运一线：the front-line of the festival transportation 慰问了广大铁路干部职工：to convey greetings to the railway staff 要牢固树立以人为本和全心全意为人民服务的理念: …should be guided by the philosophy of “Passenger-first” and “serve the people heart and soul”.坚决维护广大旅客切身利益：to firmly safeguard the passenger’s fundamental interests.刷新纪录：to brush the record 与去年同期：in the previous corresponding period 创历史最高峰：reach a historical new high 再创新高：to set another new high 作出进一步部署：to make further deployment on… 细化落实各项措施：to specify all measures 针对：in light of …

烟花爆竹由禁放改为限方：relaxation of firecracker prohibition into limitation 树标塑形活动：image-setting campaign 中共中央政治局委员：Member of CCCPC Political Bureau 在。。的陪同下：accompanied by… 来到。。：come over to …

“能干事、干成事“ the “capable and successful” 非常高兴地指出：cheerfully noted that…

国务委员兼国务院秘书长：State Councilor & Secretary-general of the State Council 充分肯定：to affirm…

坚持以人为本：to uphold the “people first” philosophy 搞好旅客服务：to well serve the passengers 传达工作会议精神：pass on the gist of the conference 总结。。：to round up … 再接再厉：to work harder 夺取全胜：to win a full victory 当人们仍沉浸在新春的喜庆气氛中享受天伦之乐的时候：When people were immersed in the festival atmosphere, 社会主义和谐社会：socialist harmonious society 努力构建和谐社会：try to forge a harmonious society 要心系群众：… should be people-minded 通过添乘机车：by locomotive ride/ by taking a locomotive ride 迅速整治发现的问题：to swiftly overhaul the spotted problems 宣布：declare 运输大动脉：the major transportation artery 正式开工：officially started 全长2公里：with a total length of 2 km 国家一级电气化铁路：a national first class electrified railway 落下帷幕：to wrap up 从容应对：have well addressed…

旅客携带易燃易爆危险品：carry-on inflammable and hazardous articles 雷管：detonator 烟花爆竹：bang-firecrackers 及时消除安全隐患：remove hidden danger in a timely manner 打击票贩子的“蓝盾行动”：”Blue Shield Campaign”, an intensive blow on ticket scapers 查获：to hunt down and seize 倒票团伙：gangs of ticket profiteers 取缔非法售票网点：to ban illegal ticket distributors 收缴车票：to capture railway tickets 第六次大提速：the sixth-round speed acceleration of railway 持续快速发展：the fast and sustainable development 三个一流的目标：3-first-class goal 客运专线：Passenger Dedicated Lines(PDLs)发达铁路网初具规模：form an initial shape of a developed network 三项智力活动：3 overhauls campaign 分阶段、有重点的方法：Thanks to the phase-by-phase and with-focus approach 全路工务部门：all maintenance service section in railway system 中华全国铁路总工会：All China Railway Labor Federation 审核评定工作：the reviewing and approving of …

国家发展和改革委员会（发改委）：National(State)Development and Reform Committee(NDRC)/(SDRC)第十届：the 10th….第四次会议：the 4th session 两会：the NPC and CPPCC sessions 隆重开幕：… is unveiled 向大会作政府工作报告：to deliver the government work report to the congress 铁路在国民经济发展中占有重要位置：Railway holds a key role in the national economy.小组讨论：the panel discussion 体制改革：restructuring 建设环境友好型社会：to construct/build an environment-friendly society 推进区域协调发展：to advance the balanced development between regions 听取了。。：hearing….重点介绍。。：to brief on…

地方经济社会发展：the local socio-economic development 历史性突破：historic breakthrough 铁路营业里程：railway mileage 给与高度评价：sing high praise for…

提出殷切希望：to raise ardent expectations for …

针对挡墙铁路运输安全特点：Addressing the current features of railway transport safety 再上一个台阶：set another milestone 运输工作量：transport workload 在大规模高标准铁路建设高潮中：Amid CR’s large-scale and high-standard construction campaigns, 前瞻性工作：the forward-looking task of … 大宗货物：bulk freight 该方案已与3月1日正式实施：This scheme was launched on March 1st.近日出台了。。: formulated … 管理规定：management regulations 自3月1日起实行：…entered into force on March 1st.进一步认清形势：to better understand the situation, 找到差距：to reflect on gaps 明确方向：to be rightly oriented 重点突破：to make key breakthroughs 结束没有铁路的历史：to end its no-railway history 培训班：the training program of… 时速200公里动车组：200-km/h EMU 畅谈。。：sharing the feeling out of… 共话。。大计：sharing the views on… 十分关注。。：keep in view of … 政协委员：CPPCC members 即将试运营：the upcoming pilot run 认真讨论。。：earnestly discuss on…

