精诚英语翻译专业资料翻译案例

第一篇：精诚英语翻译专业资料翻译案例

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1.测量专业目标控制

**E区块至**原油管道项目详细勘测阶段测量专业涉及线路控制、中线、固定桩测量、带状地形图、站场、阀室、定向钻穿越、勘探点等测量工作。测量专业目标控制为：建立测量专业的进度、质量、造价体系，利用事前控制、事中控制、事后控制的监理程序和手段，有效实施测量专业的进度、质量、投资控制。

2.实行全过程的质量控制

2.1参与图纸汇审和设计交底，熟悉文件设计要求，参与控制点交桩、接桩。2.2工程开工前，依据合同和相应的文件要求，审查承包商提交与测量工程技术和管理文件，确定文件的符合性、施测的可行性以及人员资质、设备、工序工期的合理性，提出审查意见。

2.3对控制测量、中线断面测量、线路测量、穿越测量、各单体地形测量的符合性进行跟踪、确认、检查。

2.4检查承包商测绘质量管理体系运行的有效性。2.5监理巡视检查及时、到位、有效。

2.6加强关键部位、主要环节、重点工序质量检查，进行旁站监理。2.7发现问题时，签发监理工程师通知单指令承包商采取纠正及整改措施，跟踪整改情况，保证测量各阶段成果质量。

2.8参与监理部或业主主持的有关工程技术的会议,参与解决工程建设中的重大工程技术难题，参与验证采用的新技术、新方法。

2.9对工程施工中遇到的重大技术问题和事宜提出建议或意见，答复承包商提出的技术建议和意见，向总监提供专题报告。3.投资控制

3.1经监理人员质量检验满足规定的技术要求后，对合同约定的项目进行核实，搞好计量工作。

3.2对承包商提出的工程变更和工程结算进行初审。3.3 主动提出合理化的建议。

4．HSE 健康、安全、环境管理

HSE方面按监理部的统一要求执行,确保人身、设备、饮食、住宿和车辆等安全：4.1督促承包商做好HSE制度的制定和落实；

4.2督促承包商测量人员做好HSE措施的制定和落实； 4.3督促承包商做好安全应急预案、紧急救援等方面的工作。

5.进度控制

5.1根据合同有关条款及经过批准的进度控制方案，对进度目标进行风险分析，制定防范性对策。

5.2根据工程进度要求，严格督促承包商按合同计划进行，并采用周报、月报等措施与通过跟踪检查及时掌握各个阶段的实际进度情况

5.3编制进度检查计划，经常检查实际进度是否按原计划要求进行，如有偏差，则分析产生偏差的原因，采取补救措施或调整，修改原计划，直至工程勘测完毕，确保勘测项目进度目标的实现。

5.4做好监理检查记录、监理日志等记录。

5.5定期向总监提供测量专业工作周报、月报、专项报告。

6.成果资料检查验收

6.1对承包商测量资料成果资料的编制进行检查、指导。

6.2实施各单项、工序构成的质量检查、验收和质量评定，并提交报告。6.3对分期交工资料进行检查、验收和质量评定，并提交报告。

6.4对项目完工资料进行检查、验收和质量评定，提交测量工程项目实施的评价总结报告。

6.5做好资料文件、电子文档的保密信息工作。

6.6参加勘测项目测量成果验收，参与测量桩位、成果资料移交。6.7根据PDCA循环，不断提高监理水平。

第二篇：英语翻译资料

英语翻译资料

Try your hands(小试牛刀)

 不同的人喜欢不同的音乐。

 老年人喜欢古典音乐，年轻人喜欢流行音乐。

 1.Different people like different music. 2.The old like classical music. 3.The young like popular music. 思考: 重复的表达是什么？话题是人还是音乐？

 People’s music preferences vary a lot.Classical music appeals to the elderly;whereas popular music caters to the young.Variations for “喜欢”

 like

 enjoy

 prefer

 favor

 be in favor of

 be fond of

 be crazy about

 be keen on

……

 to one’s taste

 cater to

 appeal to

Variations for “我认为”

 I think…?

 I believe/ argue/ insist/ claim/maintain/hold/ deem/ As I see it,/ In my opinion,/ From my point of view,/ As to me,/ As for me,/ As regards me,/ When it comes to me,/As far as I am concerned,…

Homework: variations

 我们必须（应该）

 We should(must, have to……）

 We are supposed to do sth. We are obliged to do sth. We are compelled(forced)to do sth. Necessity compels us to do sth. It is necessary for us to do sth. It is essential(primary)for us to do sth. It is our task(duty, job)for us to do sth. It is advisable for us to do sth.Unit 1: Text A1.Concentrate!Top students allow no interruptions of their study time.Once the books are open, phone calls go unanswered, TV unwatched and newspapers unread.“This doesn’t mean ignoring important things in your life,” Amanda explains.“It means planning your study time so

that you can concentrate.If I’m worried about a sick friend, I call her before I start my homework.Then when I sit down to study, I can really focus.”

