高线中英文摘要范文

第一篇：高线中英文摘要范文

摘要

介绍了我国高线生产的发展、技术进步，全面分析了我国高线轧机所采用的先进技术，综述了我国高线轧机的发展趋势及特点。

关键词：高线轧机；高速线材；技术进步；发展趋势 1.我国热连轧带钢生产的回顾

线材是热轧材中断面尺寸最小的一种，由于轧钢厂需将线材在热状态下圈成盘卷并一次交货，故又称之为盘条。

自20世纪60年代中期高速线材轧机及轧后控冷技术问世以来，随着线材生产技术本身的日臻完善和相关技术的进步，高速线材轧机的产品在品种规格范围、盘重、尺寸精度、表面质量及内在质量上比以往的线材轧机产品均有长足的进步，能更好的满足经济和技术发展的需要。

线材不仅用途很广而且用量也很大，它在国民经济各部门中占有重要的地位。据有关资料统计，各国线材产量占全部热轧材总量的5.3%～15.3%。美国约占5%，日本约占8%，英国约占9%，法国约占14%，我国约占20%左右。线材的用途概括起来可分两大类：一类是线材产品直接被使用，主要应用在钢筋混凝土的配筋和焊接结构件方面。另一类是将线材作为原料，经过再加工后使用，主要是通过拉拔成各种钢丝，在经过捻制成为钢丝绳，或在经过编制成钢丝网；经过热锻或冷锻成铆钉；经过冷锻及滚压成螺栓，以及经过各种切削加工及热处理制成机器零件或工具；经过缠绕成型及热处理制成弹簧等。

近年来由于我国经济的快速发展，使用线材为原料的小型工厂日益增加，社会对高质量的线材产品的需求越来越大。目前，由于资金以及冶炼技术的落后，我国仅有为数不多的几家线材厂能生产出高档次的线材产品，因此我国还不时需要从国外进口少部分的胎圈钢丝、钢绞线、镀锌钢丝等硬线产品。

我国的高速线材生产虽然取得了较好的成绩，但仍然存在着一些问题，主要表现为；

1.钢线材品种中Q215和Q235比重仍然较大，优质钢线材中合金钢线材的比例仍然偏低。

2.产品的质量仍有较大问题，如钢的纯净度不高，线材通条性能不够稳定，含碳量的偏差较大。

3.我国已有多条世界一流的生产线，但产品的品种质量还达不到世界一流水平。

4.高质量的合金钢线材，纯净钢线材、易切钢线材如合金弹簧钢、不锈钢等还存在着品种和质量方面的诸多问题，每年仍需进口。

5.高线的日历作业率和机时产量与先进国家的生产线相比，普遍有较大的差距，造成日历作业率和机时产量低的原因除坯料供应不足外，主要是生产准备和更换尺寸所用的工时较长，设备备件寿命低且储备不足，设备维护检测手段不够完善，从而造成故障停机和检修工时长。

6.中热装率、燃耗、电耗等方面与先进国家的生产线相比也同样存在着一定的差距。

7.表面质量方面的主要问题；

1)由于自动监测装置的失准以及轧件温度不均，调整不及时或方法不当等原因造成产品尺寸超差。

2）由于辊环破缺，轧槽磨损或是坯料表面缺陷等原因造成产品表面产生折叠。

3）由于连铸坯皮下气泡严重或是轧槽严重磨损致使轧件凸起部分被叠轧造成产品表面结疤。

4）由于轧辊质量差，表面硬度不一或吐丝温度过高，冷却速度过慢，盘条表面受到严重氧化或钢坯加热不当，局部或全部严重脱碳等原因造成产品表面麻面。

2.我国高线生产所采用的先进技术及发展趋势

2.1采用连铸坯热送热装工艺

为进一步节能，有的高线厂又采用了连铸坯热送热装工艺，进一步降低了燃料消耗，提高加热质量，减少金属损耗。热装温度一般在 600℃左右，德国 BSW 厂达到 650℃～920℃。热装要求无缺陷连铸坯，连铸坯缺陷较多的现场，就不宜使用热装。2.2加热炉

加热炉是保证产品质量、产量和降低能耗的关键设备。因此，加热炉炉型选择和装备水平，应与车间规模和轧线工艺设备装备水平相匹配。对于高速线材轧机，轧制速度较高，除进行控制冷却外，还需降低开轧温度。因此，加热温度的确定，应与轧机、轧制速度和控轧控冷要求相结合。2.3无头轧制

无头轧制是应用在小型棒线材轧制领域的一项最新技术。其要点是将刚出加热炉的钢坯的头部与前一根钢坯的尾部焊接起来进行无头轧制，从而消除头尾的无张力段，尤其减少中间切头和咬入事故，提高了成材率和金属收得率，提升轧机生产效率。线材的分卷在集卷筒内进行，可根据用户需求选定线材的分卷盘重。日本NKK公司东京制铁高松工厂的棒线材轧机上已采用了无头轧制这项技术。国内也有厂家试验焊接无头轧制，但焊接质量不理想，造成损失更大。2.4粗、中轧机组的平/立布置

粗轧轧件短，全连轧时速度慢。有些现场采用三辊轧机轧制，也能与后续连轧匹配。但刚度差，不利于生产高精度线材。也有现场采用全水平粗轧，中间轧件扭转。采用单线布置，轧机就容易平/立交替安装，使轧件无扭行进，减少了因轧件扭转造成的表面和内部缺陷及废品，而且可以选用高刚度轧机，适合高档次产品的生产。

2.5预精轧机的“微型无扭轧机”

