第一篇：(自己总结汇合)江南大学考博英语历年考题来源部分汇总及答案
Reading Comprehension(35 minutes)Directions:There are 4 reading passages in this part.Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements.For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C)and D).You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.Passage One
Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage:
When Kathie Gifford’s face was splashed across the newspapers in 1996 after her lucrative line of Walmart clothing was exposed as the work of underpaid laborers in New York City’s Chinatown, the Department of Labor and the White House teamed up to condemn such practices.With much fanfare, President Clinton’s administration launched the “No Sweat” campaign, which pressured retailers and manufacturers to submit to periodic independent inspection of their workplace conditions.;This campaign urged manufacturers to sign the Workplace Code of Conduct, a promise to selfregulate that has since been adopted by a handful of retailers and many of the nation’s largest manufacturers, including Nike and L.L.Bean.However, the Department of Defense, which has a $ 1 billion garment business that would make it the country’s 14th largest retail apparel outlet, has not signed the Code of Conduct.In addition, it has not agreed to demand that its contractors submit to periodic inspections.;Because the Department of Defense has not agreed to adhere to the code, the job of stopping publicsector sweatshops falls to the Department of Labor.Federal contractors that persist in violating wage laws or safety and health codes can lose their lucrative taxpayerfinanced contracts.But Suzanne Seiden, a deputy administrator at the Department of Labor, says that to her knowledge, the department has never applied that rule to government apparel manufacturers.“I just assume that they are adhering to safety and health requirements,” she says.According to records obtained by Mother Jones, through a Freedom of Information Act request, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration has cited Lion 32 times for safety and health violations in the past 12 years.21.What is this passgage mainly concerned with? A)The functions of the Department of Labor in America.B)A serious problem threatening American economy.C)The successful attempt of regulating sweatshops in America.D)The seriousness of the problem of sweatshops in America.
22.According to the passage, Kathie Gifford ____.A)was one of the underpaid laborers in New York City’s Chinatown B)was one of the wellpaid laborers in New York City’s Chinatown C)made much money from cheap laborers in New York City’s Chinatown
D)wrote a newspaper article exposing the practice of employing cheap laborers
23.The underlined phrase “to submit to” is closest in meaning to ____.A)to accept unwillingly B)to refuse coldly
C)to welcome warmheartedly D)to blame strongly
24.Which of the following statements about the Department of Defense is true? A)It will become the country’s 14th largest retail apparel manufacturer.B)It hasn’t acted according to the Workplace Code of Conduct.C)It has demanded its contractors to sign the Workplace Code of Conduct.D)It has teamed up with the Department of Labor to launch a campaign.
25.What was the purpose of President Clinton’s administration launching the “No Sweat” campaign?
A)To urge manufacturers to obey the Workplace Code of Conduct.B)To remind the manufacturers of the Workplace Code of Conduct.C)To urge the Department of Labor to take its responsibility.D)To urge the Department of Defense to inspect manufacturers.
Passage Two
Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage:
The term investment portfolio conjures up visions of the truly rich-the Rockefellers, the WalMart Waltons, Bill Gates.But today, everyone-from the Philadelphia firefighter, his parttime receptionist wife and their three children, to the single Los Angeles lawyer starting out on his own-needs a portfolio.;
A portfolio is simply a collection of financial assets.It may include real estate, rare stamps and coins, precious metals and even artworks.But those are for people with expertise.What most of us need to know about are stocks, bonds and cash(including such cash equivalents as moneymarket funds).;
How do you decide what part of your portfolio should go to each of the big three? Begin by understanding that stocks pay higher returns but are more risky;bonds and cash pay lower returns but are less risky.;
Research by Ibbotson Associates, for example, shows that largecompany stocks, on average, have returned 11.2 percent annually since 1926.Over the same period, by comparison, bonds have returned an annual average of 5.3 percent and cash, 3.8 percent.;But shortterm risk is another matter.In 1974, a oneyear $1000 investment in the stock market would have declined to $735.;
With bonds, there are two kinds of risk: that the borrower won’t pay you back and that the money you’ll get won’t be worth very much.The U.S.government stands behind treasury bonds, so the credit risk is almost nil.But the inflation risk remains.Say you buy a $1000 bond maturing in ten years.If inflation averages about seven percent over that time, then the $1000 you receive at maturity can only buy $500 worth of today’s goods.;
With cash, the inflation risk is lower, since over a long period you can keep rolling over your CDs every year(or more often).If inflation rises, interest rates rise to compensate.;As a result, the single most imortant rule in building a portfolio is this: If you don’t need the money for a long time, then put it into stocks.If you need it soon, put it into bonds and cash.26.This passage is intended to give advice on ____.A)how to avoid inflation risks B)what kinds of bonds to buy C)how to get rich by investing in stock market D)how to become richer by spreading the risk
27.The author mentions such millionaires as the Rockefellers and Bill Gates to show that ____.A)they are examples for us on our road to wealth B)a portfolio is essential to financial success C)they are really rich people D)they started out on their own
28.Which of the following statements will the author support? A)Everybody can get rich with some financial assets.B)The credit risk for treasury bonds is extremely high.C)It’s no use trying to know the advantages of stocks, bonds and cash.D)Everybody should realize the importance of distribution of their financial assets. 29.The word “returns” in paragraph three can be best replaced by “____.” A)returning journeys B)profits C)savings D)investments
30.The author of the passage points out that ____.A)keeping cash is the only way to avoid risks B)the longer you own a stock, the more you lost C)the high rate of profit and high rate of risk coexist in stocks D)the best way to accumulate wealth is by investing in stocks
Passage Three
Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage:
There were two widely divergent influences on the early development of statistical methods.Statistics had a mother who was dedicated to keeping orderly records of governmental units(state and statistics come from the same Latin root, status)and a gentlemanly gambling father who relied on mathematics to increase his skill at playing the odds in games of chance.The influence of the mother on the offspring, statistics, is represented by counting, measuring, describing, tabulating, ordering, and the taking of censuses—all of which led to modern descriptive statistics.From the influence of the father came modern inferential statistics, which is based squarely on theories of probability.;
Descriptive statistics involves tabulating, depicting, and describing collections of data.These data may be either quantitative, such as measures of height, intelligence, or grade level—variables that are characterized by an underlying continuum—or the data many represent qualitative variables, such as sex, college major, or personality type.Large masses of data must generally undergo a process of summarization or reducing to comprehensibly form the properties of an otherwise unwieldy mass of data.;
Inferential statistics is a formalized body of methods for solving another class of problems that present great difficulties for the unaided human mind.This general class of problems characteristically involves attempts to make predictions using a sample of observations.For example, a school superintendent wishes to determine the proportion of children in a large school system who come to school without breakfast, have been vaccinated for flu, or whatever.Having a little knowledge of statistics, the superintendent would know that it is unnecessary and inefficiency to question each child;the proportion for the entire district could be estimated fairly accurately from a sample of as few as 100 children.Thus, the purpose of inferential statistics is to predict or estimate characteristics of a population from a knowledge of the characteristics of only a sample of the population.31.What is the passage mainly concerned with? A)Development and application of statistics.B)Origin of descriptive statistics.C)Limitations of inferential statistics.D)Importance of statistics.
32.Describing and tabulating are associated with ____.A)inferential statistics B)descriptive statistics
C)theories of probability D)inefficiency of counting
33.Which of the following statements is true about descriptive statistics? A)It combines quantitative variables and qualitative variables.B)It can be used to deal with only quantitative variables.C)It helps to summarize properties of a group of data.D)It helps to make predictions using a sample of observations.
34.The word “unwieldy” in the second paragraph is closest in meaning to ____.A)difficult to collect
B)difficult to tackle C)incomprehensive
D)uncontrollable
35.A sample of a population is often examined for the following purposes except ____.A)to make a more accurate prediction of trend
B)to improve efficiency and avoid unnecessary work C)to save the trouble of approaching every members D)to predict characteristics of the entire population
Passage Four
Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage:
The Japanese are fascinated by automata and new inventions.Japanese children are used to friendly robots in their comics, in toys, and in TV animated cartoons.When as adults they join the workforce,robots mean that there is no need to import cheap foreign labor, as happens in many other parts of the world.There is no need for humans to put up with dirty, minddeadening mechanical work the robot does it all without complaint, around the clock.Robots don’t go on strike over tea breaks they don’t have tea, or any other kind of breaks:they work, day and night, without having to be paid overtime, without making mistakes.Human tasks are subject to human error: robot error seldom or never occurs except as a result of human error!;In Japan, robots are almost respected for their virtues.When a new robot is introduced to a small suburban factory, a Shinto priest is invited to inaugurate it.He inaugurates the robot with words along the lines of “Welcome to our coworker, we hope you’ll help him settle in.” No one laughs.;
FANUC demonstrates the Japanese tendency to conform particularly strikingly.The founder of FANUC, Dr.Inaba, has created an army that makes no distinction between bluecollar, whitecollar and steelcollar worker: everyone, including the warlord himself, is dressed in yellow clothing issued free by the company.Perh aps to make up for the boring nature of the work, there are a number of other company perks.Company benefits, including pay, are much higher than in similar companies in Japan.Travel to and from work is provided free in the company’s yellow buses.However, workers are expected to put in demanding unpaid “overtime.” There is a clock in the product development laboratory set to run at ten times the normal speed, the remind everyone that the company is on a war footing.;As we watched Dr.Inaba’s yellow helicopter soar away to Narita airport, we couldn’t help thinking that his dream of world domination in robotics and allied applications might be more elegantly achieved if he had also thought to program his robots to whistle while they work.36.According to the author, which of the following is not true to the Japanese? A)Robots mean there is no need to import cheap foreign labor.B)Robots mean that humans needn’t do dirty and noisy work.C)Robots mean there are no strikes nor overtimes.D)Robots mean there is no mistake in any form.
37.What can be inferred form the words “He inaugurates the robot with words along the lines of ‘Welcome to our coworker, we hope you’ll help him settle in.’No one laughs.”? A)The Japanese has no sense of humor while at work.B)The Japanese does not understand the words of the Shinto priest.C)The Japanese shows a true respect for robots.D)The Japanese goes too far in their respect for robots.
38.Which of the following is not true about FANUC? A)Workers receive higher pay for working overtime.B)Workers enjoy free travel to and from work.C)Workers are doing boring, sometimes demanding work.D)Workers are reminded of being on a war footing.
39.What is not implied in the following works “we couldn’t help thinking that his dream of world domination in robotics and allied applications might be more elegantly achieved if he had also thought to program his robots to whistle while they work.”? A)Our technology is not yet up to the needs of Dr.Inaba’s dream.B)Dr.Inaba’s dream of world domination in robotics lacks humanity.C)Dr.Inaba’s dream of allied applications is too practical.D)The author is in favor of Dr.Inaba’s dream.
40.What does “our coworker” refer to in the sentence “Welcome to our coworker, we hope you’ll help him settle in?”
A)Japanese workers who attend the inauguration. B)The introduced robot.C)The people who have invented the robot. D)Japanese workers in general.
Part Ⅴ
Writing(30 minutes)
Directions:For this part you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic: How to Cope with Personal Crisis.
You should write at least 150 words and base your composition on the outline given in Chinese below:
How to Deal with Personal Crisis 1.造成个人危机的起因。 2.应对个人危机的方法。
答案与详解 Part Ⅱ Passage One 内容概要:
本文讲述了美国“工作场所操作规范”诞生的背景和实施情况。1996年，美国一些地方和部门的低收入工人抗议血汗工厂，随后克林顿政府发起“无血汗”运动，要求零售商和制造商签署《工作场所操作规范》。可是国防部拒绝执行；美国劳工部作为政府部门，却称主要要求制造商们遵守安全和卫生规定。 21.【答案】D。
【译文】这篇文章主要讲述什么？
【试题分析】归纳概括题(Summing up and summarizing)，这种试题要求学生能把握文章的总体，并真正理解主题和中心大意。 【详细解答】文章从开始就讲述众多的低收入工人集体抗议工作条件，导致Kathie Gifford的服装厂被曝光；于是克林顿政府发起“无血汗”运动，可是国防部拒绝签署《工作场所操作规范》，劳工部却称该部门主要要求制造商们遵守安全和卫生规定。可见美国政府部门对于血汗工厂的问题存有分歧，也难以解决。所以文章的中心大意是美国血汗工厂的问题目前最严重的地方是美国政府对此的态度不够统一和坚决。A）太偏，不是讲美国劳工部的职能；B）太泛，没有指明哪个问题，也不一定威胁到美国的经济；C）与文章意思相反，美国规范血汗工厂的努力并没有成功。D）最符合文章主题。 22.【答案】C。
【译文】根据本文，Kathie Gifford____ ？
【试题分析】细节理解题(Understanding details)。这类题一般只针对文章中某一个特定的细节，也可以涉及若干个细节，或者针对文章的主要事实而设问。
【详细解答】见文章第一句话“When Kathie Gifford...condemn such practices.”，Kathie Gifford的高利润的服装厂曝光了，之后她于1996年在报纸上被广泛报道。所以C）为正确答案。A）和B）与本句意思不符，她不是一名工人；D）说她写文章报道此事，也不对。 23.【答案】A。
【译文】与划线短语“to submit to” 意思最接近的是下列哪一项？
【试题分析】猜测词义题(Guessing at word meaning)。即运用一些猜测生词词义的方法，猜测生词的含义，以提高阅读速度和理解能力。
【详细解答】可以对上下文已知部分进行逻辑的推理。前面讲到克林顿发起的“无血汗”运动勒令零售商和制造商对车间环境进行定期检查，他们肯定是不情愿的，但这是总统的命令，所以他们就“不情愿地接受”。B）“冷冷地拒绝”；C）“热烈地欢迎”；D）“强烈地谴责”均与上下文意思不符。 24.【答案】B。
【译文】下列关于国防部的陈述哪一项是正确的？
【试题分析】分析判断题(Making an analysis and a judgment)。即根据文章中提供的事实，经过分析、思考做出这样或那样的判断选择。
【详细解答】这类题需要事先通读全文，理解全文主旨，尤其是关于国防部的内容；然后再将四个选项进行比较，用排除法。A）国防部是美国第14大零售服装制造商，这与文章中retail apparel outlet（零售服装批发商店）不符；B）它没有按照《工作场所操作规范》行事，这与文章中has not signed the code of conduct正好相符；C）它要求承包商签署《工作场所操作规范》，这与文章中it has not agreed to demand that its contractors submit to periodic inspections.相反；D）它要求劳工部发起一场运动，文章中没有提及。所以，对比分析可得知B为正确答案。 25.【答案】A。
【译文】克林顿政府发起“无血汗”运动的目的是什么？
【试题分析】细节理解中的词义转换题。这种题常常是原文有关词语和句子的转换，而不能在原文中直接找到。它要求考生能理解原文中某个短语或句子的含义，从而找到与答案意思相同的词语和句子。
【详细解答】文章第一段最后一句话“with much fanfare，...，their workplace conditions.”是说，克林顿政府借此小题大做，以勒令制造商们对车间环境进行定期检查。关键词有pressure（强制，压迫，勒令），to submit to（屈服，服从）。第二段第一句话“this campaign urged manufacturers to sign the Conduct.”更加直接说明了这场运动的目的，即让他们签署并执行这一规范。故A）为正确答案。 Passage Two 内容概要:
本文介绍了大众化投资的三种渠道，并分析了每种渠道的基本特征和适用对象。第一种是股票投资，回报丰厚，但风险较大；第二种是债券投资，回报稍少，但风险也较小，主要风险是借债人不还和通货膨胀；第三种是投资现金，回报较少，通货膨胀影响也较小。基本原则是：如果你长期不需要用钱，就投资股票；如果你短期内要用钱，就投资债券和现金。 26.【答案】D。
【译文】文章的目的是给____提供建议？
【试题分析】归纳概括题。需要考生总结归纳短文(段落)的主题(subject)，中心思想(main idea)，标题(title)或作者的写作目的(purpose)。
【详细解答】通读全文后可知，本文主要介绍了投资的三种渠道，并分析了每种渠道的利弊（即风险程度），如何降低风险来投资致富，即D所指“如何降低风险来致富”。A）“如何避免通货膨胀风险”，过于片面；B）“买入哪种债券”，不是文章的主题；C）“如何通过投资股票市场致富”，也过于片面。所以D）为正确答案，可以概括文章中心思想。
27.【答案】D。
【译文】作者提及洛克菲勒、比尔盖茨这样的百万富翁是想说明____？
【试题分析】推理判断题。根据文章某一部分内容推理出作者的言外之意。需要找准、读懂这部分内容，并分析与文章其它部分之间的联系和作用。
【详细解答】第一段最后一句话，“But today，...，starting out on his own needs a portfolio.”这是讲的今天每个人都可以根据自己的需要进行证券投资；推到前面一句，那么前面提及的百万富翁也都是根据自己的需要开始证券投资而致富的。A）“他们是我们迈向致富之路的榜样”，不具体，没有说明如何致富；B）“证券投资对于经济成功很关键”，这句话本身是正确的，但与第一段表达的意思不一致；C）“他们确实很富裕”，也不是第一段所想要表达的意思。D）“他们是从自己开始做起的”，这正是第一段所要表达的意思，即这些百万富翁是从自己做起开始致富的，而现在每个人都可以这样做，紧接着引入下面的投资指南。 28.【答案】D。
【译文】作者赞同下列哪一项陈述？
【试题分析】分析判断题。考生尽量考虑文中的全部信息或事实，在通盘理解文章的基础上去分析每个选项的正误。
【详细解答】这类题应在理解文章的基础上，着重比较四个选项，采取排除法。A）“只要有一些财产，每个人都可以致富”，凭常识判断这句话本身就不对，更与作者想要介绍投资渠道的必要性和方法相悖；B）“购买国债的信誉风险极高”，这句话与“The U.S.government stands behind Treasury bonds，so the credit risk is almost nil.”意思完全相反；C）“了解股票、债券和现金的优势并无用处”，这与作者的观点相反；D）“每个人都应该意识到金融财产重新分配的重要性。”这正是第一段作者所说的“每个人都可以根据自己的需要采用不同的投资方式致富”的前提。故选D）。 29.【答案】B。
【译文】第三段中的“returns”可以由以下哪个词替代？ 【试题分析】猜测词义题。根据上下文来猜测生词的含义。
【详细解答】该词本身的意思是“回来，回报”，再看句子“stocks pay higher returns but are more risky.”是说股票有更高的回报，但风险更大；我们凭常识判断，股票的回报就是“赚钱，利润”。比较四个选项，B）profits（利润）正确。
30.【答案】C。
【译文】文章的作者指出____
【试题分析】分析判断题。比较四个选项，看哪一个符合作者的意思。
【详细解答】“作者指出”可以是文章中直接提到的，也可以是作者的言外之意，要结合文章判断四个选项本身是否正确。A）“保留现金是避免风险的唯一方式”，作者鼓励合理投资，显然这不是作者意思；B）“你持有股票越久，你损失越大。”这句话本身有误，文章中也没有提及；C）“高利润和高风险在股票市场中同时存在”，这正是第三段中“stocks pay higher returns but are more risky.”意思，所以正确；D）“积累财富最好的方式是投资股票”，作者在文章最后明确指出“如果你长期不需要用钱，就投资股票；如果你短期要用，就投资债券和现金。”所以该项也不正确。 Passage Three 内容概要:
本文介绍了两种基本统计方法的发展及它们的应用。第一种是描述性统计方法，包括计算、测量、列表、排序、描述以及调查，既可统计数量也可统计质量；第二种是推理统计方法，主要是抽样分析，然后推而广之，得出结论。 31.【答案】A。
【译文】本文主要讲述什么？
【试题分析】典型的归纳概括题，要求考生归纳总结文章的中心思想。
【详细解答】首先细想一下全文的内容概要，再看四个选项。A）“统计学的发展与应用”，正是文章所讲的主要内容；B）“描述性统计”的起源，只说了文章中很小的一个方面；C）“推理统计方法的局限性”，文章中没有提及；D）“统计的重要性”，不是本文的重点。综合比较，A）正确。 32.【答案】B。
【译文】描述和列表与____相关？
【试题分析】细节理解题。找到文章中相关的内容，理解其含义，然后做答。
【详细解答】从文章的第二段可以得知，描述和列表是描述性统计方法的两种形式。再看四个选项。A）“推理性统计”，没有任何关系；B）“描述性统计”，正好相关；C）“可能性理论”，从第一段末可知，该理论是用于推理性统计的；D）“计算的无效”，与文章内容不符。故选B）。 33.【答案】C。
【译文】关于描述性统计下列哪一个陈述是正确的？ 【试题分析】分析判断题。对比分析，存真去伪。
【详细解答】仔细比较四个选项。A）“它将数量变量和质量变量结合起来了”，这误解了第二段中第二句话“either...or...”句型，要么是数量变量，要么是质量变量；B）“它只能用来处理数量变量”，也与上面句型含义相悖；C）“它有助于总结一组数据的特征”，这正是第二段最后一句话“Large masses of data...the properties of an otherwise unwieldy mass of data.”的含义；D）“它有助于使用观察抽样进行预测”，这是推理性统计。所以选C）。 34.【答案】B。
【译文】与第二段中“unwieldy” 单词意思最接近的是____
【试题分析】猜测词义题。通过上下文的含义猜测生词的词义，将四个选项分别放到原句子中去比较也不失为一种好办法。
【详细解答】第二段最后一句话“Large masses of data...the properties of an otherwise unwieldy mass of data.”的意思是说，大量的数据群必须要有一个总结或减收的过程，以从可能是乱七八糟的数据群中找出其特征，关键词是otherwise，表示前后有个对比。可见后面提及的unwieldy mass of data是难以处理的数据。再看四个选项：A）“难以收集”，文章没有提收集；B）“难以处理”，与上下文正好相符；C）“不可理解的”，前面说将它们整理成容易理解的形式，可见它们还是“可以理解的”；D）“不可控制的”，与句意不符。故选B）。 35.【答案】A。
【译文】人口抽样经常用于下列目的，哪一项除外？
【试题分析】细节理解题。找到文章中关于人口抽样的内容，再进行比较选择。但要注意选的是除外的那一项。 【详细解答】文章最后一段讲到抽样100个小孩来进行分析预测。A）“进行更加准确的趋势预测”，抽样本身就不可能是为了更加“准确”，所以A错，应该选A。B）“提高效率，避免不必要工作”，这正是抽样的作用；C）“省去找每个成员的麻烦”，这也正是人口抽样的优势；D）“预测全体人群的特征”，正是人口抽样的目的。所以选A）。 Passage Four 内容概要:
本文介绍了机器人在日本的迅速发展和广泛应用。机器人在实际工作岗位上可以替代工人完成大量的工作，并表现出诸多的优势。正因为机器人的优点，日本人通常要举行隆重的仪式欢迎机器人投入工厂作业。日本著名的机器人专家伊纳巴博士发明了大量机器人，正梦想着统治全世界的机器人行业。 36.【答案】B。
【译文】根据作者的观点，下列哪一项对于日本人来讲是不正确的？
【试题分析】分析判断题。通读全文，并仔细比较四个选项；但要注意选择不正确的那一项。
【详细解答】在理解全文的基础上，比较四个选项。A）是第一段第三句话的原话，所以正确；B）“机器人意味着人们不必从事肮脏和吵闹的工作”，与第一段第四句话含义有所区别，原文是说，有了机器人人们就没有必要“忍受（put
up with）肮脏、吵闹的工作，所以B与原文意思不完全一致；C）和D）也是文章中所提及的。相比较，A）、C）和D）都是文章中的原话，只有B）不符原意。故选B。 37.【答案】C。
【译文】“他在为机器人举行典礼仪式时，说这样的话‘欢迎光临我们的这位同事，我们希望你能帮助他安顿下来。’没有一个人笑”，从这句话可以推断出什么？
【试题分析】细节推理题。理解这句话的含义，然后推理出其中的深层含义，可进行比较选择。
【详细解答】这句话是对上帝说的。在场的人都很肃穆，没有一个人笑，说明日本人在这种场合表现出虔诚，这是对机器人的一种尊敬。四个选项中，C）最符合原意。日本人不笑并不能说明他们没有幽默感，也不是没有听懂牧师的话，他们的尊敬也没有过头，所以A）、B）、D）均不符题意。 38.【答案】A。
【译文】下列关于FANUC的陈述哪一个不正确？ 【试题分析】分析判断题。
【详细解答】文章倒数第二段中提到FANUC，这是日本一家专门研制机器人的公司。A）“工人们在加班时会有更高的回报”，可是文章中有一句话：“However，workers are expected to put in demanding unpaid overtime.”这种overtime是unpaid（没有报酬的），所A不正确。B）、C）、D）选项均为文章中的原话。故选A）。 39.【答案】A。
【译文】“我们禁不住这样认为，如果他也想到将他的机器人设计为边工作边吹口哨，那么他统治全世界机器人行业和相关应用的梦想就会更加娴雅地实现。”下列哪句话不是由这段文字推断出来的？ 【试题分析】分析判断题。
【详细解答】这段文字中think的宾语从句中使用的是虚拟语气，表示不可能的假设，同时对Inada没有想到这样做表示一种遗憾和惋惜。A）是表示我们的技术还不足以让Inada实现梦想，原文中是说他的梦想会更加娴雅地实现，意即他的梦想已经实现，所以A错；B）和C）均是说他的梦想太现实，缺乏人性，他设计的机器人并没有边工作边吹口哨（这代表一种休闲的工作方式），而作者认为这样，所以B和C均对；D）是说作者赞同Inada博士的梦想，从文字的语气中可以得知作者是希望他实现梦想的，而且还提出了更好地实现梦想的建议，所以D也对。根据题意的要求，选A。 40.【答案】B。
【译文】“欢迎光临我们的这位同事，我们希望你能帮助他安顿下来。”这句话中的“co-worker”指什么？ 【试题分析】猜测词义题。根据上下文猜测文中的指代名词，这需要分析这个指代名词的真正所指。
【详细解答】这句话中，这位同事（co-worker）显然与后半句中的“他”是同指，“他”安顿下来，那么“他”指什么呢？结合这是机器人投入使用的典礼仪式，是谁安顿下来呢？显然就是即将投入使用的机器人。所以“这位同事”（co-worker）是指即将投入使用的机器人，即B。
Part Ⅴ 写作指导：
这是一篇限制性提纲作文。由于已经给出了写作主题和段落模式，所以必须紧扣标题，严格遵守提纲，达到规定字数。构思时结构一定要清晰，建议使用四段式，第一段综述，第二、三段分述，第四段做总结，二、三段是重点。可将提纲中的两点作为第二段和第三段的主题句，但不要逐字翻译，然后再找2～3个与主题相关的素材展开说明。另外还需注意：①写好第一句话。这样容易给阅卷者留下一个好印象，最好能用上一个漂亮的复合句，里面再用上2～3个难的单词或词组，但不能出错。②在写作时尽量多用长句，少用短句，适当加入几个结构较复杂的句子。可多用连接性的词组或单词，如first，second，moreover，for one thing...for another，on the one hand...on the other hand等等。可以把它们置于段首或文中比较显著的位置，这样会使文章更具条理性。③注意结尾的时候要点题，把自己的观点明确说出来。文章不要写得太长，这样容易引起阅卷者的反感，达到字数就可以了。④如有可能，适当加上一两句名言或是谚语，以显示你的水平。最后要注意没有语法错误，并保持卷面干净整洁。
本文可以这样写：首先第一段介绍在生活和工作节奏不断加快的今天，人们会碰到各种各样的个人危机，如：工作事业上的，婚恋家庭上的，人际关系上的等等；第二段则按照提纲中的第一点重点分析造成个人危机的起因，主要有自身处理事物能力不足，外部环境较为不利，以及运气不佳等等；第三段则根据提纲中第二点提出应对个人危机的方法，要根据第二段中的起因来提应对方法，可以写需要个人有坚强的意志毅力和不懈的努力奋斗，积极改善外部环境，善于抓住机遇；第四段可以适应发挥，进一步阐明自己的观点，并提出希望。 当然，也可以按照提纲就写两段，只要说清问题即可。 参考范文：
How to Deal with Personal Crisis Since different person may come across different crisis，it is difficult to answer why personal crisis will happen and what leads to the situation.It depends.But the main origins and causes can be concluded in the following three aspects： lack of strong mind and personal incompetence to overcome difficulty，disadvantageous surroundings，and bad luck.Only when one person does well in all these three aspects，can he or she avoid personal crisis.
