第一篇：大学第三学年年度总结
第三学年年度总结
时光飞逝，一个紧张而又充实的学年又过去了。在忙碌的大 三里，无论是思想上还是在学习，工作上，我都收获很大。点点滴滴的小事，虽不起眼，却构成了多姿多彩的崭新生活。其中苦乐掺杂，获益良多。
大学三年了，大一，满怀期待，满腔热忱，踊跃参加学校的活动，社团。大二，大学无非如此，失望，打击，开始学会逃课，变得慵懒。大三，有点如梦方醒，前两年有点浪费，知道应该抓紧努力了。
有时，忙碌也近乎成为我不去努力、争取的借口，认为无暇顾及，索性任机会从我眼前溜走。其实，有时鱼和熊掌是可兼得的。在日常生活中，我以诚实守信为处事原则，讲信用，守承诺，以真诚言语和行动对待他人，言行一致，严以律已，宽以待人。
大三留给我的是美丽的记忆，告别了大一大二的懵懂忙碌，大三与我而言更是一场成长的蜕变。
大三的课不同于大一大二的基础，大多数是专业课。这是关键的一年，直接与我们未来的工作挂钩。因为是专业课所以有点难啃，需要花很多的精力去充实，温习，而且有些课与课之间是融会贯通的，一门不扎实，就很难把另一门学好，环环相扣，就不得不去复习原先的知识点，所以大三的学习是苦涩而充实的。虽然理论课成绩不是很理想，值得自责，但自己确实是学得比较踏实，也没什么好说的。
对自己所取得的劳动成果的肯定，又是欣慰的。与此同时，我还学到了一些很实用的实践经验。让我们对我们所学的专业以及以后的就业环境有了初步的了解。老师对我们如数家珍地教诲，伙伴们对自己由衷地关怀，让我觉得我不是孤军奋战。
一本书中这样写到：一个不能靠自己的能力改变命运的人，是不幸的，也是可怜的，因为这些人没有把命运掌握在自己的手中，反而成为命运的奴隶。而人的一生中究竟有多少个春秋，有多少事是值得回忆和纪念的。生命就像一张白纸，等待着我们去描绘，去谱写。而如今，身为大学生的我们，在一天天消磨时光的日子里，不如抓紧时间多学一些知识来充实自己，人的大学时光一生中也许就一次，不把握好，将来自己一定回追悔莫及。
经历很多波澜后，大三里我会学了用平常心去看待问题，在某些方面适当降低标准，给自己减压。这让我成熟不少！忽然猛醒，那么强烈的觉得学习才是硬道理。一直觉得人生应该过得有意义和价值 ,如果没有丰富的学识，扎实的功底，谈价值完全是不现实或者受限的。在大学最后的这段时间里，我会全力以赴
第二篇：大学第三学期总结
时光匆匆，我的大学第三个学期已经飞一般的过去了，大学第三学期总结。
回忆这学期我在学习方面上的态度只有惭愧二字。
九月份，我几乎每天奔波于学校本部与黄田坝两个校区，为我的班级导师助理生涯写下完美的篇章。经济管理学院大一新生全部被安排在远离本部远在市区的黄田坝校区，那里非一般的陈旧。我们带班只能辛苦地穿梭于两地，因为这是我们的责任，我们竞选当初所说的，谁也不能偷懒，也不该偷懒。这也让我认识了这个带班群体，每个人都是很认真地负责到底，这期间也让我们战胜了畏难情绪。我们是韶关学院最辛苦带班，经过这次洗礼，我们的处事能力与处世能力都获益颇多。
不过这也让我在九月份整整一个月里只上了六节会计课，其他课程上课时我几乎都在黄田坝校区，不过这也不影响我。可是这时我却把应该做的学习计划给推到了十月份。
十月份，带班的工作基本清闲下来。但我还是个会长，我的证券投资协会招新那天就有120多号新生前来面试，这已经占了经管新生的四分之一。而我又觉得我的协会是属于学术性协会，而且除了个别师弟师妹高中就开始炒股之类的之外，很多人一进来基本上都是零基础的，既然都是从零开始想要进来学习，那我总不能把他们从名单中剔出吧。而且培训几轮之后，他们仍然坚持留在协会。最后到了期末前我报上去给主席团的协会正式会员有108名。
这么一个庞大的协会，管理自然是一个大问题。为了写出一个像样的协会章程，花了我好几天时间。章程一出，再加上微博、群、博客等资源，总算让我先松一口气。还要协会评比一堆事情。不过下学期有更重要的任务。毕竟要把大量的知识输入到一百来号人头脑里并活用可是一项巨大的工程。还有一个就是各会员之间的联谊，因为之前很多协会已经举办过联谊了，所以我们协会暂时先放着，怎样增进大家的感情呢。写到这里，我突然想起了我们以前金山中学的社团的一个传统：BBS。我怎么把它给忘了，好，下学期弄一本巨型BBS来传。哈哈。
这样十月份我基本有上课，但是还是只是认真的听了会计课，毕竟是专业课而且又是很感兴趣的啊。但是这样我竟然又很懒惰地把学习计划推到十一月去了。
十一月份，专业技能大赛活动月。本来这是团委和学生会部门的事情，都是由他们联合大力举办精彩比赛的，协会一般是不用参与。但是在安信证券和建设银行两家超级赞助商的大力支持下，我们证券投资协会举办了韶关学院第一届模拟炒股大赛，而且还举办了开幕式。我们当然是相当重视，这既是一个在大学校园推广金融的机会，也是一个推广我们协会知名度的时候。哈哈。当然是要拼命干活啦。
从安排布置到分配人手，再到宣传工作，出海报，出宣传单，打印，分派传单，进班宣传，等等一系列工作，很大的一个问题就是严重缺乏人手，虽然我们协会很多人，但总不能叫他们不要上课过来本部工作吧，不过还好周末还是行的，实习总结《大学第三学期总结》。后来更让我惊讶的是我刚开始以为应该就两三百人参加比赛，结果参赛人数竟然如此之多，很多人感兴趣，纷纷前来报名，这也让我不得不把报名期限从五天延长到九天。经管除了我们班之外其他班基本上都有三四十名同学报名，有的班更是超过五十人报名。到最后报名人数超过一千人，最终在网上注册成功的有878人。邮箱的未读邮件也接近一千封了，还好安信证券公司的技术支持，要不然录入这些参赛选手信息就够一个星期了。后来一直跟两大赞助商的经理一直跟进比赛，期间他们也来了几次学校图书馆商谈。这次比赛奖金很丰厚，单单一等奖奖金就有一千元啦。这期间要辛苦我们协会几位留下的干部帮忙，特别辛苦了副会长啦，那个可恶的前会长居然在一边看好戏。对了，还要特别谢谢社团联合会三大部门的支持啦，当然还有三位主席的支持。谢谢你们。感谢你们。
这次十一月份过去了，哎呀，还是只上了会计课和微观经济学课。这时候再谈学习计划已经没多大意义了。以至于我这学期最失败的一科就是英语。居然裸考CET。郁闷了。
十二月份，随着专业技能大赛活动月闭幕式的颁奖典礼的落幕，我终于可以闲下来啦。虽然还差一些善后工作，以及比赛前30名的选手的实习机会问题。
到了这个时候，我只能全力以赴在学习上啦。
结果期末考试成绩基本上都上八十分，有上九十分的，还有一科有惊无险的过线一点。没听课啊，能做出来就已经谢天谢地了。不过因为这里的考试都是十分十分的假，水分堪比国家统计局，所以我从第二学期起就不再在乎这些所谓的成绩，这些成绩毫无意义。
但是这学期最大的失败就是我放弃了英语。好后悔啊。算起来我已经把英语荒废了整整五年之久。这次尤其对不起自己。在开学初，我请教了其他学院的一名CET考了599分的女生以及以前高中校友中一个CET考了649分的英语高手，她们叫我去一个星期做三次阅读，我说我要一天做一次阅读，她们都说不太可能完成，比较难坚持下来。这次还真的让我大受打击了。我的毅力被沉重打击了。我好好地反思了一番。
还有一个打击是上次参加陈文卫会计真账大赛，完全的真账，第一次见过，一个广州的企业一个月的所有真账，包括凭证、账簿、财务报表、申报税等等。太强大了。三个钟完成任务。时间完全不够啊，单单凭证我就花了一个钟时间，而且只对了三分之二。后面的登记账簿啊，登报表啊，申报税啊，我感觉我写进去就是在浪费资源。
经过那次比赛之后，我决定一定要把实操水平提高，果断去实习增加经验。
另外，对于之前有人对我某些签名或者微博有意见的尽管说，我一点也不畏惧。相反，我觉得你很可笑，真的，而且很可怜。如果你觉得我是在挑衅，很好，这说明你技不如人，亦或者是技艺高超，但是我相信是前者，懂吗！不要逼我愤怒，我没那么幼稚。我的空间日志、博客文章、签名、微博等等，我想怎么写，我写的只是给我自己看，激励我自己，顺便也是同我最好的朋友一起努力进步。而不是写给你看的，你还不够格，懂吗！言论自由，我想抒发什么情感都是我的事，你没资格指手划脚的，懂吗！你可以无视我，但不要忘了我和你是在各走各的路，懂吗！
还有，我要给某些人一些忠告，只要是我说出一定要完成的或者一定能做到的事，我就是拼了命也一定会去做到，并不是你几句话就能左右的。不是的！绝对绝对不是的！因为，没百分百把握的事情我一定不会夸口说一定。还有，不要管那么多！Understand！
发泄一下，希望不要见怪。
对了，我一直很想说的，大学生活无论如何，学习始终是最重要的。这个道理也许要将来才能懂。我们学习的知识还是相当一部分是将来会用到的，如果到了将来再来亡羊补牢，我想，那时失去的将会是更多。望珍惜大学仅剩的学习时光。
大学第三学期已经过去，一切一去不复返。
走自己的路，面对现实，朝着理想，勇往直前。
寒假从2011年1月6日到2月20日止，共46天。
这么长的时间，好好做个计划并去实现。
小诺在奋斗CpA路上
杨煜彬
2011年1月13日
第三篇：第三单元大学英语英语翻译
Organizing Data in a Traditional File
Environment
An effective information system provides users with timely, accurate, and relevant information.This information is stored in computer files.When the files are properly arranged and maintained, users can easily access and retrieve the information they need.传统环境下的数据组织
一个高效的信息系统应向使用者提供及时、准确以及相关的信息。信息存储在系统的文件中。正确地整理和维护文件，可以使用户很容易地检索到他们所需要的信息。
You can appreciate the importance of file management if you have ever written a term paper using 3×5 index cards.No matter how efficient your storage device(a metal box or a rubber band), if you organize the cards randomly your term paper will have little or no organization.如果你在撰写学期论文时曾经使用过3×5索引卡，你会体会到文件管理的重要性。不管你的存储设备（一个金属盒或一个皮筋）效率如何,如果你随意地组织你的卡片,你的学期论文将会缺乏组织性
