四年级上册英语教材及语法总结[样例5]

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第一篇:四年级上册英语教材及语法总结

四年级上册英语总结

Module 1要求1.能从1 数到999,并能用英语进行加法运算;2.能说出多种服装的名称;3.能谈论服装的价格;4.能用英语进行购物。

词汇Clothes: blouse, jeans, trousers , shirt ,shorts ,dress ,sweater, T-shirt, Jacket ,skirt ,coat ,sock ,shoes(sport shoes)Cap hat 数词:1-10 One two three four five six seven eight nine ten

11-19 Eleven twelve thirteen fourteen fifteen sixteen seventeen eighteen nineteen 20-100(整十)Twenty thirty forty fifty sixty seventy eighty ninety one hundred 句型(购物用语)What can I do for you? Can 1 help you? I'd like(to buy)a green blouse.How much are the shoes? It's fifteen yuan. How much are the shoes? They're forty dollars. 思考问题:

1.字母a , b , c , d 在单词中的读音是什么?试读出下面的单词:bad cab dab cake bade 2.“一双”怎样说?请对比下面的内容:a shoe — a pair of shoes a sock — a pair of socks 3.“一条裤子”怎样说?请对比下面的内容:trousers — a pair of trousers jeans — a pair of jeans shorts — a pair of shorts 4.人民币的“元”、外币(美\澳大利亚\香港„ „)的“元”和英镑怎样说?请对比下面的内容:(RMB)yuan — one yuan/two yuan „(American/Australian/Hong Kong)dollar — one dollar/two dollars pound — one pound/two pounds 6.描述人的穿着用什么句子?请观察: He/She has a pair of blue sport shoes He/She is wearing a hat.

1._____(Who’s, Whose)shirt is this? 2.That’s the ______(woman, woman’s)skirt.3.______are the trousers?(Who, Whose)4.They are the_____(boy, boy’s)long socks.5.____(Who’s , Whose)he? He’s Jim Module 2 1.能描述和谈论人的特征;2.能谈论心目中的英雄人物.(注意hero 和heroine的复数形式-----heroes heroines 词汇(形容人的外貌)Blonde hair, black hair thin ,weak, heavy,strong,plum,slim ,young ,old ,hardworking ,patient ,honest, funny ,friendly ,kind Beautiful, handsome ,ugly, 反义词Big-small fat-thin Tall-short old-young Black-white

Strong-weak

handsome-ugly

Kind-unkind ugly-beautiful honest-dishonest Patient-impatient 思考问题:

1.字母e , f , g , h 在单词中的读音是什么?试读出下面的单词:bed fed had gab 2.哪些形容词是一对反义词(小组讨论或查阅字典)? long tall big good black strong fat old ugly handsome small short bad young beautiful weak white 3.怎样用这些句子去描述一个人,并试造句?(l)He/she has „(eyes/nose/mouth /face „)

(2)He/She is „(tall/short/strong/kind/friendly „)(3)He/She’s „(my hero/movie star „)

(4)He /She is wearing „(a hat /a coat/a sweater „)4.你是否已注意到一些词前面的a , an 的用法?请比较: He is kind.He is a kind old man.He is an old man.She is Australian.She is an Australian girl.She is an honest Australian girl.5.你是否已注意到一些词组的中英文表达的不同?请比较: the girl with long blonde hair 那金色长头发的女孩 the man with a ball 那个拿着球的男人 The boy with a black is my cousin.那个戴着黑帽子的男孩子是我的表兄弟。He is wearing a black hat.他戴着一顶黑色的帽子。MODULE3-4 Occupations: Teacher Factory worker Policeman Doctor, nurse, dentist, ambulance man Postman, Bank manager, bank clerk Shop assistant Fireman Occupations: Bus driver , taxi driver, truck driver Manager, cook, waiter, waitress, Cleaner Soldier, lawyer, athlete, farmer, 注意:凡是职业词的复数以man结尾的要变成men.What do they do? Firemen put out fires.Doctors and nurses help sick people.Dentists check your teeth.Ambulance men drive an ambulance Teachers help us to learn.Policemen catch criminals.句型 Waiters and waitress serve us food and drinks.Postmen deliver letters.Cleaners clean up everything.Taxi drivers drive a taxi.Shop assistants help in a shop.What do you want to be when you grow up?I want to be a/an···.What‘s one’s job? He’s / She’s a/an····.What does he / she do?He’s / She’s a/an ····.Do you want to be a „when you grow up? Yes , I do./ No, I don’t 3)Daily Express习惯用语: Let me see.What about you? That’s a good job.名词复数的变换形式:<活动>P26 1,直接加S :teachers 2,以s,x,o结尾加es: boxes, dresses 3,凡是有man变为men 4,以y结尾,前面如果a,e,i, o u是直接加s,如果是辅音则去y加ies : factory—factories boy-boys 5,sheep,fish单复数不变

6,oo变ee: goose-geese, tooth-teeth 7,child –children, mouse--mice MODULE 5-61、懂得表示钟点时间的表达方式 ;

2、懂得所学学科英文名称;

3、知道所学体育游戏活动英文表达;

4、知道所学单词句型; 词汇归纳

数词:1-10 One two three four five six seven eight nine ten 11-19 Eleven twelve thirteen fourteen fifteen sixteen seventeen eighteen nineteen 20-100(整十)Twenty thirty forty fifty sixty seventy eighty ninety one hundred 钟点7:00 seven o’clock 7:05 seven oh five 7:15 seven fifteen 7:30 seven thirteen 7:45 seven forty-five Subject 学科

Chinese English

Maths

Music

Computer

Practice Society Science P.E.Art Meeting 一日三餐(meals)Have breakfast: milk, bread, egg, noodles rice noodles„ Have lunch: rice ,fish, eggs, meat, „.Have dinner: rice ,fish, eggs, meat, „.注意第三人称单数用的是has sentences 问时间What time is it? It’s eleven o’clock.What time/ When do you usually go to school? At seven fifty-five.(详细回答 I usually go to school at seven fifty-five.It’s time to get up.其他

What do you usually do after school? I usually play basketball.I must go to school now.注:1)用时间顺读法表示时间;

2)表示时刻的介词用at, 如:at six thirty, at seven o’clock。3)bread, milk是不可数名词,没有单复数的表达。

Days of the week(开头字母必须大写,缩写词取前面三个或四个字母)Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, WednesdayThursday, Friday,Saturday, Sports / Games Play football , play basketball , play tennis , play table tennis Play badminton , run ,jump,skip, swimPlay cards ,play chess ,play games(do homework, do housework)Housework Clean the house, clean the bedroomClean the kitchen, clean the bathroom„(Clean the classroom /blackboard)Sweep the floor, wash clothes/ car,Do gardening, feed the pets, cook meals sentences What day is it today?It’s Monday.Do you go to school every day?Yes, I do./No, I don’t.What do you do on Sunday? I usually go shopping on Sunday.注意:1)频度副词usually, often, sometimes的使用。

2)表示现在一周的星期几(或星期几的上、下午、傍晚的)的介词用on, 如: on Sunday;on MondayMorning/afternoon/evening。