But anyway，All is not lost that is in danger.Every cloud has a silver lining.One will surely come out from the crisis if he masters the right methods.At first，he should envisage the crisis with the right eye.And then，he should be strongly-minded and be perseverant all the time.Thirdly，he should try his best to improve relation with his boss，colleagues，partners，friends，and his family members in order to get a better surrounding.At last，he should try to grasp every chance to make progress.In this way，the crisis can be transferred to success.
本套试卷测试语言重点 10个重点单词：
simultaneous: 同时发生的〒
deteriorate:（使）恶化
migrate:（使）移居，移往
eligible: 符合条件的，合格的 alternate: 交替，轮流，改变
cook: 厨师 self-conscious: 有自知之明的 minimum:最低限度的，最小量 distribute: 分发，分配，分布
competent: 能够胜任的，有能力的 4个重点词组：
start out: 出发，动身，起家 settle in: 安顿，迁入
coincide with: 与„„一致，与„„同时发生 on the course of: 在„„的过程中
中国名校六级密卷(2)
北京师范大学外文学院 范 民
Part Ⅱ Reading Comprehension(35 minutes)Directions: There are four passages in this part.Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements.For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C)and D).You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center. Passage One
Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage:
Let children learn to judge their own work.A child learning to talk does not learn by being corrected all the time.If corrected too much, he will stop talking.He notices a thousand times a day the difference between the language he uses and the language those around him use.Bit by bit, he makes the necessary changes to make his language like what other people say.In the same way, when children learn to do all the other things they learn to do without being taught—to work, run, climb, whistle, or ride a bicycle.They compare those performances with those of more skilled people, and slowly make the needed changes.But in school we never give a child a chance to find out his own mistakes for himself, let alone correct them.We do it all for him.We act as if we thought that he would never notice a mistake unless it was pointed out to him, or correct it unless he was made to.soon he becomes dependent on the teacher.Let him do it himself.Let him work out, with the help of other children if he wants it, what this word says, what answer is to that problem, whether this is a good way of saying or doing this or not.If it is a matter of right answers, as it may be in mathematics or science, give him the answer book.Let him correct his own papers.Why should we teachers waste time on such routine work? Our job should be to help the child when he tells us that he can’t find a way to get the right answer.Let’s end this nonsense of grades, exams and marks.Let us throw them all out, and let the children learn what all educated persons must some day learn, that is, how to measure their own understanding and how to know what they know or do not know.Let them get on with this job in the way that seems most sensible to them, with our help as school teachers if they ask for it.The idea that there is a body of knowledge to be learnt at school and used for the rest of one’s life is nonsense in a world as complicated and rapidly changing as ours.Anxious parents and teachers say, “But suppose they fail to learn something essential, something they will need to get in the world? Don’t worry!if it is essential, they will go out into the world and learn it.”
21.What does the author think is the best way for children to learn things? A)By making mistakes and having them pointed out by others. B)By having their mistakes corrected.
C)By noticing their problems and making changes. D)By listening to explanations from skilled people.
22.According to the passage, a teacher’s duty is to____. A)providing students with help when necessary
B)finding out students’ mistakes and correcting them
C)teaching students the essential knowledge that they will need in their future life D)telling students the correct answers
23.The passage suggests that learning to speak and learning to ride a bicycle are____. A)not really important skills
B)more important than other skills C)basically the same in that we learn by practising and making changes D)quite different in terms of the way of learning
24.Exams, grades, and marks should be abolished because children’s progress should only be assessed by ____. A)educated persons
B)the children themselves C)teachers D)parents
25.The author fears that if adults always correct mistakes for children, children will grow up to be____.
A)fearful of making mistakes B)too critical of themselves
C)unable to think for themselves
D)unable to use basic skillsPassage Two
Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage:
One of the most authoritative voices speaking to us today is, of course, the voice of the advertisers.Its shrilling clamour（喧闹声）dominates our lives.It shouts at us from the television screens and the radio loudspeakers;waves to us from every page of the newspaper;plucks at our sleeves on the escalator;signals to us from the road-side billboards all day and flashes messages to us in coloured lights at night.
Advertising has been among England’s biggest growth industries since the war, in terms of the ratio of money earnings to demonstrate achievement.Why all this fantastic expenditure?
Perhaps the answer is that advertising saves the manufacturers from having to think about the customer.At the stage of designing and developing a product, there is quite enough to think about without worrying over whether anybody will want to buy it.The designer is busy enough without adding customer appeal to all his other problems of man-hours and machine tolerances and stress factors.So they just go ahead and make the thing and leave it to the advertiser to find eleven ways of making it appeal to purchasers after they finish it, by pretending that it gives status, or attracts love, or signifies manliness.If the advertising agency can do this authoritatively enough, the manufacturer is in clover(养尊处优).
Other manufacturers find advertising saves them from changing their product.And manufacturers hate change.The ideal product is or another, some alteration seems called for how much better to change the image, the packet or the pitch made by the product, rather than go to all the inconvenience of changing the product itself.
26.According to the passage modern advertising becomes one of the most prosperous industries because____.
A)people are more concerned with the image of a product rather than the product itself B)it saves manufacturers from considering how the products can appeal to customers C)there are all kinds of media available
D)there are many excellent advertisers who can make their voices authoritative 27.The forms of advertising mentioned in paragraph 1 would have least impact ____. A)in the rush hours B)during working hours C)before working hours D)after working hours
28．According to the passage, a designer of products is preoccupied with the following problems EXCEPT ____.
A)customer appeal B)man-hour
C)machine tolerance D)stress factors
29.Advertisers are appreciated by manufacturers because they ____. A)advise them on ways of giving a product customer appeal B)accept responsibility for giving a product customer appeal C)advise them on the best time to go ahead with production D)consult them during the design and development stages 30．According to the last paragraph, if changes are called for, some manufactures are more willing to change ____. A)the image of a product B)the function of a product C)the quality of a product
D)the price of a productPassage Three
Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage:
Telecommuting—substituting the computer for the trip to the job—has been hailed as a solution to all kinds of problems related to office work.
For workers it promises freedom from the office, less time wasted in traffic, and help with child-care conflicts.For management, telecommuting helps keep high performers on board, minimizes tardiness and absenteeism by eliminating commutes, allows periods of solitude for high concentration tasks, and provides scheduling flexibility.In some areas, such as Southern California and Seattle, local governments are encouraging companies to start telecommuting programs in order to reduce rush-hour congestion and improve air quality.
But these benefits do not come easily.Making a telecommuting program work requires careful planning and an understanding of the differences between telecommuting realities and popular images.
Many workers are seduced by rosy illusions of life as a telecommuter.A computer programmer from New York City moves to the tranquil Adirondack Mountains and stays in contact with her office via computer.A manager comes in to his office three days a week and works at home the other two.An accountant stays home to care for her sick child: she hooks up her telephone modern connections and does office work between calls to the doctor.
These are powerful images, but they are a limited reflection of reality.Telecommuting workers soon learn that it is almost impossible to concentrate on work and care for a young child at the same time.Before a certain age, young children cannot recognize, much less respect, the necessary boundaries between work and family.Additional child support is necessary if the parent is to get any work done.Management, too, must separate the myth from reality.Although the media has paid a great deal of attention to telecommuting, in most cases it is the employees’ situation, not the availability of technology, that precipitates a telecommuting arrangement.
That is partly why, despite the widespread press coverage, the number of companies with work-at-home programs or policy guidelines remains small.
31．Which of the following is not mentioned as a problem related to office work? A)Wasting time in traffic.
B)The conflict between child-care and work. C)The inflexible schedule.
D)The high expense on office equipment.
32．According to the passage, how does telecommuting benefit management? A)It enables workers to work intensively without being disturbed by colleagues. B)It can reduce the rush-hour congestion. C)It can free workers from office.
D)It can stabilize the staff since they can better take care of the family. 33．What subject does the passage mainly talk about? A)Business management strategies. B)The use of computer.
C)The life style of telecommuters.
D)Extending the workplace by means of computers. 34．According to the passage, the idea of telecommuting is not very realistic because____. A)it’s difficult to take care of small children and concentrate on work at the same time B)computer technology is not advanced enough C)electrical malfunctions can destroy a project
D)the workers do not always have all the needed resources at home
35.Which of the following is an example of telecommuting as described in the passage?
A)A scientist in a laboratory developing plans for a space station.
B)A technical writer sending via computer documents created at home. C)A computer technician repairing an office computer network.
D)A teacher directing computer assisted learning in a private school.Passage Four Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage:
The world has spent on preparation for war more than $112 billion a year, roughly $450 per head for every man, woman, and child in the world.Let us consider for a moment what could be done with this sum of money if it were spent on peace and not on war.Some of it, at any rate, in the more prosperous countries, could be spent on the reduction of taxation.The rest should be spent in ways that will, at the same time, be of benefit to mankind and a solution to the economic problem of change from war industry to the expansion of peace industries.As to this expansion, let us begin with the most elementary of all needs, namely, food.Today, the majority of mankind suffers from undernourishment, and in view of the population explosion, this situation is likely to grow worse in the coming decades.A very small part of what is now being spent upon weapons would improve our predicament.Not only could the American surplus of grain, which was for many years uselessly destroyed, be spent in relief of famine, but, by irrigation, large region now desert could be made fertile, and by improvement in transport, distribution from regions of excess to regions of scarcity could be helped.
Housing, even in the richest countries, is often disastrously inadequate.This could be relieved by a tiny fraction of what is being spent on missiles.Education everywhere, but especially in the newly liberated countries of Africa and Asia, demands an expenditure many times as great as that which it receives now.But it is not only greater expenditure that is needed in education.If the terror of war were removed, science could be devoted to improving human welfare, instead of to the invention of increasingly expensive methods of mutual killing, and schools would no longer think it a part of their duty to promote hatred of possible enemies by means of ignorance hardened by lies.
36.According to the passage, the problem of famine can be relieved by the following means EXCEPT ____.
A)increasing taxes in rich countries
B)distributing food from regions of excess to regions of scarcity C)controlling population explosion D)developing irrigating techniques
37．Which of the following is not mentioned as benefits derived from diverting money spent on war to peaceful purposes? A)Taxes could be reduced.
B)Better housing could be provided. C)Famine could be relieved.
D)Population explosion could be controlled.
38．It can be inferred that the author’s attitude is ____. A)ideal B)pessimistic C)pragmatic D)optimistic
39．It can be inferred that schools of today often have to ____. A)teach knowledge of war
B)promote hatred towards possible enemies C)teach students not to tell lies D)close due to inadequate funds
40．The bold word “undernourishment”(Line 9, Para.1)most probably means ____.
A)war disaster B)poverty
C)lack of nutrition D)certain disease
Part Ⅴ Writing(30 minutes)
Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic Pressure in Modern Life.You should write at least 150 words and you should base your composition on the outline(given in Chinese)below: 1.现代生活充满压力； 2.压力对人身心的影响； 3.如何缓解压力。答案与详解 Part Ⅱ Passage One
内容概要:本篇文章谈到学生在学习语言时，教师总是习惯于指出并纠正学生的错误，这种方法是不妥的。语言的学习和其他技能的学习一样，学生可以在实践的过程中发现问题，做出相应改变。教师的过多干涉只会增强学生的依赖型，因此不可取。教师的职责是在学生需要时给予帮助，使学生对自己的能力做出正确评价。 21.【答案】C。
【试题分析】事实辨认题。
【详细解答】文章指出，孩子们学习很多技能和学习语言一样，犯了错误不需要总是被指出并纠正，他们会自觉地与其他人做比较，从而发现问题，并且做出改变，故选项C正确。 22.【答案】A。
【试题分析】事实辨认题。
【详细解答】文章有这样的句子“Our job should be to help the child when he tells us that he can’t find a way to get the right answer”，因此教师的任务不是给他们正确答案，也不是纠正他们的错误，根据文中“The idea that there is a body of knowledge to be learnt at school and used for the rest of one's life nonsense in a world as complicated and rapidly changing as ours.” 的意思，作者认为在这个复杂多变的社会里，教师的任务也不应仅仅是传授一些必需的知识，故只有A正确。 23.【答案】C。
【试题分析】事实辨析题。
【详细解答】文章指出，学习语言和学习其他技能如同骑自行车一样，需要在使用这种技能的过程中发现问题，并做出相应的变化，这样才能得到提高。故C符合文章的本意。 24.【答案】B。
【试题分析】推理题。
【详细解答】文章指出孩子们要学习和知道的并不是所谓的正确答案，重要的是要对自己已知和未知的东西有一个正确的了解，因此只有他们才能对自己的能力做出正确评价。 25.【答案】C。
【试题分析】事实辨析题。
【详细解答】文章指出，如果教师总是指出并纠正学生的错误，学生就会过于依赖教师而不会自己做出判断，故C正确。 Passage Two
内容概要:本文谈到广告在人们的生活中无处不在，无孔不入，广告业也成为二战后英国最兴盛的产业之一，原因在于广告可使厂家不必再花费心思于如何吸引顾客，他们可以把这一切都交给广告商的包装和宣传。 26.【答案】B。
【试题分析】事实辨析题。
【详细解答】文章第三段谈及了广告业兴旺的原因：“Perhaps the answer is that advertising saves the manufacturers from having to think about the customer”，即厂家不必再去考虑如何吸引顾客，而是把它交给广告。故B正确。 27.【答案】B。
【试题分析】推理题。
【详细解答】文章第一段列举了广告进入人们生活的各种途径，如电视、收音机、报纸、地铁站等，所有这些都是人们在路途中或休闲时听到或看到的，而不是在上班时间，故B。 28.【答案】A。
【试题分析】细节题。
【详细解答】根据文中第三段“The designer is busy enough without adding customer appeal to all his other problems of man-hours and machine tolerances and stress factors”可知答案为A。 29.【答案】B。
【试题分析】推断题。
【详细解答】根据文章第三段，厂家可以不必去考虑如何吸引顾客，而把这些都交给广告商。因此应选B，即广告商要承担使产品更具吸引力的任务。 30.【答案】A。
【试题分析】事实辨析题。
【详细解答】最后一段的大意是某些厂家宁愿通过广告改变产品的形象，而不愿去花费心思改变产品本身。故答案为A。 Passage Three
内容概要:本文针对使用电脑在家办公这样一种新的工作方式发表评论，指出它虽然有若干好处，但在某些方面并不现实，因此真正实行用电脑在家办公的公司并不多。 31.【答案】D。
【试题分析】事实辨析题。
【详细解答】从第二段可以看出，A,B,C项都是在普通的办公室工作中存在的，人们希望通过在家办公来解决的问题，只有D项没有提到，故选D。 32.【答案】A。
【试题分析】事实辨析题。
【详细解答】从文章第二段“telecommuting...allows periods of solitude for high concentration tasks”可以得知，在家办公对于管理方的好处在于员工可以更专心地投入那些需要注意力高度集中的工作。故选项A正确。 33.【答案】D。
【试题分析】主旨题。
【详细解答】文章主要讨论了一种新的工作方式——使用电脑在家办公，因此D（通过电脑使工作空间扩大）是正确选项。 34.【答案】A。
【试题分析】事实辨析题。
【详细解答】从文中第五段句子“Telecommuting workers soon learn that it is almost impossible to concentrate on work and care for a young child at the same time”可知选项A正确。 35.【答案】B。
【试题分析】细节题。
【详细解答】本题问的是哪一项是文章所给的使用计算机在家办公的例子。根据文章第四段中“A computer programmer...stays in contact with her office via computer”可知，只有B与之相符。 Passage Four
内容概要:文章指出全世界每年花费巨额的金钱用于为战争做准备，如果将这笔钱用于和平的目的，会解决当今世界面临的许多问题，从而大大改善人们的生活。 36.【答案】A。
【试题分析】事实辨析题。
【详细解答】文章第一段指出，当今世界很多地方还没有解决温饱问题，而人口的膨胀使这个问题在下一个十年会变得更加严重。文章还提出，通过发展灌溉和交通，这个问题有望得到缓解。故应选A。 37.【答案】D。
【试题分析】事实辨析题。
【详细解答】文章提到将用于军备的钱用于和平的目的，能够减少税收、改善居住条件、解决温饱问题。只有D未被提到，故应选D。 38.【答案】B。
【试题分析】推理题。
【详细解答】通观全文，可以看出作者用大部分篇幅描述当今世界面临的各种问题，其态度基本上是悲观的。 39.【答案】B。
【试题分析】推理题。
【详细解答】根据文章最后一句话，在目前情况下，学校常常不得不教育孩子们，以期在孩子的心目中制造对假想敌人的仇恨，故选B。40.【答案】C。
【试题分析】词汇题。
【详细解答】根据上下文，此处探讨的是有些地区面临的温饱问题，故只有C（缺乏营养）贴近词意。
Part Ⅴ 写作指导：
本文第一段适合使用举例法，说明现代生活中人们要承受哪些压力。第二段要注意从身心两方面（physically and psychologically）说明压力的影响，因为第三段要谈如何缓解压力，故在此应侧重负面影响，而对正面影响可以一带而过。第三段提出解决方法。注意各段的主题句要清晰、明确。 参考范文：
Pressure in Modern Life
People are faced with more and more pressure in modern life.Adults have to compete with one another for better jobs, higher pays, desirable prizes and opportunities of promotion.Even small children have to compete in order to obtain opportunities to receive better education.Therefore, life in the modern society is quite stressful.Although pressure can motivate people to make greater efforts in their work and study, it does a lot of harm to people’s physical and psychological health.For example, people easily get tired under pressure.And constant pressure contributes to many other negative aspects of mental state, such as irritability, tension, gloominess, restlessness, etc.
It is necessary to relax yourself and get rid of the negative consequences of pressure.For example, when you are having too much pressure, it is advisable to listen to some light music or take part in some sports activities.It is also helpful to talk to a close friend about what is on your mind, or take a trip so that your attention can be diverted from the task for some time.All these activities can help you to reduce pressure and handle tasks more effectively and efficiently.本套试卷测试语言重点 10个重点单词：
adjust:调整，校准；适应 mobile: 活动的，流动的 carry: 传送，输送 issue:指刊物的一期 deserve: 值得，应该享有，名副其实 approach:后面接介词to，表示方法、步骤 release:发布（新闻），发行（电影）；释放，放开 convey: 表达，传达（思想、感情等） advisable: 明智的，可取的 complicated: 复杂的 4个重点词组：
break off： 突然停止，中断
take to： 养成某种爱好，变得喜欢（经常）做某事 call for： 应当，需要（采取某行动），要求（有） at random： 随便地，任意地„„
中国名校六级密卷(3)
上海外国语大学新闻传播学院 李美 Passage One
Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage:
Every profession or trade, every art, and every science has its technical vocabulary.Different occupations, however, differ widely in the character of their special vocabularies.In trades and handicrafts, and other vocations, like farming and fishery, that have occupied great numbers of men from remote times, the technical vocabulary, is very old.It consists largely of native words, or of borrowed words that have worked themselves into the very fiber of our language.Hence, though highly technical in many particulars, these vocabularies are more familiar in sound, and more generally understood, than most other technicalities.The special dialects of law, medicine, divinity, and philosophy have also, in their older strata, become pretty familiar to cultivated persons and have contributed much to the popular vocabulary.Yet every vocation still possesses a large body of technical terms that remain essentially foreign, even to educated speech.And the proportion has been much increased in the last fifty years, particularly in the various departments of natural and political science and in the mechanic arts.Here new terms are coined with the greatest freedom, and abandoned with indifference when they have served their turn.Most of the new coinages are confined to special discussions, and seldom get into general literature or conversation.Yet no profession is nowadays, as all professions once were, a close guild（行会）.The lawyer, the physician, the man of science, the divine, associated freely with his fellow-creatures, and does not meet them in a merely professional way.Furthermore, what is called “popular science” makes everybody acquainted with modern views and recent discoveries.Any important experiment, though made in a remote or provincial laboratory, is at once reported in the newspapers, and everybody is soon talking about it as in the case of the Roentgen rays and wireless telegraphy.Thus our common speech is always taking up new technical terms and making them commonplace.21.Special words used in technical discussion____. A)never last long
B)should be confined to scientific fields C)may become part of common speech D)are considered artificial language speech 22.It is true that____.
A)everyone is interested in scientific findings
B)the average man often uses in his own vocabulary what was once technical language not meant for him
C)an educated person would be expected to know most technical terms
D)various professions and occupations often interchange their dialects and jargons 23.In recent years,there has been a marked increase in the number of technical terms in the terminology of____.
A)fishery
B)farmingC)government D)sports24.The writer of the article was, undoubtedly ____.
A)a linguist B)an attorneyC)a scientist D)an essayist 25.The author’s main purpose in the passage is to____. A)describe a phenomenon B)propose a solution C)be entertaining D)argue a belief Passage Two
Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage:
An important new industry, oil refining, grew after the Civil War.Crude oil, or petroleum—a dark, thick ooze（渗出物，分泌物）from the earth—had been known for hundreds of years.But little use had ever been made of it.In the 1850’s Samuel M.Kier, a manufacturer in western Pennsylvania, began collecting the oil from local seepage and refining it into kerosene.Refining, like smelting, is a process of removing impurities from a raw material.
Kerosene was used to light lamps.It was a cheap substitute for whale oil, which was becoming harder to get.Soon there was a large demand for kerosene.People began to search for new supplies of petroleum.
The first oil well was drilled by E.L.Drake,a retired railroad conductor.In 1859 he began drilling in Titusville,Pennsylvania.The whole venture seemed so impractical and foolish that onlookers called it“Drake’s Folly.”But when he had drilled down about 70 feet(21 meters),Drake struck oil.His well began to yield 20 barrels of crude oil a day.
News of Drake’s success brought oil prospectors to the scene.By the early 1860’s these wildcatters were drilling for “black gold” all over western Pennsylvania.The boom rivaled the California gold rush of 1848 in its excitement and Wild West atmosphere.And it brought far more wealth to the prospectors than any gold rush.Crude oil could be refined into many products.For some years kerosene continued to be the principal one.It was sold in grocery stores and door-to-door.In the 1880’s and 1890’s refiners learned how to make other products such as waxes and lubricating oils.Petroleum was not then used to make gasoline or heating oil.26.According to the passage, many people initially thought that E.L.Drake had made a mistake by ____. A)moving Pennsylvania B)retiring from his job C)searching for oil
D)going on a whaling expedition
27.According to the passage, what is “black gold”? A)Gold ore.B)Sstolen money. C)Whale oil.D)Crude oil.
28.Why does the author mention the California gold rush? A)To indicate the extent of United States mineral wealth. B)To argue that gold was more valuable than oil.
C)To describe the mood when oil was first discovered. D)To explain the need for an increased supply of gold.
29.The author mentions all of the following as possible products of crude oil EXCEPT____.
A)gasoline B)kerosene
C)wax
D)plastic30.What might be the best title for the passage? A)Oil Refining: A Historical Perspective. B)Kerosene Lamps: A Light in the Tunnel.
C)The California Gold Rush: Get Rich Quickly. D)Private Property: Trespassers Will Be Prosecuted. Passage Three
Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage:
For about three centuries we have been doing science, trying science out, using science for the construction of what we call modern civilization.Every dispensable item of contemporary technology, from canal locks to dial telephones to penicillin, was pieced together from the analysis of data provided by one or another series of scientific experiments.Three hundred years seems a long time for testing a new approach to human interliving, long enough to settle back for critical appraisal of the scientific method, maybe even long enough to vote on whether to go on with it or not.There is an argument. Voices have been raised in protest since the beginning, rising in pitch and violence in the nineteenth century during the early stages of the industrial revolution, summoning urgent crowds into the streets any day these days on the issue of nuclear energy.Give it back, say some of the voices, it doesn’t really work, we’ve tried it and it doesn’t work, go back three hundred years and start again on something else less chancy for the race of man. The principle discoveries in this century, taking all in all, are the glimpses of the depth of our ignorance about nature.Things that used to seem clear and rational, matters of absolute certainty-Newtonian mechanics, for example-have slipped through our fingers, and we are left with a new set of gigantic puzzles, cosmic uncertainties, ambiguities;some of the laws of physics are amended every few years, some are canceled outright, some undergo revised versions of legislative intent as if they were acts of Congress.