Given enough time, you could put the cards in order, but your system would be more efficient if you set up your organizational scheme early on.If your scheme is flexible enough and well documented, you can extend it to account for any changes in your viewpoint as you write your paper.如果有足够的时间，你可以将卡片按次序放置，但是如果你早点创建你自己的组织方案，你的系统会做得更有效。如果你的方案足够的灵活并且文档也很齐全，那么在你撰写论文时，可以利用它来说明观点中的任何变化。
The same need for file organization applies to firms.Well-managed, carefully arranged files make it easy to obtain data for business decisions, whereas poorly managed files lead to chaos in information processing high costs, poor performance, and little, if any, flexibility.Despite the use of excellent hardware and software, many organizations have inefficient information systems because of poor file management.公司同样也需要组织文件。组织良好，认真安排的文件可以使商业决策获取数据变得更容易，而组织混乱的文件只能导致信息处理紊乱、成本高、性能差并且灵活性低。尽管使用优秀的硬件和软件，但由于文件组织得不好，很多组织的信息系统的效率还是很低。
File Organization Terms and Concepts A computer system organizes data in hierarchy that starts with bits and bytes and progresses to fields, records, files, and databases.A bit represents the smallest unit of data a computer can handle.文件组织术语及概念
计算机系统按层次组织数据，位、字节、数据项、记录、文件和数据库。位代表计算机中最小的数据单位。
A group of bits, called a byte, represents a single character, which can be a letter, a number, or another symbol.A grouping of characters into a word, a group of words, or a complete number(such as a person’s name or age), is called a field.一组位，叫做一个字节，表示一个独立的字，它可以是一个字母、一个数字或其它的符号。一组字组成一个词、一组词或一个纯数字（例如一个人的名字或年龄）叫做一个字段。
A group of related fields, such as the student’s name, the course taken, the date, and the grade, comprises a record;a group of records of the same type is called a file.For instance, the student records could constitute a course file.一组相关的字段，例如学生的姓名、所选的课程、日期、年级，组成一个记录；一组相同类型的记录被称为文件。例如，学生记录可以构成一个课程文件。
A group of related files makes up a database.The student course file could be grouped with files on student’s personal histories and financial backgrounds to create a student database.一组相关的文件组成一个数据库。学生课程文件可以和学生个人履历文件、个人经济情况文件共同创建一个学生数据库。
A record describes an entity.An entity is a person, place, thing, or event on which we maintain information.An order is a typical entity in a sales order file, which maintains information on a firm’s sales orders.Each characteristic or quality describing a particular entity is called an attribute.一个记录描述了一个实体。一个实体可以是一个人、一个地方、一个东西或一件事情，我们维护与它们有关的信息。销售订单文件提供一个公司销售订单信息，在销售订单文件中，一个订单是一个典型的实体。
For example, order number, order date, order amount, item number, and item quantity would each be an attribute of the entity order.The specific values that these attributes can have can be found in the fields of the record describing the entity order.每个用来描述具体实体的特质或特征的叫做属性。例如，订单号、订货日期、订货量、产品代码和产品数量每一个都是实体订单的一个属性。这些属性的具体取值可以在描述实体订单的记录中的字段里找到。
Every record in a file should contain at least one field that uniquely identifies that record so that the record can be retrieved, update, or sorted.This identifier field is called a key field.An example of a key field is the order number for the order record or an employee number or social security number for a personnel record(containing employee data such as the employees’ name, age, address, job title, and so forth).文件中的每一条记录至少包含一个能被唯一识别的数据字段，这样记录可被检索、更新或分类。这个标识字段叫做关键字段。举个关键字段的例子,如订单号是订单记录的关键字段，员工编号或社会保险号是一个个人记录（包括员工数据，例如员工的名字、年龄、住址、工作职别等等）的关键字段。
Accessing Records from Computer Files
Computer systems store files on secondary storage devices.Records can be arranged in several ways on storage media, and the arrangement determines the manner in which individual records can be accessed or retrieved.从计算机文件中存取记录
计算机系统将文件存储在外存设备中。记录以多种方式存放在存储介质中，而且存放方式决定了单个记录被存取或检索的方式。
One way to organize records is sequentially.In sequential file organization, data records must be retrieved in the same physical sequence in which they are stored.In contrast, direct or random file organization allows users to access records in any sequence they desire, without regard to actual physical order on the storage media.一种组织记录的方式是有序的。在按顺序组织的文件中，数据记录的检索顺序必须与数据的存储顺序相同。相反，不考虑存取介质的物理顺序，直接或随机存取文件允许用户以任何他们想要的顺序存取文件。
Sequential file organization is the only file organization method that can be used on magnetic tape.This file organization method is no longer popular, but some organizations still use it for batch processing applications in which they access and process each record sequentially.顺序文件组织是唯一的一种可以用在磁带上的文件组织方式。这种文件组织方式已不再流行了，但是一些组织仍然使用它来进行批处理，这些处理对每一条记录依次进行存储和处理。
A typical application using sequential files is payroll, in which all employees in a firm must be paid one by one and issued a check.Direct or random file organization is utilized with magnetic disk technology(although records can be stored sequentially on disk if desired).Most computer applications today utilize some method of direct file organization.顺序文件的一个典型应用是工资单，必须依次地对工资单中的所有公司职员支付工资和支票。直接存取或随机存取文件组织方式可用于磁盘技术（但是，如果愿意的话，磁盘中的记录可以按顺序存储）。