第一次见面用1)How do you do? 2)Nice to meet you.回答与原来句子相同

语法汇总

一,名词复数规则

1.一般情况下,直接加-s,如:book-books, bag-bags, cat-cats, bed-beds 2.以s.x.sh.ch结尾,加-es,如:bus-buses, box-boxes, brush-brushes, watch-watches 3.以“辅音字母 y”结尾,变y为i, 再加-es,如:family-families, strawberry-strawberries 4.以“f或fe”结尾,变f或fe为v, 再加-es,如:knife-knives leaf——leaves 5.不规则名词复数:

man-men, woman-women, child-children;foot-feet;tooth-teeth fish-fish, people-people, Chinese-Chinese, Japanese-Japanese

写出下列各词的复数

I _____him ______ this _______ her _____watch ___ child ____ photo ______diary _____day______ foot_____ book_____ dress ____ tooth____ sheep ____ box_____ strawberry __thief _____you _____ peach___ sandwich ___man_____ woman___ paper_____ juice_____ water_____ milk______ rice______ tea______

二,一般现在时基本用法介绍

一般现在时的功能

1.表示事物或人物的特征、状态。如:The sky is blue.天空是蓝色的。2.表示经常或习惯性的动作。如:I get up at six every day.我天天六点起床。3.表示客观现实。如:The earth goes around the sun.地球绕着太阳转。一般现在时的构成

1.be动词:主语 be(am, is, are)其它。如:I am a boy.我是一个男孩。2.行为动词:主语 行为动词(其它)。如:We study English.我们学习英语。当主语为第三人称单数(he, she, it)时,要在动词后加“-s”或“-es” 如:Mary likes Chinese.玛丽喜欢汉语。一般现在时的变化 1.be动词的变化。

否定句:主语 be not 其它。如:He is not a worker.他不是工人。

一般疑问句:Be 主语。如:-Are you a student?-Yes.I am./ No, I'm not.特殊疑问句:疑问词 一般疑问句。如:Where is my bike? 2,行为动词的变化。

否定句:主语 don‘t(doesn’t)动词原形(其它)。如: I don't like bread.当主语为第三人称单数,用doesn‘t构成否定句如:He doesn't often play.一般疑问句:Do(Does)主语 动词原形 其它。如-Do you often play football?Yes, she does./ No, she doesn't.3,动词 s的变化规则

1.一般情况下,直接加-s,如:cook-cooks, milk-milks 2.以s.x.sh.ch.o结尾,加-es,如:guess-guesses, wash-washes, watch-watches, go-goes 3.以“辅音字母 y”结尾,变y为i, 再加-es,如study-studies

小试牛刀

一、写出下列动词的第三人称单数

drink ______ go _______ stay ____ make ______ look ______ have_______ pass_____ carry ____

二、按照要求改写句子

1.Daniel watches TV every evening.(改为否定句)___________________________________ 2.I do my homework every day.(改为一般疑问句,作否定回答)_____________________________________________ 3.She likes milk.(改为一般疑问句,作肯定回答)_____________________________________________ 4.We go to school every morning.(改为否定句)____________________________________________

三、改错(划出错误的地方,将正确的写在横线上)1.Is your brother speak English? __________________ 2.Does he likes going fishing? _________________ 3.He likes play games after class._________________ 4.Mr.Wu teachs us English.__________________ 5.She don’t do her homework on Sundays._______________

第二篇:四年级英语上册语法知识总结

四年级英语上册语法知识总结

缩写与完全形式的转换

let’s = let us

who’s = who is

where’s = where is

what’s = what is

it’s = it is

he’s = he is

she’s = she is

I’m = I am

can’t = can not

don’t = do not

isn’t = is not

aren’t = are not they’re = they are

doesn’t = does not

反义词类

big(反义词)small / little

short(反义词)tall / long strong(反义词)weak / thin

new(反义词)old / young fat(反义词)thin

open(反义词)close turn on(反义)turn off

right(反义)wrong / left like(反义词)hate

heavy(反义词)light

名词变复数规则

1、一般情况下直接在名词词尾加上-s。

eg: book— books

dog — dogs

cake — cakes

2、以 s , x , sh, ch结尾的名词,在名词后面加上-es。eg: bus — buses

class — classes

glass — glasses

box — boxes

fox — foxes

wish(希望)— wishes

fish(鱼)— fishes

watch(手表)— watches

3、以辅音字母+y结尾的名词,变y为i再加上-es。story(故事)stories

candy(糖果)— candies

4、以 f 或者fe结尾的名词,变 f / fe 为v 再加上-es。

eg:knife(小刀)— knives

wolf(狼)— wolves 动词变化doing(现在分词/动名词)的规则

1、一般在动词词尾加上-ing。

eg:play(玩)— playing 【特殊】

see(看见)— seeing

clean(打扫)— cleaning

help(帮助)— helping

eat(吃)— eating

turn(转变)—turning

2、以字母e 结尾的动词,把e 去掉再加上-ing。

eg:come(来)— coming

like(喜欢)— likng

have(有)— having

love(喜欢)— loving

take(拿走)— taking

3、以一个元音字母加上一个辅音字母结尾的动词,一般情况下,双....写该辅音字母再加上-ing。

eg:put(放)— putting

swim(游泳)— swimming

hop(跳高)— hopping

注意:

1、have(第三人称单数)has

like(第三人称单数)likes

speak(第三人称单数)speaks

2、speak + 某种语言

表示:“说……语言”

3、There + be + 某物 + 某处

表示:“某处有某物”

4、五个元音字母:

Aa

Ee

Ii

Oo

Uu 元音音素开头的单个可数名词前要用冠词an

第三篇:北京版小学英语教材四年级上册知识点总结

北京版小学英语教材四年级上册知识点总结

(必做:所有内容一个单词中英文两遍,写在大英语本上;)(选做:四会单词默写,看中文写英文;三会单词及重点短语的英译中)

四会单词:

L1: again why books cool L2:sad great gold

L3:new watch like together shape L5:MsMrs speak

L6: there story bring school L7:can bad tomorrow bed drink water L9: much easy L10: door kind window cold turn open L11: ping-pong bat borrow take fine marker ruler pencil case L15: get pen kind black brown think shape L16: shoes try thirty L17: buy trousers yellow L19: eat healthy potato now cook sweet L20: soup apple

L21: twenty chicken change thirty today sixty-nine L23: snow hot rain clever water bad hard weather L24: interesting close farmer lake L25: live say kite wind

三会单词:

L1:glad because them happy angry tired L2: missing surprised L3: upset worried ill worry L5: robot

L6: tell her really welcome L9: please on play show L10:mind L11:favour scissors crayon sharpener L15: help different colour L16: comfortable certainly take L17: sell green red L19: sour salty L20:salad fish hamburger chips dessert L21: money L23: because become degree L24: sounds weekends live

L25: air trees without things plants grow

重点短语:

L1:be back at school the room is messy he played too hard L2: don’t be sad come back go to the zoo L3: don’t be upset blue in colour English book new football L5: speak to doing housework hold on have a look L6: call back the Monkey King the Harry Potter stories(首大名称)L7:bad cold go to school