建设社会主义新农村：to build new socialist countryside 促进区域协调发展：to promote balanced regional development 建设和谐社会主义社会：to build harmonious socialist society 提供可到运力支持：to secure reliable transport capacity for… 推向高潮：push … to a new high 促进东北老工业基地经济振兴：serve the rejuvenation of the old industrial bases in northeastern China 举行会谈：to hold talks with… 会谈纪要：the minutes of talks 积极稳妥地：in a vigorous and prudent manner.要优先发展交通运业，建设便捷、通畅、高效、安全的综合运输体系：Priority will be given to transport and communications sector and an integrated, convenient, smooth, efficient and safe transportation system will be developed.加快发展。。：… will gear up 中长期铁路网规划：The Mid-and Long-Term Railway Network Plan 经过充分讨论：after sufficient reviews 全民义务植树运动：the 25th anniversary of the nation-wide voluntary planting campaign 五一旅游黄金周：the May Day Golden Week 铁路运输方案：the railway transportation plan 客流：passenger flow 两项指标均创历史最好成绩：Both the two indexes set a history record 严格落实：strictly implement 会议精神：the tenet of the meeting 维持不变：remain unchanged 大幅增长：increase considerably

经国务院批准：with approval from the State Council 为缓解。。矛盾：To alleviate the impact of … 呈现美好前景：draw a splendid blueprint for…

争做柴宝国式好党员好干部好职工，为铁路跨越式发展立新功

Follow the example of Chai Baoguo as excellent Party member and employee and make further contribution to railway-forward-leaping development.柴宝国式好党员：Excellent Party member of Chai Baoguo style 认真组织：make elaborate organization for 扎实推进：push forward solidly 有效控制：effectively control…平稳有序：be smooth and oderly 冒雨来到：to brave the rain to ….没有旅客积压：without passenger hold-ups 看望并慰问坚守岗位的铁路建设者：to convey greetings to the on-duty railway builders 应急工程现场： the emergency construction site 亲自：in person 线路开通试运营：line commissioning 全面部署：make deployment for… 最后冲刺阶段：the spurt phase 向建党85周年献礼：to greet the 85th anniversary of the Party’s foundation 召开动员大会：to hold the mobilization conference 当好主力军，建功“是一五”，和谐奔小康：May 1st International Labor Day celebration & taking the lead in contributing to the 11th Five-Year Plan and heading to a well-off society in a harmonious way.五一劳动奖状：May 1st Labor Reward Certificate 五一劳动奖章：May 1st Laobor Medal 为满足。。的需要：in a bid to accommodate the need.对工作进行总结：to round up the work 彩旗招展，鞭炮齐鸣：Colorful flags and firecrackers added splendor to ….2005年全路技术能手称号：the title of “CR’s technical elite for 2005” 道岔：turnout 交通部水运司: Waterborne Transportation Department of MOC Useful & Practical Words & Expressions:

谚语：proverbs 成语：idioms

习语：usage 俗语：sayings 格言：maxims 隐语：enigmatic language

引语：quotations

固定词组：set phrases

有所追求，才有所成功：Something attempted, something done.多少事，从来急；天地转，光阴迫。一万年太久，只争朝夕。：So many deeds cry out to be done, and always urgently;the world rolls on, time presses.Ten thousand years are too long, seize the day, seize the hour.欲穷千里目，更上一层楼：We widen our view three hundred miles by ascending one flight of stairs.有朋自远方来不亦乐乎？Is it not a delight that friends should visit us from afar? 三岁看大，七岁看老：The child is father of the man.Man and wife: 夫妻

officers and men 官兵

Like master, like man:有其主，必有其仆

a man of God: 传教士 尊重现实：face the reality(instead of “respect the reality”)压力很大的工作：a demanding job/a challenging job(外界期望值过高)

A stressful job(因为工作紧张)我们尽管刚刚踏上归国领土，已经深深感受到两国人民的诚挚深厚的友谊：Although we have just set foot on your land, we have been immersed in the genuine and profound friendship between our two proples.取得共识：reach consensus 实质性进步：substantive progress 有利于。。: contribute to sth.内容丰富而有意义的六天：six substantial and meaningful days 我们广泛接触了工商界人士：We have had extensive contacts with people from the business community.我们领略了贵国迷人的风光：We have appreciated/viewed the enchanting scenery of your country// We have been impressed by the enchanting beauty of your landscape.这显然有悖事实：Apparently, this does not square with the facts.投资方向：Priority Areas for Investment// Investment Priorities//Investment Guidelines 以个人身份：in their personal capacity // in the capacity of themselves 新情况：new developments 2010年远景目标纲要：the Outline of the Long-Range Objectives till the Year 2010 你们的经验很有特色，值得借鉴：Your experience is quite unique which is something that others may draw upon//which is something worth learning from.你还专程陪同我访问A地：You have gone out of your way to personally accompany me on my visit to A.政府支持这个项目：The Government is behind this project.我们对贵国最近发生的事态深感关切：We are deeply concerned about the recent developments in your country.我们相信，在两国的共同努力下，我们两国的友好合作关系必定进一步发展。