Problems with the Traditional File Environment
Most organizations began information processing on a small scale, automating one application at a time.Systems tended to grow independently, and not according to some grand plan.Each functional area tended to develop systems in isolation from other functional areas.Accounting, finance, manufacturing, human resources, and marketing all developed their own systems and data files.传统文件环境存在的问题
大多数组织每次进行的都是小规模的、自动化的信息处理。系统越来越具有独立性，并且不再采用大型的方案。每个功能区的开发都试图孤立于其它模块。会计、金融、生产、人力资源和销售均开发各自的系统和数据文件。
Each application, of course, required its own files and its own computer program to operate.For example, the human resources functional area might have a personnel master file, a payroll file, a medical insurance file, a pension file, a mailing list file, and so forth until tens, perhaps hundreds, of files and programs existed.当然，每个应用都需要自己的文件和计算机系统。例如，人力资源功能区可能需要一个人事主文件、一个工资文件、一个医保文件、一个退休金文件、一个邮件发送清单文件等等，几十个甚至上百个文件或程序。
In the company as a whole, this process led to multiple master files created, maintained, and operated by separate divisions or departments.就整个公司来说，这个过程会导致多种主要文件的创建、维护，并被不同的部门使用。
There are names for this situation: traditional file environment;the flat file organization(because most of the data are organized in flat files);and the data file approach(because the data and business logic are tied to specific files and related programs).By any name, the situation results in growing inefficiency and complexity.对这种情况的叫法有：传统文件环境、平面文件组织（因为大部分的数据组织在平面文件里）、数据文件方式（因为数据和事务逻辑被捆绑于具体的文件和相关的程序中）。无论是哪个名字，这种环境的结果就是低效和复杂性越来越大。
As this process goes on for five or ten years, the organization is saddled with hundreds of programs and applications, with no one who knows what they do, what data they use, and who is using the data.当这种处理方法使用了五或十年，组织已经承载了上百个程序和应用软件，没有人知道这些程序和软件做什么，用什么数据，并且谁在使用数据。
The organization is collecting the same information in far too many files.The resulting problems are data redundancy, program-data dependence, inflexibility, poor data security, and inability to share data among applications.组织可以从多个文件中搜集同一个信息。导致的问题就是数据冗余、程序与数据间相依赖、非灵活性、缺乏数据安全性和应用软件之间无法共享数据。
Data Redundancy and Confusion
Data redundancy is the presence of duplicate data in multiple data files.Data redundancy occurs when different divisions, functional areas, and groups in an organization independently collect the same piece of information.For instance, within the commercial loans division of a bank, the marketing and credit information functions might collect the same customer information.数据冗余和混乱
数据冗余表现为完全一样的数据存放在多个数据文件中。当一个组织中不同的部门、功能和团体独立地搜集相同部分信息时就会发生数据冗余。例如，在一个银行的商业贷款部门里，市场和借贷信息功能可能搜集相同的客户信息。
Because it is collected and maintained in so many different places, the same data item may have different meanings in different parts of the organization.Simple data items such as the fiscal year, employee identification, and product code can take on different meanings as programmers and analysts work in isolation on different applications.由于信息的搜集和维护是在不同的地方进行的，所以相同的数据项会在组织中不同的部分有不同的含义。当不同的应用软件的程序员和分析工作是相互孤立的，简单的数据项，例如会计、员工身份证明和产品编码会表现出不同的意思。
Program-Data Dependence
Program-data dependence is the tight relationship between data stored in files and the specific programs required to update and maintain those files.Every computer program has to describe the location and nature of the data with which it works.程序与数据间相依赖
程序和数据之间的依赖是指存储在文件中的数据和用来更新及维护这些文件的具体的程序间存在紧密的关系。每个计算机程序都必须对它使用的数据的位置和属性进行描述。
In a traditional file environment, any change in data requires a change in all programs that access the data.Changes, for instance, in tax rates or ZIP-code length require changes in programs.Such programming changes may cost millions of dollars to implement in programs that require the revised data.在传统文件环境中，数据的任何更改要求所有存取这一数据的程序发生改变。例如，税率或邮政编码长度的变化要求程序也要随之变动。这种对修改了数据的程序进行设计上的改变可能会花费几百万美元。
Lack of Flexibility
A traditional file system can deliver routine scheduled reports after extensive programming efforts, but it cannot deliver ad hoc reports or respond unanticipated information requirements in a timely fashion..缺乏灵活性
一个传统文件系统在大量的程序设计工作后会提供常规的日程安排报告，但是它不能提供临时的报告或及时回应事先无法预料到的信息需求。
The information required by ad hoc requests is somewhere in the system but too expensive to retrieve.Several programmers would have to work for weeks to put together the required data items in a new file.临时请求所需要的信息存储在系统某处，但由于花费高而无法获取。几个程序员需要花费数周的时间将所需的数据项放到一个新文件中。
Poor Security