L9: hold these books no problem on the computer close the window turn off the light pass me the water L10: a glass of hot water opening the door turning off the radio turning on the light L11: Will you do me a favour? I don’t have my ping-pong bat with me.of course L15: a nice colour L16: look at try on how much that pair of shoes that pair of slippers these sandals these boots those sneakers L17: a new jacket red one blue T-shirt black overcoat yellow cap school uniform L19: the sweet and sour fish take your order Chinese cabbage and potatoes some vegetables some meatballs Peking Duck a glass of soy milk L20: mushroom soup have ice cream(have some…/ an…)a pizza a glass of juice a sandwich L21: orange juice L23: in summer in winter below zero in Sydney(首大名称)

it’s raining it’s snowing

the sun is shining L24: go to park close to nature love nature visit my uncle this winter vacation on a farm

in the forest on the grassland by the lake L25: find out on the Internet(首大名称)

第四篇:初一英语上册语法总结

Book 1 上册 Guide to language use

一.动词be(is,am,are)的用法:说明身份,年龄,状态等。

口诀:我(I)用am, 你(you)用are,is跟着他(he),她(she),它(it)。

单数名词用is,复数名词全用are。变否定,更容易,be后not加上去。

变疑问,往前提,句末问号莫丢弃。还有一条须注意,句首大写莫忘记。be动词的用法:

be动词包括“am”, “is”, “are”三种形式。第一人称单数(I)配合am来用。

句型解析析:I am+…

I am a student.I am a boy.第二人称(You)配合are使用。句型解析:You are+…

You are my good friend.You are a good person.第三人称单数(He or She or It)配合is使用。句型解析:She(He, It)is +…

She is a good girl.She is so cute.人称复数(we /you/they)配合are使用。句型解析:We(You, They)are +…

We are in Class 5,Grade 7.You are good students.注意: 综合解析当使用be动词的时候,前面请先加上第几人称。be动词前面的人称,是不可随意替换的。例如:

I am, You are, She is,并不会出现I is, You am, She are 这样的情形。2 当只有第一人称和第二人称或第三人称时应该把第二人称或第三人称放在前

例如:you and I, Tom and I

当第二人称和第三人称放在一起时把第二人称放在前面,例如:you and Tom 当三者都有时,排序为:2 3 1 例如you, Tom and I 练习:1.Where ______ Ann.She ______ here.2.How old ______ you.I ______ thirteen.3.______ you Mr Read.Yes, I ______.4.What ______ your name.My name ____ Ann

二 情态动词Can can作“能、会”解,否定式是cannot,缩写为can’t。

“can+动词原形”

“can’t+动词原形”

:表示某人能做或不能做某事 Can 是情态动词,没有人称和数的变化。

Can 表示的”能力”为现在的能力,而不是过去或将来的能力。

Book 1 上册 Guide to language use 1).for ability表示能力。例如:

—Can you write in English? —Yes, I can.I can run fast,can you?

2).indicating acquired knowledge or skill表示获得的知识或技能。例如:

—Can she speak Japanese? —No, she can’t.她会说日语吗?不,她不会。

3).indicating permission表示许可。例如:

Can I read your newspaper?我能看看你的报纸吗?

Can I take you home?我送你回家行吗?

We can’t wear jeans at work.我们上班时不准穿牛仔裤。

4).indicating requests表示要求。例如:

Can you help me with this box?你能帮我弄这个箱子吗?

Can you feed the cat?你喂喂猫好吗?

5).indicating possibly表示可能性。例如:

That can’t be Mary—she’s in hospital.那不可能是玛丽—她住院了。

He can’t have slept through all that noise.那么吵他不可能睡得着觉。

There’s someone outside—who can it be?外面有人—会是谁呢?

6).used to make suggestions用以提出建议。例如:

We can eat in a restaurant, if you like.你愿意的话,咱们可以在饭馆吃饭。

I can take the car if necessary.必要时我可以开车去。

三 情态动词Would Would是will的过去式,可用于各人称,表示过去时间的“意志”、“愿望”和 “决心”等。如:I told peter that I would go along wit him.我告诉彼得我要跟他一块去。2 would用来表示现在时间时时,不论是表达说话人本身的意志或向对方提出请求,均较will婉转。如:

Would you like to have a glass of wine? 你要喝杯酒吗? Would you please tell me the way to the nearest bus-stop?

[注]在日常会话中,I would like to和I should like to都可以说,I would like的简略式为I'd like。如:yes, I’d like to.Yes, I’d love to

Yes, very much.Sorry, ai already have an appointment.Would还可以表示过去习惯发生的动作

I found that retired persons would often go to the park to play chess.我发现退休的人经常到公园里下棋。

When he had a problem to solve,he would work at it until he found an answer.当他有个问题要解决时,他总是想办法一直到找到答案为止。练习:-Can you speak Japanese?

-No, I____.A.mustn't

B.can't

C.needn't

D.may not 2 The children___ play football on the road.A.can't

B.can

C.mustn't

D.must 3-Shall we go and visit the History Museum next Sunday? A.Here you are

B.Sorry, I can't

C.Yes, please

D.Let me try Book 1 上册 Guide to language use Excuse me.___ you please pass me that cup? A.Do

B.Should

C.Would

D.Must 5 ___ you like to have another try? A.Could

B.Will

C.Would

D.Do 6-Would you like to go boating with us?

-Yes, ___.A.I'd like

B.I want C.I'd like to

D.I do 四 “there be”句型

There be句型主要用以表达“某处(某时)有某人(某物)。

”其基本结构为“There be+某物(某人)+某地(某时)”其中there是引导词,没有词义;主语是be后面的名词,be是谓语动词,在一般现在时中be只用is和are两种形式。There be句型中的be动词如何确定呢?请先看看下面这首歌诀:

Be动词,有三个,am,is还有are。“There be”真特别,不留am只留俩,那就是is还有are。要用is还是are,须看其后的名词是单数还是复数。若是单数或不可数名词用is,否则就用are。如:

①There is a tree behind the house.②There is some water(水)in the bottle(瓶子).③There are some pears in the box.(3)注意:如果“be”后的主语是由and连接的两个或两个以上的名词,那么be的形式要遵循“远亲不如近邻”的原则。也就是说,“be”的形式是由与它最近的那个名词来确定的。若那个名词是单数或不可数名词要用is,是复数就用are。如: ①There is a book and some pens on the floor.②There are some pens and a book on the floor.肯定句:there is an apple on the table 否定句:there isn't an apple on the table.一般疑问句: Is there an apple on the table?

回答:yes, there is./ No, there isn't 特殊疑问句:what is there on the table.1.定义:There be句型表示某处存在某物或某人。2.结构:

(1)There is +单数可数名词/不可数名词+ 地点状语.(2)There are +复数名词+地点状语.there是引导词,在句中不充当任何成分,翻译时也不必译出。句子的主语是某人或某物,谓语动词be要与主语(某人或某物)的数保持一致。当主语是两个或两个以上的名词时,谓语动词要与跟它最近的那个名词一致。

① There is a bird in the tree.树上有一只鸟。

② There is a teacher and many students in our classroom.我们教室里有一位老师和许多学生。

③ There are two boys and a girl under the tree.树下有两个男孩,一个女孩。3.There be句型与have的区别:

(1)There be 句型和have都表示“有”的含义。区别如下:There be表示“某处存在某物或某人”;have表示“某人拥有某物/某人”,它表示所有、拥有关系。eg.①He has two sons.他有两个儿子。Book 1 上册 Guide to language use