以往预精轧机组为平/立交替布置的单独传动的悬臂机架或无牌坊轧机。悬臂轧机体积小、专门安装硬质辊环，但轧机刚度很差。无牌坊轧机是短应力线高刚度轧机，但轧辊只能使用硬质钢辊，耐磨性不足。为此新建高线将精轧机组的成组传动概念扩展到预精轧机组。这是高速线材轧机的最新进展之一。它是将预精轧的后四架改为大号悬臂轧机，顶交90°布置，油膜轴承[13]。轧机两架一组集体传动，故叫“微型无扭轧机”。其优点是安装碳化钨辊环，延长孔型寿命，主电机和传动装置由4套减为2 套，比常规独立预精轧机可减少 22%成本，而轧件断面小，轧制力小，悬臂轧机刚度不足的缺点不用考虑。我国鞍钢线材厂在预精轧区每线采用了两台Φ230mm “微型无扭轧机”，杭钢、包钢、银水新建的高速线材厂预精轧机都采用了“微型无扭轧机”方式，取得良好效果。

2.6重型和超重型 V型结构

因为轧制速度的提高和规格范围增大，高速无扭轧机组的最后一架的成品尺寸有时很大，其上限已加大到Φ26mm，这时进线尺寸相应加大，再加上采用低温轧制和又要适用于轧制合金钢产品等因素，都使轧制负荷急剧增加。为此，通过对油膜轴承的改进，相继研制开发了重负荷及超重负荷V型结构的无扭精轧机组，V型是指轧辊箱嵌入V型底座，安装更简捷，稳定性更好。其中Φ230mm重负荷机架设计轧制力达到 295KN。我国近些年引进的美国摩根制造的几套 100m/s 级的精轧机均为重负荷型。2.7采用低温轧制技术

粗中轧采用高刚度轧机，预精轧和精轧采用重型及超重型无扭轧机，为高线生产采用低温轧制创造了条件。低温轧制可降低燃料消耗，减少脱碳、烧损，改善轧件表面质量。这时需要电机功率也相应提高。目前最新的轧件开轧温度可低至850℃，进无扭精轧机温度也可低至 850℃。2.8减定径机与精密轧制

1.减定径机组

减定径机组是近年来在高速线材轧机上采用的一项最新技术。主要是用来提高线材的轧制精度，以满足用户对产品质量包括尺寸精度、表面质量和机械性能等进一步提高的要求。在这种客观需要下，美国摩根公司和意大利达涅利公司相继开发出了线材定径机组。摩根公司的定径机组（RSM）由 4 架组成。前两架为减径机组，后两架为定径机组。由一台3200KW左右的调速电机经两级减速箱驱动。机架型式均与无扭精轧机架相同，为悬臂式结构，碳化钨辊环。前两架辊径 Φ230mm，后两架为 Φ150mm。前两架不设轴向调整机构，后两架有轴向调整及预加载机构，以保证精确对中。

2.减径机组

为减少投资，摩根公司还推出了只有两机架的减径机组方案，有的资料把它称为双机架泰克森（Tekisun）高精度轧机，安装在无扭精轧机和夹送辊之间，与现有无扭精轧机配合使用。成品精度可以达到±0.1mm。在这种情况下，粗、中、预精机、精轧就需要2 套孔型系统。2.9吐丝机头部定位

目前，常用的吐丝机头部定位法有两种：精轧前飞剪延时剪切；改变吐丝机运行速度。我们采用改变吐丝机运行速度实现吐丝机头部定位控制。

改变吐丝机运行速度的原理：系统根据吐丝机位置偏差值（吐丝机的实际角度与设定角度之间的偏差）来调整吐丝机的转速，在吐丝的时候使线材转到预定位置。这要求吐丝机的转速调节和恢复工艺转速必须在线材头部进入吐丝管之前完成。

3.结语

高速线材生产发展到今天，其技术已经相当成熟，国内线材的生产技术已代表了世界先进水平。但各个企业还要根据市场需求和本企业能力确定自己的发展方向；追求高附加值产品要量力而行，根据本企业技术水平、资金能力、市场需求、竞争中所处地位选择项目和确定产品，发挥本企业的用户群优势、地域优势、技术优势等。有力地推动国民经济快速发展。

ABSTRACT The development of China's high-wire production, technological progress, a comprehensive analysis of the advanced technology used in high speed wire rod mill in China, reviewed the trends and characteristics of China's high-speed wire rod mill.Keyword: high-speed wire rod mill;high-speed wire;technological progress;development trends 1.Review of the Hot Strip Mill production The wire is the minimum section size of a hot-rolled material, wire rod rolling mill need to wire in the hot state circle, coil and the first delivery, it is also known.Since the 1960s, the mid-speed wire rod mill and rolling and controlled cooling technology came with the wire production technology itself is getting more sophisticated and technological advances, high-speed wire rod mill product varieties and specifications range, plate weight, dimensional accuracy, surface quality and internal quality wire rod mill products than in the past have made great progress, and to better meet the needs of economic and technological development.The wire is not only very versatile but also a great amount of, it occupies an important position in the various departments of the national economy.According to statistics, the national wire production accounts for 5.3% to 15.3% of all hot-rolled material of the total.About 5 percent in the United States, Japan, about 8 percent, about 9 percent in the United Kingdom, France accounted for about 14%, China accounted for about 20%.To sum up the use of wire can be divided into two categories: one is the wire directly, the main applications of reinforcement in reinforced concrete and welding pieces of aspects.The other is the wire as raw material, after reprocessing, mainly by drawing into a variety of wire, after twisting into rope, or in the preparation of the steel wire mesh;after hot forging or cold forging into the rivet;after cold forging and rolling into the bolt, and made through a variety of machining and heat treatment of machine parts or tools;after winding and heat treatment made the spring.Small factories in recent years due to China's rapid economic development, the use of wire rod as raw material is increasing, growing social demand for high-quality wire products.Present, due to the backwardness of the funds as well as smelting technology, only a few number of wire rod plant capable of producing high-grade wire products, China is not imported from abroad, a small part of the bead wire, steel wire strand, plated zinc wire and other hard-line products.China's high-speed wire rod production achieved good results, but there are still some problems, mainly as;(1)steel wire varieties Q215 and Q235 is still larger proportion is still low, the proportion of high quality steel wire, alloy steel wire.(2)the quality of the product there is still a large problem, such as the purity of steel wire through the performance is not stable enough, the deviation of the carbon content.China has a number of world-class production line, but the variety and quality of the product has not yet reached world class level.4 high-quality alloy steel wire, pure steel wire, free cutting steel wire rod imports also there are many problems of the variety and quality, such as spring steel alloy, stainless steel a year still.Compared to the operating rate of high-line calendar and production of advanced countries in the machine production line, generally the larger the gap, resulting in low yield in the calendar of the operating rate and the machine because In addition to the lack of billet supply, mainly for production preparation and replacement size used for longer working hours, low life expectancy of equipment, spare parts and lack of reserves, equipment maintenance, testing means are inadequate, resulting in downtime and maintenance and long working hours.Production line in hot charging rate, fuel consumption, electricity consumption in advanced countries than there are also a gap.Surface quality of the main issues;