Because there is little control or management of data, access to and dissemination of information are virtually out of control.What limits on access exist tend to be the result of habit and tradition, as well as of the sheer difficulty of finding information.缺乏安全性
由于对数据的控制和管理太少，信息的存取和传播实际上是不被控制的。现有的存取限制是由习惯和惯例所造就的，同样也造就了寻找信息的异常艰难。
Lack of Data-Sharing and Availability
The lack of control over access to data in this confused environment does not make it easy for people to obtain information.Because pieces of information in different files and different parts of the organization cannot be related to one another, it is virtually impossible for information to be shared or accessed in a timely manner.缺乏数据共享和有效性
在这种混乱的环境里，对数据的存取缺乏控制使得人们很难获取信息。因为不同文件中的信息和组织的不同部分不能联系起来，所以信息无法及时共享或存取。
The Database Environment Database technology can cut through many of the problems created by traditional file organization.A more rigorous definition of a database is collection of data organized to serve many applications efficiently by centralizing the data and minimizing redundant data.数据库环境
数据库技术可以解决很多有传统文件组织方式引发的问题。对数据库更严密的定义是通过集中数据和减少多余的数据，有效地向应用软件提供组织过的数据集合。
Rather than storing data in separate files for each application, data are stored physically to appear to users as being stored in only one location.数据的物理存放要让用户觉着数据被存放在唯一的一个地方，而不是存储到每个应用程序所需的相互独立的文件上。
A single database services multiple applications.For example, instead of a corporation storing employee data in separate information systems and separate files for personnel, payroll, and benefits, the corporation could create a single common human resources database.一个数据库可以为多个应用程序提供服务。例如，将员工数据存储在相互独立的信息系统和相互独立的员工文件、工资文件和保险金文件中的一个替代做法是，公司可以创建一个通用的人力资源数据库。
Database Management Systems
A database management system(DBMS)is simply the software that permits an organization to centralize data, manage them efficiently, and provide access to the stored data by application programs.数据库管理系统
数据库管理系统（DBMS）就是一个简单的软件，它允许一个组织集成数据、有效管理数据并且通过应用程序提供对存储数据的存取。
The DBMS acts as an interface between application programs and the physical data files.When the application program calls for data item such as gross pay, the DBMS finds this item in the database and presents it to the application program.DBMS在应用程序和物理数据文件间扮演接口的角色。当应用程序需要如工资总额的数据项，DBMS在数据库中查找这一数据项并将它提交给应用程序。
Using traditional data files the programmer would have to define the data and then tell the computer where they were.A DBMS eliminates most of the data definition statements found in traditional programs.A database management system has three components: A data definition language A data manipulation language A data dictionary 使用传统的数据文件，程序员不得不定义数据并且告诉计算机它们在那儿。一个DBMS会去除大部分传统程序中的数据定义声明。
一个数据库管理系统包含三个组成部分： 数据定义语言 数据操作语言 数据字典
The data definition language is the formal language used by programmers to specify the content and structure of the database.The data definition language defines each data element as it appears in the database before that data element is translated into the forms required by application programs.数据定义语言是程序员用来详述数据库内容和结构的形式语言。在数据元素被翻译成应用程序所需要的形式之前，数据定义语言定义了数据库中的每一个数据元素。
Most DBMS have a specialized language called a data manipulation language that is used in conjunction with some conventional third-or fourth-generation programming languages to manipulate the data in the database.This language contains commands that permit end users and programming specialists to extract data from the database to satisfy information requests and develop applications.大部分DBMS有一种叫做数据操作语言的专用语言，它和传统的第三代或第四代程序语言结合起来操作数据库中的数据。这种语言包括允许终端用户和程序设计专家从数据库中提取数据来满足信息需求和应用开发的命令。
The most prominent data manipulation language today is Structured Query Language, or SQL.Complex programming tasks cannot be performed efficiently with typical data manipulation languages.However, most mainframe DBMS are compatible with COBOL, FORTRAN, and other third-generation programming languages, permitting greater processing efficiency and flexibility.现今，最杰出的数据操作语言是结构化查询语言，或者叫SQL。使用典型的数据操作语言，复杂的编程任务无法被高效率地执行。然而大部分中央处理机的DBMS与COBOL, FORTRAN及其他第三代编程语言相兼容，这就使得处理更高效和更灵活。
The third element of a DBMS is a data dictionary.This is an automated or manual file that stores definitions of data elements and data characteristics such as usage, physical representation, ownership(who in the organization is responsible for maintaining the data), authorization, and security.Many data dictionaries can produce lists and reports of data utilization, groupings, program locations, and so on.DBMS的第三个元素是数据字典。这是一个自动或手工的文件，存储了对数据元素和数据属性的定义，例如使用、物理表示、所有权（组织中谁负责维护数据）、授权和安全。很多数据字典可以提供数据使用、分组、程序存储位置等内容的列表和报告。