Just thirty years ago we call it a biological revolution when the fantastic geometry of the DNA molecule was exposed to public view and the linear language of genetics was decoded.For a while, things seemed simple and clear, the cell was a neat little machine, a mechanical device ready for taking to pieces and reassembling, like a tiny watch.But just in the last few years it has become almost unbelievably complex, filled with strange parts whose functions are beyond today’s imagining.It is not just that there is more to do, there is everything to do.What lies ahead, or what can lie ahead if the efforts in basic research are continued, is much more than the conquest of human disease or the improvement of agricultural technology or the cultivation of nutrients in the sea.As we learn more about fundamental processes of living things in general we will learn more about ourselves.31.What can’ t be inferred from the 1st paragraph?
A)Scientific experiments in the past three hundred years have produced many valuable items.
B)For three hundred years there have been people holding hostile attitude toward science.
C)Modern civilization depends on science so man supports scientific progress unanimously.
D)Three hundred years is not long enough to settle back critical appraisal of scientific method.
32.The principle discovery in this century shows ____.
A)man has overthrown Newton’ s laws of physics B)man has solved a new set of gigantic puzzles C)man has lost many scientific discoveries D)man has given up some of the once accepted theories 33.Now scientists have found in the past few years____. A)the exposure of DNA to the public is unnecessary B)the tiny cell in DNA is a neat little machine C)man knows nothing about DNA D)man has much to learn about DNA 34.The writer’s main purpose in writing the passage is to say that ____. A)science is just at its beginning B)science has greatly improved man’s life C)science has made profound progress D)science has done too little to human beings 35.The writer’s attitude towards science is ____. A)critical B)approving C)neutral D)regretful Passage Four Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage:
Efforts to educate people about the risks of substance abuse（毒品滥用）seem to deter some people from using dangerous substances, if such efforts are realistic about what is genuinely dangerous and what is not.Observed declines in the use of such drugs as LSD, PCP, and quaaludes since the early 1970s are probably related to increased awareness of the risks of their use, and some of this awareness was the result of warnings about these drugs in “ underground ”papers read by drug users.Such sources are influential, because they do not give a simple “all drugs are terrible for you” message.Drug users know there are big variations in danger among drugs, and antidrug education that ignores or denies this is likely to be ridiculed.This is illustrated by the popularity among young marijuana users of Reefer Madness, a widely unrealistic propaganda film against marijuana made in the 1930s.This film made the rounds of college campuses in the 1970s and joined rock music videos on cable television’s MTV in the 1980s.Instead of deterring marijuana use, it became a cult（风靡一时的）film among users, many of whom got high to watch it. Although persuasion can work for some people if it is balanced and reasonable, other people seem immune to the most reasoned educational efforts.Millions have started smoking even though the considerable health risks of smoking have been well known and publicized for years.Moreover, the usefulness of education lies in primary prevention: prevention of abuse among those who presently have no problem.Hence, Bomier’s contention that “if the Pepsi generation can be persuaded to drink pop wine, they can be persuaded not to drink it while driving” is probably not correct, since most drunken driving is done by people who already have significant drinking problems, and hence seem not to be dissuaded even by much stronger measures such as loss of a driver’s license.36.According to the passage, up to now, antidrug education____. A)has made all people see the danger of drugs B)has succeeded in dissuading people from using drugs C)has been effective only to a certain degree D)has proved to be a total failure 37.The film “Reefer Madness” mentioned in the passage____. A)effectively deterred marijuana use B)was rejected by young marijuana users C)did not picture the danger of marijuana realistically D)was welcomed by marijuana users because it told them how to get high 38.The message “all drugs are terrible for you” is not influential because____. A)it ignores the fact that drugs vary greatly in danger B)it gives a false account of the risks of drug use C)some drugs are good for health D)it does not appear in underground papers 39.According to the passage, which of the following statements is NOT true? A)Even balanced and reasonable antidrug persuasion is influential only to some people. B)Most drug users are ignorant of the danger of drugs. C)Punishments such as loss of a driver’s license do not seem to be an effective way to stop drunken driving. D)Primary prevention is a useful principle to be followed in antidrug education. 40.The best title for the passage would be ____. A)Are All Drugs Terrible for You? B)Do People Believe What Underground Papers Say? C)Is There an Increased Awareness of the Risks of Drugs? D)Can Persuasion Reduce Drug Abuse? Part Ⅴ Writing(30 minutes)Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition based on the following news extracted from newspaper, commenting on what had happened and giving your own understanding of it.You should write at least 150 words and give your own writing an appropriate title. “香港著名影、视、歌三栖明星张国荣四月一日从香港某高层楼纵身跳下，自杀身亡„„” ——《新民晚报》 Section B Passage One
William Shakespeare was christened in the market town of Stratford on Avon, Warwickshire, on April 26,1564;traditionally, his actual birthday was three days earlier, on St.George’s day, the same day as his death fifty-two years later.His father, John, was a respected middle-class trader, and his mother, Mary Arden, came from a family of local landowners.It seems probable that young William received a fair education(for his day)at the local Grammar School;at the age of eighteen he married a girl eight years older than himself, Anne Hathaway, who gave him a child the following year and twins in 1585.Little else is known of his early life, and so we cannot tell what made him decide to leave Stratford in 1586 for London, where he stayed until 1611.In London he must soon have attracted attention, because by 1592 he was a popular enough writer and actor to be laughed at by an older dramatist as an uneducated Jack of all trades.He is mentioned as
being among the principal actors of the city as early as 1598, and in 1599 we find that he is a member of the company running the Globe Theater, with one-tenth interest in the profits-showing a business sense rarely seen in his fellow writers.His popularity is indicated by the fact that not only were his own plays published under his name, which was a rare procedure in his day, but also plays by others are to be found attributed to him, as if to indicate that his name alone would promise a good sale.11.When did William Shakespeare die? 12.When did Shakespeare and his wife have their first child? 13.Which one can we infer from the article? 14.Which of the following is true? Passage Two
Centuries ago, during the Middle Ages, most of the land in Europe was owned by many different kings and queens, princes and princesses, and lords and ladies.They did not all get along.They were always fighting.They all wanted to get more land.To protect themselves, they started building huge homes out of stone.They called their homes castles.
A castle was built behind a strong stonewall.The wall was five or six feet thick and ten to twenty feet high.A deep ditch called a moat was dug around the outside of the wall.It was often filled with water, and the only way anyone could enter the castle was to cross a drawbridge.The drawbridge could be raised or lowered over the moat from inside the castle walls.There was also a tunnel that began in the castle and ended at the moat.This was important in case the castle was captured.It allowed the king and queen to escape.They could swim across the moat and hide in the forest.
Living in a castle was not very comfortable.The rooms were cold and damp.Every room could have a fire burning in a great fireplace, but until the twelfth century castles did not have chimneys.The smoke from their fireplaces had to go out through open doors and windows. Meals often had ten or twelve courses.The meat might be wild boar or birds that were boiled or roasted over an open fire.All the food was highly seasoned.People even put pepper in their drinks!
The people sat at a long table and ate with their fingers and a knife, all picking their food from the same big dish.They had no napkins.Therefore, they often wiped their hands on pieces of bread.When their fingers were clean, they threw the bread to their hunting dogs.15.Which of the following statements is NOT true about castles? 16.What can be inferred from the people’s eating habit in a castle? 17.What is the main topic of this passage? Passage Three
Years ago before there were refrigerators, an icehouse was a building used for storing ice.The first icehouses were in the cellars of farmhouses.Pieces of ice, mixed with snow and meadow grass, were piled in winter and kept until the following summer.Soon farmers began to build separate houses for storing ice.These icehouses had double walls with bay stuffed between to keep out any heat.Blocks of ice were put inside the icehouse and packed with straw or sawdust.
Where did the ice for these icehouses come from? Workers took it from a frozen pond or river.They sawed the ice into even blocks.Then they pulled the ice blocks from the water with hooks and carried them to the icehouses on sleds.
Special tools helped the workers cut and handle the ice.Ice axes chopped large holes in the ice.Ice saws cut the ice into even blocks.Choppers loosened these blocks from one another.Ice hooks fastened themselves into the large blocks.Then they could be carried over the frozen surface of the pond or river.Tongs were used to pick up the smaller blocks of ice.
Ships carried ice all over the world.In 1799 the first boatload in the United States was sent from New York City to icehouses in New Orleans, Louisiana.A boatload was sent from Boston, Massachusetts, to the West Indies to help fight yellow fever in 1805.Ice merchants in Boston also shipped tons of ice from ponds and rivers to cities in Europe.18.Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a step for farmers to store ice in icehouses? 19.Which of the following statements is NOT true? 20.Which of the following is the correct order in which workers cut and handle ice? 答案与详解 Part Ⅱ Passage One 内容概要:本文讨论的重点是各行各业的专业词汇。不同的职业，其专业词汇具有自身的特征。比如商业、手工业、农业及渔业的专业词汇中包含大量的古文。然而，随着大众科学的普及，人们对近期的发明创造变得越来越熟悉，并将某些专有名词应用在了自己的日常交流之中了。21.【答案】C。【译文】用于技术交流中的某些专用词汇也可以用于日常交流之中。【试题分析】细节辨析题，通过理解原文即可推理得知答案。【详细解答】见文章最后一句话，Thus our common speech is always taking up new technical terms and making them commonplace.说明人们在日常谈话中总会使用一些新的专有词汇使之成为日常用语。这一思想与答案C一致。22.【答案】B。【译文】普通人会在自己的日常用语中使用他过去并不使用的专用术语。【试题分析】细节辨析题，通过理解原文即可推理得知答案。【详细解答】本题与前面的21题有相通之处。根据文章内容，A（每个人都对科学发现感兴趣）是没有根据的、太过绝对的断言；C（受过教育的人都应该了解大多数的专有名词）显然也是无根据的，而“不同的专业或行业之间经常互换行话”（选项D）在文中也找不到根据。只有答案B与文章的最后几句话相吻合。23.【答案】C。【译文】近年来，专用术语的数量具有明显增长的是行政管理方面的术语。【试题分析】细节辨析题，通过理解原文即可推理得知答案。【详细解答】该段文章的段中有一句话：And the proportion has been much increased in the last fifty years, particularly in the various departments of natural and political science and in the mechanic arts.说明自然科学、政治学及机械学领域的术语增加最快，只有答案C符合这种说法。24.【答案】A。【译文】该文作者肯定是一名语言学家。【试题分析】综合分析题，通过理解全文推理得知答案。【详细解答】根据文章所谈论的主题，即不同行业的专用术语的问题，显然作者是一位语言学家，而不是律师（B）科学家（C）或评论家（D）。25.【答案】A。【译文】作者写作本文的主要目的是描写一种现象。【试题分析】综合分析推论题，在理解全文的基础上推理得知答案。【详细解答】根据全文内容，作者在文中介绍了各种不同行业的专用名词的特点，以及这些术语的发展和使用情况，显然是陈述性质的，是向读者描述某种现象，而不是为了提供解决问题的方案（B），因为根本没有提出任何问题；更不是为了娱乐（C）和争辩（D）。因此正确答案是A。Passage Two 内容概要:本文讲述的美国内战后发展起来的新兴工业——炼油业的相关情况。19世纪50年代一位名叫Samuel M.Kier的人首次炼出了煤油。它的出现取代了鲸油供人们电灯照明。E.L.Drake是第一个钻井成功的人。他的成功为以后大量的勘探者带来了取之不尽的财富。26.【答案】C。【译文】许多人开始时认为E.L.Drake搜寻石油的做法是错误的。【试题分析】细节辨析题，通过理解原文即可推理得知答案。【详细解答】根据文章第三段对该事件的描述，得知E.L.Drake这位退休列车长试图在 Pennsylvania 的Titusville钻井，但旁观者认为其行为很不现实甚至很愚蠢，直到他打到70英尺深处打出石油。因此，答案应是C。27.【答案】D。【译文】根据文章内容，black gold（黑色黄金）指的是“原油”。【试题分析】细节辨析题，通过理解原文即可推理得知答案。【详细解答】文章第一段第二句话对原油进行了明确的介绍：原油也叫石油，是地下的一种黑色渗出物。这里的“黑色渗出物”也就是第3段谈到的E.L.Drake试图开采的东西，即第4段所谓的black gold（黑色黄金）。因此，正确答案是D。28.【答案】C。【译文】作者提到加州的淘金热，目的是描述石油被首次发现时带给人们的激动情绪。【试题分析】综
合分析推理题，通过理解原文即可推理得知答案。【详细解答】文章第4段提到加州淘金热时，原文写道：The boom rivaled the California gold rush of 1848 in its excitement...意思是说（当时人们投入开采“黑色黄金”的）热潮可以与1848年的加州淘金热相媲美。这显然是为了向读者描述石油被首次发现时带给人们的激动情绪，因此选C。29.【答案】D。【译文】作者在文中提到由原油生产出的产品不包括塑料。【试题分析】细节辨析题，通过理解原文即可推理得知答案。【详细解答】根据文章第一段就得知煤油（B.kerosene）是原油提炼出来的；再根据文章最后一段，得知汽油（A.gasoline）和蜡（C.wax）也是由原油生产而来，所以本题的正确答案应是D。30.【答案】A。【译文】可以作为本文题目的是：炼油的历史变迁。【试题分析】综合分析归纳推论题，根据全文内容归纳总结得出答案。【详细解答】根据全文内容，本文主要是介绍炼油的历史，正确答案是A。选项B, C, D的中心词分别是“煤油灯”、“加州淘金热”、“私有财产”，显然都不妥。Passage Three
内容概要:本文讨论的是科学的进步与人类的发展。三百年以来，我们一直在从事各种科学活动，试图利用科学，揭开科学的神秘面纱，从而构建现代文明。但是，科学发展到现在还只是个开端，人类在各项研究方面都需要继续探索和努力，只有这样，人类才能不断提高对自身的认识。31.【答案】C。【译文】与第一段内容相悖的是：现代文明依赖科学的发展，因此所有的人都毫无异议地支持科技的进步。【试题分析】细节辨析题，通过理解原文即可推理得知答案。【详细解答】文章第一段提到：...maybe even long enough to vote on whether to go on with it or not.There is an argument.也就是说，对于将科学继续进行下去，人们观点不一。并且下文就不同的观点进行了详细的阐述，因此答案C是正确的。与之相比较，其他三个选项均是错误的。32.【答案】D。【译文】本世纪的主要发现表明，人类已经放弃了某些曾经接受的理论。【试题分析】细节辨析题，通过理解原文即可推理得知答案。【详细解答】见文章第3段，尤其是最后几句话，...some of the laws of physics are amended every few years, some are canceled outright, some undergo revised versions of legislative intent as if they were acts of Congress.得知人类对理论所采取的做法是修正，摈弃，甚至采取立法手段等，因此正确答案是D。33.【答案】D。【译文】在过去的几年里，科学家发现人们对DNA尚需进行继续深入研究。【试题分析】细节辨析题，通过理解原文即可推理得知答案。【详细解答】承接第4段末尾人们对DNA的再认识（But just in the last few years it has become almost unbelievably complex, filled with strange parts whose functions are beyond today’s imagining.），作者在第5段指出了对DNA研究的态度：继续深入地开展下去。由此确定答案为D。34.【答案】A。【译文】作者写作此文的目的是说明科学才刚刚起步。【试题分析】总结归纳题，通过理解全文归纳出答案。【详细解答】文章的最后一段明确指出，It is not just that there is more to do, there is everything to do.从而清楚地将作者的观点公之于众，那就是说，科学刚刚起步，面前的路还很长很长。因此答案应是A。虽然科学取得了很大进展（C），大大改善了人们的生活（B），但这都不是本文的写作目的。35.【答案】B。【译文】作者对待科学的态度是满意的。【试题分析】综合归纳题，在理解文章主题思想的基础上推理得知答案。【详细解答】根据全文的主题，作者对待科学的态度不是挑剔（A），中立（C）也不是遗憾（D），而是满意的积极的态度，所以应选择答案B。Passage Four
内容概要:本文讨论的人们对滥用毒品采取的态度问题。随着人们对毒品危害性的日益了解，毒品滥用的情况在减少，但“所有毒品都对人有极大危害”的说法显然不具有太大的影响力，因为人们都很明了毒品的毒性是有很大差异的。反毒品教育只是在一定程度上降低了毒品滥用的情况，但这个问题任重道远。36.【答案】C。【译文】根据文章内容得知，到目前为止，反毒品教育只是在某种程度上起到了一定的效果。【试题分析】细节辨析题，通过理解原文即可推理得知答案。【详细解答】文章第一段所述，antidrug education既没有完全失败（选项D.a total failure），也不是如选项A，B那样使所有的人都意识到了吸毒的危害，而是Observed declines in the use of such drugs...即在某种程度上了解了其危害，所以只有C是正确的。37.【答案】C。【译文】文中提到的Reefer Madness这部电影没有真实地反映大麻的危害。【试题分析】细节辨析题，通过理解原文即可推理得知答案。【详细解答】见文章第一段最后几行，了解到...Reefer Madness, a widely unrealistic propaganda film against marijuana made in the 1930s.也就是说，这部电影是一部相当不真实的反大麻宣传影片，因此正确答案是C。38.【答案】A。【译文】“所有的毒品对人的危害都极大”这种说法没有影响力是因为它忽略了毒品在危害性方面差异很大的事实。【试题分析】细节辨析题，通过理解原文即可推理得知答案。【详细解答】见文章第1段中部，Such sources are influential, because they do not give a simple “all drugs are terrible for you” message.Drug users know there are big variations in danger among drugs, and antidrug education that ignores or denies this is likely to be ridiculed.明确得知答案是A。39.【答案】B。【译文】大
多数吸毒者对毒品的危害都视而不见，这种说法是错误的。【试题分析】细节辨析题，通过理解原文即可推理得知答案。【详细解答】见文章第1段中部，Such sources are influential, because they do not give a simple “all drugs are terrible for you” message.Drug users know there are big variations in danger among drugs, and antidrug education that ignores or denies this is likely to be ridiculed.得知吸毒者了解毒品在危害性上差异很大，因此答案是B。40.【答案】D。【译文】本文的题目是：勿滥用毒品——能劝好吗？【试题分析】综合归纳题，在理解全文基础上推理得知答案。【详细解答】根据文章的主题，作者不是解释是否所有的毒品都有害（A），也不是吸毒的危害性是否已经被人所知（C），更不是地下报纸的可信度问题（B），正确答案只能是D。
Part Ⅴ写作指导：张国荣的自杀事件引起了大家的关注，就这个话题写一篇英文作文看上去容易，写起来不一定很简单，挖掘出新意来就更难了。一般来讲，就事论事的议论文不要面面俱到，应该选择一个或两个重点，从具体的着眼点进行议论评说。下面的范文以人生的结局为话题，展开对“自杀”的论述，应该说对考生是不无启发的。
参考范文：Is It a Perfect Ending?
Some people hear their inner voice of pursuing perfection, including a perfect ending.Such people become triumphant, but they choose to suicide.Mr.Zhang Guorong is among them.
Ending never stops fascinating human beings.Ending is the most important part of a story, a period of history, a pursuit, and finally a life.Naturally we have certain kind of curiosity toward the end of our life, but death seems to be out of our reach.Suicide then becomes the fastest and the most convenient way to see the ending, especially for a perfectionist.To some degree, suicide is also a change for the better, at the cost of life. However, suicide doesn’t only cause death.It hurts the feelings of other people still alive.In other words, many broken hearts may become the victims of a released heart.In this sense, suicide is an action without responsibility.One may have his right to die, but he doesn’t have rights to hurt those who love him.
Anyway, death is the last and worst solution to any problems, let alone a pursuit for perfection and a temptation to see the ending. 本套试卷测试语言重点10个重点单词：exclusively: 排外地，专有地inflict: 使„„受（痛苦），给„„以（打击）blur: 把视线、界限等弄得模糊不清belittle: 轻视，使„„显得渺小hold: 使有效/可行/真实，有道理inundate: 淹没reasonably: 适度的，尚可以，过得去fraction: 小部分，一点儿assertion: 声明，断言patronize: 资助，光顾4个重点词组：take after: 长得相似give way to: 让位于run off: 复印，印刷，打印feel inclined to do sth.: 想做某事
中国名校六级密卷(4)
武汉大学外语学院 游长松
Part Ⅱ Reading Comprehension(35 minutes)
Directions: There are 4 passages it this part.Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements.For each of them there are four choices marked A),B),C)and D).You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.
Passage One
Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage:
Chemistry did not emerge as a science until after the scientific revolution in the seventeenth century and then only rather slowly and laboriously.But chemical knowledge is as old as history, being almost entirely concerned with the practical arts of living.Cooking is essentially a chemical process;so is the melting of metals and the
administration of drugs and potions.This basic chemical knowledge, which was applied in most cases as a rule of thumb, was nevertheless dependent on previous experiment.It also served to stimulate a fundamental curiosity about the processes themselves.New information was always being gained as artisans improved techniques to gain better results.
The development of a scientific approach to chemistry was, however, hampered by several factors.The most serious problem was the vast range of material available and the consequent difficulty of organizing it into some system.In addition, there were social and intellectual difficulties, chemistry is nothing if not practical;those who practice it must use their hands, they must have a certain practical flair.Yet in many ancient civilizations, practical tasks were primarily the province of a slave population.The thinker or philosopher stood apart from this mundane world, where the practical arts appeared to lack any intellectual content or interest.
The final problem for early chemical science was the element of secrecy.Experts in specific trades had developed their own techniques and guarded their knowledge to prevent others from stealing their livelihood.Another factor that contributed to secrecy was the esoteric nature of the knowledge of alchemists, who were trying to transform base metals into gold or were concerned with the hunt for the elixir that would bestow the blessing of eternal life.In one sense, the second of these was the more serious impediment because the records of the chemical processes that early alchemists had discovered were often written down in symbolic language intelligible to very few or in symbols that were purposely obscure.
21.What is the passage mainly about?
A)The scientific revolution in the seventeenth century. B)Reasons that chemistry developed slowly as a science. C)The practical aspects of chemistry.
D)Difficulties of organizing knowledge systematically.
22.According to the passage, how did knowledge about chemical processes increase before the seventeenth century?
A)Philosophers devised theories about chemical properties. B)A special symbolic language was developed.
C)Experience led workers to revise their techniques. D)Experts shared their discoveries with the public.
23.The bold word “hampered” in Line 1 Para 2 is closest in meaning to____. A)recognized B)determined C)solved D)hindered
24.The bold word “it” refers to which of the following? A)Problem.B)Material.C)Difficulty.D)System.
25.Which of the following statements best explains why “the second of these was the more serious impediment”(Underlined)? A)Chemical knowledge was limited to a small number of people. B)The symbolic language used was very imprecise. C)Very few new discoveries were made by alchemists.
D)The records of the chemical processes were not based on experiments.
Passage Two
Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage:
An important new industry, oil refining, grew after the Civil War.Crude oil, or petroleum a dark, thick ooze from the earth had been known for hundreds of years, but little use had ever been made of it.In the 1850’s Samuel M.Kier, a manufacturer in western Pennsylvania, began collecting the oil from local scapages and refining it into kerosene.Refining, like smelting, is a process of removing impurities from a raw material.
Kerosene was used to light lamps.It was a cheap substitute for whale oil, which was becoming harder to get.Soon there was a large demand for kerosene.People began to search for new supplies of petroleum.
The first oil well was drilled by E.L.Drake, are tired railroad conductor.In 1859 he began drilling in Titusville, Pennsylvania.The whole venture seemed so impractical and foolish that onlookers called it “Drake’s Folly”.But when he had drilled down about 70 feet(21 meters), Drake struck oil.His well began to yield 20 barrels of crude oil a day.
News of Drake’s success brought oil prospectors to the scene.By the early 1860’s these wildcatters were drilling for “black gold” all over western Pennsylvania.The boom rivaled the California gold rush of 1848 in its excitement and Wild West atmosphere.And it brought far more wealth to the prospectors than any gold rush.
Crude oil could be refined into many products.For some years kerosene continued to be the principal one.It was sold in grocery stores and door-to-door.In the 1880’s and 1890’s refiners learned how to make other petroleum products such as waxes and lubricating oils.Petroleum was not then used to make gasoline or heatingoil.
26.What is the best title for the passage? A)Oil Refining: A Historical Perspective
B)The California Gold Rush: Get Rich Quickly C)Private Property: Trespassers Will Be Prosecuted D)Kerosene Lamps: A Light in the Tunnel
27.It can be inferred form the passage that kerosene was preferable to whale oil because whale oil was too____.
A)expensive B)thick C)hot D)polluted
28.According to the passage, many people initially thought that E.L.Drake had made a mistake by____. A)going on a whaling expedition B)moving to Pennsylvania C)searching for oil D)retiring from his job
29.Why does the author mention the California gold rush? A)To explain the need for an increased supply of gold B)To indicate the extent of United States mineral wealth C)To describe the mood when oil was first discovered D)To argue that gold was more valuable than oil
30.Which of the following words could best replace the word “one”(Underlined)?
A)Oil.B)Door.C)Store.D)Product.
Passage Three
Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage:
“Welcome to the U.S.A.!Major credit cards are accepted!”By the millions they are coming no longer the tired, the poor, the wretched masses longing for a better living.These are the wealthy.“We don’t have a budget,” says a biologist from Brazil, as she walks with two companions through New York City’s South Street.“ We just use our credit cards.”
The US has long been one of the world’s most popular tourist destinations, but this year has been exceptional.First, there was the World Cup, which drew thousands from every corner of the globe;then came the weakening of the US dollar against major currencies.Now the US, still the world’s superpower, can also claim to be the world’s bargain basement(廉价商品部).Nobody undersells America these days on just about everything, from consumer electronics to fashion clothes to tennis rackets.Bottom retail prices anywhere from 30 % to 70% lower than those in Europe and Asia have attracted some 47 million visitors, who are expected to leave behind $ 79 billion in 1994.That’s up from $74 billion the year before.