1)automatic monitoring device inaccurate, and the rolling temperature is uneven, adjustments are not timely or improper causes the product size is ultra-poor.2)due to the roller ring breaking, rolling groove wear or blank surface defects and other reasons caused by the product surface folding.3)Due to the the the billet subcutaneous bubbles serious or rolling groove is badly worn resulting in rolling convex part of the Roll caused by the product surface scarring.4)Due to the quality of the roll surface hardness different or the spinning temperature is too high, the cooling rate is too slow, wire rod surface by severe oxidation or billet is heated properly, part or all of the serious decarburization causes the hemp side of the surface of the product.2.high line used for the production of advanced technology and development trends 2.1 billet hot delivery and hot charging process In order to further energy conservation, some high-wire factory uses a billet hot charging process, further reducing fuel consumption and improve the heating quality, reduce metal loss.Hot charging temperature is generally at about 600 ℃, Germany BSW plant reached 650 ℃ ~ 920 ℃.Defect-free billet hot charging requirements, more billet defect site, it would be inappropriate to use the hot charging.2.2 furnace The furnace is to ensure product quality, yield, and reduce the energy consumption of key equipment.Therefore, the furnace furnace selection and level of equipment, should match the scale and rolling line of the workshop process equipment and equipment level.For high-speed wire rod mill, the rolling speed is high and needs to reduce its open rolling temperature controlled cooling.Therefore, the heating temperature, combining with the rolling mill, rolling speed and controlled rolling and cooling requirements.2.3 no head rolling Without a head rolling is one of the latest technology applications in the field of small bar and wire rod rolling.The point is that just left the furnace and billet head welded to the rear of the former a billet without a head rolling, thereby eliminating the tension-free section of the head and tail, in particular, to reduce the intermediate cutting head and bite into the accident, and improve the finished product rate and the metal yield, enhance the production efficiency of the mill.Wire the sub-volumes in the set rolls, wire sub reel weight can be selected according to user needs.Takamatsu factory in Japan's NKK Corporation Tokyo Steel wire rod and bar mill has endless rolling this technology.There are also a factory test welding without a head rolling, welding quality is not satisfactory, resulting in a greater loss of.2.4 coarse, medium rolling mill group of flat / vertical layout Crude Rolling short, the whole rolling slow.Some site using a three-roll mill rolling, and subsequent rolling match.But the stiffness is not conducive to the production of high precision wire.Live a full level of rough rolling, intermediate rolling to reverse.The single-line layout, mill on the flat / vertical alternate installation, the rolling, twisting road, reducing rolling to reverse the result of surface and internal defects and waste, and can choose to use the high stiffness mill, suitable for the production of high-grade products.2.5 pre-finishing mill “micro-twist mill” Pre-finishing mill in the past as a separate drive / vertical alternating arrangement cantilever rack with or without arch mill.The cantilever mill small size, specifically to install the hard roll rings, but the poor mill stiffness.St.Paul mill is the high rigidity of the Short Stress mill roll can only use the hard steel roller, wear resistance.To this end the new High Line will be the finishing mill group drive to extend the concept pre-finishing mill.This is one of the latest progress of the high-speed wire rod mill.It is pre-finishing four to large cantilever rolling mill, the top cross the 90 ° arrangement, the oil film bearings [13].The mill two groups of collective drive, so called “mini-no twist mill.The advantage is tungsten carbide roll rings installed to extend the pass life, the main motor and gear reduction from four sets of two sets, 22% less cost than conventional independent pre-finishing mill, and rolling section, rolling force, cantilever shortcoming mill stiffness without considering.China's Anshan Iron and Steel wire rod plant in each line of the pre-finishing area using two Φ230mm micro no twist mill Hangzhou Iron and Steel, Baotou Steel, silver water new high-speed wire rod factory pre-finishing mill uses a micro no twist mill ”approach, achieved good results.2.6 of the heavy and super heavy-duty V-shaped structure The rolling speed increases and the size range increases, high-speed twisting mill group last one finished size is sometimes great, its upper limit has been increased to Φ26mm, when the size of the line corresponding increase, coupled with low temperature rolling and also applies to the rolled alloy steel products and other factors, a sharp increase in the rolling load.To this end, the improvement of the oil film bearing, have developed a V-shaped structure of the heavy-duty and heavy load no-twist finishing mill, V-is the roll box embedded in a V-shaped base, the more simple to install, better stability.Rolling force of the Φ230mm heavy duty rack designed to achieve 295KN.Morgan manufactured in China in recent years the introduction of several sets of 100m / s-class finishing mill are heavy duty.2.7 The low temperature rolling technology Crude and rolled high stiffness mill, pre-finishing and finishing with the heavy and super heavy-duty twist mill, using low temperature rolling to create the conditions for the production of high-speed wire.Low temperature rolling can reduce fuel consumption, reduce decarburization, burning to improve the rolling surface quality.Then need to motor power has correspondingly increased.The latest rolling on rolling temperature can be as low as 850 ° C into the twist finishing mill temperature as low as 850 ℃.2.8 minus sizing and precision rolling 1 Less sizing unit Reducing and sizing unit is a latest technology in recent years, high-speed wire rod mill.Is mainly used to improve the rolling precision, in order to meet the requirements of the user to further improve the quality of products, including dimensional accuracy, surface quality and mechanical properties of the wire.This objective needs, Morgan, and Danieli, Italy have developed a wire sizing unit.Sizing unit(RSM), the Morgan 4.Before the two reducing units, two sizing units.Gear box driven by two speed motor by a 3200KW about.Rack-type finishing stands with no twist, the cantilever structure, the tungsten carbide roll ring.Former two roller diameter Φ230mm, after two Φ150mm.The former two no axial adjustment of the body, after the two axial adjustment and pre-loading mechanism to ensure that accurate right.2 reducing unit In order to reduce investment, Morgan has also launched only two rack reducing unit program, some information it called dual rack the Taike Sen(Tekisun)high-precision rolling mill, installed in the non-twist finishing mill and the pinch roller used in conjunction with the existing no-twist finishing mill.The finished accuracy of ± 0.1mm.In this case, crude, pre-finishing machines, finishing on two sets of pass system.2.9 silking machine head positioning At present, the spinning machine head positioning method, there are two: finishing before flying shear delay shear;change the speed of the spinning machine.We change the speed of the spinning machine spinning machine head positioning control.Change the speed of the spinning machine principle: The system according to the deviation between the actual angle and setting angle of deviation of the location of the spinning machine(spinning machine)to adjust the speed of the spinning machine, spinning when the wire to the predetermined position.This requires that the speed of the spinning machine adjustment and recovery speed of the process must be completed before the wire head into the spinning tube.3.Concluding remarks