We are convinced that with the joint efforts of our two countries, the friendly relations and cooperation between us will develop further.五讲四美三热爱：There are “five things to stress, four things to beautify and three things to love(Notes: stress on decorum, manners, hygiene, discipline and morals;beauty of the mind, language, behaviour and the environment;love of the motherland, socialism and the Communist Party.)两个“凡是”: “the two whatevers”

用好这些人士很顶事的：They will help a lot if they are put to proper use.你有政策，我有对策：You have your policies, I have my way of getting round them.难关：the hardest nut to crack 不能走过场：…must not be conducted in a perfunctory way//…should not just go through the motions in conducting … 经济看好：The economy is looking up.区区小数，不成敬意：Our assistance is limited, and it may not be up to your expectations.我们不是哭穷：We are not overstating our penury// We are not complaining about being hard up.讲信义是我们民族的传统：Acting in good faith is a Chinese tradition.我们说话算数，不搞小动作：We say all this in good faith.We do not play petty games/tricks.干部队伍的革命化、年轻化、知识化、专业化：To make our rank of cadres more revolutionary, younger, better educated and more competent professionally.个体经济: self-employed// family business 翻牌公司：government-body-turned companies 保值储蓄：inflation-proof savings/ value-guaranteed savings 街道妇女：housewives of the neighbourhood(instead of “street women”)摆门面：to put up an impressive front 歪门邪道的经营作风：unhealthy business practices 计划单列市：cities separately designated in the state plan// cities with a separate budget 牛奶掺水，淡而无味：milk and water 猫哭耗子假慈悲：shed crocodile tears 三个臭皮匠，顶个诸葛亮：Three cobblers with their wits combined would equal Zhuge Liang the master mind.恕不找赎：Please tender exact fare 不准换车道：Keep in lane 我一夜未合眼：I lay awake all night.这次，我再也不走了：I will be here for good, this time.不能自圆其说：The explanation is pretty thin.一路上辛苦了。累不累？How was the flight? Have you had a pleasant flight?//

You have had a long flight.向大家介绍一下。。：to brief you on… 外宾服务部（店名）：Souvenior Shop 老朋友来了，不见不行： When an old friend comes, I won’t miss the opportunity of meeting him.陷入了进退两难的境地：be trapped in dilemma

第二篇：中英文摘要

榆林学院毕业论文

俄国文学中“小人物”悲剧命运成因探析

肖世涛

（榆林学院中文系陕西榆林719000）

摘要：

19世纪俄国“自然派”作家正式提出了写“小人物”的口号。他们在作品中描述小人物的悲惨命运和内心痛苦，从而使文艺成为“社会的一面忠实的镜子”。“小人物”在社会中官阶、地位极其低下，生活困苦，但又逆来顺受、安分守己、性格懦弱、胆小怕事，因此成为“大人物”统治下被侮辱的牺牲者。但通过对作家普希金、果戈理、契诃夫、陀斯托耶夫斯基等关于小人物的作品及其主人公的分析，我们不难发现“小人物”的悲剧命运并非仅限于官僚统治欺凌等外在的社会原因，同时还有“小人物”自身固有的内在原因，其中，因循守旧不思转变观念的思维模式是酿成“小人物”悲剧命运的思想原因，软弱怯懦、不思反抗的逃避行为是酿成“小人物”悲剧命运的性格原因。作者再现“小人物”保守思想和懦弱性格的目的，在于通过对“小人物”灵魂的拷问，完成人格形态的批判，把他们从沉睡中唤醒。对“小人物”寄寓有限的同情，但更多地倾注了对其劣根性哀其不幸，怒其不争的抨击。揭示现实中小人物存在的具体现象，生活在现代社会的人们，应该静下心来反思一下，是不是自己身上也能找到小人物的影子，指出文章对现实的警示意义。

关键词:俄国文学小人物悲剧命运外在原因内在原因

I

俄国文学中“小人物”悲剧命运成因探析

An analyze on the cause of tragic destiny of ＂no man＂

in Russian literature

XiaoShitao

(Chinese Department，Yulin College，Yulin，Shaanxi719000)