②There are two men in the office.办公室里有两个男人。

(2)当have表示“包括”、“存在”的含义时,There be 句型与其可互换。

①A week has seven days.=There are seven days in a week.一个星期有七天。4 变脸一:否定句

There be句型的否定式的构成和含有be动词的其它句型一样,在be后加上not或no即可。注意not和no的不同:not是副词,no为形容词,not a/an/any + n.相当于no+ n.。例如:

There are some pictures on the wall.→There aren't any pictures on the wall.=There are no pictures on the wall.There is a bike behind the tree.→ There isn't a bike behind the tree.=There is no bike behind the tree.5 变脸二:一般疑问句

There be句型的一般疑问句变化是把be动词调整到句首,再在句尾加上问号即可,此为“调整法”。但同时要注意:当肯定句中有some时,要将其改为any(否定变化也一样)。看看下面两句是如何“改头换面”的吧:

There is some water on Mars.→ Is there any water on Mars? There are some fish in the water.→Are there any fish in the water? 6 变脸三:特殊疑问句

There be句型的特殊疑问句形式有以下三种变化:

① 对主语提问:当主语是人时,用“Who's+介词短语?”;当主语是物时,用“What's + 介词短语?”。注意:无论原句的主语是单数还是复数,对之提问时一般都用be的单数形式(回答时却要根据实际情况来决定)。如: There are many things over there.→What's over there? There is a little girl in the room.→Who is in the room? ② 对地点状语提问:提问地点当然用“Where is / are+主语?”啦!例如: There is a computer on the desk.→ Where is the computer? There are four children on the playground.→Where are the four children? ③ 对数量提问:一般有两种句型结构:

How many+复数名词+are there+介词短语? How much+不可数名词+is there+介词短语? 练习:

“have got” 六

序数词 七 一般现在时

一般现在时:

1)它表示经常性、习惯性的动作或存在的状态。e.g.I go to school on foot.He is very busy now.2)表示主语的特征、性格、能力、爱好等。

e.g.He can swim.I work hard.I like watching TV.3)表示客观真理,表示格言或警句中

e.g.There are seven days in a week.The moon moves round the earth.一 其结构按正常语序,即“主语+谓语+其它”,有时为了起强调作用,时间状语也可提前.二 其句式变化可分为两种情况 Book 1 上册 Guide to language use

1)表示动作,一般人称作主语的,变否定句须在动词前加助动词don’t;变一般疑问句须在句首加助动词do。

They have lunch at 12:00.They don’t have lunch at 12:00.Do they have lunch at 12:00? 2)单三人称做主语的,变否定句须在动词前加助动词doesn’t;变一般疑问句须在句首加助动词does。

Jenny speaks English very well.Jenny doesn’t speak English very well.Does Jenny speak English very well?

含有be动词的要在be上做变化.E.g.Danny is a good student.Danny isn’t a good student.Is Danny a good student? 三 其时间状语为often、usually、always、sometimes等频率副词,on Saturdays、in the morning(afternoon evening)、every day 等。

做题时常见错误如下:

一、be动词与行为动词同时出现在句子中 例:We are plant(plant)the trees in spring.解析:学生往往会用汉语的思维方式去翻译,就成了“我们是在春天植树”。这是学习英语最忌讳的,要看语法是不是正确,在英语中,be是表状态,do是表动作,两种动词不能同时出现在句子中,可记住如下口诀:“英汉语言有差异,be、do不能放一起,仔细琢磨细分析,语法千万要牢记。”

二、单三人称形式易出错

例:1 He plaies(play)football very well.2 Danny gos(go)to school at 7:10.答案:1 plays 2 goes

解析:1以辅音字母加y结尾的动词变单三人称形式才能把y换成i再加es;2与名词变复数不同,变单三人称形式以o结尾的词要加es.三、在句式变换时易出错

例:1 Does Jenny has(has)a good friend? 2 Brian doesn’t lives(not live)in China.答案:1 Does have

doesn’t live 解析:单三人称做主语的一般现在时做句式变化时,可记住如下口诀:“见助动,用原形”。此口诀也可推广用于一般过去时态中。e.g.He didn't go home yesterday.四、对do的理解易出错

例:We don’t(not do)our homework in the afternoon.答案:don’t do

解析:do是一个比较难理解的词,它有三个含义: a)是所有行为动词的总称;b)是助动词,无实义;c)是一个具体的行为动词“做,干”。此句中给出的do指“做,干”,not指把此句变为否定句,故须在do前加助动词don’t。

五、对主语的数判断有误

例: Li Ming with me are(be)in Beijing.答案: is

解析:表面一看是“我和李明两个人在北京”,但with在此做伴随状语,不能做主语,故用is.另外,宾语从句中,从句部分若是表示客观真理,不管主句是何时态,从句都要用一般现在时;在时间和条件状语从句中,主句表将来,从句要用一般现在时。练习: Jenny ____ in an office.Her parents ____in a hospital.Book 1 上册 Guide to language use

A work works

B works work C work are working D is working work 2 One of the boys_____ a black hat.A have

B there is

C there are D has 3 We will go shopping if it____ tomorrow.A don't rain Bdidn't rain Cdoesn't rain Disn't rain 4 He said the sun ____in the east and ____in the west.A rose;set

B rises;sets C rises, set D rise;sets 5 Wang Mei ____ music and often ____ to music.A like;listen

B likes;listens

C like;are listening

D liking;listen 6 Jenny____ English every evening.A has study B studies C study D studied 答案:1 B 2D 3C 4B 5B 6B 1 I can take Li Ming there when he _____(come)to visit.2 _____your sister_____(know)English? 3Her home____ _____ ______(远离)her school.4The pot_____(not look)like yours very much.5 Where _____you____(have)lunch every day? 6 Who_____(想要)to go swimming? 7 ______she_____(do)the housework every day? 8 Jenny and Danny usually______(play)games in the afternoon.答案:1 comes Does know 3 is away from 4 doesn't look do have 6 wants does do play

补充知识点:

一.this,that和it用法

(1)this和that是指示代词,it是人称代词。

(2)距离说话人近的人或物用this, 距离说话人远的人或物用that。如: This is a flower.这是一朵花。(近处)That is a tree.那是一棵树。(远处)(3)放在一起的两样东西,先说this, 后说that。如:

This is a pen.That is a pencil.这是一支钢笔。那是一支铅笔。(4)向别人介绍某人时说This is…, 不说That is…。如:

This is Helen.Helen, this is Tom.这是海伦,海伦,这是汤姆。(5)This is 不能缩写, 而That is可以缩写。如:

This is a bike.That’s a car.这是一辆自行车。那是一辆轿车。(6)打电话时,介绍自己用this, 询问对方用that。如: —Hello!Is that Miss Green? 喂,是格林小姐吗? —Yes, this is.Who’s that? 是的,我是,你是谁?

注意:虽然汉语中使用“我”和“你”,但英语中打电话时绝不可以说:

I am…, Are you…?/Who are you? Book 1 上册 Guide to language use

(7)在回答this或that作主语的疑问句时, 要用it代替this或that。如: ①—Is this a notebook? 这是笔记本吗?

—Yes, it is.是的,它是。②—What’s that? 那是什么?

—It’s a kite.是只风筝。

二. these和those用法

this, that, these和those是指示代词,these是this的复数形式,指时间,距离较近的或下面要提到的人或事;those是that的复数形式,指时间、距离较远或前面已经提到过的人或事物。①This is my bed.That is Lily’s bed.这是我的床。那是莉莉的床。②These pictures are good.那些画很好。③ Are those apple trees? 那些是苹果树吗?