Question

 Variations for the same idea（专心致志）

1.concentrate

2.allow no interruption

3.go unanswered/unwatched/unread

4.ignore any other things

5.focus

6.direct one’s attention toward/on sth.Variations for fluent English

尖子学生学习时不允许别人打扰。

 1.Top students don’t allow others to interrupt them when they study.2.Top students allow no interruption of their study time

Language Points

Examples: 1）没有听到孩子的哭声。

Nobody heard the baby’s cry.The baby’s cry went unheard.2)没有人参加婚礼。

Nobody attended the meeting.The wedding went unattended.3)桌子上所有的书没有一个人动。

Nobody touched the books.All the books on the table went untouched.XI.Complete the following sentences after the model.1.So many people went to the meeting that Tom’s absence(缺席)_____________.(notice)went unnoticed

2.That is not to say that the crime will______________.(punish)(逍遥法外，天网恢恢，疏而不漏)go unpunished

3.We must not allow any of our mistakes to ____________.(correct)(听之任之）Go uncorrected

4.It’s especially rewarding to give praise in areas in which effort generally ___________or _______________.(notice, mention)（默默无闻的人们）

go unnoticedgo unmentioned

5.Police are worded that many crimes_______________.(report)

（没有保案）go unreported

 Only the thought of his mother gave him the strength to go on doing it. 他想起了母亲，才鼓足了勇气继续干下去。

 The want of his family had kept him from school, and he seemed to feel the loss. 他因家境贫寒失学，似乎感到了失学之苦。

 Careful comparison of them will show you the differences. 你只消仔细比较一下，就会发现不同。









 The morning sun greeted us as we came out on deck.登上甲板，我们便见到了一轮旭日。He gave up all the hope when the appearance of a distant sail candled his hope of rescue.他绝望了，正在此时，他看到了远方的帆影，点燃了绝处逢生的希望。Thus the gathering dark often finds me hastening home in a hurrying crowd.It is the longing

to be home that quickens my step.于是，暮色中匆匆的人群里，总有我赶路的身影，只盼着早些回家。

 Wisdom prepares for the worst;but folly leaves the worst for the day it comes.[译文] 聪明人防患于未然，愚蠢者临渴掘井。

 如The absence of intelligence is an indication of satisfactory developments.(= No news is

good news.没有消息就是好消息。）

 1.I would not believe what he said. 他的话，我可不信。

 2.I did not remember a single point discussed at the meeting.会上讲了什么，我一点没记住

 3.I know Mr.Wang.王先生我认识。

4.He is the best singer.唱歌，他是最棒的 在我的后园，可以看见墙外有两株树，一株是枣树，还有一株也是枣树。《秋夜》--鲁

迅

 In our backyard, there stood two trees;one was a Chinese jujube, the other a Chinese jujube

too. In our backyard, there stood two Chinese jujubes

 今天晚上，很好的月光。《狂人日记》--鲁迅

The moon is extremely bright tonight.1.Even if the monk can run away, his temple cannot run with him.跑得了和尚，跑不了庙。

2.Even if I were to be beaten to death, I will not tell.打死我也不说。

3.Modesty helps one go forward, whereas conceit makes one lag behind.谦虚使人进步，骄傲使人落后。

4.If winter comes, can spring be far behind?

冬天来了，春天还会远吗？

5.We will not attack unless we are attacked.人不犯我，我不犯人。

I knew my command of English was my asset, for I might make a deal with a pianist who

would give me access to his piano in exchange for English lessons.我懂英语，我知道这是我的本钱，我可以和有钢琴的人 进行互助，我教他英语他教

我钢琴。

对比提高

 一个英国人，不会说中国话，有一次在中国旅行。

 There was an Englishman.He could not speak Chinese.He was once traveling in China. An Englishman who could not speak Chinese was once traveling in China.汉语重意合，疏放流散

 我们过了江，进了车站。我买票，他忙着照看行李。（朱自清《背影》)

 We entered the railway station after crossing the River.While I was at the booking office

buying a ticket, father saw to my luggage. We crossed the Yangtze and arrived at the station, where I bought a ticket while he saw to my

luggage. 1.As the weather was fine, we decided to climb the mountain.（由于）天气很好，我们决定去爬山。