Development of high-speed wire rod production to today's technology is quite mature, domestic wire rod production technology on behalf of the world advanced level.Various enterprises but also according to market demand and the ability of enterprises to determine their own direction of development;the pursuit of high value-added products to do what, according to the technical level of the enterprise, financial capacity, market demand, their status in the competition to select an item and determine the product play the advantage of the user base, geographical advantages, technical advantages.A strong impetus to the rapid economic development.

第二篇：中英文摘要

榆林学院毕业论文

俄国文学中“小人物”悲剧命运成因探析

肖世涛

（榆林学院中文系陕西榆林719000）

摘要：

19世纪俄国“自然派”作家正式提出了写“小人物”的口号。他们在作品中描述小人物的悲惨命运和内心痛苦，从而使文艺成为“社会的一面忠实的镜子”。“小人物”在社会中官阶、地位极其低下，生活困苦，但又逆来顺受、安分守己、性格懦弱、胆小怕事，因此成为“大人物”统治下被侮辱的牺牲者。但通过对作家普希金、果戈理、契诃夫、陀斯托耶夫斯基等关于小人物的作品及其主人公的分析，我们不难发现“小人物”的悲剧命运并非仅限于官僚统治欺凌等外在的社会原因，同时还有“小人物”自身固有的内在原因，其中，因循守旧不思转变观念的思维模式是酿成“小人物”悲剧命运的思想原因，软弱怯懦、不思反抗的逃避行为是酿成“小人物”悲剧命运的性格原因。作者再现“小人物”保守思想和懦弱性格的目的，在于通过对“小人物”灵魂的拷问，完成人格形态的批判，把他们从沉睡中唤醒。对“小人物”寄寓有限的同情，但更多地倾注了对其劣根性哀其不幸，怒其不争的抨击。揭示现实中小人物存在的具体现象，生活在现代社会的人们，应该静下心来反思一下，是不是自己身上也能找到小人物的影子，指出文章对现实的警示意义。

关键词:俄国文学小人物悲剧命运外在原因内在原因

I

俄国文学中“小人物”悲剧命运成因探析

An analyze on the cause of tragic destiny of ＂no man＂

in Russian literature

XiaoShitao

(Chinese Department，Yulin College，Yulin，Shaanxi719000)

Abstract：In 19th century the writer of ＂the natural faction＂in Russia proposed a slogan to write the life of ＂the no man＂．They described the tragic destiny and inner world pain of ＂the no man＂，and it made the literary arts to become ＂a faithful mirror of the society＂．These ＂no man＂had a low position in the society and lead a miserable life，but at the same time，they all content with things as they are and had cowardly charcuter，therefore，they became the prey who were insulted under the domination of＂the great man＂．However，according to the author＇s analyze on the work which were wrote by Pushkin，Nikolai Vasilievich Gogol，Anton Chekhov and Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky，we can easily find the reason of tragic destiny of the＂no man＂is not only some external causes but also some internal causes．Among all this reasons，the thought pattern of stick to old ways is their tragic destiny＇s thought reason．The author reproduce their conservative thinking and cowardly character in order to crieicize the personality from of the＂no man＂and awake them from deep sleep．In this thesis，the author gives the no man limited sympathy，but pay more attention to attack their sadness and not the behaviors of struggle for their angry．According to reveal the phenomanon of existence of＂no man＂in real life，the author hopes the people live in real life can introspect thenselves and shows the significance to the reality．