在回答主语是these或those的疑问句时,通常用they代替these或those以避免重复。④Are these/those your apples? 这些(那些)是你的苹果吗? Yes, they are.是的,他们是。

三.不定冠词a和an a和an都是不定冠词,表示一(个,支,本,块……)的意思,但不强调数量概念,而是强调类别,用来限定名词。

a用在辅音素开头的单数名词前,如:a pencil(一支铅笔),a book(一本书); an用在元音音素开头的名词前,如an eraser(一块橡皮)。如果名词前有修饰语,用a还是用an,则以该修饰语的第一音素决定用a还是用an。如:

a clock 一座钟

an old clock 一座旧钟

a book 一本书

an English book 一本英语书 a nice apple 一个可爱的苹果

an apple 一个苹果

四. 名词+’s所有格

名词+’s所有格 单数名词后直接加 “ ’s ”

Jim’s coat 吉姆的外套 Jeff’s mother杰夫的妈妈 以s结尾的复数名词,只加“’”

Teachers’ Day教师节 the twins’ books双胞胎的书 不以s结尾的不规则的名词复数,加“ ’s ”

Children’s Day 儿童节 men’s shoes男式鞋 表示两者共同拥有时,只在最后一个名词后加’s 表示两者各自拥有时,要在每个名词后加’s

Lucy and Lily’s mother 露茜和莉莉的妈妈(共同的妈妈,一个妈妈)Lucy’s and Kate’s rooms 露茜和凯特的房间(各自的房间,两间房子)Book 1 上册 Guide to language use

五.like一词的用法

like用作及物动词,译为“喜欢”。

(1)后接名词或代词,表示喜欢某人或某物。如: I like the baby very much.我非常喜欢这个小孩。

(2)后接动名词(v.-ing),表示“喜欢做某事”,着重于习惯、爱好。如: Tom likes playing football.汤姆喜欢踢足球。

(3)后接动词不定式(to do),表示“偶尔地喜欢做某事”,着重于某次具体的行为。如: I like reading, but I like to watch TV this evening.我喜欢读书,但我今晚想看电视。

六.句子单数变复数,注意以下五要素

(1)主格人称代词要变成相应的复数主格人称代词,即I→we, you→you,she,he,it→ they。She is a girl.→They are girls.(2)am,is要变为are。如:

I’m a student.→We are students.(3)不定冠词a,an要去掉。如: He is a boy.→They are boys.(4)普通单数名词要变为复数形式。如: It is an apple.→They are apples.(5)指示代词this,that要变为these,those。如: This is a box.→These are boxes.七.英语日期的表示法

英语中月份和星期名称都是专有名词,它们的首字母必须大写,并且前面无需用冠词。用英语表示日期,其顺序为月+日+年,日和年之间需用逗号隔开。

如:August 2nd,2003(2003年8月2日)。也可以用日+月+年来表示。

如:10th May,2003(2003年5月10日)英语日期前介词的使用:若指在哪一年或哪一月,则用介词in,若具体到某一天,则需用介词on。

①She was born in 1989

②She was born in August.③She was born in August 1989.④She was born on 2nd August, 1989.八. 时间的表达法

(1)直读式,即直接读出时间数字 7: 05 seven five 8:16 eight sixteen(2)过、差式,即几点差几分,几点过几分。(以30分为分界线)1:25 twenty-five past one 2:30 half past two 3:43 seventeen to four 4:38 twenty-two to five Book 1 上册 Guide to language use(3)12小时制

6:00 a.m.上午6点 8:20 p.m.下午8点20分(4)24小时制

13:00 13点钟 22:15 22点15分(5)15分可用quarter 4:15 a quarter past four 5:45 a quarter to six(6)时间前通常用at.at 5 o’clock at 7:30 p.m.九

关于时间的问法

(1)以when提问,“什么时候”可以是较长的时间段,也可以是较短的时间点 ①When is your birthday? 你的生日是什么时候?

②My birthday is Dec.29th.我的生日是12月29日。这里就是指一天的时间段

①When do you go home? 你几点回家?

②I go home at 4:30 p.m.我下午4:30回家.这里when问的是具体的时间。(2)具体几点我们通常用what time提问

①What time is it now? 现在几点了? or What’s the time? 几点了? It’s 9:26.现在九点二十六。

②What time is it by your watch? 你手表几点了?

It’s 8:36.Oh, It’s 50 minutes late 8:36,哦,它慢了50分钟。③What time do you get up? 你几点起床? I get up at 6:00 a.m.我早上6点起床。

名词复数:

在英语里面,名词分可数名词(countable noun)和不可数名词(uncountable noun)不可数名词没有单复数之分,用时只当单数词用;

可数名词有单复数之分,一个的前面要用a或an,eg: a pencil, a basketball, a dictionary, an egg, an ID card,而复数即两个或两个以上的要作相应的变化,情况如下:(1)特殊词,特殊变化,需单独记:

child→children,man→men,foot→feet,woman→women tooth→teeth,sheep→sheep,deer→deer(2)一般的词在单数词后直接+“s”:

book→books,pen→pens,car→cars,map→maps,cartoon→cartoons(3)以s,x,sh,ch结尾的词+“es” box→boxes,watch→watches(4)以辅音字母+y结尾的名词去掉“y”,改成“i”,再加“es” family→families,comedy→comedies(5)以f或fe结尾的词,先去掉f或fe,改成“v”再加es Book 1 上册 Guide to language use

knife→knives,wife→wives,handkerchief→handkerchieves(6)不可数名词(单复数形式不变)

bread, rice, water ,juice etc.十一

want用法

(1)想干什么用want to do sth They want to join the sports club.他们想加入运动俱乐部。(2)第三人称单数作主语,want要作变化

①He wants to play basketball.②Li Xia wants to play the piano.(3)变疑问句,否定句要借助助动词do或does.①-Do you want to play soccer ball ? -Yes , I do./ No , I don’t.②-Does he want to go home by bus ? -Yes , he does./ No , he doesn’t

十二 人称代词

主格: I we you she he it they 宾格: me us you her him it them

形容词性物主代词:my our your her his its their 名词性物主代词: mine ours yours hers his its theirs

第五篇:初一英语上册语法总结

初一英语上册语法总结

冠词的用法

冠词是一种虚词,用在名词或名词词组的前面,表示名词是特指还是泛指。冠词可分为不定冠词和定冠词两种形式。不定冠词有 a, an。定冠词有 the.其中, a 用在发音以辅音开头的名词之前, 而 an 则 用在发音以元 音开头的名词之前。不定冠词的用法:

1)表示某一类人或某事物中的任何一个,经常用在第一次提到某人或某物时,用不定冠词起介绍作用,表示一个。

I gave him a book yesterday.我昨天给了他一本书。

I have got a ticket.我有一张票。

There is a tree in front of my house.我的屋前有一棵树。

2)表示人或事物的某一种类, 强调整体, 即以其中的一个代表一类。

A horse is useful to mankind.马对人类有用。

A bird can fly.鸟会飞。

3)不定冠词用在事物的“单位”前,如时间, 速度, 价格等意义的名词之前,表示 “每一”。

We often go to school two times a day.我们常常一天两次去学校。

I went to the library once a week at least.我一星期至少去一次图书馆。

4)不定冠词用来指某人某物,但不具体说明任何人或任何物。

A boy came to see you a moment ago.刚才有一个小孩来找你。

I got this tool in a shop.我在商店买的这件工具。

We need a car now.我们现在需要一辆车。

5)不定冠词用于某些词组。

a few 几个 a little 有点

She has a few friends in this city.她在这个城市中有几个朋友。

There is a little milk in the bottle.瓶子里有点牛奶。

定冠词的用法

1)定冠词特指某(些)人或某(些)事物, 以区别于同类中其他的人或事物。The bag in the desk is mine.桌子里的书包是我的。

Is this the book you are looking for?