Abstract：In 19th century the writer of ＂the natural faction＂in Russia proposed a slogan to write the life of ＂the no man＂．They described the tragic destiny and inner world pain of ＂the no man＂，and it made the literary arts to become ＂a faithful mirror of the society＂．These ＂no man＂had a low position in the society and lead a miserable life，but at the same time，they all content with things as they are and had cowardly charcuter，therefore，they became the prey who were insulted under the domination of＂the great man＂．However，according to the author＇s analyze on the work which were wrote by Pushkin，Nikolai Vasilievich Gogol，Anton Chekhov and Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky，we can easily find the reason of tragic destiny of the＂no man＂is not only some external causes but also some internal causes．Among all this reasons，the thought pattern of stick to old ways is their tragic destiny＇s thought reason．The author reproduce their conservative thinking and cowardly character in order to crieicize the personality from of the＂no man＂and awake them from deep sleep．In this thesis，the author gives the no man limited sympathy，but pay more attention to attack their sadness and not the behaviors of struggle for their angry．According to reveal the phenomanon of existence of＂no man＂in real life，the author hopes the people live in real life can introspect thenselves and shows the significance to the reality．

Key words：Russian literature；No man； Tragic destiny； External causes；Internal

causes

II

第三篇：中英文摘要

中英文摘要

作者姓名：段小洁

论文题目：单壁碳纳米管的AFM操纵、形变及相关拉曼光谱研究

作者简介：段小洁，女，1980年2月出生，2002年9月师从于北京大学刘忠范教授，于2007年7月获博士学位。

中文摘要

对形变碳纳米管（CNTs）的研究，包括研究其在应力存在下的结构演化、应力对其各种光电性质及电子能带结构的影响等，不仅对CNTs在复合材料、纳电子和纳机电器件、以及应力传感器等中的应用具有重要意义，还对相关理论的发展有巨大推动作用。本论文发展了对表面上单壁碳纳米管（SWNTs）的原子力显微术（AFM）可控操纵方法，基于此AFM可控操纵，研究了CNTs在弯曲形变下的屈曲行为，以及SWNTs在扭转和拉伸两种形变下的共振Raman光谱特征。主要成果包括：

1.发展了对表面上SWNT的AFM可控操纵方法；

通过对操纵过程中针尖运动路径的合理设置、SWNT上操纵位置和针尖下压距离的选择，可以向SWNT中引入各种类型的应力。SWNT中产生的应力由其和基底间的相互作用力保持。发展了基于Si的AFM氧化的SWNT纳米焊接术，以增加AFM操纵的可控性。当对表面有SWNT的基底Si进行AFM氧化时，新生成的SiOx会对SWNT进行包覆，从而可以将SWNT在氧化点有

效的固定到基底表面。而且SWNT的存在会对Si基底的AFM氧化有明显的增强作用，相同条件下，表面有SWNT的Si氧化后产生的SiOx，比没有SWNT时更多，这种增强作用有利于对

SWNT的焊接固定。焊接的强度可以通过改变氧化偏压、针尖运动速率（氧化时间）等进行调节，提高氧化偏压、降低针尖移动速率有利于增强纳米焊接的强度。空气中热氧化实验和拉曼光谱的表征均证明，此焊接过程对SWNT的化学结构无明显影响。在某些点对SWNT进行焊接固定后，AFM操纵引入的形变的大小和分布可以被有效地控制，从而大大增加AFM操纵的可控性。

采用更强的AFM氧化条件，可以实现SWNT和Si的同时氧化，从而可以在任意位点对SWNT进行切割。结合AFM纳米切割、焊接和操纵等操作，可以构筑各种复杂形状的SWNTs，体现

了AFM作为纳米工具箱的作用。

2.研究了CNTs在弯曲形变下的屈曲行为；

通过选择合适的操纵位点、被操纵的CNT片段长度、操纵路径并优化针尖下压距离，可以严格控制弯曲CNT的角度，这样通过AFM操纵对同一CNT的可控弯曲，获得了一系列弯曲角度逐渐增大的CNT。CNT被操纵以后，与基底相互作用力会有明显减小，这使得CNT的有效弯曲区域，位于与基底只有vdW相互作用的被操纵部分，在AFM表征下表现为固定部分和被操纵部分的交点。有效弯曲部分与基底间仅有vdW相互作用，其长度在整个弯曲过程中几乎保持不变。

通过记录弯曲“点”在弯曲角度逐渐增大过程中的高度变化，研究了CNTs在弯曲形变下的结构演化和屈曲行为。发现不同CNTs在弯曲过程中，表现出“突变”和“渐变”两种屈曲模式，分别对应于弯曲“点”高度的突跃、均匀弯曲向屈曲结构的直接转化，和弯曲“点”高度的逐渐增大、均匀弯曲向屈曲结构的逐渐转化。“渐变”屈曲导致一系列屈曲过渡态的出现。“突变”多发生于小直径管，而“渐变”更常见于大直径管。通过对CNTs的层数和厚度等的估算，发现一般情况下，“渐变”屈曲模式的CNTs比“突变”模式的CNTs具有更大的厚度直径比。对“突变”屈曲模式的CNTs，临界屈曲角度随CNTs直径的增大而减小。