 2.My sister was expecting me, so I had to go now.我妹妹在等我，我得走了。

 3.A body in motion remains in motion at a constant speed in a straight line unless acted upon

by an external force.没有外力的作用，运动的物体就连续做匀速直线运动。

4.We knew spring was coming as we had seen a robin.我们看见了一只知更鸟，知道春天快要到了。

The boy, who was crying as if his heart would break, said, when I spoke to him, that he was very hungry because he had had no food for two days.[参考译文] 男孩哭得心都快碎了，当我问及他时，他说饿极了，有两天没吃了。

1.The moon is so far from the earth that even if huge trees were growing on the mountains and elepants were walking about, we could not see them through the most powerful telescopes which have been invented. 月球离地球非常遥远，即使那边山上长着大树，有大象在跑来跑去，我们用已经发明的最高倍率的望远镜也不能看到它们。

2.Upon his death in 1826, Jefferson was buried under a stone which described him as he had wished to be remembered as the author of the Declaration on Independence and the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom and the father of the University of Virginia.1826年杰斐逊逝世。按他生前遗愿，在他墓地的石碑上刻着：独立宣言和弗吉尼亚州信教自由法令的作者，弗吉尼亚大学创建人之墓。

 让世界了解中国，让中国走向世界。

Let the other people of the rest of the world know China.Let China make close contact with the rest of the world. No one is satisfied with his favoritism in his work.[译文1] 没有人对他在工作中的偏爱感到满意。

[译文2] 对他在工作中表现出来的徇私作风谁都感到不满意。

 1.A son, a job and housekeeping forced romance out.有了儿子，又要工作，又要做家务，就不能卿卿我我了。

 2.But there had been too much publicity about my case.但我的事现在已经搞得满城风雨、人人皆知了。

 3.The complexity of the human situation and the injustice of the social order demand far

more fundamental changes in the basic structure of society itself than some politicians are willing to admit in their speeches.和有些政客们在演讲中愿意公开承认的事实相比，人类生

存状态和社会不公正现象目前已经非常复杂，这种复杂性

要求社会结构进行根本性改革。

4.With the credit card it is unnecessary to carry large amounts of cash and are always useful in emergencies.有了这种信用卡，就无需随身携带大量现金，而且在急需

用钱时非常有用。

 1.They, not surprisingly, did not respond at all.他们根本没有答复，这是不足为奇的。

 2.Incidentally, I hope to get better medical treatment in these countries than I can possibly

get here in the United States.顺便提一下，与我在美国所能得到的治疗相比，我希望能在这些国家得到更好的治疗。 3.The Chinese seemed justifiably proud of their economic achievements.中国人似乎为他们在经济上取得的成绩而自豪，这是合乎情理的。

4.She sat with her hands cupping her chin, staring at a corner of the kitchen.她坐在那儿双手托着下巴，眼睛凝视着小厨房的一角。

1.Admittance Free

免票入场

2.Out of Bounds

游客止步

3.No Admittance Except on Business

闲人免进

4.Danger of Death – High Voltage!

高压（电），生命危险

 6.With determination, with luck, and with the help from lots of good people, I was able to

rise from the ashes. 7.The Universe is not rich enough to buy the vote of an honest man. 8.It seems that a very difficult decision now faces him. 9.Anger and bitterness covered upon me for weeks. 6.凭着我的决心、我的运气，还有许多善良人们的帮助，我终于得以东山再起。 7.即使你用天下所有的财富也收买不了一个正直人的选票。

 8.他好像面临着困难的抉择。

 9.几周来我一直感到生气和伤心。

第三篇：专业英语翻译

1)Electricity can be measured in amount and quality.电可以用数量和质量来度量。

2)Instrument transformers are installed on the high-voltage equipment.互感器安装在高压设备上。

3)Electric power is generated in power generating stations or plants.电能是在发电站或发电厂产生的。

4)The meters are calibrated and the scale is designed to read the value of the desired unit.这些仪表可以被校准并且设计了不同的量程，以便读出期望的数值。

5)Electrical energy can be stored in two metal plates separated by an insulation medium.Such a device is called a capacitor, and its ability to store electrical energy is termed capacitance.It is measured in Farads.电能可以储存在被一绝缘介质隔开的两块金属板中，这样的装置被称为电容器，它储存电能的能力就被称为电容。电容的测量单位是法拉。1)The signal should be filtered before it is amplified.The signal should be filtered before being amplified.放大信号前，应先对其进行滤波。

2)An object becomes hot.It is placed in the sun.Once being placed in the sun, an object becomes hot.物体放置在太阳下会变热。

3)We must do various experiments before a new electronic product is designed.Before designing a new electronic product we must do various experiments.在设计一个新的电子产品之前，我们必须做各种实验。