这是你要找的书吗?

Do you know the man in back?

你知道穿黑色衣服的人是谁吗?

2)定冠词用来指上文中已提到过的人或事物。

I bought a book from Xinhua book-shop.The book costs 15 yuan.我从新华书店买了一本书.这本书值十五元。

I saw a film yesterday.The film was ended at eight o'clock.我昨天看了一场电影。电影八点钟结束的。

3)定冠词用于表示世界上独一无二的事物或用于自然界现象或方位名词之前。

the sun the moon the earth

the sky the world the winter night

The sun is bigger than the moon.太阳比月亮大。

I can see a bird in the sky.我能看到天空中有一只小鸟。

4)定冠词与单数名词连用,表示这一类人或物。

The dog is not too danger.狗不太危险。

The cat is an animal.猫是一种动物。

5)定冠词与某些形容词连用,使形容词名词化, 表示某一类人。the poor, the rich, the wounded, the sick, the deaf.The wounded were brought to the hospital.受伤者被送到了医院。

He always helps the poor.他经常帮助穷人。

The deaf can go to this special school.耳聋者可以进这所特殊学校上学。

6)用在序数词, 形容词最高级和表示方位的名词前。

This is the biggest city in China I have ever visited.这是我在中国参观的最大的城市。

I saw a plane coming from the east.我看见一架飞机从东方飞来。

He is the last one to help me.他不会来帮助我的。

7)定冠词用在演奏乐器的名称和文艺活动,运动场所的名称前。

The little girl likes to play the violin.小女孩喜欢拉小提琴。

They are going to the cinema tonight.他们今晚要去影院看电影。

The theater was on fire last week.剧院昨天着火了。

8)定冠词用在报刊,杂志的名称的名词之前。

I am reading the China Daily now.我现在正读中国日报。

Have you got the Evening Paper yet? 你拿到晚报了吗?

The Times is a foreign newspaper.泰晤士报是一家外国报纸。

The Peking Review is on the desk.北京周报在桌子上放着。

9)定冠词用在江河,海洋,山脉,群岛的名称之前。

We live near the Yellow River.我们住在黄河边上。

The Changjiang River is the biggest one in China.长江是中国最大的河。

The Himalayas is located in Tibet.喜马拉雅山位于西藏。

10)定冠词用在姓名复数之前,表示一家人。

The Greens is very kind to us.格林一家人待我们很好。

The Whites like the classic music.怀特一家喜欢古典音乐。

1)专有名词,抽象名词和物质名词之前一般不用冠词。

China is a largest country in the world.中国是世界上最大的国家。

I think water is a kind of food, too.我认为水也是一种食物。

Cotton feels soft.棉花摸起来柔软。

2)表示日常餐食名词之前不用冠词,但如果指具体的饮食时用定冠词 the。

It's time for breakfast.该吃早饭了。

What do you have for lunch?

你午饭吃点什么?

The dinner I had at that restaurant was expensive.我在那家饭店吃的饭很贵。

3)在季节,月份,星期,节日。球类运动,棋类游戏的名词之前不用冠词。

Summer is hot and winter is cold here.这儿夏天热冬天冷。

New Year's Day is coming.新年就要到啦。

Today is the first day of May.今天是五月的第一天。

We are going to play basketball this afternoon.今天下午我们要去打篮球。

We don't like bridge very much.我们不太喜欢桥牌。

4)语言的名称前不用冠词。

Can you speak English?

你会讲英语吗?

It's difficult to learn Chinese well.要学好中文很难。

Tom knows English but he doesn't know French.汤姆懂英语但不懂法语。

5)某些固定词组不用冠词。

by air, on foot, at night, after school, at home, go to class, in fact, from morning till night.I'm going to Chicago by air next week.下周我要乘飞机去芝加哥。

I go to school on foot.我步行去学校上学。

In fact, I don't know him at all.实际上,我一点也不认识他。

He is at home today.他今天在家。名词

A)、名词的数

我们知道名词可以分为可数名词和不可数名词,而不可数名词它没有复数形式,但可数名词却有单数和复数之分,复数的构成如下:

一)在后面加s。如:fathers, books, Americans, Germans, apples, bananas 二)x, sh, ch, s, tch后加es。如:boxes, glasses, dresses, watches, wishes, faxes

三)1)以辅音字母加y结尾的变y为i再加es 如:baby-babies, family-families, duty-duties, comedy-comedies, documentary-documentaries, story-stories

2)以元音字母加y结尾的直接加s。如:day-days, boy-boys, toy-toys, key-keys, ways

四)以o结尾加s(外来词)。如:radios, photos, 但如是辅音加o的加es:如: tomatoes西红柿, potatoes马铃薯

五)以f或fe结尾的变f为v再加es(s)。如:knife-knives, wife-wives, half-halves, shelf-shelves, leaf-leaves, yourself-yourselves

六)单复数相同(不变的)有:fish, sheep, deer鹿子, Chinese, Japanese

七)一般只有复数,没有单数的有:people,pants, shorts, shoes, glasses, gloves, clothes, socks

八)单词形式不变,既可以是单数也可以是复数的有:police警察局,警察, class班,同学, family家,家庭成员

九)合成的复数一般只加主要名词,多数为后一个单词。如:action movie-action movies, pen pal-pen pals;但如果是由man或woman所组成的合成词的复数则同时为复数。如:man doctor-men doctors, woman teacher-women teachers

十)有的单复数意思不同。如:fish鱼 fishes鱼的种类, paper纸 papers报纸,卷子,论文, work工作 works作品,工厂, glass玻璃 glasses玻璃杯,眼镜, orange桔子水 oranges橙子, light光线 lights灯, people人 peoples民族, time时间 times时代, 次数, chicken 鸡肉 chickens 小鸡

十一)单个字母的复数可以有两种形式直接加s或's。如:Is(I's), Ks(K's)。但如是缩略词则只加s。如:IDs, VCDs, SARs

十二)特殊形式的有:child-children, man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, mouse-mice, policeman-policemen, Englishman-Englishmen

B)名词的格

当我们要表示某人的什么东西或人时,我们就要使用所有格形式。构成如下:

一)单数在后面加's。如:brother's, Mike's, teacher's

二)复数以s结尾的直接在s后加',如果不是以s结尾的与单数一样处理。如:Teachers' Day教师节, classmates';Children's Day六一节, Women's Day三八节

三)由and并列的名词所有时,如果是共同所有同一人或物时,只加最后一个's,但分别拥有时却分别按单数形式处理。如:Mike and Ben's room迈克和本的房间(共住一间),Mike's and Ben's rooms迈克和本的房间(各自的房间)动词 A)第三人称单数