分子动力学模拟发现，（1）所研究的CNTs中，SWNTs均为“突变”屈曲模式，而双壁和三壁管均采取“渐变”屈曲模式；（2）“渐变”屈曲过程对应弯曲角度逐渐增大时，多壁管从最外层到最内层的逐渐屈曲，和各管层屈曲程度的逐渐增加，这是由其多层结构导致的各层壁屈曲行为的不同步，和管壁间vdW相互作用对屈曲的阻碍造成的，这说明MWNTs的多层结构是导致其“渐变”屈曲的主要原因；（3）基底的vdW相互作用对CNTs的屈曲行为没有明显影响。从导致两种屈曲模式的机理考虑，除直径外，CNTs的层数对其屈曲行为也有重要影响，这预示了在CNTs的力学性质中，存在不同于传统尺寸效应的双尺寸效应，即直径和层数共同决定CNTs力学行为。

本工作利用AFM可控操纵，在实验上几乎全程观察了CNTs在弯曲过程中的结构演化和屈曲形成过程，其所揭示的两种屈曲模式的形成规律，不仅对大量存在的CNTs形变的理论工作提供了支持和参考，一定程度上填补了实验上的空白，还对CNTs在复合材料、纳电子和纳机电器件、以及应力传感器等中的应用具有重要意义，3.研究了扭转和拉伸形变下单根SWNTs的共振Raman光谱行为；

AFM操纵可以向超长SWNT中同时引入扭转和拉伸应力，由于拉伸形变比扭转形变的传输距离更远，在操纵点附近扭转和拉伸两种形变同时存在，距离操纵点较远的区域，只有纯拉

伸形变存在。扭转形变的产生证明了SWNT在AFM操纵下滚动的发生。

扭转和拉伸形变都会导致SWNTs拉曼模振动频率的变化。研究发现：（1）扭转形变下，RBM变大，位于～1600 cm-1的G+(E2(g))模振动频率发生较大的红移，而其他在1590 cm-1～1560

cm-1范围内的大部分G模会发生轻微的蓝移，振动频率发生红移的G模的位移量，一般远远大于发生蓝移的G模的位移量；（2）拉伸形变下，RBM和G+(E2(g))模振动频率不变，而在1590 cm-1～

1560 cm-1范围内的大部分G模会发生明显的红移。（3）不同Raman活性模对形变的敏感度不同，扭转形变下，RBM、位于～1600 cm-1的G+(E2(g))模比其他G模更敏感，而在拉伸形变下，其他G模却具有更高的敏感度。这与形变导致的发生变化的C-C键是否与各模的原子位移模式相关联有关；（4）通过对SWNTs中形变量大小和Raman频率对形变变化率d/d地计算，发现RBM振动频率对扭转形变的变化率d(RBM)/dt，随SWNTs手性角的增大几乎线性增大。

某些SWNTs中，扭转形变导致的对称性破缺还会导致Raman模的分裂或新模的出现。按照预测，这种分裂或新模的出现最可能发生在锯齿形和椅形SWNTs中。扭转和拉伸形变都会导致SWNTs共振拉曼振动模强度的变化，这体现了形变对SWNTs电子跃迁能Eii的影响。根据

共振拉曼理论和RBM峰的IAS/IS，可以计算扭转和拉伸形变对Eii影响的方向和大小。

应力对SWNTs共振Raman光谱的影响一直是人们关注的重要问题，本工作首次在实验上研究了扭转形变下SWNTs共振Raman振动频率和强度的变化。利用AFM操纵在单根SWNTs水平上的研究，可以排除不同直径和手性带来的平均效应，从而有利于揭示SWNTs的本征性质。对拉伸和扭转形变在同根SWNT中的比较，也为理解不同应力对SWNTs拉曼影响的不同提供了有利条件。

4.AFM操纵引入的应力沿SWNT管轴分布的分析和调控，及SWNTs相关力学性质的比较；分析了超长SWNT中，AFM操纵引入的应力的传输和分布，由于SWNT与基底间摩擦力的存在和AFM操纵后应力的部分驰豫，扭转和拉伸应力沿SWNT管轴都呈“”形分布，应力分布的各特征量，如应力的最远传输距离、最大应力点的位置和最大应力值、应力线性分布的斜率等，决定于AFM针尖施加到SWNT的力的大小、SWNT的剪切模量或弹性模量、以及SWNT与基底间摩擦力的大小；通过控制AFM操纵和采用图案化基底，对SWNT中应力的大小及分布进行了调控；通过比较不同SWNTs的应力分布特征量，在单根SWNT水平上，研究比较了它们的各力学参量，如剪切模量、杨氏模量，以及与基底间摩擦力的相对大小。各力学参量对SWNTs的直径无单调关系，说明了SWNTs手性对力学性质的影响。