True, not everyone comes just for bargains.There remains an undeniable fascination in the rest of the world with all things American, nourished by Hollywood films and US television series.But shopping the USA is proving irresistible.Every week thousands arrive with empty suitcases ready to be filled;some even rent an additional hotel room to hold their purchases.The buying binge（无节制）has become as important as watching Old Faithful Fountains erupt in Yellowstone Park or sunbathing on a beach in Florida.
The US has come at last to appreciate what other countries learned long ago: the pouring in of foreign tourists may not always be convenient, but it does put money in the bank.And with a trade deficit at about $130 billion and growing for the past 12 months, the US needs all the deposits it can get.Compared with American tourists abroad, visitors to the US stay longer and spend more money at each stop;an average of 12.2 night and $ 1624 a traveler versus the Americans’ four nights and $298.
31.From what the Brazilian biologist says, we know that tourists like her ____. A)are reluctant to carry cash with them
B)simply don’ t care how much they spend C)are not good at planning their expenditure D)often spend more money than they can afford
32.The reason why 1994 was exceptional is that ____. A)it saw an unusually large number of tourists to the US B)it witnessed a drop in the number of tourists to the US
C)tourism was hardly affected by the weakening of the US dollar that year D)Tourists came to the US for sightseeing rather than for bargains that year
33.By saying “ nobody undersells America”(Underlined), the author means that ____.
A)no other country underestimates the competitiveness of American products B)nobody expects the Americans to cut the prices of their commodities C)nobody restrains the selling of American goods D)no other country sells at a lower price than America
34.Why does the author assert that all things American are fascinating to foreigners?
A)Because they have gained much publicity through the American media B)Because they represent the world’ s latest fashions C)Because they embody the most sophisticated technology D)Because they are available at all tourist destinations
35.From the passage we can conclude that the US has come to realize____. A)the weakening of the US dollar can result in trade deficits B)the lower the retail prices, the greater in profits
C)tourism can make great contributions to its economy D)visitors to the US are wealthier than US tourists abroad
Passage Four
Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage:
The most interesting architectural phenomenon of the 1970’s was the enthusiasm for refurbishing old buildings.Obviously, this was not an entirely new phenomenon.What is new is the wholesale interest in reusing the past, in recycling, in adaptive rehabilitation.A few trial efforts, such as Ghirardelli Square in San Francisco, proved their financial viability in 1960s, but it was in the 1970’s, with strong government support through tax incentives and rapid depreciation.As well as growing interest in ecology issues, that recycling became a major factor on the urban scene. One of the most comprehensive ventures was the restoration and transformation of Boston’s eighteenth century Faneuil Hall and the Quincy Market, designed in 1824.This section had fallen on hard times, but beginning with the construction of a new city hall immediately adjacent, it has returned to life with the intelligent reuse of these fine old buildings under the design leadership of Benjamin Thomson.He has provided a marvelous setting for dining, shopping, professional offices, and simply walking.
Butler Square, in Minneapois, examplifies major changes in its complex of offices, commercial space, and public amenities carved out of a massive pile designed in 1906 as a hardware warehouse.The exciting interior timber structure of the building was highlighted by cutting light courts through the interior and adding large skylights. San Antonio, Texas, offers an object lesson for numerous other cities combating urban decay.Rather than bringing in the bulldozers, San Antonio’s leaders rehabilitated existing structures, while simultaneously cleaning up the San Antonio River, which menders through the business district.
36.What is the main idea of the passage?
A)During the 1970’s, old buildings in many cities were recycled for modern use. B)Recent interest in ecology issues has led to the cleaning up of many rivers. C)The San Antonio example shows that bulldozers are not the way to fight urban decay.
D)Strong government support has made adaptive rehabilitation a reality in Boston.
37.What is the space at Quincy Market now used for? A)Boston’ s new city hall.
B)Sports and recreational facilities.
C)Commercial and industrial warehouses. D)Restaurant, offices, and stores.
38.According to the passage, Benjamin Thompson was the designer for a project in____.A)San Francisco B)BostonC)Minneapolis D)San Antonio
39.When was the Butler Square building originally built? A)In the eighteenth century. B)In the early nineteenth century. C)In the late nineteenth century. D)In the early twentieth century.
40.What is the author’s opinion of the San Antonio project? A)It is clearly the best of the projects discussed.
B)It is a good project that could be copied in other cities.
C)The extensive use of bulldozers made the project unnecessarily costly.
D)The work done on the river was more important than the work done on the buildings.Part Ⅴ Writing(30 minutes)Directions:For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on
Studying Abroad.Your composition must be based on the outline given below in Chinese.Your part of writing should be no less than 150 words.Remember to write neatly and you will be rewarded for that.
1.有些人认为学生应该呆在自己的国家学习 2.有些人认为学生应该到美国学习 3.我的观点
答案与详解 Passage One 内容概要:
尽管化学只是在十七世纪的科学革命之后才成为一门学科出现，但是化学知识的使用已经拥有了非常悠久的历史。但是，研究化学的科学方法的发展被诸多因素给阻碍了，包括物质来源的多样性和把这些物质有系统地组织起来的难度，另外还有社会和智力上的困难。早期化学科学的最终问题就是秘密问题。在某一领域内，有人为了保守自己的经济利益把自己的发现作为秘密掩藏起来。
21.【答案】B。
【译文】本篇文章的主要内容是什么？
【试题分析】主题归纳型，通过总结和归纳，进而得出文章的主题。
【详细解答】选项A的意思是“十七世纪的科学革命”，这只是在文章的第一段中提到了这一点，但只是其中一个非常小的细节；选项B的意思是“化学作为一门学科发展缓慢的原因”，在文章的第二段和第三段中作者花了很多的笔墨讲述化学发展缓慢的原因，故它是本题的正确答案；选项C的意思是“化学的实用方面”，这只是文章第二段所提到的一个细节；选项D的意思是“把化学知识有系统地组织起来的困难”，这只是所提出的三个原因中的一个，不能以偏盖全。故本题的正确答案是B。
22.【答案】C。
【译文】根据文章的内容，在十七世纪之前，化学过程的知识是如何增加的？ 【试题分析】细节推理型，根据文章中的相关信息，并进行分析和总结。
【详细解答】选项A的意思是“哲学家编写了有关化学知识的理论。”，文章第二段的最后一句话The thinker or philosopher stood apart from this mundane world告诉我们哲学家远离有关的化学知识，而不是编写了理论；选项B的意思是“形成了一套特殊的符号语言”，文章最后一段的最后一句话告诉我们使用符号的原因是为了保守秘密，而不是为了发展化学知识；选项C的意思是“经验引导着工人们改进他们的技术。”，第一段所讲的内容正是关于这一点，而且这也是发展化学知识的方法，故是正确答案；选项D的意思是“专家们与公众分享这些化学知识”，文章第三段明显提到为了保守秘密他们这些炼丹术士采取多种手段保守秘密，所以该选项不正确。23.【答案】D。
【译文】文中黑体词hamper在意思上与哪个选项更接近？
【试题分析】词义推测型，通过对上下文的理解，推测出生词的意思。
【详细解答】做这类题目时，首先找到该单词所在的位置，并把上下文的句子仔细研读。它们所提供的线索和提示会告诉我们这个陌生单词的意思。在这句话中的hamper的意思是“阻碍，挡住”。而在四个选项中，只有选项D hinder是这个意思。故本题的正确答案是D。
24.【答案】B。
【译文】文中黑体词it指代的是什么？
【试题分析】词义推测型，通过对上下文的理解，推测出代词所代指的含义。
【详细解答】做这类题目时，首先找到该代词所在的位置，并把上下文的句子仔细研读。它们所提供的线索和提示会告诉我们这个陌生单词的意思。特别是该代词前面的名词短语或从句。一般来说，这类题目的答案都能在同一句话的主语或宾语，或者在前一句话的主语和宾语中找到。仔细阅读完前面的句子后，我们可以得知这里it指的是material。
25.【答案】A。 【译文】下面哪个句子能最好地解释加下划线的短语“第二个是更严重的阻碍的原因”？ 【试题分析】语句理解型，考查学生对文章中难点句子的理解和解释。
【详细解答】选项A的意思是“化学知识只是局限在少数人的手中。”，文章第三段所讲的内容正是关于这一点，故选项A是正确答案；选项B的意思是“所使用的符号语言不准确”，文章第三段中提到了intelligible to very few or in symbols that were purposely obscure告诉我们这些符号并不是不准确；选项C的意思是“非常少的发现是由炼丹术士发现的”，文章第三段中所提到的信息告诉我们大部分发现都是由这些术士发现的，与文章内容不符；选项D的意思是“关于化学过程的记录不是建立在实验的基础上”，原文中明确提到所有化学知识的记录都是建立在实验的基础上。
Passage Two 内容概要:
炼油业是在内战后开始发展起来的，但是在数年后人们才开始使用石油以及其产品。接着，作者又讲述了石油的发现经过。第一位开采石油的人被人们嘲笑为傻子。后来，人们又把石油精炼成各种各样的产品，并在人们的生活中起到了非常重要的作用。
26.【答案】A。
【译文】本篇文章的最佳标题是什么？
【试题分析】主旨归纳型，通过详细阅读文章，找出该文章的最佳标题。
【详细解答】选项A的意思是“炼油业-历史的展望”，与全文的内容完全一致；选项B的意思是“加利福尼亚的淘金热-迅速致富”，这只是文章中一个非常小的细节；选项C的意思是“个人财产-入侵者将被起诉”，这与本文的内容压根无关；选项D的意思是“煤油灯-隧道里的亮光”，这只是文章第三段中的一个小细节。故本文的最佳标题是选项A。
27.【答案】A。
【译文】我们可以从文章中得出结论与煤油相比，鲸油的缺点是什么。 【试题分析】细节推理型，通过对某一段话的理解，并进行总结和概括。
【详细解答】文章第二段第二句话It was a cheap substitute for whale oil, which was becoming harder to get.告诉我们鲸油很难得到，而且煤油是一个比较便宜的替代品。故本题的正确答案是A。
28.【答案】C。
【译文】根据文章内容，刚开始很多人认为E.L.Drake开始寻找石油是一个重大的错误。 【试题分析】细节推理型，通过对某一段话的理解，并进行总结和概括。
【详细解答】文章第三段话中的The first oil well was drilled by E.L.Drake, a tired railroad conductor.In 1859 he began drilling in Titusville, Pennsylvania.The whole venture seemed so impractical and foolish that onlookers called it “Drake’s Folly”.告诉我们E.L.Drake开始寻找石油时，被人们认为是愚蠢的行为。故本题的正确答案是C。
29.【答案】C。
【译文】作者为什么提到加利福尼亚的淘金热？
【试题分析】细节推理型，通过对某一段话的理解，并进行总结和概括。
【详细解答】文章第四段中The boom rivaled the California gold rush of 1848 in its excitement and Wild West atmosphere.提到了“淘金热”。仔细阅读前后的句子，我们可以得出结论：这里是把“淘金热”和发现石油的狂热加以对比。而在四个选项中，只有C在意思和观点上与原文相一致。故本题的正确答案是C。
30.【答案】D。
【译文】下面哪个单词能够替换第五段第二行中的代词one？
【试题分析】词义推测型，通过对上下文的理解，推测出代词所代指的含义。
【详细解答】做这类题目时，首先找到该代词所在的位置，并把上下文的句子仔细研读。它们所提供的线索和提示会告诉我们这个陌生单词的意思。特别是该代词前面的名词短语或从句。一般来说，这类题目的答案都能在同一句话的主语或宾语，或者在前一句话的主语和宾语中找到。仔细阅读完前面的句子后，我们可以得知这里one指的是product。故本题的正确答案是D。
Passage Three 内容概要:
现在，到美国旅游已经成为了世界上其它国家的旅游者的首选。他们到美国来的主要目的是购物，因为美国的商品价格比世界上其它国家都要低。这使得美国成为世界上的“零售商品部”。由于好莱坞电影的宣传，使得整个世界上的人们对美国产品有着非常强烈的狂热情绪。所以，美国政府必须意识到旅游业对经济复兴的重要性。
31.【答案】B。
【译文】从巴西生物学家所说的话，我们得知像她这样的游客完全不介意他们花多少钱。 【试题分析】细节推理型，通过对某一段话的理解，并进行总结和概括。
【详细解答】原文第二段提到现在涌入的是富人(These are the wealthy),所以当她说“We don’ t have a budget, we just use our credit cards”是指花钱不用做预算，想买就用信用卡，其暗含的意思就是选项B所表达的信息。故本题的正确答案是B。32．【答案】A。
【译文】1994年特别突出的原因是在那一年到美国的游客数目非常大。 【试题分析】细节推理型，通过对某一段话的理解，并进行总结和概括。
【详细解答】原文第三段说明美国早已成为旅游胜地，1994年不同于往年，其原因是世界杯吸引了大批游客，美元下跌使在美国购物便宜到了极点，这更吸引了大量的游客。而这一观点恰好与选项A相一致。这句话中的动词saw的意思是“目睹了”之意。故本题的正确答案是A。
33.【答案】D。
【译文】在文章第三段中，作者说了这样一句话：nobody undersells America，他所暗含的意思是没有哪个国家的物价水平比美国更低。
【试题分析】细节推理型，通过对某一段话的理解，并进行总结和概括。
【详细解答】在文章的第三段中Now the US, still the world’s superpower, can also claim to be the world’s bargain basement的中文意思是：美国现在仍是世界上的超级大国，也可以声称是世界上的廉价商品部。所以，nobody undersells America这句话所暗含的意思是：没有哪个国家的物价水平比美国更低。在后文中，作者又提到了美国的零售底价比欧洲低30%，比亚洲低70%。这一事实更证明了这一观点的正确性。故本题的正确答案是D。
34．【答案】A。
【译文】作者为什么得出结论：所有的美国货对外国人来说都是非常具有吸引力的？ 【试题分析】细节推理型，通过对某一段话的理解，并进行总结和概括。
【详细解答】文章的第四段第二句话There remains an undeniable fascination in the rest of the world with all things American, nourished by Hollywood films and US television series.But shopping the USA is proving irresistible.说明媒体使人们对美国货产生迷恋。在四个选项中，只有选项A与这句话在观点上是一致的。故本题的正确答案是A。
35.【答案】C。
【译文】读完这篇文章，我们可以得出结论：美国已经意识到旅游业为美国经济的发展做出非常重大的贡献。
【试题分析】主题归纳型，通过总结和归纳，进而得出文章的主题。
【详细解答】通读完全文后，我们可以得知：大批外国游客涌入美国，并给美国政府带来了大笔收入。另外，文章第五段强调美国终于开始重视外国游客大量涌入给美国经济带来的巨大贡献。综合以上两点，我们可以得知选项C正是作者的观点和结论。故本题的正确答案是C。
Passage Four 内容概要:
城市里的古老建筑成为了一个问题，而诸如圣弗郎西斯科的许多美国城市开始重新整修那些旧建筑，并进行重新利用。这一举措起到非常良好的效果，一方面保存下来了历史遗留的建筑物的风格特点；另一方面，也让它们以新的面貌和形式重新发挥其最新的作用。接着，作者又列举了其它几个类似的例子。 36.【答案】C。
【译文】本篇文章的主要内容是什么？ 【试题分析】主题归纳型。
【详细解答】选项A的意思是“在20世纪70年代，美国很多城市的古老建筑物被重新利用。”，这只是在文章第一段中提到的一个现象，并不是真正的主题；选项B的意思是“对生态问题的兴趣使得很多河流开始清理工作”，这只是在文章的最后一段提到的一个小小的细节；选项C的意思是“San Antonio的事例表明推土机并不是解决城市废弃建筑的方法”，这正是文章通过一系列事例在文章的最后一段所得出的结论；选项D的意思是“政府的坚强支持使得适应性修缮在波士顿成为了现实”，这只是在文章第一段第四句话中所提到的细节。故本题的正确答案是C。
37.【答案】D。
【译文】Quincy市场现在用来干什么？
【试题分析】细节推理型，通过对某一段话的理解，并进行总结和概括。
【详细解答】文章第二段中He has provided a marvelous setting for dining, shopping, professional offices, and simply walking所暗含的意思与选项D所传递的信息是一致的。故本题的正确答案是D。
38.【答案】B。
【译文】根据文章内容，Benjamin Thompson是Boston的一个工程的设计者。 【试题分析】细节推理型，通过对某一段话的理解，并进行总结和概括。
【详细解答】文章第二段中 “One of the most comprehensive ventures was the restoration and transformation of Boston’s eighteenth century Faneuil Hall and the Quincy Market”和“it has returned to life with the intelligent reuse of these fine old buildings under the design leadership of Benjamin Thomson”告诉我们他所设计的工程在Boston。故本题的正确答案是B。
39.【答案】D。
【译文】Butler广场最初是在什么时候建成的？
【试题分析】细节推理型，通过对某一段话的理解，并进行总结和概括。
【详细解答】文章第三段第一句话Butler Square, in Minneapois, examplifies major changes in its complex of offices, commercial space, and public amenities carved out of a massive pile designed in 1906 as a hardware warehouse.告诉我们该建筑物最初是在1906年设计的。1906年是在20世纪初期。故本题的正确答案是D。
40.【答案】B。
【译文】作者认为San Antonio工程如何？
【试题分析】细节推理型，通过对某一段话的理解，并进行总结和概括。
【详细解答】选项A的意思是“它明显是所讨论过的最佳工程”，在文章中并没有提到这一点；选项B的意思是“它是一个其它城市可以模仿的典范”，文章最后一段中的San Antonio, Texas, offers an object lesson for numerous other cities combating urban decay.所讲述的正是这一点；选项C的意思是“推土机的大量使用使得这项工程代价很高”，这与本文的主要内容相反；选项D的意思是“在河流上所做的工作要比在建筑物上所做的工作要重要得多。故本题的正确答案是B。
Part Ⅴ 写作指导：
该题是一篇典型的“三段论”作文。从结构上来说，应该这样行文：在文章的第一段，作者应该把重点放在正面的观点上；而在文章的第二段，就应该与第一段构成鲜明的对比，把反面的观点表达清楚。在文章的第三段，作者再提出自己的观点。
这篇文章的重点应该放在第一段或者第二段上。这取决于作者的态度。如果你认为在国内学习比较好，第一段就是本文的重点段落，就应该在这一部分多花一些笔墨；如果你认为应该到美国留学，第二段就是本文的重心。而在文章结束的第三段中，作者只需用几句话表明自己的观点即可，可以赞成前者，也可以赞成后者，也可以保持中立。在文章的结尾，用两句话发出号召即可。
参考范文：
Studying Abroad
Nowadays students can study either in their home country or in foreign countries, in most cases, the United States.Some prefer to stay in their home country and study.Others think studying in the United States is more beneficial.As a matter of fact, each situation has its own advantages.
When students study in their home country, they have no language barriers.They can read books with their mother tongue very easily.They can also discuss their lessons with the teachers or the fellow students very freely.Since they are accustomed to the way they have been living, they have little difficulties in life.Besides, they have little financial difficulties in the process of their studies because they can easily get financial support from their parents or their relatives.When students attend schools in the United States, they can act as mediators between peoples of different cultures to promote international understanding.They can also tend to be spokespersons for other cultures and people who may be misunderstood by Americans.They can enjoy the contact with new and different cultures to increase the awareness of their own culture.In addition, they can learn advanced knowledge of science and technology, and learn English much more quickly than in their home country.
I think it’ s better to study in the United States because the advantages to studying in the US outweigh those to staying in one’ s home country.本套试卷测试语言重点 10个重点单词：
prevail: 遍布，流行 combat: 向„„宣战 luxury: 奢侈用品 premise: 前提，条件
contamination: 污染、破坏 allege: 指证，宣称 counterpart: 相对应的人或物 expire:过期
consistent: 一贯的，坚持的 influential:有影响力的 4个重点词组：
on the right track: 走对路了 rack one’s brain:绞尽脑汁 be oblivious to: 对„„不注意 in practice: 在实践中
中国名校六级密卷(5)
西安外国语学院英语系 李振声 薛彩霞 Part Ⅱ Reading Comprehension(35 minutes)
Directions:There are 4 passages in this part.Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements.For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C)and D).You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the answer sheet with a single line through the center.
Passage One
Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage:
Once upon a time,the United States seemed to have plenty of land to go around.Plenty of rivers to dam and plenty of rural valleys left over.Plenty of space for parks and for cities.Plenty of forests to cut and grasslands to plow.But that was once upon a time.The days of unused land are over.Now the land has been spoken for,fenced off,carved up into cities and farms and industrial parks,put to use.
At the same time, the population keeps growing.People need places to work and place to play.So we need more sites for more industries, more beaches for more sunbathers, and more clean rivers for more fishes.And it isn’t just a matter of population growth.Our modern technology has needs that must be met too: We need more coal for energy, and we need more power plants;cars must have highways and parking lots, and jets must have airports.
Each of these lands uses swallows up precious space.Highways and expressways alone take some 2,000,000 acres each years.And urban sprawl—the spreading out of cities—is expected to gobble up vast areas of land by the year 2000.But there is only so much land to go around.
How do you decide what to do with a piece of land? It depends upon the land, and it depend upon the needs of the people and their values.It is always hard to decide.Take, for example, a forest.A forest can be a timber supply.It can provide a home for wildlife.It is scenery and a recreation area for man.It is soil and watershed protection.
These last two take some explaining.A forest creates its own soil.Leaves and other litter on the forest floor are constantly turned and moved by worms and burrowing animals.Enriched by animal wastes, the litter becomes humus—a rich and spongy mix of organic material.The soil feeds forest plants.The plants in turn protect the soil—roots hold it in place, branches slow rainfall so that it will drop gently to earth.Water slowly trickles through the humus and is purified.Water travels downstream and out to sea.
When a forest is cut down, there is nothing left to create or protect the soil.Heavy rains beat and wash away spongy humus.Little soil is left to absorb water.Then rain waters can rush unchecked to the valley below, flooding low-lying areas.If a forest is to supply timber, watershed protection, recreation, and a home for wildlife, it has to be cut carefully.And it must be replanted.
In short, land is fragile.Without proper care it can be ruined forever.
In the debates about how a particular piece of land is to be used, the priorities often conflict.What should you do, for example, if you find out that under the fertile fields of a farming community there is a thick bed of coal which can be strip-minded? Strip mining rips up topsoil and vegetation.But mining may create jobs, bring money to the town’s businesses.Those who approve of strip mining say that the coal is needed, and they point out that it is quicker and cheaper to get coal from the surface than to go deep into the earth to get it by standard mining techniques.On the other hand, it takes nature 500 years to create an inch of topsoil.As the countryside fills up, people are becoming more aware of the need for open space.Nearly every proposal for a new power plant, highway, or airport draws fierce opposition.Everyone wants the bid, land-eating “uglies” to be in someone else’s backyard.Minneapolis and St.Paul, Minnesota, for example, having been debating about the site of a future airport for years.Yet if a new airport is needed, it will have to go somewhere.
How do we find our way out of the land-use problem? One way might be to reexamine our values, to think in new directions.Does everyone have to have a car-with its need for highways and parking lots? What about developing mass transit systems that use less land? Do suburbs have to sprawl? Can they be designed so they use less space? Do we have to have more energy? If we do, do we really have to strip-mine coal to provide it?
However difficult they may be to arrive at, choices will have to be made if we want to preserve the beauty and usefulness of the land.For there is at least one point on which all of us can agree;the land does have its limits.
21.Once upon a time,the United States seemed to have plenty of land to __go around__, “go around” means____.
A)to visit around B)to see the land C)for sharing with every D)to have the land around
22.Each of these land uses swallows up precious space, “swallows up” means ____.
A)occupies B)gives upC)disappears D)takes completely
23.In this sentence “In short, land is fragile.”(Line.1, Para.7), what does the word “fragile” mean?
A)Very poor.B)Rich.C)Taken.D)Easily destroyed. 24.The Para 5 mainly discusses ____. A)how animal wastes enriched land B)how plant roots protected the land C)how humus becomes useful
D)how a forest creates its own soil and protects the watershed
25.As the countryside fills up, people are becoming more aware of the need for open space, “open space” means ____.
A)public land B)unoccupied landC)unplanted land D)private landPassage Two
Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage:
Most of the larger cities in the world have grown without plans and blueprints.London is such a city.Its streets zigzag, snake, and circle.There is no reason or order to its street-numbering system.Indeed, no one but a veteran taxi driver knows the whole of London.And before he gets his cabbie’s license he must first tour the city for months, street by street, then take a comprehensive examination to prove that he can find his way about.New York and Chicago grew in much the same way.They just in spread out, pushed by the demands for residential, business, or industrial space.Like spilled water, they expanded in all directions.Today in New York, even a native-born Manhattanite despairs of finding his way around Brooklyn.There are a few modern cities, however, that were created out of nothing.They were built strictly by the book according to detailed plans that will also control future growth.Two such American cities are Columbia, Maryland, and Reston, Virginia.But the prime example of a city planned and built from scratch in the twentieth century is Brasilia, the new capital of Brazil.
Brasilia was the brain child of Brazil’s President Juscelino Kubitschek, who held office from 1955 to 1960.Kubitschek, like other Brazilian leaders, was concerned that most of Brazil’s people were crammed into its seacoast cities.Rio de Janeiro, then the nation’s capital and its second largest city, occupies a breathtakingly beautiful site on the Atlantic coast.Sao Paulo, Brazil’s largest city, is very near the coast.Consequently, this meant that riches in timber, minerals, and hydroelectric power sources in the interior of the country were untapped.Recognizing that drastic action was needed to develop the interior, Kubitschek decided to build a brand new capital city in the Brazilian Highlands, 600 miles northwest of Rio de Janeiro.He chose a site that was right in the middle of the wilderness, on land that had never even been plowed.
Ready for business in 1960, Brasilia was an architect’s delight and a planner’s dream.Its public buildings, monuments, and high-rise apartment complexes were magnificently modern.Access roads fed into its streets with no traffic lights.Every feature seemed logical, reasonable, and right.But for more than a decade, Brasilia seemed all wrong to the people brought there to live and to work in government offices.While it was undeniably a beautiful city, it was not yet a community.