当动词是第三人称单数时,动词应该像名词的单数变动词那样加s,如下:

一)一般在词后加s。如:comes, spells, waits, talks, sees, dances, trains

二)在x, sh, ch, s, tch后加es。如:watches, washes, wishes, finishes

三)1)以辅音字母加y结尾的变y为i再加es。如:study-studies, hurry-hurries, try-tries

2)以元音字母加y结尾的直接加s。如:plays, says, stays, enjoys, buys

四)以o结尾加es。如:does, goes

五)特殊的有:are-is, have-has

B)现在分词

当我们说某人正在做什么事时,动词要使用分词形式,不能用原形,构成如下:

一)一般在后加ing。如:spell-spelling, sing-singing, see-seeing, train-training, play-playing, hurry-hurrying, watch-watching, go-going, do-doing

二)以不发音e的结尾的去掉e再加ing。如:dance-dancing, wake-waking, take-taking, practice-practicing, write-writing, have-having

三)以重读闭音节结尾且一个元音字母+一个辅音字母(注意除开字母组合如show –showing, draw-drawing)要双写最后的辅音字母再加ing。如:put-putting, run-running, get-getting, let-letting, begin-beginning

四)以ie结尾的变ie为y再加ing。如:tie-tying系 die-dying死 lie-lying 位于

1.形容词的级

我们在对两个或以上的人或物进行对比时,则要使用比较或最高级形式。构成如下:

一)一般在词后加er或est(如果是以e结尾则直接加r或st)。如:greater-greatest, shorter –shortest, taller –tallest, longer –longest, nicer-nicest, larger-largest

二)以重读闭音节结尾且1个元音字母+1个辅音字母(字母组合除外,如few-fewer fewest)结尾的双写结尾的辅音再加er /est。如:big-bigger biggest, red-redder reddest, hot-hotter hottest 三)以辅音字母+y结尾的变y为i加er/est。如:happy-happier happiest, sorry-sorrier sorriest, friendly-friendlier friendliest(more friendly most friendly), busy-busier busiest, easy-easier easiest

四)特殊情况:(两好多坏,一少老远)

good/wellmore most bad/ill – worse worst

little-less least old-older/elder oldest/eldest far-farther/further farthest/furthest

2.数词(基变序,有规则;一、二、三,自己背;五、八、九、十二;其它后接th;y结尾,变为i, eth跟上去。)

first, second, third;fifth, eighth, ninth, twelfth;seventh, tenth, thirteenth, hundredth;twenty-twentieth, forty-fortieth, ninety-ninetieth.Could you … ?(你 / 你们……好吗?)句型多用来表示请求,这里的 could 比 can 语气更加委婉、客气和有礼貌,肯定回答多为:OK / All right!/ Certainly!/ Of course.否定回答常是:

Sorry , I /

we can’t.(不用couldn’t)。如:

—Could you lend me your dictionary ?

—Of course.2.one 不仅可用作基数词表―一‖之意,也能用作代词替代前面所提可数名词中的―一个‖或代指―任何人‖。例:)One and two is three.一加二等于三。)I don’t have pens.Please give one to me.我没有钢笔,请给我一支。

3)One must love one’s country.任何人都必须爱国。.You’re welcome.用来回答对方的感谢时,相当于That’s OK./ that’s all right./ Not at all.。如:

—Thank you very much.— You’re welcome..too 这个副词作―太‖讲时通常修饰形容词或副词(放在其前);作―也‖讲时多位于句尾(其前用逗号隔开)。例:

1)Your bag is too big.你的包太大。

2)Your bag is big , too.你的包也大。.当名词前有定冠词、指示代词和物主代词修饰时,all习惯上放在这些限定词之前。例:all my books(我所有的书)。.the other 通常表示两者(部分)中的―另外那个(些)‖,而不带定冠词的 other 多用来泛指―另一些‖。试比较:)The twins are English.One is Lucy , the other is Lily.这对双胞胎是英国人,一个叫露西,另一个叫莉莉。)I have many friends.Some are teachers , others are police men.我有很多朋友,一些是教师,另一些是警察。.socks , shoes , trousers , glasses(眼镜)等表示两部分构成的整体东西的名词习惯上用复数形式,如果指―一双(副)‖,应用a pair of 短语修饰。例:

a pair of socks(一双短袜),a pair of glasses(一副眼镜)等。

A pair of shoes is under the bed.8.当询问―某人(物)怎么啦?‖时,句型常用 What’s wrong with … ? 这里的疑问词 what 不可受汉语的影响误用 how。例:

—What’s wrong with your kite ? 你的风筝怎么啦?

—It’s broken.它坏了。.worry 作及物动词用时其后习惯上只接人作宾语,意为―使……担心‖;worry 用作不及物动词其后能接人或物作宾语,但必须用介词 about,意为―担心……‖。例:

1)These apples worry me.这些苹果使我担心。

2)Don’t worry about my lessons.别担心我的功课。.tea , milk , bread , water , meat , rice 等物质名词均为不可数名词,此类名词无复数形式,其前不可用不定冠词、基数词、指示代词等直接修饰,若表示它们的数量,其前必须加―计量名词 + of ‖短

语。例:a bottle of orange(一瓶桔汁),two cups of tea(两杯茶)。

但是常可以用:two cups of tea = two teas 两杯茶.It’s time … 句型后接名词或代词时要用 for(介词),后接动词必须用 to(不定式符号),这里的主语 it 不可换用另的代词,且 time 前习惯上不用冠词。例:)It’s time for class.该上课了。)It’s time to play games.是做游戏的时候了。

注意:It is time for sb to do 该某人干…….something to eat(drink)意为―吃(喝)的东西‖,to eat(drink)为不定式作后置定语修饰不定代词 something。例:

We have something to eat now.现在我们有东西吃

不可数名词用法

不可以用数目来计算的名词称为不可数名词。学习不可数名词时,应注意以下几点:

不可数名词没有复数形式。如:some meat , some bread , 不可说 some meats , some breads。

不可数名词不能不定冠词 a , an 及数词修饰,但可用 some , any , much(许多),a lot of(许多),a little(一点)等直接修饰。如:我们不可以说a tea , two milk , 但可以说 some tea , much meat

不可数名词前通常用量词来表示具体的数。如:a glass of water , two cups of tea , five pieces of bread。需要注意的是:类似短语中的介词 of 不能省去,当数词大于“一”时,量词需要用复数形式。

不可数名词作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。例如:

These is some water in the bottle.瓶里有些水。

Is there any rice in the bag ? 袋子里有米吗?

若不可数名词前有复数数量词修饰时,谓语动词用复数形式。例如:

There are three bottles of orange on the table.桌上有三瓶桔汁。

试比较:There is some orange on the table.对不可数名词前的修饰语提问,疑问词用 how much。例如:

They want two cups of tea.→How much tea do they want ?

There is some milk in the glass.→How much milk is there is the glass ?

对不可数名词前量词部分的修饰语提问题,疑问词用 how many。例如:

They want two cups of tea.→How many cups of tea do they want ?