关键词：单壁碳纳米管，AFM操纵与加工，形变，屈曲，共振拉曼光谱

AFM Manipulation, Deformation and Related Raman Spectroscopy of

Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes

Duan Xiaojie

ABSTRACT

The study on deformed carbon nanotubes(CNTs), including the study of their structure evolution and properties change under strain, is important not only for the application of CNTs in composite materials, strain sensors, nanoelectronic and nanoelectromechanical devices, but also for the development of related theory.In this thesis, we have developed controlled atomic force microscopy(AFM)manipulation techniques for single-wall carbon nanotubes(SWNTs)on surfaces.Using this controlled AFM manipulation, the buckling behavior of CNTs under bending, and resonance Raman spectroscopy of SWNTs under torsional and uniaxial strains, have been studied.The main results are listed as followings:

1.Controlled AFM manipulation techniques for SWNTs on surfaces have been developed By defining proper tip path, manipulation position on SWNT, and choosing optimal tip pressing distance, different kinds of deformation can be induced into SWNT.The deformation is stabilized by the interaction between SWNTs and substrate.To get controlled AFM manipulation, a new kind of nanofabrication---nano-welding has been invented based on the AFM oxidation of Si substrate.When the Si substrate with SWNT on top of it is oxidized by the AFM tip, the newly formed SiOx will grow around the tube, effectively fixing that site of SWNT onto the Si substrate.The existence of SWNT can enhance the oxidation of Si.With same oxidation condition, more SiOx can be produced with the presence of SWNT than the case where there is no SWNT.This is helpful for the fixing.The intensity of the welding can be modulated by changing the oxidation voltage and the tip moving speed.With higher voltage and slower tip moving, stronger welding can be obtained.From the thermal oxidation of SWNTs in air and the Raman characterization, it was found that this nano-welding has no obvious influence on the chemical structure of SWNTs.Together with this nano-welding, the magnitude and distribution of strain induced into SWNT by AFM manipulation can be well controlled.Both SWNT and Si can be oxidized when using stronger oxidation condition(much higher voltage and lower tip moving speed), thus the SWNT can be cut at well defined position.Combining this AFM cutting, nano-welding and manipulation, complex SWNT-based structures can be constructed, proved the function of AFM as a nano-toolbox.2.The buckling behavior of CNTs under bending has been studied

By choosing proper manipulation site on SWNT, the length of the fragment which is being manipulated, manipulation path, and optimal tip pressing distance, the angle can be well controlled when SWNT is bent by AFM manipulation.Based on this controlled bent of CNT by AFM manipulation, A CNT with a series of different bending angles has been obtained.The interaction between manipulated SWNT fragment and substrate is largely decreased after the manipulation.And the effective bending region is located at the fragment where Only vdW interaction exists between it and the substrate.It appears as the cross point between the fixed SWNT part and

manipulated SWNT part in the AFM image.Only vdW force exists between the effective bending region and substrate, and its length keeps constant when changing the bending angle.Through recording the height change at the effective bending region when changing the bending angle gradually, The structural evolution and buckling behavior has been investigated under the bending.Two distinct „abrupt‟ and „gradual‟ buckling modes have been revealed in different CNTs.For the „abrupt‟ buckling mode, the height of the bending „point‟ has a sudden increase, and an abrupt transition from the uniform bending to buckling happens.While the „gradual‟ mode corresponds to a gradual increase of the height at the bending „point‟, with a gradual transition from uniform bending to buckling.The „gradual‟ buckling results in a series of buckling intermediate formation.„Abrupt‟ buckling mode is mostly found for small diameter CNTs, while for large diameter CNTs, the „gradual‟ mode is more common.Through the estimation of the wall numbers and thickness of CNTs, it was found that the CNTs with „abrupt‟ buckling mode has smaller thickness diameter ratio than the CNTs with „gradual‟ buckling mode.The critical buckling angle decreases with the increase of CNT diameter for the „abrupt‟ buckling mode.The buckling behavior has also been investigated by molecular dynamics(MD)simulations.It was found:(1)for all the CNTs studied, the SWNTs have “abrupt” buckling mode, and double and three walled CNTs take “gradual” buckling modes;(2)the “gradual” buckling corresponded to the process that different tube walls of MWNTs buckled at different bending stages, and the buckling degree of individual tube walls gradually increased along with the bending strain increase.This is caused by the unsynchronization of the buckling for different walls caused by the multi-shell character, and the retarding of buckling by the inter-wall vdW force.The study on the formation of the two buckling modes found that the multi-shell structure of MWNTs accounts for the “gradual” buckling modes;(3)The MD studies also proved that the vdW interaction with substrate has no remarkable effect on CNTs buckling behavior.The study on the buckling mechanism suggests that except for the diameter, the wall number also determines the buckling behavior.This means for the mechanical properties of CNTs, a special “dual-size” effect may exists, that is, both the size and the thickness determine the CNTs mechanical behavior.By using controlled AFM manipulation, the work here observed the structural evolution and buckling formation almost in the whole bending process.The founding about the two buckling modes, not only provides support and reference for the relevant theoretical study, fills the gap between theory and experiment, but also is important for the application of CNTs in composite materials, nanoelectronics and NEMs, and strain sensors.3.The resonance Raman spectroscopy of individual SWNTs under torsional and uniaxial