By creating an inventory of data contained in the database, the data dictionary serves as an important data management tool.For instance, business users could consult the dictionary to find out exactly what pieces of data are maintained for the sales or marketing function or even to determine all the information maintained by the entire enterprise.由于建立了一个数据库中数据的清单，数据字典成为一个重要的数据管理工具。例如，商业用户可以翻阅字典来正确地查找出用于销售或市场功能的数据或者甚至支配整个公司的所有信息。
The dictionary could supply business users with the name, format, and specifications required to access data for reports.Technical staff could use the dictionary to determine what data elements and files must be changed if a program is changed.字典可以为商业用户提供名字、格式和说明，以获取报告所需数据。技术员工可以利用字典来决定如果一个程序发生了改动,那么什么样的数据元素和文件也必须被改变。
Most data dictionaries are entirely passive;they simply report.More advanced types are active;changes in the dictionary can be automatically utilized by related programs.For instance, to change ZIP codes from five to nine digits, one could simply enter the change in the dictionary without having to modify and recompile all application programs using ZIP codes.大部分的字典是完全被动式的；它们只不过是报告。更高类型的字典是主动的；相关程序可自动地使用字典中的变化。例如，将邮政编码由五位改为九位，一个人可以简单地在字典中记录这一改变，不必修改和重新编译所有使用邮政编码的程序。
In an ideal database environment, the data in the database are defined only once and used for all applications whose data reside in the database, thereby eliminating data redundancy and inconsistency.Application programs, which are written using a combination of the data manipulation language of the DBMS and a conventional programming language, request data elements from the database.在一个理想的数据库环境里，数据库中的数据只被定义一次就可以被所有的应用软件使用，因此可以消除数据的冗余和不一致性。结合DBMS的数据操作语言和常规程序语言编写的应用程序需要数据库中的数据元素。
Data elements called for by the application programs are found and delivered by the DBMS.The programmer does not have to specify in detail how or where the data are to be found.应用程序需要的数据元素可由DBMS查找和传递。程序员不必详述查找数据的位置和方式。
Use of a DBMS can reduce program-data dependence along with program development and maintenance costs.Access and availability of information can be increased because users and programmers can perform ad hoc queries of data in the database.The DBMS allows the organization to centrally manage data, utilization, and security.使用DBMS除了减少程序的开发和维护费用，还可以减少程序和数据间的依赖。由于用户和程序员可以对数据库中的数据进行随机查询，信息的可获性和可用性得到提高。DBMS允许组织集中管理数据、应用和安全。
New Words(1)New Words(2)New Words(3)New Words(4)New Words(5)New Words(6)Phrases(1)Phrases(2)Abbreviations Questions for Discussion Why do we need file organization? How to access records from computer files? Which problems exist in the traditional file environment? What is DBMS? How does DBMS resolve problems in the traditional file environment? Translation for Reference
第四篇：第三学期总结
第三学期总结
充实的第三学期就要结束了，在这两月之久的实习阶段中，我们都受益匪浅。第三学期是我院的办学特色，主要是通过实践学习来提高我们的动手能力，将我们的理论知识得到充分的发挥和巩固。
在工作中不仅要对工作保持认真态度，还要对周围的人维持好良好的关系；不仅要灵活的去运用学到的知识，还要学会取长补短，尊重师长，团结队友。每一项都是必不可少的！
最主要是懂得了如何更好的为人处事。当今社会一直处在加速的发展变化中，所以对人才的要求也越来越高，我们要用发展的眼光看问题，就要不断提高思想认识，完善自我。师傅说作为一名IT从业者，所受的社会压力将比其他行业更加沉重，要学会创新求变，以适应社会的需要。如果是在单位，那就更需要掌握全面的计算机知识，因为小到计算机的组装维修，大到服务器的维护与测试，都需要一个人独立完成。可以说，近1个月的工作使我成长了不少，从中有不少感悟，下面就是我的一点心得：
第一是要真诚：你可以伪装你的面孔你的心，但绝不可以忽略真诚的力量。第一天去服务部实习，心里不可避免的有些疑惑：不知道师傅怎么样，应该去怎么做啊，要去干些什么等等!踏进公司的办公室，只见几个陌生的脸孔用莫名而疑惑的眼神看着我。我微笑着和他们打招呼，尴尬的局面立刻得到了缓解，大家多很友善的微笑欢迎我的到来。从那天起，我养成了一个习惯，每天早上见到他们都要微笑的说声：“师傅早”，那是我心底真诚的问候。我总觉得，经常有一些细微的东西容易被我们忽略，比如轻轻的一声问候，但它却表达了对老师同事对朋友的尊重关心，也让他人感觉到被重视与被关心。仅仅几天的时间，我就和师傅们打成一片，很好的跟他们交流沟通学习，我想，应该是我的真诚，换得了老师的信任。他们把我当朋友也愿意指导我，愿意分配给我任务。
第二是沟通：要想在短暂的实习时间内，尽可能多的学一些东西，这就需要跟老师有很好的沟通，加深彼此的了解，刚到网络中心，老师并不了解你的工作学习能力，不清楚你会做哪些工作，不清楚你想了解什么样的知识，所以跟老师建立起很好的沟通是很必要的。同时我觉得这也是我们将来走上社会的一把不可获缺的钥匙。通过沟通了解，师傅我有了大体的了解，一边有针对性的教我一些计算
机知识，一边根据我的兴趣给予我更多的指导与帮助，例如我对网络布线，电脑硬件安装，系统、网络或硬件故障排除，工作原理应用等方面比较感兴趣，师傅就让我和他一起完成电脑故障排除工作。在这次的工作中，我真正学到了计算机教科书上所没有的知识，拥有了实践经验，这才真正体现了知识的真正价值，学以致用。
整个的实习过程是紧张而愉快的，我的工作态度和成效也得到了总经理和同事们的一致称赞。作为我在踏出社会之前的为数不多的几次实践中，这次的实践的确给予了我很多。今后，我将继续保持认真负责的工作态度，高尚的思想觉悟，进一步完善和充实自己，争取在以后的学习中更好的完善自己，在以后的实践中更好的运用去自己的只是，做一个合格的大学生，将来做一名对社会有用的人。
第五篇：全新版大学英语(第二版)第二册第三单元短语总结
Useful Expressions in Unit 3，Book 2(by Mr.Hu)
1.“Father knows better.” or “Father, you know better than