Key words：Russian literature；No man； Tragic destiny； External causes；Internal

causes

II

第三篇：中英文摘要

中英文摘要

作者姓名：段小洁

论文题目：单壁碳纳米管的AFM操纵、形变及相关拉曼光谱研究

作者简介：段小洁，女，1980年2月出生，2002年9月师从于北京大学刘忠范教授，于2007年7月获博士学位。

中文摘要

对形变碳纳米管（CNTs）的研究，包括研究其在应力存在下的结构演化、应力对其各种光电性质及电子能带结构的影响等，不仅对CNTs在复合材料、纳电子和纳机电器件、以及应力传感器等中的应用具有重要意义，还对相关理论的发展有巨大推动作用。本论文发展了对表面上单壁碳纳米管（SWNTs）的原子力显微术（AFM）可控操纵方法，基于此AFM可控操纵，研究了CNTs在弯曲形变下的屈曲行为，以及SWNTs在扭转和拉伸两种形变下的共振Raman光谱特征。主要成果包括：

1.发展了对表面上SWNT的AFM可控操纵方法；

通过对操纵过程中针尖运动路径的合理设置、SWNT上操纵位置和针尖下压距离的选择，可以向SWNT中引入各种类型的应力。SWNT中产生的应力由其和基底间的相互作用力保持。发展了基于Si的AFM氧化的SWNT纳米焊接术，以增加AFM操纵的可控性。当对表面有SWNT的基底Si进行AFM氧化时，新生成的SiOx会对SWNT进行包覆，从而可以将SWNT在氧化点有

效的固定到基底表面。而且SWNT的存在会对Si基底的AFM氧化有明显的增强作用，相同条件下，表面有SWNT的Si氧化后产生的SiOx，比没有SWNT时更多，这种增强作用有利于对

SWNT的焊接固定。焊接的强度可以通过改变氧化偏压、针尖运动速率（氧化时间）等进行调节，提高氧化偏压、降低针尖移动速率有利于增强纳米焊接的强度。空气中热氧化实验和拉曼光谱的表征均证明，此焊接过程对SWNT的化学结构无明显影响。在某些点对SWNT进行焊接固定后，AFM操纵引入的形变的大小和分布可以被有效地控制，从而大大增加AFM操纵的可控性。

采用更强的AFM氧化条件，可以实现SWNT和Si的同时氧化，从而可以在任意位点对SWNT进行切割。结合AFM纳米切割、焊接和操纵等操作，可以构筑各种复杂形状的SWNTs，体现

了AFM作为纳米工具箱的作用。

2.研究了CNTs在弯曲形变下的屈曲行为；

通过选择合适的操纵位点、被操纵的CNT片段长度、操纵路径并优化针尖下压距离，可以严格控制弯曲CNT的角度，这样通过AFM操纵对同一CNT的可控弯曲，获得了一系列弯曲角度逐渐增大的CNT。CNT被操纵以后，与基底相互作用力会有明显减小，这使得CNT的有效弯曲区域，位于与基底只有vdW相互作用的被操纵部分，在AFM表征下表现为固定部分和被操纵部分的交点。有效弯曲部分与基底间仅有vdW相互作用，其长度在整个弯曲过程中几乎保持不变。

通过记录弯曲“点”在弯曲角度逐渐增大过程中的高度变化，研究了CNTs在弯曲形变下的结构演化和屈曲行为。发现不同CNTs在弯曲过程中，表现出“突变”和“渐变”两种屈曲模式，分别对应于弯曲“点”高度的突跃、均匀弯曲向屈曲结构的直接转化，和弯曲“点”高度的逐渐增大、均匀弯曲向屈曲结构的逐渐转化。“渐变”屈曲导致一系列屈曲过渡态的出现。“突变”多发生于小直径管，而“渐变”更常见于大直径管。通过对CNTs的层数和厚度等的估算，发现一般情况下，“渐变”屈曲模式的CNTs比“突变”模式的CNTs具有更大的厚度直径比。对“突变”屈曲模式的CNTs，临界屈曲角度随CNTs直径的增大而减小。

分子动力学模拟发现，（1）所研究的CNTs中，SWNTs均为“突变”屈曲模式，而双壁和三壁管均采取“渐变”屈曲模式；（2）“渐变”屈曲过程对应弯曲角度逐渐增大时，多壁管从最外层到最内层的逐渐屈曲，和各管层屈曲程度的逐渐增加，这是由其多层结构导致的各层壁屈曲行为的不同步，和管壁间vdW相互作用对屈曲的阻碍造成的，这说明MWNTs的多层结构是导致其“渐变”屈曲的主要原因；（3）基底的vdW相互作用对CNTs的屈曲行为没有明显影响。从导致两种屈曲模式的机理考虑，除直径外，CNTs的层数对其屈曲行为也有重要影响，这预示了在CNTs的力学性质中，存在不同于传统尺寸效应的双尺寸效应，即直径和层数共同决定CNTs力学行为。

本工作利用AFM可控操纵，在实验上几乎全程观察了CNTs在弯曲过程中的结构演化和屈曲形成过程，其所揭示的两种屈曲模式的形成规律，不仅对大量存在的CNTs形变的理论工作提供了支持和参考，一定程度上填补了实验上的空白，还对CNTs在复合材料、纳电子和纳机电器件、以及应力传感器等中的应用具有重要意义，3.研究了扭转和拉伸形变下单根SWNTs的共振Raman光谱行为；

AFM操纵可以向超长SWNT中同时引入扭转和拉伸应力，由于拉伸形变比扭转形变的传输距离更远，在操纵点附近扭转和拉伸两种形变同时存在，距离操纵点较远的区域，只有纯拉