strain has been investigated

The AFM manipulation can induce both torsional and uniaxial strains into the ultra-long straight SWNTs.Because the longer propagation distance of uniaxial strain than the torsional strain, only pure uniaxial strain exists at region far from the manipulation point.While at region close to the manipulation sites, both the two strains happen.The formation of torsional strain suggested the rolling of SWNT under the present AFM manipulation.Both uniaxial and torsional strain can change the Raman vibrational frequency.It was found that:

(1)the RBM and G-band spectra responded differently to the two types of strains.Under torsional strain, RBM frequency RBM was found to upshift and one of the modes assigned to E2 symmetry in the G+ band, which occurs at ~1600 cm-1(G+(E2(g))), downshifted significantly, whereas the rest G

modes located in the range of 1590 cm-1～1560 cm-1 are slightly upshifted.The redshift of the(G+(E2(g)), ismuch larger that the buleshift of other G modes;(2)Under uniaxial strain, RBM and G+(E2(g))do not have noticeable response and the rest of the G modes in the range of 1590 cm-1～1560 cm-1 are downshifted.(3)Different Raman modes have different sensitivity to both strains.RBM and G+(E2(g))is more sensitive to torsion than other G modes.Whereas under uniaxial strain, other G modes have larger sensitivity than RBM and G+(E2(g)).This is related to the correlation between the C-C bond change and the atom vibrational displacement of different modes;(4)The

calculation on the strain magnitude and frequency shift of Raman modes per strains d/d found that, under torsional strain, d(RBM)/dt nearly linearly increased along with the increase of the tube chirality angle.G-band was found to split into multiple sub-bands in some cases, presumably due to broken symmetry induced by torsion.This splitting is most likely found in zig-zag and armchair SWNTs.Both the uniaxial and torsional strains can change the intensity of resonant Raman peaks.This is originated from the influence of strains on electronic tranision energy Eii.From this change, the

modulation direction and magnitude of strains on the electronic transition energy of SWNTs can be calculated.The influence of strain on the resonant Raman spectra of SWNTs has drawn much attention recently.The work here firstly experimentally studied the torsional strain effect on resonant Raman spectra of SWNTs.And the study in the single SWNT scale by AFM manipulation can exclude the average effect originated from different diameter and chiraligy.This helps to reveal the intrinsic property of SWNts.The comparison of uniaxial and torsional strain for same SWNT, also benefit the understanding of the influence of different strains on SWNTs.4.The analysis and modulation of strain distribution along SWNTs axis, and the comparison

of related mechanical parameters of different SWNTs

It was found that after AFM manipulation, both the torsional and uniaxial strain would have a “” shaped distribution along the SWNT axis, due to the friction between SWNTs and the substrate, and the partial relaxation of strain.The characteristics of the distribution, including the propagation distance of strain, the maximum strain and its position, and the slope of the strain distribution, are determined by the force exerted on SWNT by AFM tip, the elasticity modulus E and the shear modulus G, and the friction between SWNT and surface.By controlling the AFM manipulation and using patterned substrate with different components, the magnitude and distribution of strain in SWNT has been modulated.With the comparison of strain distribution in different SWNTs, their mechanical properties, such as E and G, and the friction with the substrate have been compared, on the single SWNTs scale.It was found that there is no monomial relationship between these parameters and the SWNTs diameter, this suggests that the chirality of SWNTs also has important effect on SWNTs mechanical properties.Key words:Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes(SWNTs), AFM manipulation and fabrication, deformation(strain), buckling, resonance Raman spectroscopy

第四篇：摘要(中英文)

摘要

本次的毕业设计以工程实例为研究对象，设计过程包括结构部分，概预算部分以及施工组织部分。本工程名称为中学实验楼，建设地点为农八师132团。地基承载力特征值为fak =400Kpa。采用砖混结构，设计基准期50年，安全等级为