For it is people and their history of habitation that turn a city from a collection of streets and buildings into a community.It is people who give a city life and character and personality—and a brand-new, tailor-made Brasilia didn’t have those qualities for a long time.But now, happily, its residents no longer feel they need to rush back to Rio or Sao Paulo at every opportunity.Instead, they visit, picnic, and enjoy one another’s company.Brasilia is beginning to feel like home to them.Other planned cities have faced the same problem of creating a community spirit and identity.Some observers of life in Columbia, Maryland, another planned city, have been concerned with lack of spirit there and have made an interesting comparison between Columbia and Hoboken, New Jersey.Hoboken, an old waterfront town just across the Hudson River from New York City, is an urban planner’s nightmare.It has row upon row of old dingy buildings, and grass and tree are few and far between.Columbia, on the other hand, is an urban planner’s dream.It has charming colonial and modern houses on winding streets.There are lovely lawns and beautiful trees.And there are bicycle paths and hundreds of acres of woods, meadows, and lakes.
Yet something is not quite right.Many Hoboken children are almost fiercely loyal to one another and their community.They may not have lawns and lakes, but they find ways to have fun on the pavements and sidewalks.In Columbia, by contrast, many of the young people seem listless.As one teenager from Detroit put it, “In Detroit it seemed like something was always happening.But here”.And he shrugged his shoulders.
What is it about a treeless,grimy,old city like Hoboken that makes people love it so much?What is it about a beautiful new city like Columbia that makes young people shrug with boredom?These are questions which city planners will have to face up to.For no matter how well it is designed,a city will not ultimately come to life unless it inspires the love and loyalty of the people who live and work in it.
26.In this sentence “ Indeed, no one but a veteran taxi driver knows the whole of London.”(Sent 5, Para.1), what does the word “veteran” mean?
Ａ）Local.Ｂ）Experienced.Ｃ）New.Ｄ）Warm-hearted. 27.What can we inferred from Para.1? A)London’s planning system is sound.
B)New York and Chicago developed with the help of planning. C)It’s difficult to be a cabbie in London.
D)Finding their way around Brooklyn delights travelers. 28.Why did Kubitschek decided to build a new capital city? A)Because he wanted his people to cram into seacoast cities. B)Because the new capital city was more prosperous. C)Because it was a large city with large population.
D)Because he thought it necessary to develop inland cities. 29.Which of the following statements is true? A)Columbia frightens urban planners.
B)Although it’s very beautiful, Columbia makes young people bored. C)Columbia is just in an urban planner’s dream.
D)There are rows of grimy buildings and few grass and trees in Columbia. 30.What is the main idea of this passage?
A)A city must have the spirit to inspire its people, or it will never come to life. B)A city’s planning is very important, a well-planned city attracts more people. C)Although planned cities are nice, people like old cities more because life in old cities is colorful.
D)Modern buildings make people love a city.Passage Three Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage:
In Japan’s capital city of Tokyo, earthquake danger limits the height of buildings.The city has spread out far and the traffic has become so heavy that it is very difficult to get from one place to another.The price of land, too, has skyrocketed.All this explains why a group of Japanese land developers came to the conclusion that there was nowhere to go but down.So far they have dug out space underground for fifteen major shopping centers, and the underground construction has only begun.
What are some of the advantages of shopping and eating underground? Clean, filtered air is one of them.The city of Tokyo has one of the most serious smog problems in the world.Another advantage is that you escape the ever-present threat of traffic accidents on the city’s busy streets.Still another is the convenience of getting around: You’re usually right next to, or even in, a subway station.And you can even spend the night underground if you like.The Kyobashi Station, for example, in downtown Tokyo, has a hotel with a bar, restaurant, and barbershop.
All sorts of surprises can be found in the underground world.At the enormous Shinjuku Subway Station you drive down a winding road lined with water fountains to arrive at a scarce item in Tokyo—a parking lot—and you find stores and shops a few steps away.In the second basement of the Toshiba is a “Fisherman’s Wharf” crowded with pleasant little seafood places.A tunnel that connects the Hibiya and Sanshin Buildings has a number of art galleries, as well as medical and dental clinics.In between are little coffee shops where you can relax and get refreshments.
Probably the most versatile of the underground wonders, and certainly the most complicated to build, is the Yaesu Subcenter at the heart of the city, where four subway lines link up.Its shopping promenade, which is the size of three football fields, contains 350 stores.In Yaesu you can eat in a different place every day for three months.You can draw money out of a bank and invest it at a stockbroker’s office.There are tailors, watch repairers, furriers, florists, and book sellers.You can meditate in the Plaza of Water while gazing at eight tanks of rare fish.And you can even get arrested by a police officer from the Yaesu subterranean police station!
Under all the commercial activity is a parking lot for 520 cars.And under that is a control center where TV monitors watch the devices that watch the air-its temperature, moisture, and purity.There is no alarm for earthquakes, which are common in Tokyo, but the experts feel that there would be fewer problems underground than on the surface in case of tremors.Yaesu also has emergency generators for power and a chemical system for fighting fire.
Underground construction can be complex and expensive.At times, the Yaesu crews could work only three hours a day because their activities interfered with the running of the subway.Then there was the problem caused by finding unidentified water and gas pips.Since many of the municipal blueprints of pipe systems were destroyed during World War II, strange pipes kept turning up;and work had to be stopped while they were identified and taken care of by detour or replacement.
There was also some resistance from the people above ground.A good many neighborhood shopkeepers began to picket the project crying, “underground is for moles.” They reasoned that they would lose a lot of their business to the underground competition.The Yaesu people countered by offering them a chance to buy stock in the project.There were a lot of takers, and this had the effect of quieting the complainers.The Yaesu builders wanted to go deeper, but after they had spent 31 million dollars, they ran out of money.Still, there seems to be little doubt that there will be further development down under.In a city like Tokyo, almost the only space left is underground.
31.If you want to have your hair cut, you can go to the____. A)Hibiya and Sanshin Buildings B)Kyobashi Station C)Plaza of Water
D)Second basement of the Toshiba
32.It will take____to eat in a different place every day in Yaesu. A)350 dollars B)520 carsC)three months D)two hours 33.Which of the following statements is NOT true? A)You can buy furs, flowers and books underground. B)The air is purified underground.
C)You can eat fresh seafood underground.
D)The Yaesu crew work day after night to finish the project. 34.Why underground pipes are difficult to be identified?
A)Water and gas pipes are not taken care by construction workers. B)Underground pipe systems were destroyed during World War II. C)Many city planning blueprints can be found nowhere. D)Pipes were buried too deep underground. 35.What can be inferred from the passage that? A)Tokyo is a city rich in land resources.
B)Underground projects will develop further in the future. C)Underground projects are constructed for moles. D)When there is an earthquake, it’s safer to stay on the surface.Passage Four Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage:
A few years ago, Ann and Walter Taylor thought it might be time to move out of their New York City apartment to the suburbs.They had one young son and another child on the way.But after months of looking, they became discourage and decided to buy an old townhouse right in the middle of Brooklyn, which is a part of New York City.To their delight, they discovered that they weren’t the only young couple to have made such a decision.In fact, their entire area in Brooklyn had been settled by young families.And as a result, the neighborhood, which had been declining for years, was now being restored.
Brooklyn isn’t the only city in the United States to experience this kind of renewal.So are Philadelphia and St.Louis.And Charleston,South Carolina,has so successfully rebuilt its old central area that it now ranks as one of America’s most charming cities.The restoration of the old port city of Savannah,Georgia,is also living proof that downtown areas do not need to die.But encouraging as these developments may be,they are among the few bright spots in a mass of difficulties that today’s cities face.Indeed,their woes are so many that it is fair to ask whether or not the inner city the core of most urban areas will manage to survive at all.
In the 1940s,urban Americans began a mass move to the suburbs in search of fresh air,elbow room,and privacy.Suburbs began to sprawl out across the countryside.Since most of those making the move were middle-class,they took with them the tax money the cities needed to maintain the neighborhoods in which they had lived.The people left in the cities were often those who were too old or too poor to move.Thus,many cities began to fall into disrepair.Crime began to soar, and public transportation was neglected.(In the past sixty years San Francisco is the only city in the United States to have completed a new mass transit system.)Meanwhile, housing construction costs continued to rise higher and higher.Middle-class housing was allowed to decay, and little new housing was constructed.
Eventually, many downtown areas existed for business only.During the day they would be filled with people working in offices, and at night they would be deserted.Given these circumstances, some business executives began asking, “Why bother with going downtown at all? Why not move the offices to the suburbs so that we can live and work in the same area?” Gradually, some of the larger companies began moving out of the cities, with the result that urban centers declined even further and the suburbs expanded still more.This movement of business to the suburbs is not confined to the United States.Businesses have also been moving to the suburbs in Stockholm, Sweden, in Bonn, Germany, and in Brussels, Belgium, as well.
But it may well be that this movement to the suburbs has reached its peak.Some people may be tired of spending long hours commuting, and they may have begun to miss the advantages of culture and companionship provided by city life.Perhaps the decision made by the Taylors is a sign that people will return to the cities and begin to restore them.It begins to look as if suburban sprawl may not have been the answer to man’s need to create an ideal environment in which to live and work.
36.According to the passage,Ann and Walter Taylor____. A)moved from city apartment to the suburb B)remained in the downtown area C)moved out of New York
D)bought an old townhouse in the suburb
37.It can be inferred from the passage that____. A)downtown areas must die in the future B)suburbs are sure to replace cities
C)the movement to the suburbs begins to decline D)there are just old and poor people left in the cities 38.Business have been moving to suburbs because____. A)people living in the suburbs are rich
B)many people work in cities and live in suburbs C)environment is pleasant in the suburbs
D)American businessmen are fond of moving around 39.Why the cities began to fall into disrepair in the 1940s? A)Because people could not earn enough money at that time. B)Because the municipal planning was not sound. C)Because old and poor people were neglected. D)Because many people moved out of the cities. 40.What is the main idea of the passage? A)American people move a lot in history. B)Downtown areas are too crowded to live.
C)Moving to suburbs is not the answer to an ideal environment. D)Cities are likely to be replaced by the suburbs.
Part Ⅴ Writing(30 minutes)Title: Loyalty to the Employer
Directions:Some people place a high value on loyalty to the employer.To others, it is perfectly acceptable to change jobs every years to build a career.Please indicate which position you agree with and why.Passage Two
The silence of the Reference Library was broken only by an occasional cough and now and then by the scarcely audible sound of pages being turned over.There were about twenty people in the room, most of them with their heads bent over their books.The assistant librarian who was in charge of the room sat at a desk in one corner.She glanced at Philip as he came in, then went on with her work.
Philip has not been to this part of the library before.He walked around the room almost on tiptoe, afraid of disturbing the industrious readers with his heavy shoes.The shelves were filled with thick volumes: dictionaries in many languages, encyclopedias, atlases, biographies and others words of reference.He found nothing that was likely to interest him, until he came to a small shelf out of his reach, so he had to fetch a small ladder in order to get one down.Unfortunately, as he was climbing down the ladder, the book he had chosen slipped from his grasp and fell to the floor with a loud crash.Twenty pairs of eyes looked up at him simultaneously, annoyed by his unaccustomed disturbance.Philip felt himself go red as he picked up his book, which did not seem to have been damaged by its fall.
He had just sat down when he found the young lady assistant standing alongside him.“You must be more careful when you are handling these books.” she said severely.Satisfied that she had done her duty, she turned to go back to her desk.Then a sudden thought struck her.“By the way, how old are you?” she asked Philip.“thirteen.” He told her.“You are not allowed in here if you’re under the age of fourteen, you know,” the assistant said.“Didn’t you see the notice on the door?” Philip shook his head.He expected the assistant to ask him to leave.Instead, in a more kindly tone, she said, “Well, never mind.But make sure that you don’t disturb the other readers again, otherwise I shall have to ask you to leave.”
15.Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the passage? 16.What can be found in this part of the library? 17.What can we learn from the passage?
Passage Three
Hidden passengers traveling in ships, trains, or even cars can be a terrible nuisance—especially when they are insects.In this respect, there is a great difference between human beings and insects.The former make every possible effort to avoid discovery, while the latter quickly draw attention to themselves.
We can only sympathize with the unfortunate man who had to stop his car soon after setting out from a country village to drive to London.Hearing a strange noise from the back of the car, he naturally got out to have a look.He examined the wheels carefully but as he found nothing wrong, he continued his way.The noise began almost immediately and now it was louder than ever.Quickly turning his head, the man saw what appeared to be a great black could following the car.When he stopped at a village further on, he was told that a queen bee must be hidden in his car as there were thousands of bees nearby.
On learning this, the man realized that the only way to escape would be to drive away as quickly as possible.After an hour’s hard driving, he arrived in London where he parked his car outside a hotel and went in to have a drink.It was not long before a customer who had seen him arrived and hurried in to inform him that his car was covered with bees.The poor motorist telephoned the police and explained what had happened.The police decided that the best way to deal with the situation would be to call a bee-keeper.In a short time, the bee-keeper arrived.He found the unwelcome passenger hidden near the wheels at the back of the car.Very grateful to the motorist for his unexpected gift, the keeper took the queen and her thousands of followers home in a large box.Equally grateful, the motorist drove away in peace, at last free from the “black cloud” which had hung over his car.
18.What did he hear from the back of the car?
19.Where did he examine carefully but he found nothing wrong, he continued his way?
20.On learning this, the man realized what would be to drive away as quickly as possible?
答案与详解 Part Ⅱ
Passage One 内容概要:
本文讨论的是关于土地的使用问题。作者以美国为例，讲述了其过去各类土地资源的丰富及其当前的严峻形势，从而引出了有关土地使用的讨论。到底应该如何使用土地？这个问题很难做出决定。人们会依据土地本身及他们的需要及价值观来定夺。作者还通过详细讲述森林及土壤保护的关系、露天采矿的优缺点等来引导读者思考并反省他们的土地应用价值观。
21．【答案】B。
【译文】似乎美国曾经拥有足以分配的大量土地资源。 【试题分析】词义辨析题。
【详细解答】go around 可表示“走来走去、疾病传播、结交相处或足够分配” ：第一段作者罗列了一些在美国曾经非常丰富的土地资源，但这都成为了过去，就是为了表明土地在过去“足够分配”的含义。
22．【答案】D。
【译文】这些土地应用都在大量地鲸吞着宝贵的空间。 【试题分析】词义辨析题。
【详细解答】swallow up 表示“侵吞、吞掉、耗尽”的意思。因此C）“消失”以及B）“放弃”就可以轻易排除。而在本句当中使用swallow up，作者正是为了强调一种完全的占据，故D）最合适。
23.【答案】D。
【译文】总之，土地是很脆弱的。 【试题分析】词义辨析题。
【详细解答】fragile意为“易碎的，虚弱的”，作者在5、6段详细的讲述了森林与土地的关系。可以看到，森林的存在对于土壤及土地来说是非常有好处的，而一旦没有森林的保护，土地状况就变遭，可见其脆弱性。故A）与C）选项谈到土地的贫瘠或肥沃是不合适的。B）选项在词义上则偏差太远。
24.【答案】D。
【译文】文章第五段的要旨是森林如何产生土壤及保护水域的。 【试题分析】细节推理题。
【详细解答】通过第五段的阅读，大家不难发现其主要讲述的内容是森林中的落叶和一些动物的粪便变为营养丰富的腐殖土，利于树木生长，而树木反过来又保护了土壤，土壤又净化了雨水。由此可见选项A）B）C）都是不完整的。
25.【答案】B。
【译文】随着乡村也逐渐拥挤起来，人们更加意识到对未被占用的土地的需要。 【试题分析】词义辨析及推理题。
【详细解答】农村变的越来越拥挤，当然有再多的A）公有土地还是不能解决问题。当然D）私人土地更是帮不上任何忙。至于C），土地没有种植也许有其他住户或工业，看来只有B）尚未被占用的土地，才能给我们提供开阔的空间。
Passage Two 内容概要:
本文讨论的是一个城市到底如何才能变的有生气。作者首先通过详细的例子讲述了城市规划的重要性所在。鲜明的对比使我们很容易发现规划后的城市楼高了、路直了、绿地多了、景色更漂亮了。这样的城市应该是非常吸引居民的。然而事实并非如此，人们觉得这样的城市很无聊，没有生气。作者以此引出了主题，一个城市规划再好，要是没有了一种城市精神，就无法激发居民的忠诚和对城市的爱。
26.【答案】B。
【译文】只有老练的出租车司机才熟知伦敦的全情。
【试题分析】词义辨析题。
【详细解答】通过第一段的阅读，我们可以发现伦敦的街道弯弯曲曲、迂回曲折，想要在这样的城市中找路，到底要什么样的司机呢？显然C）新手 和 D）热心肠都不能真正帮上忙。那么A）当地人怎么样呢？大家在最后一句可以发现，和伦敦一样没有规划的纽约，“even a native-born...despairs of finding his way...”可见当地人找路都是特别困难的。故只有B）选项可选。
27.【答案】C。
【译文】从第一段中，我们可推断出在伦敦成为出租车司机是很困难的。 【试题分析】细节推理题。
【详细解答】伦敦的规划体制会是A）项中所阐述的健全的吗？要是健全的，路就不会是迂回曲折的了。纽约、芝家哥同伦敦一样，都是没有规划的发展，而不是B）中阐述的。而了解美国的同学应该知道，布鲁克林区是纽约市的一自治村镇，这里的规划和纽约一样，不会是D）中所阐述的。而在伦敦，想成为出租车司机，你需要几个月的时间来熟悉路况，通过全面的考试，可见资格的取得是相当困难的。故选C）。
28.【答案】D。
【译文】Kubitschek总统决定新建一座首都是因为他认为发展内陆城市是很有必要的。 【试题分析】细节考察题。
【详细解答】巴西利亚是巴西的新首都，然而为什么要建立这个新首都呢？仔细阅读会发现Rio de Janeiro（里约热内卢）濒临大西洋，大量的巴西人cram into把沿海城市塞得满满的，而国家内陆城市的各种资源则untapped（没有被开发利用)，Kubitschek总统希望通过建立一座新首都，均衡开发国家的资源，而绝对不是A）项中的那样，希望人们向沿海城市发展。而巴西利亚刚建立时，不是B）或C）项中所讲的繁华城市或大城市，只是一大片荒地罢了。
29.【答案】B。
【译文】尽管哥伦比亚非常漂亮，但是会让年轻人觉得很无聊。 【试题分析】细节考察题。
【详细解答】通过文章的阅读，我们可以发现哥伦比亚是一座planned city规划过的城市。是使城市规划者非常喜悦的，而不是A）中所陈述的。而哥伦比亚已经建成，也不是C）中陈述的那样，存在于规划者的梦想。也不会是D）项中所陈述的，一排排的脏房子以及稀少的绿地。而通过最后一段的阅读“...a beautiful new city like Columbia that makes young people shrug with boredom”,可见应选择B）。
30.【答案】A。
【译文】文章的主题是，一个城市必须有某种精神去激励她的居民，否则这个城市将没有任何生气。 【试题分析】推理题。
【详细解答】作者首先通过详细的例子讲述了城市规划的重要性所在。鲜明的对比使我们很容易发现规划后的城市楼高了、路直了、绿地多了、景色更漂亮了。这样的城市应该是非常吸引居民的。然而事实并非如此，人们觉得这样的城市很无聊，没有生气。作者以此引出了主题，一个城市规划再好，要是没有了一种城市精神，就无法激发居民的忠诚和对城市的爱。故选A）。
Passage Three 内容概要:
本文讲述了日本东京由于受地震、交通、城市拥堵、地价过高等因素的影响，而在地下大建工程的事实。作者列举了一些地下工程的好处并列举了日本的一些大型地下工程。在罗列了种种好处及大型地下工程的规模后，作者也讲述了在施工时间上，施工过程中及资金等方面面临的种种困难。但利弊的比较以及结合东京目前的现实，我们不难发现，发展地下空间将是一条很有前途的发展方式。
31.【答案】B。
【译文】如果想理发，你可以去Kyobashi地下车站。 【试题分析】词义辨析题。 【详细解答】依据原文“The Kyobashi Station...has a hotel with a bar, restaurant, and barbershop”（Line7，Para2），“barbershop”的意思就是理发店。自然应该选择B。
32.【答案】C。
【译文】在Yaesu，如果每天换不同的地方吃饭，那么要花三个月的时间。 【试题分析】细节考察题。
【详细解答】依据原文“In Yaesu you can eat in a different place every day for three months”(Sentence 4, Para 4)。故选C。
33.【答案】D。
【译文】Yaesu的施工人员夜以继日的工作以完成这个工程，这个陈述是不正确的。 【试题分析】细节推理题。
【详细解答】地下的大型购物场所可以大到三个足球场那么大，要买毛皮衣、鲜花和书自然很容易，吃到海鲜也很容易，故A）C）是正确的。地下建筑有什么好处呢？“Clean, filtered air is one of them”可见地下空气是净化过的，故B）也是正确的。只是地下工程很难进行，一是由于受地铁的影响，每天只能进行三个小时，可见D）的陈述是错误的。
34.【答案】C。
【译文】为什么地下管道的位置难以被确定，这是因为许多的城市规划蓝图已经找不到了。 【试题分析】细节推理题。
【详细解答】A）项中陈述的建筑工人不注意这些地下管道，和这个问题没有任何逻辑关系。B）项干扰性很强，如果你没有细心阅读，便会错选此项。依据原文“...many...blueprints...were destroyed...”可见，毁坏的是蓝图而不是地下管道本身，故B）项应排除。应选择C）项，而D）项中，管道埋的很深显然不是理由。
35.【答案】B。
【译文】从文章中可以推断，地下工程在未来将有更进一步的发展。 【试题分析】细节推理题。
【详细解答】A）项最容易被排除，如果东京土地资源丰富的话，那么就不用开发地下资源了。C）项中阐述的。地下工程是专为鼹鼠建造的，这显然不合逻辑，原文中出现的“underground is for moles”，只是为了表明一些反对地下工程人士的偏激观点，不可选。而D）项显然与原文“experts feel that...fewer problems underground than on the surface in case of tremors”冲突。
Passage Four 内容概要:
本文通过介绍在美国历史上出现的大量人口向郊区的迁移的事实，讲述了曾经由于人们为追求新鲜的空气、开阔的空间等原因而大量移入郊区，从而使得城市的建设一度破落。商业的进一步搬迁使得城市建设更加落后。但每天在城市与住所之间数个小时的往返，以及人们对城市文化生活的怀念使得人们又重新搬回城市来。以此作者引出文章的主题，单纯向郊区的迁移并不能为我们创建一片理想的工作生活的土地。
36.【答案】B。
【译文】据这篇文章，Ann和Walter Taylor继续留在了城市繁华地区。 【试题分析】细节推理题。
【详细解答】两人原本想从伦敦般到郊区，但“after months of looking, they became discouraged and decided to buy...in the middle of....a part of New York City”，可见并能如愿，并最终还是留在了城中。故选B。
37.【答案】C。
【译文】从文章中可以推断，向郊区的迁移开始下降。 【试题分析】细节考察题。
【详细解答】依据原文“downtown areas do not need to die”(Line5, Para2)可知，A）选项错误。郊区肯定会代替城市吗？显然不可能，毕竟在城市，“the advantages of culture”是郊区无可比拟的。故B）选项错。而现在很多人又
开始向城市迁移，不可能只剩下老人和穷人，故D）错。
38.【答案】B。
【译文】商业向郊区迁移是因为许多人在城市工作，郊区生活。 【试题分析】细节推理题。
【详细解答】大量的人居住在郊区，使得商业也向郊区迁移，这样人们便不至于“spending long hours commuting” ,这不是由于郊区人有钱，郊区环境好或美国人喜欢搬迁，故排除A）C）D）。
39.【答案】D。
【译文】在20世纪40年代，为什么城市变得破损失修呢？是由于太多的人搬出了城市。 【试题分析】细节考察题。
【详细解答】A）选项中的人们没有足够的钱，不符合原文，故排除，B）选项中归咎于市政规划，显然不符合原文，之所以失修，是因为 “they took with them the tax money the cities needed to maintain the neighborhoods...”可见太多的纳税人离开了城市，使城市没有足够的钱去修护、建设，自然选D）了。
40.【答案】C。
【译文】文章的主题是，向郊区的迁移并不能解决理想的居住环境的问题。 【试题分析】细节推理题。
【详细解答】依据课文内容我们得知，在美国历史上，人们大量移入郊区，从而使得城市的建设一度破落。商业的进一步搬迁使得城市建设更加落后。但每天在城市与住所之间数个小时的往返，以及人们对城市文化生活的怀念使得人们又在重新搬回城市来。以此作者引出文章的主题，单纯向郊区的迁移并不能为我们创建一片理想的工作生活的土地。故选C）。
Part Ⅴ 参考范文：
Loyalty to the employer
Different cultures place varying values on loyalty to the employer.In some countries, most notably in Asia, there is a high degree of loyalty to one company.However, in most European countries and the United States, loyalty to one’s employer is not high valued;instead it is considered more rational and reasonable for an employee to change jobs whenever it is warranted to achieve the optimal overall career.Both of these position have advantages and disadvantages.
In cultures that value loyalty to the employer, a kind of family relationship seems to develop between employer and employee.It is a reciprocal arrangement which the employer is concerned with assisting the employee to develop to his full potential and the employee is concerned about optimizing the welfare of the company.The negative aspect to absolute loyalty to one company is that an employee may stay in one job that he has outgrown and may miss out on opportunities to develop in new directions.From the employer’s point of view, the employee may be burdened with employee whose skills no longer match the needs of the company.
In culture in which it is quite acceptable to change jobs every few years, employees can blind the career they choose for themselves.They can stay with one company as long as it is mutually beneficial to company and employee.As long as good relationship exists and the employee’s career is advancing at an acceptable pace, the employee can remain with a company.But at any time the employee is free to move to another company, perhaps to achieve a higher position, to move into a new area, or to find a work situation that is more suitable to his personality.They disadvantage of this situation is employees tend to move around a lot.