伸形变存在。扭转形变的产生证明了SWNT在AFM操纵下滚动的发生。

扭转和拉伸形变都会导致SWNTs拉曼模振动频率的变化。研究发现：（1）扭转形变下，RBM变大，位于～1600 cm-1的G+(E2(g))模振动频率发生较大的红移，而其他在1590 cm-1～1560

cm-1范围内的大部分G模会发生轻微的蓝移，振动频率发生红移的G模的位移量，一般远远大于发生蓝移的G模的位移量；（2）拉伸形变下，RBM和G+(E2(g))模振动频率不变，而在1590 cm-1～

1560 cm-1范围内的大部分G模会发生明显的红移。（3）不同Raman活性模对形变的敏感度不同，扭转形变下，RBM、位于～1600 cm-1的G+(E2(g))模比其他G模更敏感，而在拉伸形变下，其他G模却具有更高的敏感度。这与形变导致的发生变化的C-C键是否与各模的原子位移模式相关联有关；（4）通过对SWNTs中形变量大小和Raman频率对形变变化率d/d地计算，发现RBM振动频率对扭转形变的变化率d(RBM)/dt，随SWNTs手性角的增大几乎线性增大。

某些SWNTs中，扭转形变导致的对称性破缺还会导致Raman模的分裂或新模的出现。按照预测，这种分裂或新模的出现最可能发生在锯齿形和椅形SWNTs中。扭转和拉伸形变都会导致SWNTs共振拉曼振动模强度的变化，这体现了形变对SWNTs电子跃迁能Eii的影响。根据

共振拉曼理论和RBM峰的IAS/IS，可以计算扭转和拉伸形变对Eii影响的方向和大小。

应力对SWNTs共振Raman光谱的影响一直是人们关注的重要问题，本工作首次在实验上研究了扭转形变下SWNTs共振Raman振动频率和强度的变化。利用AFM操纵在单根SWNTs水平上的研究，可以排除不同直径和手性带来的平均效应，从而有利于揭示SWNTs的本征性质。对拉伸和扭转形变在同根SWNT中的比较，也为理解不同应力对SWNTs拉曼影响的不同提供了有利条件。

4.AFM操纵引入的应力沿SWNT管轴分布的分析和调控，及SWNTs相关力学性质的比较；分析了超长SWNT中，AFM操纵引入的应力的传输和分布，由于SWNT与基底间摩擦力的存在和AFM操纵后应力的部分驰豫，扭转和拉伸应力沿SWNT管轴都呈“”形分布，应力分布的各特征量，如应力的最远传输距离、最大应力点的位置和最大应力值、应力线性分布的斜率等，决定于AFM针尖施加到SWNT的力的大小、SWNT的剪切模量或弹性模量、以及SWNT与基底间摩擦力的大小；通过控制AFM操纵和采用图案化基底，对SWNT中应力的大小及分布进行了调控；通过比较不同SWNTs的应力分布特征量，在单根SWNT水平上，研究比较了它们的各力学参量，如剪切模量、杨氏模量，以及与基底间摩擦力的相对大小。各力学参量对SWNTs的直径无单调关系，说明了SWNTs手性对力学性质的影响。

关键词：单壁碳纳米管，AFM操纵与加工，形变，屈曲，共振拉曼光谱

AFM Manipulation, Deformation and Related Raman Spectroscopy of

Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes

Duan Xiaojie

ABSTRACT

The study on deformed carbon nanotubes(CNTs), including the study of their structure evolution and properties change under strain, is important not only for the application of CNTs in composite materials, strain sensors, nanoelectronic and nanoelectromechanical devices, but also for the development of related theory.In this thesis, we have developed controlled atomic force microscopy(AFM)manipulation techniques for single-wall carbon nanotubes(SWNTs)on surfaces.Using this controlled AFM manipulation, the buckling behavior of CNTs under bending, and resonance Raman spectroscopy of SWNTs under torsional and uniaxial strains, have been studied.The main results are listed as followings:

1.Controlled AFM manipulation techniques for SWNTs on surfaces have been developed By defining proper tip path, manipulation position on SWNT, and choosing optimal tip pressing distance, different kinds of deformation can be induced into SWNT.The deformation is stabilized by the interaction between SWNTs and substrate.To get controlled AFM manipulation, a new kind of nanofabrication---nano-welding has been invented based on the AFM oxidation of Si substrate.When the Si substrate with SWNT on top of it is oxidized by the AFM tip, the newly formed SiOx will grow around the tube, effectively fixing that site of SWNT onto the Si substrate.The existence of SWNT can enhance the oxidation of Si.With same oxidation condition, more SiOx can be produced with the presence of SWNT than the case where there is no SWNT.This is helpful for the fixing.The intensity of the welding can be modulated by changing the oxidation voltage and the tip moving speed.With higher voltage and slower tip moving, stronger welding can be obtained.From the thermal oxidation of SWNTs in air and the Raman characterization, it was found that this nano-welding has no obvious influence on the chemical structure of SWNTs.Together with this nano-welding, the magnitude and distribution of strain induced into SWNT by AFM manipulation can be well controlled.Both SWNT and Si can be oxidized when using stronger oxidation condition(much higher voltage and lower tip moving speed), thus the SWNT can be cut at well defined position.Combining this AFM cutting, nano-welding and manipulation, complex SWNT-based structures can be constructed, proved the function of AFM as a nano-toolbox.2.The buckling behavior of CNTs under bending has been studied