二级，抗震设防烈度为7.5度。本工程占地面积约512.08平方米，建筑面积2601.9平方米。本建筑五层，总高度17.1米，室内外高差为1.5 米，女儿墙高

1.5米和0.9米。

本计算书包括的内容：

结构设计部分：一.毕业设计任务书；二.工程概况及结构布置说明；三.结构计算部分：1.荷载清理（包括屋面和楼面荷载以及墙体）；2.现浇构件计算（包括梁，板，）；3.基础设计（包括砌体部分条基设计以及独立柱基的设计）；4.砌体部分（墙体高厚比，墙体承载力验算及局部承压计算；5.抗震验算；6.楼梯计算（斜板的计算，平台梁的计算，平台板的计算）；7.过梁的选择。

概预算设计是在结构设计的基础上，先计算并统计出分项工程的工程量，再运用广联达造价软件进行人，材料，机械三方面经济计算以达到对本工程的工程造价控制。

施工组织设计是针对已经形成的建筑施工图，结构施工图，结合相应的定额规范，进行各分部分项工程的工程量计算，做出工程量计算表，根据表格内各部分内容，结合时间定额和产量定额，进行劳动量的计算，在固定工期内合理的组织施工，绘制横道图，双代号网络图，时标网络图和施工平面布置图，以及人工，材料，机械需要量计划。

在设计过程中，通过查阅大量有关资料，与同学交流经验和自学，并向老师请教等方式，使自己学到了不少知识，也经历了不少艰辛，但收获同样巨大。此次设计成果有：①结构施工图10张，包括手绘5张，机绘5张；②结构计算书一本；③双代号、时标网络图一张。而且大大提高了动手的能力，充分体会到了在创造过程中探索的艰难和成功时的喜悦。虽然这个设计做的也不太好，但是在设计过程中所学到的东西是这次毕业设计的最大收获和财富，使我终身受益。最后感谢指导老师悉心的指导和帮助。

关键词：毕业设计；砖混结构；结构设计；工程量计算；施工组织设计。

Abstract

The project is a complex building named Experiments in middle school building in farming 8 division 132 groups.The build adopt reinforced concrete brick structure，the design base year is 50 years , the safe grade is 2 , and the earthquake intensity sale is 7.5.The total building area is more than 2601.9square meters.The main body is five frame

constructions.Total height is 17.1 meters.The indoors and outside height is 1.5 meters.Parapets are 1.5 meters.This thesis includes content:

Structure design:Graduate design task;Shows the engineering survey and layout of the structure;Calculation of structure: 1 Load cleaning;calculation of;2 Cast member;3 Basic design;4 Ratio of height to thickness;5 Seismic checking calculation;6 Stairs;7 Beam selection.Over budget in the structural design of the design on the basis of the cost of the use of success software in order to control of the project cost.Construction organization design used the architectural working drawings,structural drawings and combined with the corresponding norms, calculationed the engineering of the each.According to the sub-pat of the engineering project, combined with time, production scale, quantity of labor, work in a reasonable period of reasonable construction

organizationgs, drawn-on-arrow network diagram, net work time scale layout plant and construction plants.The design results are as follows: the construction of Figure 10, including hand 5, machine drawing 5;the structure calculation book;③, AOA time-scaled network diagram a.But also greatly improve the ability to operate, fully realized in the creative process of exploration,hardships and the joy of success.Although the design do not too good, but what is learned in the design process that is the biggest harvest and the wealth of the graduation design, benefit from my life.Finally, thanks to my teacher's guidance and help.Keywords: graduation design;masonry structure;structural design;engineering calculation;construction organization design.

第五篇：如何写中英文摘要

敬请重视和写好论文的中英文摘要

1.写好中英文摘要的重要性

（1）中文文摘是沟通国内读者和作者之间的桥梁。在知识爆炸的今天，读者不可能通过直接浏览刊物的方式去获取全面的信息，只能通过专业的二次文献数据库，检索相应文章的文摘，再提取原文。

（2）英文文摘是作者和国际同行进行交流的必经之路。在当今的科技领域,英语已经成为事实上的国际交流语言。世界各国学者想追踪了解某一学科的发展情况，都会用英文工具书和数据库进行检索。

2.如何写好中英文摘要

（1）摘要应概括正文的要点。一般来说，应包括研究对象(目的)、研究方法(所用的设备，材料)、结果和结论。写英文摘要时，不能因为某些内容不好翻译就弃掉要点。

（2）摘要要尽量简短，尽可能删掉课题研究的背景信息。

（3）摘要中出现的数据应该是最重要和最关键的数据。

（4）不需要目己标榜自己的研究结果。

（5）二次文献信息将脱离原文而独立存在，因此摘要中不能出现图表参数据。

（6）摘要中的内容应在正文中出现，不能对原文进行补充和修改。

（7）摘要中的缩写名称在第一次出现时要有全称(众所周知的缩写词除外)。

（8）摘要的句子应尽量简短，主谓语要搭配。