Although both these systems have advantages and disadvantages, it is much better for employees have the opportunity to move from job to job if it is necessary to have a better career.
本套试卷测试语言重点 10个重点单词：
baby-sit: 临时照看婴儿 indifference:冷漠 appointment:约会，预约 infect:感染、传染
benevolent:仁慈的，宽容的 fragile:易碎的、虚弱的 snatch:突然抢走 release:释放
discourage:使沮丧，使泄气 abandon:抛弃 4个重点词组：
hold off:拖延 in return:作为„的回报
stand up for:坚持 be particular about:对„挑剔
中国名校六级密卷(6)
上海交通大学外语学院 郭鸿杰
Part Ⅱ Reading Comprehension(35 minutes)Directions: There are 4 passages in this part.Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements.For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C)and D).You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.
Passage One
Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage:
The media can impact current events.As a graduate student at Berkeley in the 1960s, I remember experiencing the events related to the People’s Park that were occurring on campus.Some of these events were given national media coverage in the press and on TV.I found it interesting to compare my impressions of what was going on with perceptions obtained from the news media.I could begin to see events of that time feed on news coverage.This also provided me with some healthy insights into the distinction between these realities.
Electronic media are having a greater impact on the people’s lives every day.People gather more and more of their impressions from representations.Television and telephone communications are linking people to a global village, or what one writer calls the electronic city.Consider the information that television brings into your home every day.Consider also the contact you have with others simply by using telephone.These media extend your consciousness and your contact.for example, the video coverage of the 1989 San Francisco earthquake focused on “live action” such as the fires or the rescue efforts.This gave the viewer the impression of total disaster.Television coverage of the Iraqi War also developed an immediacy.CNN reported events as they happened.This coverage was distributed worldwide.Although most people were far away from these events, they developed some perception of these realities.
In 1992, many people watched in horror as riots broke out on a sad Wednesday evening in Los Angeles, seemingly fed by video coverage from helicopters.This event was triggered by verdict(裁定)in the Rodney King beating.We are now in an age where the public can have access to information that enables it to make its own judgments, and most people, who had seen the video of this beating, could not understand how the jury（陪审团）was able to acquit(宣布„„无罪)the policeman involved.Media coverage of events as they occur also provides powerful feedback that influences events.This can have harmful results, as it seemed on that Wednesday night in Los Angeles.By Friday night the public got to see Rodney King on television pleading.“can we all get along?” By Saturday, television seemed to provide positive feedback as the Los Angeles riot turned out into a rally for peace.The television showed thousands of people marching with banners and cleaning tools.Because of that , many people turned out to join the peaceful event that saw unfolding on television.The real healing, of course, will take much longer, but electronic media will continue to be a part of that process.21.The best title for this passage is____.
A)The 1992 Los Angeles Riots
B)The Impact of Media on Current Events
C)The 1989 San Francisco Earthquake and the 1992 Los Angeles Riots D)How media Cover Events
22.All the following statements are true EXCEPT that____. A)electronic media can extend one’s contact with the world
B)those living far away from a certain event can also have some perception of realities by watching television
C)all the events occurring on the university campus at Berkeley were given national media coverage
D)video coverage of the 1989 San Francisco earthquake gave the viewers the impression of total disaster
23.The term“electronic city”in paragraph 2 refers to____. A)Los Angeles B)San Francisco C)Berkeley D)Earth
24.The 1992 Los Angeles riots broke out because____.
A)the jury acquitted the policemen who had beaten Rodney King B)people can make their own judgments
C)video coverage from helicopters had made people angry D)video coverage had provided powerful feedback 25.It can be inferred from the passage that ____.
A)media coverage of events as they occur can have either good or bad results B)most people who had seen the video of the Rodney King beating agree with the verdict of the jury
C)the 1992 Los Angeles riots lasted a whole week
D)Rodney King seemed very angry when he appeared on television on Friday Passage Two
Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage:
The American with Disabilities Act(ADA)was signed into law in 1990.This law extends civil rights protection to persons with disabilities in private sector employment, all public services, and in public accommodations, transportation, and telecommunications.A person with a disability is defined as someone with a mental or physical impairment that substantially limits him or her in a major life activity, such as walking, talking, working, or self-care.A person with a disability may also be someone with a past record of such an impairment, for example, someone who no longer has heart disease but is discriminated against because of that history.
The ADA states that employers with fifteen or more employees may not refuse to hire or promote a person because of a disability if that person is qualified to perform the job.Also, the employer must make reasonable accommodations that will allow a person with a disability to perform essential functions of the job.All new vehicles purchased by public transit authorities must be accessible to people with disabilities.All rail stations must be made accessible, and at least one car per train in existing rail systems must be made accessible.
It is illegal for public accommodations to exclude or refuse persons with disabilities.Public accommodations are business and services such as restaurants, hotels, grocery stores, and parks.All now buildings must be made accessible, and existing facilities must remover barriers if the removal can be accomplished without much difficulty or expense.
The ADA also stipulates that companies offering telephone service to the general public must offer relay services to individuals who use telecommunications devices for the deaf, twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week.
26.What is the main purpose of the passage?
A)To describe discrimination against persons with disabilities. B)To explain the provisions of the Americans with Disabilities Act. C)To make suggestions for hiring persons with disabilities. D)To discuss telecommunications devices for the deaf.
27.According to the passage, all of the following are affected by the Americans with Disabilities Act EXCEPT ____.
A)someone who has difficulty walking B)a public transit authority
C)an employer with fewer than fifteen employers D)a person with a past record of an impairment
28.The author mentions grocery stores as an example of ____. A)public transit B)barriers
C)private sector employment D)public accommodations
29.The author implies all of the following EXCEPT ____.
A)the ADA requires people with disabilities to pay for special accommodations B)the ADA is designed to protect the civil rights of many people
C)public transportation must accommodate the needs of people with disabilities D)The ADA protects the rights of people with mental impairments 30.It can be inferred from the passage that ____. A)restaurants can refuse service to people with disabilities
B)every car of a train must be accessible to persons with disabilities. C)the ADA is not well-liked by employers
D)large companies may not discriminate against workers with disabilities.Passage Three
Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage:
Studies of children’s acquisition of language suggest that the faculty of language includes an inborn knowledge of the formal principles of language structure, a knowledge that depends on generically determined portions of(usually)that left cerebral(大脑的)hemisphere.Although it is well established that the left hemisphere is specialized for language, one cannot say that language is “located” in this or that part of the hemisphere.What is known is that language discorders are the results of lesions(损伤)in the left hemisphere.Disorders of language resulting from damage to the brain are called aphasias(失语症).
The anterior(前面的)portion of the “language area” is termed Broca’s area.Lesions in this area interfere with the motor(运动原)and articulatory aspects of language.Speech is slow,labored,grammatically incorrect,and telegraphic;in extreme cases,it may be impossible to carry out.Writing is likewise severely impaired.Comprehension of the spoken or written word,however,may be unimpaired or nearly so.(It is interesting to note that under emotional stress,a patient with Broca’s aphasia may be temporarily fluent.)Because Broca’s area is close to the motor cortex(脑皮层),if the former is damaged,the latter is often damaged simultaneously.Hence,such patients often suffer form weakness or paralysis of the right side of the body.Similar lesions in the right hemisphere will cause a left-sided weakness of paralysis but will have no effect on language.
Damage to the posterior(后面的)portion of the “language area, ” especially to Wernick’s area, results in a loss of comprehension of the spoken word and often of the written word.The patient’s native language is now like a foreign language.In addition, the patient’s speech is rapid and well-articulated, but without meaning.Writing is defective, and words that are heard cannot be repeated, although hearing itself is completely normal.Similar lesions in the right hemisphere usually have no effect on language.
Injuries to the “language area” in children result in severe aphasias, but the development of language mechanism in the right hemisphere can often compensate for them to an extraordinary degree.This potential function of the right hemisphere is probably normally suppressed by the left hemisphere.In adults, aphasias from similar lesions are often permanent.
31.The author is primarily concerned with ____. A)describing the process of language acquisition B)explaining potential treatment of language defects
C)showing the importance of the left hemisphere of the brain to language mechanisms
D)depicting various means of diagnosing language defects
32.Unlike a patient with Wernicke’s aphasia, a patient with Broca’s aphasia can ____.
A)comprehend written but not spoken language B)hear and read with comprehension
C)speak articulately and also comprehend spoken language D)write and speak readily and coherently
33.According to the passage,which of the following statements about the right hemisphere of the brain is accurate?
A)It has the potential to serve as a “language area”.
B)It controls the ability to comprehend but not the ability to speak a language C)If it is damaged, gross motor control of the right side of the body may be affected.
D)It is the right where Wernick’s area is located.
34.It can be inferred that aphasias in adults often result in permanent damage because ____.
A)much memory is lost
B)adults have more trouble learning a foreign language
C)the right hemisphere is no longer as adaptable as it once was. D)brain cells in adults are especially vulnerable to infection
35.It can be inferred that the author bases his description on ____. A)clinical studies of instances of damage to the brain
B)studies of language development in children without brain damage C)microscopic examination of the brain structure
D)examples of the integration of the left and right hemispheresPassage Four Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage:
For millions of years before the appearance of the electric light, shift work,allnight cable TV and the Internet, Earth’s creatures evolved on a planet with predictable and reassuring 24-hour rhythms.Our biological clocks are set for this daily cycle.Simply put,our bodies want to sleep at night and be awake during the day.Most women and men need between eight and eight and a half hours of sleep a night to function properly throughout their lives.(Contrary to popular belief,humans don’t need less sleep as they age.)
But on average,Americans sleep only about seven and a half hours per night,a marked drop from the nine hours day averaged in 1910.what’s worse,nearly one third of all Americans get less than six hours of sleep on a typical work night.For most people, that’s not nearly enough.
Finding ways to get more and better sleep can be a challenge.Scientists have identified more than 80 different sleep disorders.Some sleeping disorders are generic.But many problems are caused by staying up late and sleeping in, by traveling frequently between time zones or by working nights.Dr.James.F.Jones at National Jewish Medical and Research Center in Denver says that sleep disorders are often diagnosed at other discomforts.About one third of the patients referred to him with possible chronic fatigue syndrome actually have treatable sleep disorders.“Before we do anything else, we look at their sleep,” Jones says.
Sleep experts say that most people would benefit from a good look at their sleep patterns, “My motto(座右铭)is ‘sleep defensively’,” says Mary Carskadon of Brown University.She says people need to carve out sufficient time to sleep, even if it means giving up other things.Sleep routines-like going to bed and getting up at the same time every day-are important.Pre-bedtime activities also make a difference.As with Elsneer, who used to suffer from sleeplessness, a few lifestyle change-avoiding stimulants and late meals, exercising hours before bedtime, relaxing with a hot bath—yield better sleep.
36.What is TRUE of human sleep?
A)Most people need less sleep when grow older.
B)Most people need seven and a half hours of sleep every night.
C)On average, people in the U.S.today sleep less per night than they used to. D)For most people, less than six hours of sleep on a typical work night is enough. 37.For our bodies to function properly, we should____. A)sleep for at least eight hours per night B)believe that we need less sleep as we age C)adjust our activities to the new inventions
D)be able to predict the rhythms of our biological clocks
38.According to the author, many sleeping disorders are caused by ____. A)other diseases
B)pre-bedtime exercises C)improper sleep patterns D)Chronic fatigue syndrome
39.Which of the following measures can help you sleep better? A)Staying up late. B)Taking a hot bath. C)Having late meals.
D)Traveling between time zones.
40.“Sleep defensively” means that ____.
A)people should go to a doctor and have their problems diagnosed B)people should exercise immediately before going to bed every night C)people should sacrifice other things to get enough sleep if necessary. D)People should give up going to bed and going up at the same every day.Part Ⅴ Writing(30 minutes)
Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic Information in the Modern World.You should write at least 150 words, and base your composition on the outline(given in Chinese)below:
1.信息在当今社会的重要性 2.信息传播的方式
3.谈谈信息在未来社会的作用 Information in the Modern World
Section B Passage One
In the past 20 years, scientists have learnt a great deal about sleep and dreams.They have discovered, for example, that sleep and dreams affect the way people feel.A good night sleep, generally, makes a person happier in the morning.Dreams also have a strong effect on the moods of people.However, who appears in a dream is more important than what happens.
Every person has a special dream character.If the special character appears in dreams, people are happier after sleeping.If there are many people in one’s dreams, this has a good effect.A person will wake up happier.
The moods of people affect their performances throughout the day.The level of one’s moods rises and falls during the day.The less sleepy the people are, the better they perform, and usually they are more friendly, more aggressive, and more clear thinking.
Some day scientists hope to manipulate sleep in order to control the way people feel and perform.Passage Two
In a great number of Western, as well as Eastern societies, many adults have been taught not to cry, or have even forgotten how.This is very unfortunate, because, although it may have been necessary at one point to learn to hold back one’s tears, the ability to cry is actually very human.It is a natural thing, and one of the special ways nature has given us to cure ourselves of the hurts we receive in the course of living.
If crying is helpful in the curing of physical ills, we can easily imagine the importance of tears and the ability to cry in the curing of emotion ills, and in helping people who are emotional well-being as well.You may have observed this in your personal life.For example, many times after a good cry, we can think more clearly or feel more lighthearted or sleep more easily, because some kind of load has been lifted from within.Passage Three
Good evening, ladies and gentlemen, and welcome.I’m sure we have all heard the expression, “Think Green.” Tonight we are going to talk about ways that we can “Act Green” in our everyday life.
The best place to start, of course, is in the home.Every day, people all over the world are hurting the environment without even knowing it.For example, busy families buy paper napkins and plastic food wrap at the supermarket.This helps them save time on housework, but after these things have been used, what happens to them? They go into the garbage heap.In many places, especially in North America, big cities are running out of places to throw their package.What can we do about it?
How can we cut down on garbage? Well, we can start using cloth napkins and cloth towels instead of paper towels.When we go grocery shopping, we can choose products that are not “overpackaged.” For example, last week I bought a package of cookies.The cookies were in a bag.There was a plastic tray inside the bag, and then each cookies was in its own little package on the tray in the bag!That’s overpackaging!We should also take our own bags to the grocery store to carry things in.答案与详解
Part Ⅱ Passage One
内容概要:
本文主要讲媒体对时事的影响。文中列举了许多事例说明这一点。如电视和电话把人们与地球连到了一起，有位作家把地球村称之为“电子城”，媒体对事件的报道会提供强烈的反馈反过来又会影响事件本身等等。
21.【答案】B。 【译文】本文的最佳题目是媒体对时事的影响。 【试题分析】本题测试考生的综合理解能力。
【详细解答】从整篇文章看，作者主要讲的是媒体对时事的影响。第1段第1句和第二段的第1句就已点明。因而B）为正确答案。
22.【答案】C
【译文】下列陈述不正确的是“所有发生在伯克利大学的事件在全国性的媒体都上报道了”。 【试题分析】事实细节题。
【详细解答】第2段，有“这些媒体拓宽了人们的视野和接触范围”一句。可见选项A）的意思是对的，也即不是正确选项。第2段最好一句也就是B的意思，因此B也是对的。D的内容与文章意思吻合，文中第2段中有这样一句话：这给观众以大灾难的印象。因而D）也不可能是正确选项。C说的是所有发生在伯克利大学的世界全国性的媒体都予以报道。但文章第1段第3句说，发生在伯克利加州大学的某些（不是所有）事件在全国性媒体上报道了。由此可见C）的说法与原文不符，故为正确选项。
23.【答案】D。
【译文】电子城指的就是地球。 【试题分析】词语理解题。
【详细解答】本题问的是electronic city，实际上考的是对global village的理解。由于city一词，而且是个选择中的三个城市在文章中都被提到。因此该题目有一定的迷惑性。但如果考生知道global village是“地球村”的意思，也知道“电子城”就是指的“地球村”，那么这道题比较容易回答。
24.【答案】A。
【译文】1992年落杉矶骚乱的原因是陪审团宣布殴打Rodney King的警察无罪。 【试题分析】事实细节题。
【详细解答】第3段第2句说这次骚乱是由于对Rodney被殴打一案所作的裁决引起的。后面还提到大多数看过Rodney King被殴打录像的人都无法理解为什么陪审团会宣布殴打无辜者的警察无罪。从这两句话可以得出A是正确选项。
25.【答案】A。
【译文】媒体事件的报道既可带来好影响也可造成恶劣的后果。 【试题分析】推理引申题。
【详细解答】文中第3段说，媒体对事件的报道会提供强烈的反馈，反过来又会影
响事件本身。由此可知，媒体对事件的报道既可带来好的影响也可造成恶劣的后果，因此A是正确选项。 Passage Two 内容概要:
本文主要讲美国为保护残疾人而制定的各种法律。在享受医疗保健、教育和交通旅游权利等方面从法律上都有明确规定。
26.【答案】B。
【译文】本文的主要目的是解释美国人为保护残疾人而制定的残疾人法。 【试题分析】归纳结论题。
【详细解答】这篇短文的中心内容就是讨论和解释美国人是如何从法律上和公共事业角度进行广泛的努力保护和帮助残疾人。选项B正好回答了这个问题。故B是正确答案。
27.【答案】C
【译文】雇员少于15人的情况不在美国残疾人法的范围之内。 【试题分析】事实细节题。
【详细解答】选项C说的是少于15人的情况，而文中第二段第一句说的是雇员多于15人的雇主不得拒绝雇佣能够胜任工作的残疾人。因此C是排除于短文内容以外的选项。
28.【答案】D。
【译文】公共设施包括食品店。 【试题分析】事实细节题。
【详细解答】第4段第2句话给public accommodation下定义是把选项D包括了进去，与parks, restaurants and hotels并列。
29.【答案】A。
【译文】文中没有提及残疾人必须对其特殊住所支付费用。 【试题分析】事实细节题。
【详细解答】短文中没有讲到或暗示过残疾人必须对其特殊住所支付费用（peoplewith disabilities must pay for specialaccommodations），而B、C、及D项选择的内容在第一和第三段都讲到或暗示过。
30.【答案】D。
【译文】可以推测大公司不可以歧视有残疾的工人。 【试题分析】推理引申题。
【详细解答】关键词是第二段前两个句子：（employers with fifteen or more employees may not refuse to hire or promote a person because of a disability...must take reasonable accommodations...）。A项选择不符合第4段的意思，B项选择不符合第3段的意思，而C项选择在短文中找不到支持信息。 Passage Three 内容概要:
本文第1段为主题段，点明了大脑左半球与语言机制之间的关系；第2、3段分别描述了大脑左前区和左后区损伤对语言机制的不同影响；最后一段主要是讲大脑右半球在大脑左半球受损导致失语症时的代偿作用。
31.【答案】C。
【译文】本文主要是为了说明大脑左半球对语言机制的重要性。 【试题分析】归纳结论题。
【详细解答】文章第1段就概括了这篇文章是关于大脑左半球与语言机制的关系，大脑左半球对语言机制起着重要的作用。所以C）是正确答案。
32.【答案】B。
【译文】勃洛卡区失语症病人和韦尼克失语症病人不同，前者既能听懂也能读懂。 【试题分析】事实细节题。
【详细解答】第2段第3、4、5句告诉我们，大脑左前区损伤对说和写的能力有严重影响，但一般不会影响听和读的理解。因此选项A）和C）有部分差错，选项D）完全不对，而惟有选项B）正确。
33.【答案】A。
【译文】大脑右半球在在左半球受损伤的情况下具有代偿作用。 【试题分析】事实细节题。
【详细解答】依据是最后一段第1句。既然在大脑左半球受伤而造成严重失语症的情况下，儿童的大脑右半球通常可形成代偿机制，就说明大脑右半球具有充当“语言区”的潜力。所以A）是正确答案
34.【答案】C。
【译文】成年人的失语症经常导致永久的损伤是因为大脑右半球不再具有适应性。 【试题分析】推理引申题。
【详细解答】从最后一段我们得知，同是“语言区”（即大脑左半球）损伤导致严重失语症，儿童的失语症通常可由大脑右半球语言机制的发展得到一定弥补，但成人的失语症则一般是永久的。这种对比说明，成人的大脑右半球已不像儿童（即从前）那样具有适应性。因而答案应选C）。
35.【答案】A。
【译文】作者的描述的依据是大脑损伤进行的临床观察和研究。 【试题分析】推理引申题。
【详细解答】本文是通过描述大脑不同部位损伤与失语症之间的关系来论证主题的，而在四个选项中只有采用A）的方法（即对脑损伤进行临床观察和研究）才能发现这种关系。Passage Four
内容概要:
本文讲的是睡眠问题。琼斯医生说，睡眠紊乱经常被诊断为其他毛病。睡眠有规律是很重要的。与睡前的活动也有关系。晚饭不要吃得太晚，睡前避免过长时间的运动，洗个热水澡，都会使人睡得香一点。
36.【答案】C。
【译文】平均而言，美国人的睡眠时间比过去少。 【试题分析】事实细节题。
【详细解答】答本题应仔细阅读头上两段。第2段说，美国人现在平均每天只睡7个半小时，比1910年平均睡9个小时要少得多。而且，有将近三分之一的美国人在工作完后只剩6个小时还不到的睡眠时间。对大多数人而言，这是不够的。故只有C是正确选项。
37.【答案】A。
【译文】为了保证身体正常工作，我们应该至少有8个小时的睡眠时间。 【试题分析】事实细节题。
【详细解答】[JP+3]本题测试考生对第1段最后第2句话的理解。该句说，大多数男人和女人每晚需要8到8个半小时的睡眠时间才能保证他们的正常工作。因此A是正确答案。
38.【答案】C。
【译文】作者认为，睡眠紊乱是由于不合理的睡眠方式引起的。 【试题分析】事实细节题。 【详细解答】第3段第3句说，“许多睡眠问题是由晚睡晚起、经常作跨时区旅行及上夜班引起的”。在这里只提到了“晚睡晚起”，即C所指的improper sleep patterns，而没有提到其他疾病、睡前锻炼和慢性疲劳综合症，因此惟有C是正确选项。
39.【答案】B。
【译文】睡眠之前洗个热水澡可以帮助你睡的香一些。 【试题分析】事实细节题。
【详细解答】本题问的是下面的措施中哪一个可以帮助你睡得香一些。文章最后一句说，改变一下生活方式可以帮助你睡得香一些，句中列举的几项措施包括晚饭不要吃得太晚或洗个热水澡等。故B“洗个热水澡”是正确选项。
40.【答案】C。
【译文】为了得到足够的睡眠，有必要牺牲其他事情。 【试题分析】词语理解题。
【详细解答】本题考对短语“sleep defensively”的意思理解，这要从上下文去理解。下面一句话说，人们须挤出足够的睡眠时间，哪怕这意味着放弃其他的事情。这就解释了该短语的意义。因此选项C“如果必要人们应牺牲其他事情来得到足够的睡眠”是正确答案。
Part Ⅴ 参考范文
Information in the Modern World
Information is of great significance in the modern world.Since the world is developing at an ever-increasing speed, it is important for us to be well-informed.Otherwise, we will fail to keep pace with the fast developing world.Therefore, on the one hand, we need information to communicate with each other, on the other hand, we are in need of it to compete with others and to attain our goals.Success in many fields depends on the acquisition of the latest information, while failure results from the lack of necessary information.
Then how to get well-informed? Today, there are many means of getting and exchanging information which enable us to keep up with what is going on in the world.For example, reading newspapers, listening to the radio and watching TV are common means of getting information.In addition, in the booming age of science and
technology, people can have easy access to the Internet, which proves the most convenient and efficient bridge to the outside world.
As to the role of information in the future, I assume that it will play a more and more crucial role in society.And what is more important is that people can acquire more prompt and extensive information on which their success depends.