that.” literally means Father was wise enough not to do something.Actually it does not have this meaning.It means Father was not wise when he meddled with his children’s affairs.This sentence occurs six times in the text.The children said it satirically to show their disapproval of Father’s meddling with their affairs.2.location: n.a place or position This is a suitable location for a camp.目击者向警察指出事故发生的确切地点。Witnesses showed the police the exact location of the accident.3.know better: behave in a more sensible and acceptable way 4.He is old enough to know better.5.他很明事理，不至于以貌取人。He knows better than to judge by appearances.Pattern: know better than sb.know better than to do sth.7.embarrass: vt.make(sb.)feel awkward or ashamed 8.It embarrassed him that he had to give a talk in front of a lot of people.9.I don’t like making speeches in public.It’s so embarrassing.10.I was really embarrassed when I couldn’t answer the teacher’s question.11.dumb: adj.1)foolish eg.He was so dumb that he left his keys at home again.2)unable to speak eg.The terrible news struck us all dumb.他生来不能说话，但是他设法找到一个好工作。He was born dumb, but he has still managed to get a good job.14.in unison: acting in the same way at the same time eg.国际社会准备一致反对恐怖主义。The international community is ready to work in unison against terrorism.16.consist of: be made up of eg.The city of New York consists of five boroughs.18.cf.consist in 等于；在于
19.consist, compose, comprise & constitute 这几个词都是动词，都有“组成”的意思。
consist 是个不及物动词，与介词of一起连用，不可用于被动语态。consist的主语表示事物的整体，of后的宾语表示事物的组成部分。例如：Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen.水由氢和氧组成。North America consists of the United States, Canada, and Mexico.compose 的主语表示事物的组成部分，宾语表示事物的整体。但在被动语态中正好相反。例如：The United States, Canada, and Mexico compose North America.Water is composed of hydrogen and oxygen.comprise 用作及物动词,有两种用法:传统规则认为其主语应当为事物的整体,宾语应当为事物的组成部分,词义为“由„„组成,由„„构成”;另一种趋势是用comprise表达“组成,构成”的意思,此时其主语为事物的组成部分,宾语为事物的整体。
eg.North America comprises the United States, Canada, and Mexico.constitute的主语表示事物的组成部分，宾语表示事物的整体。例如：The United States, Canada, and Mexico constitute North America.Seven days constitute a week.七天为一周。
20.a man-to-man talk: A talk that takes place between two men, especially two men who need to discuss a serious personal matter.开诚布公地谈一谈
21.meddle with his children’s affairs 22.interfere with their affairs 23.fade: vi.1)lose color or brightness eg.The wallpaper has faded.2)disappear slowly
eg.随着天气越来越冷，她早锻炼的热情逐渐消失了。Her enthusiasm for early-morning exercises faded as the weather was getting colder and colder.24.fade away 逐渐消失
25.fade out 逐渐消失；淡出
26.overall: 1)adv.in general eg.Overall, I like her, despite her faults.2)adj.total(only before noun)
eg.The overall length of the fish is 3 feet 5 inches.28.trade for: exchange(sth.)for(sth.else)29.农民用农产品换工具和钱.The farmers traded farm produce for tools and money.30.keep in suspense: delay telling(sb.)what they are eager to know 31.eg.We’ve been kept in suspense waiting for the examination results.32.观众的悬念一直持续到剧终。The audience is kept in suspense to the very end of the play.33.break the suspense 消除悬念
34.hold sb.in suspense 使某人处于悬念之中 35.be in suspense over 对„„悬疑不安
36.interrupt: v.stop(sb.)from continuing what they are saying or doing eg.My daughter kept interrupting me when I spoke.38.bet: 1)vi.be sure 39.I bet it will snow tomorrow.40.I bet she was late for the meeting on purpose.41.2).v.risk(money)on the result of a future event 42.I bet you $5 that they will win the next election.43.I bet on the wrong horse.It lost the race.44.distract: vt.take(sb.’s attention)away from sth.esp.for a short time 45.Don’t distract me from working.46.She was distracted by the noise outside.47.玩电脑游戏有时让他写作业分心。Playing computer games sometimes distracts him from his homework.48.Pattern: distract sb./sth./ distract sb./sth.from 49.glorious: adj.wonderful 50.It seems a pity to be indoors on such a glorious day.51.hand down: give or leave to people who are younger or come later 52.她有一些珠宝，是从她祖母那儿传下来的。She had some jewelry, which had been handed down from her grandmother.53.hand in 上交；交给
54.hand on 传递；依次传下去 55.hand out 分给；分发 56.hand over 交出；移交
57.community: n.the people living in one place, district, or country, considered as a whole 58.The job of a policeman is to serve the community.59.College students have learned a lot in community service.60.narrow down: make(a list of things)smaller 一百多位申请者将会被减少成仅仅五位候选人。Over a hundred applicants will be narrowed down to a short list of five candidates.62.at any rate: whatever may happen;in any case 63.At any rate, you survived the car accident.64.birth rate 出生率 65.first-rate 一流的
66.at this / that rate 这样/那样的话；照这样/那样的情形 67.rate of exchange 汇率
68.speed, rate & pace 这几个词都是名词，都有“速度”的意思。
speed一般指单位时间内所运动的距离。例如：He drove at a speed of 70 miles per hour.We can’t go any faster.We’re already at top speed.我们不能再快了。我们已经全速前进了。
rate指比率、率，如速度、出生率、入学率等。指速度时可与speed换用。例如：She can read at the rate of 100 words a minute.He must pay at the rate of 10 percent.他必须按照百分之十的比率付款。
pace主要指行走、跑步等的步速，也可指生活、生长、进展等方面的速度、进度等。例如：If you advance one pace, I will shoot you.你再向前走一步，我就开枪了。
The work progressed at a slow pace.工作进展很慢。
75.It is more likely to get this over with.还不如说，是把这份罪受完算了。76.exhaust: vt.1)make(sb.)very tired, either physically or mentally