不可数名词表示特指时可用定冠词 the 修饰。例如:

The bread on the table is Li Lei's.桌上的面包是李磊的。

有些名词即可作可数名词,也可作不可数名词,但意思却大不相同。如:glass 作可数名词,意思是“玻璃杯”,作为不可数名词,意思是“玻璃”;room 作可数名词,意思是“房间”,作不可数名词,意思是“空间”。

I have many friends bread meat milk fish(面包)(肉)(牛奶)(鱼)

重点难词辨析

some 与 any之区别

some 和 any 都有“一些”的意思,都可作形容词、代词,可修饰或代替可数名词的复数形式或不可数名词,但两者用法不同。

一、some 一般用于肯定句中。例如:

I can see some flowers.我能直到一些花。

There is some milk in the glass.杯子里有一些牛奶。

二、any 一般用于否定句和疑问句中。例如:

— Can you see any bread on the table ? 你看到桌子上有面包吗?

—Yes , I can see some.是的,我看到一些。

—Can you see any girls in the picture ? 你能看到图画上的女孩吗?

—No , I can't see any.不,我一个也看不到。

三、some 可用于表示请求、邀请、希望得到肯定答复的一般疑问句中。例如: — Can you give me some bread ? 你能给我一些面包吗?

— Certainly.Here you are.当然可以,给你。

Would you like some bread ? 你想要些面包吗?

同学们,请看,Polly 给我们编出了一句顺口溜:

some 用于肯定句,疑问句、否定用 any,请求、邀请与期待,仍用 some 代 any。

do you like 与 would you like

Do you like … ? 意为“你喜欢……吗?”“你爱……吗?”等,是提问者问对方习惯上喜爱什么,并不指目前一时爱好。其后常跟或 doing 结构作宾语。例:

Do you like meat ? 你喜欢吃肉吗?

Do you like playing basketball ? 你喜欢打篮球吗?

其肯定回答为 Yes , I do.;否定回答为 No.I don't.。

Would you like … ? 意为 “你想要……吗?”“你愿意……吗?”,指说话人委婉地向对方提出请求或建议,是指目前的情况,其后常跟名词或 to do 结构作宾语。例:

Would you like some apples ? 你卢吃一些苹果吗?

Would you like to have a cup of tea ?你想喝杯茶吗?

其肯定回答是 Yes , please.或 Yes , I'd like / love to.;否定回答是 No , thanks./ thank you.或 Yes , I'd like to , but … 等。例:

A : Would you like a bottle of orange ?

B : Yes , please./ No , thanks.would like 还可缩写为 'd like。例:

I'd like to have a cup of tea.幽默趣赏

1.Tom's Answer

Tom : Dad , black hens are more clever than white hens , aren't they ?

Dad : How do you know it , Tom ?

Tom : Well , black hens can lay white eggs , but white hens can't lay black eggs.汤姆的回答

汤姆:爸爸,黑母鸡比白母鸡聪明,不是吗 ?

爸爸:你是怎么知道的,汤姆 ?

汤姆:喏,黑母鸡能下白色的蛋,而白母鸡不能下黑色的蛋。

2.The Red Ink

Bob : Mum , I'm making a picture of my father.Where is the red ink ?

Mum : What do you want to do with the red ink ?

Bob : I'll colour his nose red.红墨水

鲍勃:妈妈,我正在画一张爸爸的像,红墨水在哪里 ?

妈妈:你用红墨水干什么 ?

鲍勃:我要把他的鼻子着成红色。

3.A dishonest cat 一只不诚实的猫

There lives a cat in the country.It likes telling lies , so that it glosses over its mistakes.在乡下,有一只猫,它喜欢说谎,以便掩盖自己的过失。

When it catches a rat , the rat gets away.It says , “ You are too thin.I won't catch you until you become fat.”

它捉老鼠时,老鼠逃跑了。它说:“你太瘦了,等你肥了我再捉你。”

It climbs up a tree to catch birds , the birds flies away , and it falls off the tree.It says again: “ You are too small.I won't catch you until you become big.” 它爬树去捉鸟,鸟儿飞走了。它从树上下来又说:“你太小了,等你长大了我再抓你。” 英语语法典型例题及解析

(1)根据所设情景选择最佳答案。如: 1.— ______ ? — It's eight thirty.A.How old is your sister B.What class are you in C.What's the time , please D.What number is your car 2.当你有事想问别人,应先说声:______.A.Excuse me B.I'm sorry C.Hello D.OK(2)根据对话情景,补全对话。如: Kate : Hi , Jim.(1)? Jim : Fine , thank you.And you ? Kate : I'm fine , too.(2)? Jim : Very well , thanks Kate :(3)? Jim : Class Four.Kate :(4)? Jim : Room Five.Kate : Oh , I see.A.Which is here classroom B.How is your sister C.How are you today D.What class is she in 解答“情景交际”题首先要清楚所设的情景是哪一类交际项目;其次要清楚在哪种情景下该说什么话,该如何表达自己的思想;还要清楚上下文情景的关系。

具体题还要具体对待。上面题型(1)中的第2小题,直接选A就行了。而第1小题就必须先辨别A、B、C、D四个选项各是什么意思,然后看答句的表达形式,才能依据交际常识判断是C。第(2)小题的一组对话设计了四个问句,这样的题则要根据上下文的内容和交际习惯,与对话一一对应。

选完后一定要默默读上两遍,细心体会一下语感,认真检查一下有无疏漏,最后确定。如果试题有图片,要善于利用图片上的信息,帮助答题,要善于从情景中悟出“天机”。

交际英语讲练

问候(Greetings)1.“How are you ? ”“______” A.How do you do ? B.How are you ? C.I'm fine , thank you.D.What do you do ? 介绍(Introductions)2.— Li Ping , ______.— Nice to meet you , Zhang Hong.A.that's my friend , Zhang Hong B.this is Zhang Hong C.she is Zhang Hong D.I introduce Zhang Hong to you 3.“Nice to meet you.”“_______” A.Is that so ? B.I've got a cough.C.Yes , do please.D.Nice to meet you , goo.打电话(Making telephone calls)4.“Hello , 5847552.”“Hi!_____” A.Are you Linda ? B.Who are you ? C.I am David.D.Is that Linda speaking ? 5.— This is John speaking.Who is that ? — _____ A.This is Bill.B.I am Bill.C.You are Bill.D.Where is bill ? 6.— Could I speak to headmaster ? — ______ please.A.Hold on for a moment B.Speak loudly C.He is at work D.What's wrong ? 7.A : Hello!Could I speak to Miss Grey , please ? B : ______ A.I'm Miss Grey.B.Yes , you could.C.SPeaking.D.Who are you ? 答案与简析:.C。“How are you ? ”是熟人之间常用的客套招呼语,答语常用 “Fine , thank you.”或“Very well , thank you.”表示问候的用语还有“Good morning / afternoon / evening.Hello / Hi.”等,答语须重复原话。.B。介绍某人,常用句型“This is...”。自我介绍则用“My name is...”或“I'm...”。3.D。“Nice to meet you.”一般在两人初次见面被互相介绍后使用,其答语为“Nice to meet you , too.”。“How do you do ? ”和“Glad to meet you.”也属于介绍用语。4.D。打电话时,欲问对方是谁,应说“Who is that(speaking)? ”。5.A。打电话时,欲说“我是……”,应说“This is...”。.A。接电话时,若想请对方别挂断或稍等,应说“Hold on(for a moment), please.”。7.C。接电话时,若你正是对方要找的人,可说“请讲”(Speaking.);若对方要找的人不在,可说“He / She isn't here right now.Can I take a message for you ? ”。

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