4)Changing resistance is a method for controlling the flow of the current.改变电阻是控制电流的一种方法。

5)Conducting electricity means the flow of electrons through an object.传导电流意味着电子在物体内的流动。

1)The power supply, which is shown in block-diagram in Fig.1, is a single-phase switch-mode inverter.The power supply shown in block-diagram in Fig.1 is a single-phase switch-mode inverter.图1中用框图表示的电源是一个单相开关逆变器。

2)A three-phase circuit, as it was pointed out above, is merely a combination of three single-phase circuits.A three-phase circuit, as pointed out above, is merely a combination of three single-phase circuits.正如上面所指出的那样，三相电路只不过是三个单相电路的组合。

3)The transistor, which is working with correctly polarities, can work as an amplifier.The transistor working with correctly polarities can work as an amplifier.工作于正确电源极性下的晶体管，作用就像放大器。

1）The capacity of individual generators is larger and larger so that the increasing demand of electric power is satisfied.The capacity of individual generators is larger and larger to satisfy the increasing demand of electric power.单台发电机的容量越来越大，目的就是满足不断增长的用电需求。2)What does a fuse do? It protects a circuit.The function of a fuse is to protect a circuit.保险的作用就是保护电路。1)If it is possible, the open-loop control approach should be used in this system.If possible, the open-loop control approach should be used in this system.可能的话，这个系统应该使用开环控制方法。

2)As illustrated in Fig.1, there is a feedback element in the closed-loop system.As in Fig.1, there is a feedback element in the closed-loop system.就像图1所示的那样，这个闭环系统中有一个反馈元件。

3)The device includes an instrument transformation and a relay system which has two circuits in it.The device includes an instrument transformation and a

relay system with two circuits in it.这个装置包括一个互感器和一个有两个电路的继电器系统。

1)It has been mentioned above that the electrons in a metal

are able to move freely through the metal, that their motion constitutes an electric current in the metal and that they play an important part in conduction of heat.前面已经提到：金属中电子能自由地通过金属，电子的移动在金属中形成了电流，电子在热传导中起着重要的作用。

2)The reluctance motor operates synchronously at a speed which is determined by the supply frequency and the number of poles for which the stator is wound.磁阻电动机以某一速率同步运转，该速率是由电源频率和定子绕制的级数决定的。

3)The testing of a cross-field generator will be described in this section with chief reference to the tests that are normally taken on every machine before it leaves the makers works.交磁发电机的试验将在本节中叙述，它主要涉及每台电机在离开制造厂前应进行的试验。1)All radiant energies have wavelike characteristics, which are analogous to those of waves moving through water.All radiant energies have wavelike characteristics analogous to those of waves moving through water.所有的辐射能都具有波的特性，与水中移动的波的特征相似。

2)The instruments present include some digital ones which are relative to DSPs.The instruments present include some digital ones relative to DSPs.到场的仪器中还有一些与DSP有关的数字仪器。

1.As the system expands and higher voltage levels become necessary for transmission, the older transmission lines are often relegated to subtransmission function.随着系统的扩大和更高的电压等级为输电所必需，旧的输电线路往往被移交给中压输电功能。

1.Roughly, the capability of lines of the same length varies at a rate somewhat greater than the square of the voltage.粗略的讲，长度相同的线路的容量，以比电压的平方略大的比率变化。

2.No definite capability can be specified for a line of a given voltage, however, because capability is dependent on the thermal limits of the conductor, allowable voltage drop, reliability, and requirements for maintaining synchronism between the machines of the system, which is known as stability.然而，无法为给定电压等级的线路指定确切的容量，这是因为容量取决于导线的发热极限、允许的电压降落、可靠性和维持系统中的发电机同步的要求（这被认为是稳定性）。

1.Capacitance exists between the conductors and is the charge on the conductors per unit of potential difference between them.电容存在于导体之间，等于导体上的电荷（电量）与导体间的电势差之比。或：电容存在于导体之间，等于导体之间单位电压对应的电量。“A per unit of B” 表示 “单位B上的A” 或者“A/B”。

2.Balance of the three phases can be restored by exchanging the positions of the conductors at regular intervals along the line so that each conductor occupies the original position of every other conductor over an equal distance, as shown in Fig.3.1.如图3.1所示，沿线路方向每隔一定间隔就交换导线位置，使每根导线都能占据具有相同输电距离的其他各导线的初始位置，以重建三相平衡。

Electrical energy can be stored in two metal plates separated by an insulating medium.Such a device is called capacitor or condenser.Its ability to store electrical energy is capacitance.It is measured in farads 电能可储存在由一绝缘介质隔开的两块金属极板内。这样的装置称之为电容器，其储存电能的能力称为电容。电容的测量单位是法拉。