e.g.What an exhausting day!77.Four hours’ work almost exhausted her.78.2)use up completely eg.They have exhausted the supply of oxygen.79.What will we do if we exhaust our reserves of oil? 80.tired, exhausted & worn out 这几个词都是形容词，都有“累、疲惫”的意思。
81.tired为常见词，但本身没有指明精力的削减程度。例如：He became tired from hours’ reading.82.exhausted 指体力、精力的完全损耗，难以恢复或需要较长时间才可恢复。例如：He returned at last, too exhausted to eat anything.83.worn out 指过度使用而失去价值或功效。例如：He divorced his wife because he was worn out from listening to her constant complaints.他因为听烦了妻子没完没了的抱怨而和她离了婚。84.repeatedly: adv.again and again 我们反复要求员工不允许在办公室吸烟。We have repeatedly requested that staff should not be allowed to smoke in the office.86.swallow: v.cause or allow(esp.food or drink)to go down the throat;hide or suppress a feeling 87.eg.Chew your food properly before swallowing it.88.frank: adj.showing one’s thoughts and feelings openly
89.If you want my frank opinion, I don’t think the plan will succeed.90.It is clear that my students have been frank with me.Pattern:
be frank with sb.be frank about sth.93.And it’s not just one of us who’ve felt the heavy hand of interference.Oh, no, all three of us live in constant dread knowing that at any time disaster can strike不止我一个人深受他横加干预之苦。哦，绝非我一个人。我们兄妹三个整天提心吊胆，知道倒霉的事随时可能来临
94.interference: n.unwanted or unnecessary involvement in sth.95.I wanted to do the thing on my own without outside interference.96.你干涉他的私人事务是没道理的。Your interference in his private affairs is unreasonable.Pattern:
interference in sth.interference with sb 99.constant: adj.1)without stopping 100.He was in constant pain.I have had a constant headache for three days.102.2)unchanging 产品的价格不是固定的，而是随供求的变化而变化。
The price of the product is not constant but varies with supply and demand.105.in charge of: having control(over)or responsibility(for)106.I am in charge of the department.107.He was left in charge of the shop while the manager was away.108.take charge of 负责
109.in one’s charge 由某人照管 110.on a charge of 以„„罪名
111.bring a charge against sb.指控某人 112.face a charge 面临控告 113.exceptional: adj.unusual 114.All her children are intelligent, but the youngest boy is really exceptional.115.He was an exceptional man with great business talents.116.fill out: complete(a document or form)by supplying required information 117.Please fill out the application form and signed it at the bottom.118.fill in 填入；填上 119.fill in for sb.临时代替 120.fill up 填满；装满 121.fill with 用„„填满
122.proof: n.evidence or facts that are sufficient to establish a thing as true or believable 123.美国研究人员发现证据证明，不吸烟的人与吸烟的人一起工作也能得癌症。Researchers in America have found proof that non-smokers can develop cancer by working with smokers.124.junior: adj.1)younger 125.Jane is several years junior to her husband.126.Do you want John Brown Senior or John Brown Junior, the father or the son? 127.Abbrs.: Jr.or jr., used after the name of a person who has the same name as his father, e.g.Tom Brown, Jr.128.2)lower in rank than others 129.He is a junior officer.130.他被提升为高级职员之前，做了三年低级职员。He had been a junior clerk for three years before he was promoted to senior clerk.131.be drenched to the bone 132.The wheel is still in spin.133.heed the call 听从召唤 134.The battle is raging.135.shake the windows and rattle the walls 136.beyond your command 137.draw a line 138.cast a curse 139.in one’s early twenties
140.many a young man= many young people 141.blame sb for all the ills of the world 142.welcome sth ←→ resist sth 143.Change is coming whether we like it or not, coming like a flood that no one can escape.144.comment on the news 145.predict what will happen next 146.The wheel of fortune is still spinning and those at the bottom of society may find themselves later rising up.147.protest songs 148.be aimed against injustice 149.warn sb not to stand in the way of sb 150.step aside 151.sit up
cf.stay up 152.take notice of 153.center around: be mainly about 154.somehow or other 155.end up doing 156.for the sake of: for the purpose of 157.carry things to extremes 作了极度夸张 158.As the lights come up,… 159.Down Right 舞台右前方
160.address the audience: speak to the audience 161.waiting tables: working as a waiter 162.figure: count 163.pull dumb things on sb: play stupid tricks on sb 164.in unison:
cf.in chorus 165.a couple of: several 166.squat behind sw 167.no problem: out of question
cf.out of the question: impossible 168.spread one’s hands, palms up, speaking to oneself