By choosing proper manipulation site on SWNT, the length of the fragment which is being manipulated, manipulation path, and optimal tip pressing distance, the angle can be well controlled when SWNT is bent by AFM manipulation.Based on this controlled bent of CNT by AFM manipulation, A CNT with a series of different bending angles has been obtained.The interaction between manipulated SWNT fragment and substrate is largely decreased after the manipulation.And the effective bending region is located at the fragment where Only vdW interaction exists between it and the substrate.It appears as the cross point between the fixed SWNT part and

manipulated SWNT part in the AFM image.Only vdW force exists between the effective bending region and substrate, and its length keeps constant when changing the bending angle.Through recording the height change at the effective bending region when changing the bending angle gradually, The structural evolution and buckling behavior has been investigated under the bending.Two distinct „abrupt‟ and „gradual‟ buckling modes have been revealed in different CNTs.For the „abrupt‟ buckling mode, the height of the bending „point‟ has a sudden increase, and an abrupt transition from the uniform bending to buckling happens.While the „gradual‟ mode corresponds to a gradual increase of the height at the bending „point‟, with a gradual transition from uniform bending to buckling.The „gradual‟ buckling results in a series of buckling intermediate formation.„Abrupt‟ buckling mode is mostly found for small diameter CNTs, while for large diameter CNTs, the „gradual‟ mode is more common.Through the estimation of the wall numbers and thickness of CNTs, it was found that the CNTs with „abrupt‟ buckling mode has smaller thickness diameter ratio than the CNTs with „gradual‟ buckling mode.The critical buckling angle decreases with the increase of CNT diameter for the „abrupt‟ buckling mode.The buckling behavior has also been investigated by molecular dynamics(MD)simulations.It was found:(1)for all the CNTs studied, the SWNTs have “abrupt” buckling mode, and double and three walled CNTs take “gradual” buckling modes;(2)the “gradual” buckling corresponded to the process that different tube walls of MWNTs buckled at different bending stages, and the buckling degree of individual tube walls gradually increased along with the bending strain increase.This is caused by the unsynchronization of the buckling for different walls caused by the multi-shell character, and the retarding of buckling by the inter-wall vdW force.The study on the formation of the two buckling modes found that the multi-shell structure of MWNTs accounts for the “gradual” buckling modes;(3)The MD studies also proved that the vdW interaction with substrate has no remarkable effect on CNTs buckling behavior.The study on the buckling mechanism suggests that except for the diameter, the wall number also determines the buckling behavior.This means for the mechanical properties of CNTs, a special “dual-size” effect may exists, that is, both the size and the thickness determine the CNTs mechanical behavior.By using controlled AFM manipulation, the work here observed the structural evolution and buckling formation almost in the whole bending process.The founding about the two buckling modes, not only provides support and reference for the relevant theoretical study, fills the gap between theory and experiment, but also is important for the application of CNTs in composite materials, nanoelectronics and NEMs, and strain sensors.3.The resonance Raman spectroscopy of individual SWNTs under torsional and uniaxial

strain has been investigated

The AFM manipulation can induce both torsional and uniaxial strains into the ultra-long straight SWNTs.Because the longer propagation distance of uniaxial strain than the torsional strain, only pure uniaxial strain exists at region far from the manipulation point.While at region close to the manipulation sites, both the two strains happen.The formation of torsional strain suggested the rolling of SWNT under the present AFM manipulation.Both uniaxial and torsional strain can change the Raman vibrational frequency.It was found that:

(1)the RBM and G-band spectra responded differently to the two types of strains.Under torsional strain, RBM frequency RBM was found to upshift and one of the modes assigned to E2 symmetry in the G+ band, which occurs at ~1600 cm-1(G+(E2(g))), downshifted significantly, whereas the rest G

modes located in the range of 1590 cm-1～1560 cm-1 are slightly upshifted.The redshift of the(G+(E2(g)), ismuch larger that the buleshift of other G modes;(2)Under uniaxial strain, RBM and G+(E2(g))do not have noticeable response and the rest of the G modes in the range of 1590 cm-1～1560 cm-1 are downshifted.(3)Different Raman modes have different sensitivity to both strains.RBM and G+(E2(g))is more sensitive to torsion than other G modes.Whereas under uniaxial strain, other G modes have larger sensitivity than RBM and G+(E2(g)).This is related to the correlation between the C-C bond change and the atom vibrational displacement of different modes;(4)The

calculation on the strain magnitude and frequency shift of Raman modes per strains d/d found that, under torsional strain, d(RBM)/dt nearly linearly increased along with the increase of the tube chirality angle.G-band was found to split into multiple sub-bands in some cases, presumably due to broken symmetry induced by torsion.This splitting is most likely found in zig-zag and armchair SWNTs.Both the uniaxial and torsional strains can change the intensity of resonant Raman peaks.This is originated from the influence of strains on electronic tranision energy Eii.From this change, the

modulation direction and magnitude of strains on the electronic transition energy of SWNTs can be calculated.The influence of strain on the resonant Raman spectra of SWNTs has drawn much attention recently.The work here firstly experimentally studied the torsional strain effect on resonant Raman spectra of SWNTs.And the study in the single SWNT scale by AFM manipulation can exclude the average effect originated from different diameter and chiraligy.This helps to reveal the intrinsic property of SWNts.The comparison of uniaxial and torsional strain for same SWNT, also benefit the understanding of the influence of different strains on SWNTs.4.The analysis and modulation of strain distribution along SWNTs axis, and the comparison

of related mechanical parameters of different SWNTs

It was found that after AFM manipulation, both the torsional and uniaxial strain would have a “” shaped distribution along the SWNT axis, due to the friction between SWNTs and the substrate, and the partial relaxation of strain.The characteristics of the distribution, including the propagation distance of strain, the maximum strain and its position, and the slope of the strain distribution, are determined by the force exerted on SWNT by AFM tip, the elasticity modulus E and the shear modulus G, and the friction between SWNT and surface.By controlling the AFM manipulation and using patterned substrate with different components, the magnitude and distribution of strain in SWNT has been modulated.With the comparison of strain distribution in different SWNTs, their mechanical properties, such as E and G, and the friction with the substrate have been compared, on the single SWNTs scale.It was found that there is no monomial relationship between these parameters and the SWNTs diameter, this suggests that the chirality of SWNTs also has important effect on SWNTs mechanical properties.Key words:Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes(SWNTs), AFM manipulation and fabrication, deformation(strain), buckling, resonance Raman spectroscopy