本套试卷测试语言重点 10个重点单词：
overwhelming:压倒的、势不可挡的 anticipate:预期、预计 expand:膨胀
crucial:重要的、关键的
detach(from):使分离、使分开、拆卸 preside(over):主持
diminish:贬低、减少、缩小 occurrence:发生、出现
explicitly:清晰地、显而易见地 rectify:改正、矫正 4个重点词组：
intent on:专心、执着
cast light upon:使(某事）更为清楚、阐明 summon up: 鼓起（勇气） see to:照料、照顾、负责
第二篇：浙大2011考博英语部分题目及答案
听力第一篇
Among my experiences as a college president is the all-too-frequent phone call in the night that begins: “One of your students is in the emergency room with alcohol poisoning.” The whole country got a similar wake-up call in June when it was reported that alcohol abuse on college campuses is on the rise, especially for women, and that college students drink far more than nonstudents.One statistic showed that college students spend more money on alcohol while in college than on books.Alcohol abuse, although tragic, is but one symptom of a larger campus crisis.A generation has come to college quite fragile, not very secure about who it is, fearful of its lack of identity and without confidence in its future.Many students are ashamed of themselves and afraid of relationships.Students use alcohol as an escape.It's used as an excuse for bad behavior: the insanity defense writ large on campus.This diminished sense of self has caused a growth in racism, sexism, attempted suicide, theft, property-damage and cheating on most campuses.This is not the stuff of most presidents' public conversations.Nor can it be explained away as an “underclass” problem;it is found on our most privileged campuses.It is happening because the generation now entering college has experienced few authentic connections with adults in its lifetime.I call this the “Culture of Neglect,” and we — parents, teachers, professors and administrators — are the primary architects.It begins at home, where social and economic factors — such as declining incomes requiring longer work hours — result in less family time.Young people have been allowed to or must take part-time jobs rather than spending time in school, on homework or with their families.More children and youths are being reared in a vacuum, with television as their only supervisor, and there is little expectation that they learn personal responsibility.Immersed in themselves, they are left to their peers.31.The main idea of the first paragraph is that().× 正确答案为C
[A] it is easy to be a college president
[B] a college president has to sit up till midnight
[C] alcohol abuse is quite common on campus
[D] it is harmful for college students to drink alcohol
32.According to the author, college students turn to alcohol as a(n)().× 正确答案为C
[A] inspiration
[B] stimulation
[C] escape
[D] relaxation
33.The word “architects” in Para.2 can be best replaced by().× 正确答案为D
[A] artists
[B] experts
[C] discoverers
[D] designers
34.How do parents react to the “Culture of Neglect”?()× 正确答案为B
[A] Parents have lowered their expectations on children.[B] Parents take little care of the growth of their children.[C] Parents spend too much time watching television.[D] Parents fail to cooperate with teachers and administrators.35.What is the main problem with the children brought up in the “ Culture of Neglect?”()× 正确答案为C
[A] They can't read or write well.[B] They can hardly find a good job.[C] They don't have the sense of responsibility.[D] They are more likely to commit crimes.第二篇
Conventional wisdom about conflict seems pretty much cut and dried.Too little conflict breeds apathy(冷漠)and stagnation(呆滞).Too much conflict leads to divisiveness(分裂)and hostility.Moderate levels of conflict, however, can spark creativity and motivate people in a healthy and competitive way.Recent research by Professor Charles R.Schwenk, however, suggests that the optimal level of conflict may be more complex to determine than these simple generalizations.He studied perceptions of conflict among a sample of executives.Some of the executives worked for profit-seeking organizations and others for not-for-profit organizations.Somewhat surprisingly, Schwenk found that opinions about conflict varied systematically as a function of the type of organization.Specifically, managers in not-for-profit organizations strongly believed that conflict was beneficial to their organizations and that it promoted higher quality decision making than might be achieved in the absence of conflict.Managers of for-profit organizations saw a different picture.They believed that conflict generally was damaging and usually led to poor-quality decision making in their organizations.Schwenk interpreted these results in terms of the criteria for effective decision making suggested by the executives.In the profit-seeking organizations, decision-making effectiveness was most often assessed in financial terms.The executives believed that consensus rather than conflict enhanced financial indicators.In the not-for-profit organizations, decision-making effectiveness was defined from the perspective of satisfying constituents.Given the complexities and ambiguities associated with satisfying many diverse constituents executives perceived that conflict led to more considered and acceptable decisions.31.In the eyes of the author, conventional opinion on conflict is________.A)wrong
B)oversimplified
C)misleading
D)unclear 注：文章第一句
32.Professor Charles R.Schwenk's research shows________.A)the advantages and disadvantages of conflict B)the real value of conflict
C)the difficulty in determining the optimal level of conflict
D)the complexity of defining the roles of conflict
注：文章第二段
33.We can learn from Schwenk's research that________.A)a person’s view of conflict is influenced by the purpose of his organization
B)conflict is necessary for managers of for-profit organizations
C)different people resolve conflicts in different ways
D)it is impossible for people to avoid conflict
注：文章第三段 34.The passage suggests that in forfor425B.C.）被称为“历史之父”
所著的《历史》为西方第一部历史著作
10． Polynesian：波利尼西亚人 指太平洋岛屿居民
11． the Goths: 哥特族（日耳曼族的一支 在３至５世纪侵入罗马帝国）； barbarian: 未开化的人 野蛮人；pillage:（尤指战争中的）掠夺
12． Tahiti: 塔希提岛
位于南太平洋；rite of passage:通过礼仪（指为人生进入一个新阶段 如出生、成年等举行的仪式）
13.souvenir: 纪念品；of choice : 特别的；globetrot:周游世界[globe-trotter的逆构］
14.parlor: <美>（接待顾客的）店堂
15.underworld: 下流社会 以犯罪活动为生的人们
16.delinquent: 违法者
17.pricking: 刺 戳
18.生活在北极圈内及其附近的一些北方部落的人（主要是因纽特人）用针刺破皮肤
再把染成炭黑色的线穿进去
Inuit：生活在北极地区的因纽特人 即爱斯基摩人； soot: 炭黑色
19.pigment: 颜料； rake-like: 齿叉形的20.bone-cutting: 用骨头削成的；groove: 沟 纹（道）；buttocks：臀部
21.hand-held: 手持的
便携式的； contraption：装置
22.dermis: 真皮
23.直到1929年经济危机爆发前 文身一直十分风靡
all the rage: <口>风靡一时的事物 时尚
24.sport: <口> 惹人注目地穿戴
25.omnipresent: 无所不在的 26.fad:（穿着、行为、言谈等方面）一时的风尚
第三篇：2015武汉大学考博英语部分真题答案
感谢”珞珈人（武大考博）197431621”群网友热心提供题源
一、阅读理解
Justice in society must include both a fair trial to the accused and the selection of an appropriate punishment for those proven guilty.Because justice is regarded as one form.of equality, we find in its earlier expressions the idea of a punishment equal to the crime.Recorded in the Old Testament is the expression “an eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth.” That is, the individual who has done wrong has committed an offence against society.To make up for his offence, society must get even.This can be done only by doing an equal injury to him.This conception of retributive justice is reflected in many parts of the legal documents and procedures of modern times.It is illustrated when we demand the death penalty for a person who has committed murder.This philosophy of punishment was supported by the German idealist Hegel.He believed that society owed it to the criminal to give a punishment equal to the crime he had committed.The criminal had by his own actions denied his true self and it is necessary to do something that will counteract this denial and restore the self that has been denied.To the murderer nothing less than giving up his own will pay his debt.The demand of the death penalty is a right the state owes the criminal and it should not deny him his due.Modern jurists have tried to replace retributive justice with the notion of corrective justice.The aim of the latter is not to abandon the concept of equality but to find a more adequate way to express it.It tries to preserve the idea of equal opportunity for each individual to realize the best that is in him.The criminal is regarded as being socially ill and in need of treatment that will enable him to become a normal member of society.Before a treatment can be administered, the cause of his antisocial behavior.must be found.If the cause can be removed, provisions must be made to have this done.Only those criminals who are incurable should be permanently separated front the rest of the society.This does not mean that criminals will escape punishment or be quickly returned to take up careers of crime.It means that justice is to heal the individual, not simply to get even with him.If severe punishments is the only adequate means for accompanying this, it should be administered.However, the individual should be given every opportunity to assume a normal place in society.His conviction of crime must not deprive him of the opportunity to make his way in the society of which he is a part.1.The best title for this selection is（B）A.Fitting Punishment to the Crime B.Approaches to Just Punishment C.Improvement in Legal Justice D.Attaining Justice in the Courts
2.The passage implies that the basic difference between retributive justice and corrective justice is the（C）.A.type of crime that was proven B.severity for the punishment C.reason for the sentence D.outcome of the trial
3.The punishment that would be most inconsistent with the views of corrective justice would be（D）.A.forced brain surgery B.whipping C.solitary confinement D.the electric chair
4.The Biblical expression “an eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth” was presented in order to（D）.A.prove，that equality demands just punishment B.justify the need for punishment as a part of law C.give moral backing to retributive justice D.prove that man has long been interested in justice
”In every known human society the male's needs for achievement can be recognized...In a great number of human societies men's sureness of their sex role is tied up with their right, or ability, to practice some activity that women are not allowed to practice.Their maleness in fact has to be underwritten by preventing women from entering some field or performing some feat.“
This is the conclusion of the anthropologist Margaret Mead about the way in which the roles of men and women in society should be distinguished.If talk and print are considered it would seem that the formal emancipation of women is far from complete.There is a flow of publications about the continuing domestic bondage of women and about the complicated system of defences which men have thrown up around their hitherto accepted advantages, taking sometimes the obvious form of exclusion from types of occupation and sociable groupings, and sometimes the more subtle form of automatic doubt of the seriousness of women's pretensions to the level of intellect and resolution that men, it is supposed, bring to the business of running the world.There are a good many objective pieces of evidence for the erosion of men's status.In the first place, there is the widespread postwar phenomenon of the woman Prime Minister, in India, Sri Lanka and Israel.Secondly, there is the very large increase in the number of women who work, especially married women and mothers of children.More diffusely there are the increasingly numerous convergences between male and female behaviour: the approximation to identical styles in dress and coiffure, the sharing of domestic tasks, and the admission of women to all sorts of hitherto exclusively male leisure-time activities.Everyone carries round with him a fairly definite idea of the primitive or natural conditions of human life.It is acquired more by the study of humorous cartoons than of archaeology, but that does not matter since it is not significant as theory but only as an expression of inwardly felt expectations of people's sense of what is fundamentally proper in the differentiation between the roles of the two sexes.In this rudimentary natural society men go out to hunt and fish and to fight off the tribe next door while women keep the fire going.Amorous initiative is firmly reserved to the man, who sets about courtship with a club.5.The phrase ”men's sureness of their sex role“ in the first paragraph suggests that they（C）
A.are confident in their ability to charm women.B.take the initiative in courtship.C.have a clear idea of what is considered ”manly“.D.tend to be more immoral than women are.6.The third paragraph（A）
A.generally agrees with the first paragraph B.has no connection with the first paragraph C.repeats the argument of the second paragraph D.contradicts the last paragraph
7.The usual idea of the cave man in the last paragraph（B）A.is based on the study of archaeology B.illustrates how people expect men to behave C.is dismissed by the author as an irrelevant joke D.proves that the man, not woman, should be the wooer
8.The opening quotation from Margaret Mead sums up a relationship between man and woman which the author（D）A.approves of B.argues is natural C.completely rejects D.expects to go on changing
Farmers in the developing world hate price fluctuations.It makes it hard to plan ahead.But most of them have little choice: they sell at the price the market sets.Farmers in Europe, the U.S.and Japan are luckier: they receive massive government subsidies in the form of guaranteed prices or direct handouts.Last month U.S.President Bush signed a new farm bill that gives American farmers $190 billion over the next 10 years, or $83 billion more than they had been scheduled to get, and pushes U.S.agricultural support close to crazy European levels.Bush said the step was necessary to ”promote farmer independence and preserve the farm way of life for generations“.It is also designed to help the Republican Party win control of the Senate in November's mid term elections.Agricultural production in most poor countries accounts for up to 50% of GDP, compared to only 3% in rich countries.But most farmers in poor countries grow just enough for themselves and their families.Those who try exporting to the West find their goods whacked with huge tariffs or competing against cheaper subsidized goods.In 1999 the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development concluded that for each dollar developing countries receive in aid they lose up to $14 just because of trade barriers imposed on the export of their manufactured goods.It's not as if the developing world wants any favours, says Gerald Ssendwula, Uganda's Minister of Finance.”What we want is for the rich countries to let us compete.“
Agriculture is one of the few areas in which the Third World can compete.Land and labour are cheap, and as farming methods develop, new technologies should improve output.This is no pie in the sky speculation.The biggest success in Kenya's economy over the past decade has been the boom in exports of cut flowers and vegetables to Europe.But that may all change in 2008, when Kenya will be slightly too rich to qualify for the ”least developed country“ status that allows African producers to avoid paying stiff European import duties on selected agricultural products.With trade barriers in place, the horticulture industry in Kenya will shrivel as quickly as a discarded rose.And while agriculture exports remain the great hope for poor countries, reducing trade barriers in other sectors also works: Americas African Growth and Opportunity Act, which cuts duties on exports of everything from handicrafts to shoes, has proved a boon to Africa's manufacturers.The lesson: the Third World can prosper if the rich world gives it a fair go.This is what makes Bush's decision to increase farm subsidies last month all the more depressing.Poor countries have long suspected that the rich world urges trade liberalization only so it can wangle its way into new markets.Such suspicions caused the Seattle trade talks to break down three years ago.But last November members of the World Trade Organization, meeting in Doha, Qatar, finally agreed to a new round of talks designed to open up global trade in agriculture and textiles.Rich countries assured poor countries, that their concerns were finally being addressed.Bush's handout last month makes a lie of America's commitment to those talks and his personal devotion to free trade.9.By comparison, farmers（C）receive more government subsidies than others.? A.in the developing world B.in Japan C.in Europe D.in America?
10.In addition to the economic considerations, there is a（A）motive behind Bush’s signing of the new farm bill.? A.partisan B.social C.financial D.cultural?
11.The message the writer attempts to convey throughout the passage is that（A）? A.poor countries should be given equal opportunities in trade?
B.“the least?developed country” status benefits agricultural countries? C.poor countries should remove their suspicions about trade liberalization? D.farmers in poor countries should also receive the benefit of subsidies
12.The writer’s attitude towards new farm subsidies in the U.S.is（C）? A.favourable B.ambiguous C.critical D.reserved
Roger Rosenblatt’s book Black Fiction, in attempting to apply literary rather than sociopolitical criteria to its subject, successfully alters the approach taken by most previous studies.As Rosenblatt notes, criticism of Black writing has often served as a pretext for expounding on Black history.Addison Gayle’s recent work, for example, judges the value of Black fiction by overtly political standards, rating each work according to the notions of Black identity which it propounds.Although fiction assuredly springs from political circumstances, its authors react to those circumstances in ways other than ideological, and talking about novels and stories primarily as instruments of ideology circumvents much of the fictional enterprise.Rosenblatt’s literary analysis discloses affinities and connections among works of Black fiction which solely political studies have overlooked or ignored.Writing acceptable criticism of Black fiction, however, presupposes giving satisfactory answers to a number of questions.First of all, is there a sufficient reason, other than the racial identity of the authors, to group together works by Black authors? Second, how does Black fiction make itself distinct from other modern fiction with which it is largely contemporaneous? Rosenblatt shows that Black fiction constitutes a distinct body of writing that has an identifiable, coherent literary tradition.Looking at novels written by Blacks over the last eighty years, he discovers recurring concerns and designs independent of chronology.These structures are thematic, and they spring, not surprisingly, from the central fact that the Black characters in these novels exist in a predominantly White culture, whether they try to conform to that culture or rebel against it.Black Fiction does leave some aesthetic questions open.Rosenblatt’s thematic analysis permits considerable objectivity;he even explicitly states that it is not his intention to judge the merit of the various works yet his reluctance seems misplaced, especially since an attempt to appraise might have led to interesting results.For instance, some of the novels appear to be structurally diffuse.Is this a defect, or are the authors working out of, or trying to forge, a different kind of aesthetic? In addition, the style of some Black novels, like Jean Toomer’s Cane, verges on expressionism or surrealism;does this technique provide a counterpoint to the prevalent theme that portrays the fate against which Black heroes are pitted, a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes of expression?
In spite of such omissions, what Rosenblatt does include in his discussion makes for an astute and worthwhile study.Black Fiction surveys a wide variety of novels, bringing to our attention in the process some fascinating and little-known works like James Weldon Johnson’s Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man.Its argument is tightly constructed, and its forthright, lucid style exemplifies levelheaded and penetrating criticism.The author objects to criticism of Black fiction like that by Addison Gayle because it（D）.A.emphasizes purely literary aspects of such fiction B.misinterprets the ideological content of such fiction C.misunderstands the notions of Black identity contained in such fiction D.substitutes political for literary criteria in evaluating such fiction
14.The author of the passage is primarily concerned with（A）.A.evaluating the soundness of a work of criticism B.comparing various critical approaches to ”a subject C.discussing the limitations of a particular kind of criticism D.summarizing the major points made in a work of criticism
15.The author's discussion of Black Fiction can be best described as（B）.A.pedantic and contentious B.critical but admiring C.ironic and deprecating D.argumentative but unfocused
16.It can be inferred that the author would be LEAST likely to approve of which of the following（C）
A.An analysis of the influence of political events on the personal ideology of Black writers B.A critical study that applies sociopolitical criteria to autobiographies by Black authors C.A literary study of Black poetry that appraises the merits of poems according to the political acceptability of their themes
D.An examination of the growth of a distinct Black literary tradition within the context of Black history
三、汉译英
得病以前，我受父母宠爱，在家中横行霸道。一旦隔离，拘禁在花园山坡上一幢小房子里，我顿感到打入冷宫，十分郁郁不得志 起来。一个春天的傍晚，园中百花怒放，父母在园中设宴，一时宾客云集，笑语四溢。我在山坡的小屋里，悄悄地掀起窗帘，窥见园中大千世界，一片繁华。自己的哥姐、堂表兄弟，也穿插其间，个个喜气洋洋。一瞬间，一阵被人摈弃、为世所遗的悲愤兜上心头，禁不住痛哭起来。
Before I fell ill, my parents doted on me a lot.I could have my way at home.Once I was isolated and confined in a chamber on the hillside of the garden, I suddenly felt I was neglected and became very depressed.One spring evening, my parents held a Banquet in the garden, where all sorts of flowers were in full bloom.In no time, a crowd of their guests collected and laughter was heard all over there.I, without being noticed, lifted the curtain in my small room, only to spy the bustle of a kaleidoscopic world down in the garden, and my elder sisters, brothers and my cousins, each full of the joys of spring, were shuttling among the guests.Quickly enough, I was thrown into a fist of sorrowful anger at being forgotten and discarded by the rest and could not help crying my heart out.四、作文
How to Prevent Plagiarism
第四篇：北师大02-08考博Summary真题及部分答案总结
（2007）
Read the following passage carefully and write a summary of it in English in about 150 words.Meaning and Characteristics of the Italian Renaissance The word(过于具体)Renaissance means “rebirth.”(与下文重复)A number of people who lived in(过于具体)Italy between 1350 and 1550 believed that they had witnessed(过于具体)a rebirth of antiquity or Greco-Roman civilization, marking a new age.To them, the thousand or so years between the end of the Roman Empire and their own era was a middle period(hence the “Middle Ages”), characterized by darkness because of its lack of classic culture(铺垫).Historians of the nineteenth century later used similar terminology to describe this period in Italy.(铺垫)The Swiss historian and art critic Jacob Burckhardt created the modern concept of the Renaissance in his celebrated Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy published in 1860(举例).He portrayed Italy in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries as the birthplace of the modern world(the Italians were “the firstborn among the sons of modern Europe”)(与前文重复)and saw the revival of antiquity, “the perfecting of the individual,” and secularism as its distinguishing features.Burckhardt exaggerated the individuality and secularism of the Renaissance and failed to recognize the depths of its religious sentiment（详细陈述或让步）;nevertheless, he established the framework for all modern interpretations of the Renaissance（与主题不直接相联）.Although contemporary scholars do not believe that the Renaissance represents a sudden or dramatic cultural break with the Middle Ages, as Burckhardt argued—there was, after all, much continuity in economic, political, and social life between the two periods（让步）—the Renaissance can still be viewed as a distinct period of European history that manifested itself first in Italy and then spread to the rest of Europe.Renaissance Italy was largely an urban society.As a result of its commercial preeminence and political evolution, northern Italy by the mid-fourteenth century was mostly a land of independent cities that dominated the country districts around them.These city-states became the centers of Italian political, economic, and social life.Within this new urban society,（铺垫，或属于次要原因）a secular spirit emerged as increasing wealth created new possibilities for the enjoyment of worldly things.Above all, the Renaissance was an age of recovery from the “calamitous fourteenth century.” Italy and Europe began a slow process of recuperation from the effects of the Black Death, political disorder, and economic recession（详细陈述或举例论证）.This recovery was accompanied by a rebirth of the culture of classical antiquity.Increasingly aware of their own historical past, Italian intellectuals became intensely interested in the Greco-Roman culture of the ancient Mediterranean world.This new revival of classical antiquity(the Middle Ages had in fact preserved much of ancient Latin culture)affected activities as diverse as politics and art and led to new attempts to reconcile the pagan philosophy of the Greco-Roman world with Christian thought, as well as new ways of viewing human beings.（后果延伸）
A revived emphasis on individual ability became characteristic of the Italian Renaissance.As the fifteenth-century Florentine architect Leon Battista Alberti expressed it: “Man can do all things if they will.”（举例）A high regard for human dignity and worth and a realization of individual potentiality created a new social ideal of the well-rounded personality or universal person who was capable of achievements in many areas of life.（后果延伸）These general features of the Italian Renaissance were not characteristic of all Italians but were primarily the preserve of the wealthy upper classes, who constituted a small percentage of the total population（详细陈述）.The achievements of the Italian Renaissance were the product of an elite, rather than a mass, movement.（与上文重复）Nevertheless, indirectly it did have some impact on ordinary people, especially in the cities, where so many of the intellectual and artistic accomplishments of the period were most visible.（详细陈述或属于不重要修饰语
（2006）
（2005）
Read the following passage carefully and then write a summary of it in English in about 150 words
A tool is an implement or device used directly upon a piece of material to shape it into a desired form.The date of the earliest tools is extremely remote.Tools found in northern Kenya in 1969 have been estimated to be about 2600000 years old, and their state of development suggests that even older tools remain to be discovered.The present array of tools has as common ancestors the sharpened stones that were the keys to early human survival.Rudely fractured stones, first found and later “made” by hunters who needed a general-purpose tool, were a “knife” of sorts that could also be used to hack, to pound, and to grub.In the course of a vast interval of time, a variety of single-purpose tools came into being.With the twin developments of agriculture and animal domestication, roughly 10000 years ago.The many demands of a settled way of life led to a higher degree of tool specialization;the identities of the ax, adz, chisel, and saw were clearly established more than 4000 years ago.The common denominator of these tools is removal of material from a workpiece, usually by some form of cutting.The presence of a cutting edge is therefore characteristic of most tools.And the principal concern of toolmakers has been the pursuit and creation of improved cutting edges.Tool effectiveness was enhanced enormously by hafting---the fitting of a handle to a piece of sharp stone, which endowed the tool with better control, more energy, or both.It is helpful to draw the distinction between hand and machine tools.Hand tools are those used by craftsmen in manual operations, such as chopping, chiseling, sawing, filing, or forging.Complementary tools, often needed as auxiliaries to the shaping tools, include such implements as the hammer for nailing and the vise for holding.A craftsman may also use instruments that facilitate accurate measurements: the rule, divider, square, and others.Power tools---usually hand-held, motor-powered implements such as the electric drill or electric saw---perform many of the old manual operations and as such may be considered hand tools.Machine tools are analogous to hand tools in their function as shaping implements, but they require stationary mounting and mechanical drive for the working of strong materials, primarily metal, and the mass processing of precision parts.During the evolution of tools over more than 2000000 years, using as principal materials, successively, stone, bronze, and iron, humans developed a number of particular tools.Taken together, these specialized tools form an inverted pyramid resting upon the first general-purpose tool.The nearly formless chopper.With the discovery of metals and the support of numerous inventions allowing their exploitation, the first approximations to the modern forms of the basic tools of the craftsman established themselves, with the main thrust of further development directed at improving the cutting edges.The earliest tools were multipurpose;specialized tools were latecomers.A multipurpose tool, although able to do a number of things, does none of them as well as a tool designed or proportioned for one job and one material.（2004）
Read the following passage carefully and then write a summary of it in English in about 120 words.The success of failure of a company abroad depends on how effectively its employees can exercise their skills in a new location.That ability will depend on both their job-related expertise and the individual’s sensitivity and responsiveness to the new cultural environment.One of the most common factors contributing to failure in international business assignments is the erroneous assumption that if a person is successful in the home environment, he or she will be equally successful in applying technical expertise in a different culture.Research has shown that failures in the overseas business setting most frequently result from an inability to understand and adapt to foreign ways of thinking and acting rather than from technical or professional incompetence.At home U.S.businesspeople equip themselves with vast amount of knowledge of their employees, customers, and business partners.Market research provides detailed information on values, attitudes, and buying preferences of U.S, consumers;middle-and upper-level managers are well versed in the intricacies of their organization’s culture;and labor negotiators must be highly sensitive to what motivates those on the other side of the table.Yet when North Americans turn to the international arena, they frequently are willing to deal with customers, employees, and fellow workers with a lack of information that at home would be unimaginable.The literature on international business is filled with examples of business miscues when U.S.corporations attempted to operate in an international context.Some are mildly amusing.Others are downright embarrassing.All of them, to one degree or another, have been costly in terns of money, reputation, or both.For example, when American firms try to market their products in other countries, they often assume that if a marketing strategy or slogan is effective in Cleveland, it will be equally effective in other parts of the world.But problems arise when cultural context changes.Just as inattention to the cultural context can result in some costly blunders in marketing and management, it also can affect seriously the success of international business negotiations.Time, effort, reputation, and even contracts can be lost because of cultural ignorance.The world is changing faster than most of us can calculate, and if American businesspersons are to meet the challenges of an increasingly interdependent world, they will need to develop a better understanding of how cultural variables influence international business enterprises.A healthy dialogue between cultures and members of the international business community will be an important step in achieving that needed understanding.(2003)Read the following passage carefully and then write a summary of it in English in about 120 words.Europe was the first of the major world regions to develop a modern economy based on commercial agriculture and industrial development.Its successful modernization can be traced to the continent’s rich endowment of economic resources, its history of innovations, the evolution of a skilled and educated labour force, and the interconnectedness of all its parts-both naturally existing and man-made—which facilitated the easy movement of massive quantities of raw materials and finished goods and the communication of ideas.Europe’s economic modernization began with a marked improvement in agriculture output in the 17th century, particularly in England.The traditional method of cultivation involved periodically allowing land to remain fallow;this gave way to continuous cropping on fields that were fertilized with nature from animals raised as food for rapidly expanding urban markets.Greater wealth was accumulated by landowners at the same time that fewer farmhands were needed to work the land.The accumulated capital and abundant cheap labour created by this revolution in agriculture fueled the development of the Industrial Revolution in the 18th century.The revolution vegan in northern England in the 1730s with the development of water-driven machinery to spin and weave wool and cotton.By mid-century James Watt had developed a practical steam engine that emancipated machinery from sites adjacent to waterfalls and rapids.Britain had been practically deforested by this time, and the incessant demand for more fuel to run the engines led to the exploitation of coal as a major industry.Industries were built on the coalfields to minimize the cost of transporting coal over long distances.The increasingly surplus rural population flocked to the new manufacturing areas.Canals and other improvements in the transportation infrastructure were made in these regions, which made them attractive to other industries that were not necessarily dependent on coal and thus prompted development in adjacent regions.Industrialization outside of England began in the mid-19th century in Belgium and northeastern France and spread to Germany, the Netherlands, southern Scandinavia, and other areas in conjunction with the construction of railways.By the 1870s the governments of the European nations had recognized the vital importance of factory production and had taken steps to encourage local development through subsidies and tariff protection against foreign competition.Large areas, however, remained virtually untouched by modern industrial development, including most of the Iberian Peninsula, southern Italy, and a broad belt of eastern Europe extending from the Balkans on the south to Finland and northern Scandinavia.During the 20the century Europe has experienced periods of considerable economic growth and prosperity, and industrial development has proliferated much more widely throughout the continent;but continued economic development in Europe has been handicapped to a large degree by its multinational character—which has spawned economic rivalries among states and two devastating world wars-as well as by the exhaustion of many of its resources and by increased economic competition from overseas.Governmental protectionism, which has tended to restrict the potential market for a product to a single country, has deprived many industrial concerns of the efficiencies of large-scale production serving a mass market(such as is found in the United States).In addition, enterprise efficiency has suffered from government support and from a lack of competition within a national market area.Within individual countries there have been growing tensions between regions that have prospered and those that have not.This “core-periphery” problem has been particularly acute in situations where the contrasting regions are inhabited by different ethnic groups.（2002）
Read the following passage carefully and then write a summary of it in English in about 120 words.Developments in 19th century Europe are bounded by two great events.The French Revolution broke out in 1789, and its effects reverberated throughout much of Europe for many decades.World War I began in 1914.Its inception resulted from many trends in European society, culture, and diplomacy during the late 19th century.In between these boundaries---the one opening a new set of trends, the other bringing long-standing tensions to a head---much of modern Europe was defined.Europe during this 125-year span was both united and deeply divided.A number of basic cultural trends, including new literary styles and the spread of science, ran through the entire continent.European states were increasingly locked in diplomatic interaction, culminating in continentwide alliance system after 1871.At the same time, this was the century of growing nationalism, in which individual states jealously protected their identities and indeed established more rigorous border controls than ever before.Finally, the European continent was to an extent divided between two zones of differential development.Changes such as the Industrial Revolution and political liberalization spread first and fastest in western Europe---Britain, France, the Low Countries, Scandinavia, and, to an extent, Germany and Italy.Eastern and southern Europe, more rural at the outset of the period, changed more slowly and in somewhat different ways.Europe witnessed important common patterns and increasing interconnections, but these developments must be assessed in terms of nation-state divisions and, even more, of larger regional differences.Some trends, including the ongoing impact of the French Revolution, ran through virtually the entire 19th century.Other characteristics, however, had a shorter life span.Some historians prefer to divide 19th century history into relatively small chunks.Thus 1789-1815 is defined by the French Revolution and Napoleon;1815-48 forms a period of reaction and adjustment;1848-71 is dominated by a new round of revolution and the unifications of the German and Italian nations;and 1871-1914, an age of imperialism, is shaped by new kinds of political debate and the pressures that culminated in war.Overriding these important markers, however, a simpler division can also be useful.Between 1789 and 1849 Europe dealt with the forces of political revolution and the first impact of the Industrial Revolution.Between 1849 and 1914 a fuller industrial society emerged, including new forms of states and of diplomatic and military alignments.The mid-19th century, in either formulation, looms as a particularly important point of transition within the extended 19th century.(2008)
build up ,and like some magnificent structure without foundation.Answer:（2007）
（2006）
Finland, an enormous land of unspoiled lakes and forests, nourishes Finnic genius of commitmen and coexistence with nature.The basic nucleus of the Finnic population are Finns coming from the Urals in the early century of the Christian age.Being such short history, Finland does not have enormous number of work of art, but it is still possible to meet craftsman in Savonlinna who are working according to the old techniques.Glas, which is a typical Finnish product, seems to sum up the characteristics of the world from which it originates: purity, simplicity, and a sense of nature.The forests and waters inspire contemporary works of art;and the meditative soul of the Finns, who blend in with nature, is nourished by these fresh color.Near Leiksa, an extraordinary sculptor working with wood is one of the example of contemporary artists who is inspired by nature.（2005）
A tool is a device use directly upon a piece of material to shape it into a desired form.The date of the earliest toll is extremely remote.Stones as tool were the keys to early human survival.The twin development of agriculture and animal domestication developed the general-purpose tool into single-purpose tool.Generally speaking, tools are removal of material from workplace.It is helpful to draw the distinction between hand and machine tools.Hand tools are those used by craftsmen in manual operations.Machine tools are complementary to hand tools in their functions, but they require stationary, mounting and mechanical drive for the working of strong materials, primarily metal, and the mass processing of precision parts.The earliest tools were multipurpose;specialized tools were latecomers.（2004）
(2003)Europe was the first of the major world regions to develop a modern economy.Its successful modernization facilitated the movement of raw materials and finished goods and the communication of ideas.Concerning the time, it first began in the 17th century.The traditional method of cultivation involved allowing land to remain fallow thus fewer farmlands were needed to work the land and the accumulated capital and labor created by this revolution fueled the development of the Industrial Revolution in the 18th century.Industrialization outside of England began in the mid-19th century in Belgium and spread to some of the other European countries.Although they had recognized the importance of factory production and had taken steps to encourage local development, there still existed large areas untouched by modern in industrial development.During the 20th century Europe has experienced periods of economic growth and prosperity, but continued economic development in Europe has been handicapped to a large degree by its multinational character.（2002）（2008）
The creation of a scientific method was critical to the development of science.In his book The Great Restoration, Francis Bacon put forth the call for the reconstruction of sciences, arts and all human knowledge on a correct foundation, the basis of which was inductive principles, or proceeding from the particular to the general.Bacon believed in the value of experiments and observations.Besides, he was more concerned with applied sciences than theoretical ones.He deemed that the purpose of science should be bringing discoveries and power to human beings and conquering nature.As he claimed, his new foundation was not for any specific branch of science, but for human utility and power.Of course, this began to be doubted as the major cause of the modern ecological crisis in the twentieth century.