169.What did I do to deserve this? 我干了什么要受这份罪？ 170.a typical teenager 171.lose interest in 172.assure sb that… 173.address a subject 174.help sb through life’s dangerous sea帮助他驶过人生的惊涛骇浪 175.(metaphor)compare life to an arduous sea voyage 176.I can’t imagine why.我真弄不明白。177.have a nice chat 178.(lights)fade to black 179.(lights)come up 180.a second or two later 181.once in a while: on occasion;occasionally 182.give sth more thought(before doing sth)183.sb be seated around the dining table 184.set a dish on the table 185.pull out one’s chair 186.have a surprise for sb 187.keep /leave sb in suspense 188.stage whisper to sb 189.simultaneously: at the same time;meanwhile 190.ask sb to the senior prom 191.clench one’s teeth
cf.clenched teeth 192.in a monotone 193.be evenly spaced 194.Well then.那就算了。195.become hysterical 196.not yet: so far not 197.give sb the respect(he/she deserves)198.roll one’s eyes 199.It’s my treat.200.be short with sb: speak briefly and rather rudely to sb because of impatience or anger 201.Do get on with it.快说吧。
202.glorious dessert: wonderful/delicious dessert 203.hand down an old recipe to me 204.at any rate: in any case 205.have a lot of the same interests: have a lot in common 206.community: the people living in one place as a whole 207.global peace 208.human welfare: happiness/good health/prosperity 209.breath hard: 喘着粗气
210.nod one’s head up and down 211.repeatedly: again and again 212.I owe you one.我记着你的情。cf.IOU 白条子 213.tell sb of sth: tell sb sth 214.What has come over you? 你怎么啦？
215.It’s more likely to get this over with.还不如说是快把这份罪受完算了。216.little scheme 小计策 217.swallow hard尽力忍住
218.She had to swallow hard in her position as a housemaid.219.swallow: 1.allow(sth)to go down the throat 2.hide or suppress a feeling 220.jut out one’s chin at sb 冲着sb撅起下巴 221.jerk one’s head around to face sb 扭头面对sb 222.Being the sort of man he is,„以他的为人。。223.frank: showing one’s feelings openly 224.be frank with sb/about sth 225.To be frank with you, I think you’re making a mistake.226.be humiliated 227.an honor student 228.a class president: monitor 229.He is a dear.他挺可爱的
230.an executive-type desk and chair 办公桌椅 231.admit new students to sw 232.be more than willing to do: be very willing to do 233.exceptional: unusual 出类拔萃的 234.fill out =fill in 235.I don’t know where she got her brains: I don’t know why she is so bright 236.lose one’s patience: become impatient
237.have proof of sth: have evidence of 证据、证明(u.n.)238.carry on with his line of thought 沿着自己的思路讲下去 239.talented: gifted 240.twist one’s hands 搓拧着手
241.place/finish/come first in the annual spelling bee/contest 242.be eager for knowledge 243.be that as it may: 不过。。244.dining room
cf.canteen 245.capital tragedy 主要的悲剧
246.a blunder n.大错, 失误
cf.glaring errors大错误；明显的错误 247.be dumb with astonishment at their beauty 248.establish welfare systems to provide a safety net 249.through the ages 经过漫长的岁月 250.face extinction 251.his junior year in high school 252.beat about/around the bush 253.honk one’s horns
254.Security Council联合国安全理事会 255.The hotel overlooks the lake.256.tire sb out: make sb exhausted 257.sth be worth a fortune 258.look out for talented college graduates 259.be adequate/anxious/certain/sure/content/crazy/likely/liable/fortunate/lucky/keen/eager to do sth 260.be admitted to sw 被允许进入；被录取 261.Whatever does that mean? 262.Whatever it is that you like,… 263.be worried to death 264.be scared to death 265.along with=together with=coupled with 266.a simple matter 267.pose for the picture 268.(hair)be dyed bright red 269.consider one’s feeling upon seeing sth 270.develop the pictures 冲洗照片 271.smooth out sth 消除, 使平滑 272.smooth down
消除, 变平静 273.respectably : decently
adv.体面地
275.from one’s point of view: from one’s viewpoint: form one’s perspective 276.This does not always come easy.277.prizefighter n.职业拳击手 278.be knocked out 279.the heavyweight champion of the world 280.in the face of 281.to the contrary 282.hold the crown 拥有荣耀 283.the ring 职业拳击界 284.step for step: step by step 285.be conscious of sth: be aware of 286.ball park: 棒球场 287.gravely郑重其事地 288.go to the bathroom 289.be overwhelmed by 惊喜万分
290.fire strike after strike 投出一个又一个好球 291.hit a home run击出一个本垒打 292.direct ancestors of ：
。。的前身 293.走到阳光下emerge into the sun 294.on the right-field side of the park 在右外场侧面 295.batting practice击球练习296.a carrot stick胡萝卜条 297.polish off sth一扫而光
298.in a rotten mood情绪糟透了 299.take the field 上场（击球）300.不很情愿地without much grace 301.the troubled look on his face不安的神情 302.shake my mood摆脱心境
303.on Storrow Drive: on Storrow Street 304.have sth/sw to oneself 305.exhibition hall 306.acknowledge to myself that…
307.don’t measure up to my expectations辜负了我的期望
308.be out of line(with sth)1.(与„)没有并列的2.不一致、不协调地309.a battle of wills 两种意志的对峙 310.stand up for
v.支持 311.life-sized 312.space capsule n.太空舱, 太空船 313.hold out for 坚持不放弃 314.let go of放弃 315.in a couple years
←→ be in line with
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