第四篇：摘要(中英文)

摘要

本次的毕业设计以工程实例为研究对象，设计过程包括结构部分，概预算部分以及施工组织部分。本工程名称为中学实验楼，建设地点为农八师132团。地基承载力特征值为fak =400Kpa。采用砖混结构，设计基准期50年，安全等级为

二级，抗震设防烈度为7.5度。本工程占地面积约512.08平方米，建筑面积2601.9平方米。本建筑五层，总高度17.1米，室内外高差为1.5 米，女儿墙高

1.5米和0.9米。

本计算书包括的内容：

结构设计部分：一.毕业设计任务书；二.工程概况及结构布置说明；三.结构计算部分：1.荷载清理（包括屋面和楼面荷载以及墙体）；2.现浇构件计算（包括梁，板，）；3.基础设计（包括砌体部分条基设计以及独立柱基的设计）；4.砌体部分（墙体高厚比，墙体承载力验算及局部承压计算；5.抗震验算；6.楼梯计算（斜板的计算，平台梁的计算，平台板的计算）；7.过梁的选择。

概预算设计是在结构设计的基础上，先计算并统计出分项工程的工程量，再运用广联达造价软件进行人，材料，机械三方面经济计算以达到对本工程的工程造价控制。

施工组织设计是针对已经形成的建筑施工图，结构施工图，结合相应的定额规范，进行各分部分项工程的工程量计算，做出工程量计算表，根据表格内各部分内容，结合时间定额和产量定额，进行劳动量的计算，在固定工期内合理的组织施工，绘制横道图，双代号网络图，时标网络图和施工平面布置图，以及人工，材料，机械需要量计划。

在设计过程中，通过查阅大量有关资料，与同学交流经验和自学，并向老师请教等方式，使自己学到了不少知识，也经历了不少艰辛，但收获同样巨大。此次设计成果有：①结构施工图10张，包括手绘5张，机绘5张；②结构计算书一本；③双代号、时标网络图一张。而且大大提高了动手的能力，充分体会到了在创造过程中探索的艰难和成功时的喜悦。虽然这个设计做的也不太好，但是在设计过程中所学到的东西是这次毕业设计的最大收获和财富，使我终身受益。最后感谢指导老师悉心的指导和帮助。

关键词：毕业设计；砖混结构；结构设计；工程量计算；施工组织设计。

Abstract

The project is a complex building named Experiments in middle school building in farming 8 division 132 groups.The build adopt reinforced concrete brick structure，the design base year is 50 years , the safe grade is 2 , and the earthquake intensity sale is 7.5.The total building area is more than 2601.9square meters.The main body is five frame

constructions.Total height is 17.1 meters.The indoors and outside height is 1.5 meters.Parapets are 1.5 meters.This thesis includes content:

Structure design:Graduate design task;Shows the engineering survey and layout of the structure;Calculation of structure: 1 Load cleaning;calculation of;2 Cast member;3 Basic design;4 Ratio of height to thickness;5 Seismic checking calculation;6 Stairs;7 Beam selection.Over budget in the structural design of the design on the basis of the cost of the use of success software in order to control of the project cost.Construction organization design used the architectural working drawings,structural drawings and combined with the corresponding norms, calculationed the engineering of the each.According to the sub-pat of the engineering project, combined with time, production scale, quantity of labor, work in a reasonable period of reasonable construction

organizationgs, drawn-on-arrow network diagram, net work time scale layout plant and construction plants.The design results are as follows: the construction of Figure 10, including hand 5, machine drawing 5;the structure calculation book;③, AOA time-scaled network diagram a.But also greatly improve the ability to operate, fully realized in the creative process of exploration,hardships and the joy of success.Although the design do not too good, but what is learned in the design process that is the biggest harvest and the wealth of the graduation design, benefit from my life.Finally, thanks to my teacher's guidance and help.Keywords: graduation design;masonry structure;structural design;engineering calculation;construction organization design.

第五篇：如何写中英文摘要

敬请重视和写好论文的中英文摘要

1.写好中英文摘要的重要性

（1）中文文摘是沟通国内读者和作者之间的桥梁。在知识爆炸的今天，读者不可能通过直接浏览刊物的方式去获取全面的信息，只能通过专业的二次文献数据库，检索相应文章的文摘，再提取原文。

（2）英文文摘是作者和国际同行进行交流的必经之路。在当今的科技领域,英语已经成为事实上的国际交流语言。世界各国学者想追踪了解某一学科的发展情况，都会用英文工具书和数据库进行检索。

2.如何写好中英文摘要

（1）摘要应概括正文的要点。一般来说，应包括研究对象(目的)、研究方法(所用的设备，材料)、结果和结论。写英文摘要时，不能因为某些内容不好翻译就弃掉要点。

（2）摘要要尽量简短，尽可能删掉课题研究的背景信息。

（3）摘要中出现的数据应该是最重要和最关键的数据。

（4）不需要目己标榜自己的研究结果。

（5）二次文献信息将脱离原文而独立存在，因此摘要中不能出现图表参数据。

（6）摘要中的内容应在正文中出现，不能对原文进行补充和修改。

（7）摘要中的缩写名称在第一次出现时要有全称(众所周知的缩写词除外)。

（8）摘要的句子应尽量简短，主谓语要搭配。