第五篇：考博、专八部分考题翻译答案-经典的小短文
My supervisor is of Asian origin.He is addicted to alcohols and cigarettes, with a sharp / irritable temper.Nevertheless, he highly appreciates the industry and the solid foundational knowledge of Asian students and has a particularly keen insight into what Asian students have on their mind.Hence, of all the students recruited into his laboratory, except for one German, the other five were all from Asia.He even put an eye-catching notice on the door of his lab, which read, “All the research assistants of this laboratory are required to work 7 days a week, from 10:00 a.m.to 12:00 p.m.Nothing but work during the working hours.” This supervisor is reputed on the entire campus for his severity and harshness.During the 3 and a half years that I stayed there, a total of 14 students were recruited into his laboratory and only 5 of them stayed until they graduated with their Ph.D.degrees.In the summer of 1990, ignoring the dissuasions from others, I accepted my supervisor’s sponsorship and embarked on my difficult journey of academic pursuit.我的导师是亚裔人，嗜烟好酒，脾气暴躁。但他十分欣赏亚裔学生勤奋与扎实的基础知识，也特别了解亚裔学生的心理。因此，在他实验室所招的学生中，除有一名来自德国外，其余5位均是亚裔学生。他干脆在实验室的门上贴一醒目招牌：“本室助研必须每周工作7天，早10时至晚12时，工作时间必须全力以赴。”这位导师的严格及苛刻是全校有名的，在我所呆的3年半中，共有14位学生被招进他的实验室，最后博士毕业的只剩下5人。1990年夏天，我不顾别人劝阻，硬着头皮接受了导师的资助，从此开始了艰难的求学旅程。
（原 文）
近读报纸，对国内名片和请柬的议论颇多，于是想起客居巴黎时经常见到的法国人手中的名片和请柬，随笔记下来，似乎不无借鉴之处。
在巴黎，名目繁多的酒会、冷餐会是广交朋友的好机会。在这种场合陌生人相识，如果是亚洲人，他们往往开口之前先毕恭毕敬地用双手把自己的名片呈递给对方，这好像是不可缺少的礼节。然而，法国人一般却都不大主动递送名片，双方见面寒喧几句甚至海阔天空地聊一番也就各自走开。只有当双方谈话投机，希望继续交往时，才会主动掏出名片。二话不说先递名片反倒有些勉强。
法国人的名片讲究朴素大方，印制精美，但很少有镶金边儿的，闪光多色的或带香味儿的，名片上的字体纤细秀丽，本人的名字也不过分突出，整张纸片上空白很大，毫无拥挤不堪的感觉。
（参考译文）
In reading recent newspapers, I have come to find that people in China have become more and more interested in discussing about name cards and invitation letters.This has triggered my reminiscences of the name cards and invitation letters of the French people that I saw when I was residing in Paris.In writing down those random reminiscences, I believe that they might provide some useful information for us to learn from.In Paris, all the wine parties and buffet receptions held on various occasions provide optimum opportunities to make friends with all varieties of people.When encountering a stranger on such an occasion, an Asian would invariably hand over his name card to the newly-met stranger with full reverence, with both of his hands, even before he starts to converse with the stranger.Such an act seems to have become an indispensable ritual(formality/ etiquette).By contrast, an average Frenchman seldom takes the initiative to(offers to / volunteers to)present his name card.Instead, he would simply walk away after an exchange of routine greetings or even some aimless(random/ casual)chat.Only when both sides become deeply engrossed(engaged / involved)in their conversation and have the intention to make further acquaintance with each other would they offer to give their name cards.It would seem somehow bizarre if a French person offers his name card without saying anything to the stranger in the first place.The French tend to take extraordinary precaution to make their name cards simple yet elegant.Exquisitely designed and printed, their name cards are seldom golden-framed, or colorfully shiny, or tinted with fragrant smells.The letters as appear on their name cards tend to be diminutive but beautiful, not allowing the name of the card-bearer to be overly prominent/salient.The entire card contains much empty space, imparting no sense of over-crowdedness.Section B: Translate the following underlined part of the English text into Chinese
（原 文）
Four months before the election day, five men gathered in a small conference room at the Reagan-Bush headquarters and reviewed an oversize calendar that marked the remaining days of the 1984 presidential campaign.It was the last Saturday in June and at ten o'clock in the morning the rest of the office was practically deserted.Even so, the men kept the door shut and the drapes carefully drawn.The three principals and their two deputies had come from around the country for a critical meeting.Their aim was to devise a strategy that would guarantee Ronald Reagan's resounding reelection to a second term in the White House.It should have been easy.These were battle-tested veterans with long ties to Reagan and even longer ones to the Republican party, men who understood presidential politics as well as any in the country.The backdrop of the campaign was hospitable, with lots of good news to work with: America was at peace, and the nation's economy, a key factor in any election, was rebounding vigorously after recession.Furthermore, the campaign itself was lavishly financed, with plenty of money for a topflight staff, travel, and television commercials.And, most important, their candidate was Ronald Reagan, a president of tremendous personal popularity and dazzling communication skills.Reagan has succeeded more than any president since John.F.Kennedy in projecting a broad vision of America-a nation of renewed military strength, individual initiative, and smaller federal government.（参考译文）
在离选举日还有四个月的时间，有五个人聚集在里根－布什总部的一个小型会议室里，翻着看一张硕大无比的日历，日历上清晰地标识出了1984年总统竞选剩下的日子。这是六月份的最后一个星期六的上午10时，整幢办公楼的其他部分几近人去楼空。即便如此，这几个人仍将大门紧闭，小心翼翼地拉下窗帘。三个主要人物及其二个副手从美国的不同地方汇聚在一起，召开一个殊为重要的会议。他们的目标是构思出一种策略，来确保里根能再次当选，在第二任期内再度入主白宫。
要谋求再次当选理应轻而易举。这是一些久经沙场的退伍老兵，与里根有着千丝万缕的漫长联系，与共和党的联系甚至更为久远。这些人深谙总统政治，一如他们熟知这个国家中的所有政治事务那样。竞选的背景十分宜人，可供大做文章的好消息俯拾皆是：美国正置身于太平盛世之中；作为选举的一个关键因素，整个国家的经济在步出萧条期之后正强劲反弹。此外，竞选本身所筹得的款项更是不计其数。用于支付一流水平的竞争班子工作人员工资、进行巡回造势、以及制作播放电视广告的钱款绰绰有余。最为重要的是，他们所推介的总统候选人是罗纳尔德· 里根（Ronald Reagan），一位风度翩翩，魅力无穷，又极具迷人沟通技巧的执政总统。与约翰·F·肯尼迪（John F.Kennedy）以来的任何一位历届总统相比，里根更成功地勾勒出了一幅广阔的关于美国未来的前景--美国将成了一个重振军事雄风、民众富于个人进取心、联邦政府更加精简高效的国家。
高等院校英语专业八级考试样题Ⅱ（翻译部分，原书P.73-74）
Section A: Translate the following underlined part of the Chinese text into English
（原 文）
来美国求学的中国学生与其他亚裔学生一样，大多非常刻苦勤奋，周末也往往会抽出一天甚至两天的时间去实验室加班，因而比起美国学生来，成果出得较多。我的导师是亚裔人，嗜烟好酒，脾气暴躁。但他十分欣赏亚裔学生勤奋与扎实的基础知识，也特别了解亚裔学生的心理。因此，在他实验室所招的学生中，除有一名来自德国外，其余5位均是亚裔学生。他干脆在实验室的门上贴一醒目招牌：“本室助研必须每周工作7天，早10时至晚12时，工作时间必须全力以赴。”这位导师的严格及苛刻是全校有名的，在我所呆的3年半中，共有14位学生被招进他的实验室，最后博士毕业的只剩下5人。1990年夏天，我不顾别人劝阻，硬着头皮接受了导师的资助，从此开始了艰难的求学旅程。
（参考译文）
Like students from other Asian countries and regions, most Chinese students who come to pursue further education in the United States work on their studies most diligently and assiduously.Even on weekends, they would frequently spend one day, or even two days, to work overtime in their laboratories.Therefore, compared with their American counterparts, they are more academically fruitful.My supervisor(advisor / tutor)is of Asian origin who is addicted to alcohols and cigarettes, with a sharp(an irritable)temper.Nevertheless, he highly appreciates the industry and the solid foundational knowledge of Asian students and has a particularly keen insight into the psychology of Asian students.Hence, of all the students recruited by his laboratory, except for one German, the rest five were all from Asia.He even put a striking notice on the door of his lab, which read, “All the research assistants of this laboratory are required to work 7 days a week, from 10 AM to 12 PM.Nothing but work during the working hours.” This supervisor is reputed on the entire campus for his severity and harshness.In the course of the 3 and half years that I stayed there, a total of 14 students were recruited into his laboratory and only 5 of them stayed on until they graduated with their Ph.D.degrees.In the summer of 1990, ignoring the remonstrations(admonishments / dissuasions)from others, I accepted my supervisor's sponsorship and embarked on the difficult journey of academic pursuit(undertaking further studies in the United States).Section B: Translate the following underlined part of the English text into Chinese
（原 文）
Opera is expensive: that much is inevitable.But expensive things are not inevitably the province of the rich unless we abdicate society's power of choice.We can choose to make opera, and other expensive forms of culture, accessible to those who cannot individually pay for it.The question is: why should we? Nobody denies the imperatives of food, shelter, defense, health and education.But even in a prehistoric cave, mankind stretched out a hand not just to eat, drink or fight, but also to draw.The impulse towards culture, the desire to express and explore the world through imagination and representation is fundamental.In Europe, this desire has found fulfillment in the masterpieces of our music, art, literature and theatre.These masterpieces are the touchstones for all our efforts;they are the touchstones for the possibilities to which human thought and imagination may aspire;they carry the most profound messages that can be sent from one human to another.（参考译文）
聆听歌剧，无疑昂贵至极。但是，昂贵的事物并非必定属于富人的范畴，除非我们放弃社会的选择权。我们可以选择去使歌剧以及其他某些昂贵的文化形式也能为那些不具备个人支付能力的人所享受。但问题是，我们有必要这么做吗？没人会否认食物、居所、防护、健康与教育的不可或缺性。但即便是在史前时代的洞穴中，人类伸出手来，早就不单纯是为了吃、喝或搏杀，而且亦进行绘画创作。人类对于文化的冲动，通过形象思维和再现手段来表现并探索世界的欲望，乃亘古有之。在欧洲，这一欲望在我们的音乐、艺术、文学和戏剧杰作中寻找到了其实现形式。这些杰作构成了我们全部努力的试金石。作为试金石，它们能衡量出人类的思想和想象力所可能企及的程度。它们携带着最寓意深刻的主题，可在人类彼此间相互传递。
高等院校英语专业八级考试样题Ⅲ（翻译部分，原书P.105-106）
Section A: Translate the following underlined part of the Chinese text into English
（原 文）
1997年2月24日我们代表团下榻日月潭中信大饭店，送走了最后一批客人，已是次日凌晨3点了。我躺在床上久久不能入睡，披衣走到窗前，往外看去，只见四周峰峦叠翠，湖面波光粼粼。望着台湾这仅有的景色如画的天然湖泊，我想了许多，许多……
这次到台湾访问交流，虽然行程匆匆，但是，看了不少地方，访了旧友，交了新知，大家走到一起，谈论的一个重要话题就是中华民族在21世纪的强盛。虽然祖国大陆、台湾的青年生活在不同的社会环境中，有着各自不同的生活经历，但大家的内心都深深铭刻着中华文化优秀传统的印记，都拥有着振兴中华民族的共同理想。在世纪之交的伟大时代，我们的祖国正在走向繁荣富强，海峡两岸人民也将加强交流，共同推进祖国统一大业的早日完成。世纪之交的宝贵机遇和巨大挑战将青年推到了历史前台。跨世纪青年一代应该用什么样的姿态迎接充满希望的新世纪，这是我们必须回答的问题。
日月潭水波不兴，仿佛与我一同在思索……
（参考译文）
On February 2, 1997, our delegation checked into the ZhongXin Hotel by the side of the Riyuetai Lake.It was already 3 o'clock early the next morning by the time I saw off the last group of guests.For a long time, I could not fall asleep, even though I was comfortably lying in the bed.Putting on my clothes again, I got off the bed and walked to the window.Extending my eyes into the distance through the window, I was greeted by the view of the surrounding mountains and hills shrouded in layered greenness and the silvery flickering of waves scuttling across the surface of the Pool.Looking at the sole naturally-formed picturesque lake in Taiwan, I felt an infinite train of thoughts passing through my mind … …
The current visit to Taiwan for exchange, brief and cursory as it is, has enabled us to see many places, to visit old friends while making new acquaintances.Whenever people gather together, an important topic of discussion has been how the Chinese nation can become prosperous and powerful in the 21st century.Although the young people on the Mainland and in Taiwan live in different social contexts(environments / milieus), with their individually different experiences of life, in the innermost recesses of their hearts are wrought an indelible mark by the fine traditions of the Chinese culture.They all cherish the same ideal to rejuvenate the Chinese nation(They share the same ideal to rejuvenate the Chinese nation).In this great epoch at the turn of the century, our motherland is developing toward greater prosperity and powerfulness.People across the Taiwan Straits are bound to strengthen their exchanges and will mutually promote the earliest possible achievement of the great cause of reunification of the motherland.The precious opportunities and the tremendous challenges at the turn of the century have pushed the young people to the foreground(forefront)of the historical arena(stage).At this transitional phase between the two millennia, in what way the young generation should embrace the forthcoming new century replete with hopes is a question to which we have to seek an answer.In the Riyuetai Lake, the waves across the lake surface have by now all vanished.Enveloped in utter tranquility, the Lake has joined me in deep thoughts … …
Section B: Translate the following underlined part of the English text into Chinese
（原 文）
I agree to some extent with my imaginary English reader.American literary historians are perhaps prone to view their own national scene too narrowly, mistaking prominence for uniqueness.They do over-phrase their own literature, or certainly its minor figures.And Americans do swing from aggressive overphrase of their literature to an equally unfortunate, imitative deference.But then, the English themselves are somewhat insular in their literary appraisals.Moreover, in fields where they are not pre-eminentand which is yet a foreign country.There are odd overlappings and abrupt unfamiliarities;kinship yields to a sudden alienation, as when we hail a person across the street, only to discover from his blank response that we have mistaken a stranger for a friend.（参考译文）
在某种程度上，我赞同我那假想中的英国读者的观点。美国文学史家或许惯于过分狭隘地看待其本国文坛，误将卓著当作独特。他们确实会用过多的笔墨来渲染其本国文学，至少，对其次要作家他们肯定会这样做。此外，美国人确实会走极端，要么咄咄逼人地大肆渲染其文学，要么进行着同样不幸的亦步亦趋式的顶礼膜拜。但反过来说，英国人自己在其文学鉴赏中也显得有些狭隘愚陋。此外，在他们并无上乘表现的领域--例如绘画与音乐，他们也会走极端，不是吹嘘他们本国的作品，就是大肆模仿欧洲大陆的作品。有多少幅英国绘画试图看上去仿佛是在巴黎完成的；但我们又有多少次曾在文章中读到它们真正代表着一种“英国式的传统”呢？
那么，要谈论美国文学，倒并非意欲断言，它与欧洲文学全然大相径庭。广而言之，美国与欧洲一直同步发展，协调一致。在任何一个特定的时刻，旅行者在两地均能目睹同一样式的建筑实例，相同款式的服饰，书架上相同的书籍。在大西洋两岸，思想如同人员与货物往来一样自由交流，尽管有时会略显迟缓。当我提及美国式的习惯、思想等概念时，我意欲在“美国式的”这一词汇之前加上某种限定，因为欧美（尤其是英美）之间的差异往往只是程度上的差异而已，并且有时候仅仅只是微乎其微的一点程度差异而已。差异的多寡是件极为微妙的事务，这极容易使一个英国人在审视美国时大惑不解。他所审视的那个国家，从某些重要的意义上来说，诞生于他自己的国家，并在某些方面仍与他自己的国家相差无几--然而，它却实实在在是一个异邦。两者间存在着某些古怪的交替重迭，以及令人甚感突兀的陌生感；亲缘关系已让位于一种突如其来的异化与疏远，这种情景仿佛就像我们隔着马路向另一个人打招呼，结果却从这个人漠无表情的反应中发现，我们原来竟然错将生人当成了熟人。
The attributes of a good teacher 好教师应具备的优点
I find it hard to identify any other profession which can claim to have such a significant impact on our lives.Doctors may heal, engineers may build.But teachers mould lives and the future of our nation.我发觉要指明哪一类专业人才对我们的一生能起最大的影响是不容易的。医生能治病，工程师能建屋子，然而，教师却能塑造我们的一生和国家的前途。
What makes a teacher so special? 是什么使教师与众不同？
Teachers who touch our hearts are invariably those who go the extra mile, who act beyond the mere routine performance of their duties.Teachers whom we remember best and whom we appreciate most are those who show they genuinely have their student's welfare and interests at heart.能够深深影响我们一生的教师，必然是那些能够超越自己的职务范围，负起日常工作以外的职责的教师。令我们最长久怀念，最深切感激的教师，都是那些对学生的福利与切身利益衷心关怀的教师。
I know of teachers who could have worked with the brightest students, but who chose to be posted to schools where they could put their effort into helping those who have difficulty coping.我知道有一些教师，他们原可以和那些最聪明的学生一起学习，然而，他们却选择被派到别的学校，以便有机会尽他们的能力去帮助功课上有困难的学生。I know of many teachers who take time to listen to their students' personal problems, who visit their students' families at home after school hours to better understand their home environment, and of some who even help needy students pay their way through school.我也知道有许多教师常在百忙之中，拨出时间，细心听取他们的学生所遭遇的个人问题；在放学后，不辞劳苦的到学生的家中造访，以便更加了解他们的家庭环境。更有一些教师甚至资助家境贫寒的学生完成他们的学业。
Every gesture of concern and generosity, however small it may be, makes someone's day, and is rarely forgotten.教师所表现的每一种关怀之情和慷慨之举，无论多小，都会使受益者欣喜不已，极少人过后会忘记。
Good teachers know that their job is not just to impart knowledge, they understand that teaching is more than just instructing.Good teachers inspire in their students a love for learning through their enthusiasm and passion for their subject, and through their own efforts to continually develop new skills and embrace new ideas in order to bring a fresh perspective to every lesson.好的教师知道他们的职责不单是向学生灌输知识，他们深切体会到教学工作不只是授课。好的教师运用对所教导的科目的热忱和爱好，来激发学生的学习兴趣，并不断构想新方法和汲取新观点，来为每一堂课注入新的生命。
Above all else, good teachers have the ability to make every student feel that he is a winner.They have faith in their students' abilities, and believe that every child has the potential to be anything he wants to be.最重要的是：好的教师能使每一名学生深信自己事事都能胜任。他们绝对信任学生的能力，深信每一名孩子都有发挥潜能成为心目中要成为的人物。Good teachers give their students a sense of self-worth, encourage them to dream, and show them how to pursue those dreams.好的教师使学生自我肯定本身的能力，鼓励他们勇于追求梦想，并从旁引导他们如何实现这些梦想。
It is clear that high expectations and demands are placed on teachers.Forty years ago, teachers were on a pedestal.In a society where few parents had any education, parents brought their children to school and placed their education in the hands of teachers, trusting them to do for their children what they themselves were unable to do.显然，人们对教师有很高的期望、很大的要求。40年前，教师被视为知识的权威。在一个只有少数家长有受过良好教育的社会里，家长把儿女送到学校，把他们托付给教师，完全信任教师能为他们的儿女做他们所不会做的事。Today most parents are well educated.They question and place demands on schools and teachers.Our teachers have to respond by keeping pace with new developments in their profession and constantly upgrading themselves so that they can continue to command the respect of their students, parents and society.今日的家长已多数受过良好的教育，他们常常对学校和教师提出诸多的问题和要求。我们的教师应该与时并进，熟悉教育事业的各种新发展，并不断提升自己，这样才能赢得学生、家长和社会的尊敬。
The results of a teacher's work may not be immediately obvious, but the rewards and sense of satisfaction he or she enjoys from reaching out and touching the lives of others is immeasurable.教师的工作成绩也许不能立竿见影，但是他们为教育事业献身，为塑造下一代前途所作的努力，从中所获得的回报与满足感却是不能限量的。
Over the years, letters of appreciation, words of thanks, and visits from former students provide the encouragement and reassurance that all the effort has been worth it.And ultimately, what means most to any teacher, must be to hear a former student say, “You are the best teacher I had, and the reason I teach today.” 这些年来，许多表扬的信件、感激的词语和已毕业的学生回校探访，对教师们来说都是激励的泉源，同时也一再的证明他们所付出的努力是值得的。而最终，对任何一位教师来说，最有意义的事，莫过于听到一位以前的学生说：“您是我一生中最好的老师，也是我决定当教师的原因。”
点击咨询 