1.Small industrial customers are supplied by primary feeders at this voltage level from the primary system, which also supplies the distribution transformers providing secondary voltages over single-phase three-wire circuits for residential and commercial customers at 120 V/240 V.小型工业用户由一次系统中此电压等级的一次馈线供电。一次系统也给经过单相三线电路为居民用电和商业用户提供120V/240V二次电压的配电变压器供电。

2.As illustrated in Fig.6.1, the aggregated load represented at a transmission substation(bus A)usually includes, in addition to the connected load devices, the effects of substation step-down transformers…

如图6.1所示，在输电变电站（母线A）所给出的集合负荷，除了所连接的负荷设备以外，通常还包括变电站降压变压器的影响……。

1.Roughly, loads are devices those consume electric energy or electric power consumed by customers mainly in distribution system.粗略的讲，负荷是主要在配电网中消耗电能的设备或者由用户消耗的功率。

2.The loads absorb electric energy from the power system and converts it into energy of other forms, which may be heat energy to heat water or to melt irons, or mechanical energy to drive a machine, etc.负荷从电力系统中吸收电能，并将其转换为其他形式的能量，可能是烧水或溶化钢铁的热能，或者是驱动机器的机械能等。

3.This kind of loads, especially those consume energy calculated by standard coals more over 10 thousands of tons per year, has a name of high energy consuming loads.这种负荷，尤其是那些年耗能万吨标准煤以上的负荷，被称为高耗能负荷。

1.The synchronous machine as an AC generator driven by a

turbine is the device which converts mechanical energy to electrical energy, in powers ranging up to 1500MW.作为由涡轮机驱动的交流发电机，同步电机是将机械能转化为电能的设备，其功率范围高达1500MW。

1.Hydropower plants can cause low dissolved oxygen levels in the water, a problem that is harmful to riverbank habitats.水电厂会导致水中的氧气溶解度降低——（这是）一个对岸边生存环境有害的问题。

2.For instance, in the United States, water power accounts for less than 20% of the total and that percentage will drop because most of the available sources of water power have been developed.例如，在美国，水电在全部电力中所占的比例不到20%，并且，因为大多数可用的水电资源已被开发，该百分数还会下降。

1.Most stations have ratings between 200 MW and 1500 MW so as to attain the high efficiency and economy of a large installation.大多数电站的额定值在200MW到1500MW之间，以实现大站的高效经济（运行）。

2.Thermal stations are usually located near a river or lake because large quantities of cooling water are needed to condense the steam as it exhausts from the turbines.热电厂通常位于河流或湖泊附近，这是因为需要大量的冷却水在蒸汽从汽轮机排出时将其冷凝。

1.Nuclear plants fueled by uranium account for a continually increasing share of the load, but their construction is slow and uncertain because of the difficulty of raising capital to meet the sharply rising cost of construction, constantly increasing safety requirements which cause redesign, public opposition to the operation of the plants, and delays in licensing.Flowing through a circuit, the current will lose part of it energy.当电流流过电路时，要损耗掉一部分能量。（现在分词短语作状语）

Doing experiment is of great help to us.做实验对我们的学习是很有帮助的。（动名词作主语）By changing the resistance，we can change the current.通过改变电阻，我们就能改变电流。（动名词作介宾）Mechanization is using machines instead of hand labor.机械化就是用机器来代替手工劳动。（动名词作表语）

When an electric current flow through a wire it meets some opposition.当电流流过导线时，它会遇到某种阻力。（状语从句）

Before one studies a system, it is necessary to define and discuss some important terms.在我们学习系统之前，必须定义并讨论一些重要的术语。（状语从句）It is possible that we use a computer to solve these complicated problem.我们可以用计算机来解这些复杂的题目。（表语从句）

You should determine which of the following functions is analytic.你应当确定下列函数中哪一个是解析式。（宾语从句）The fact is that radio waves travel as fast as light does.事实是无线电波的传播速度与光速一样快。（表语从句）The places where small computers can be used appear endless.可以使用小型计算机的场合似乎是无止境的。（定语从句）The instrument that we often use is very good in quality.我们经常使用的那台仪器质量很好。（定语从句）

The places where small computers can be used appear endless.可以使用小型计算机的场合似乎是无止境的。（定语从句）The instrument that we often use is very good in quality.我们经常使用的那台仪器质量很好。（定语从句）

Now we can determine where the slope is zero.现在我们可以求出何处斜率为零。（宾语从句）This is how a computer works.这就是计算机的工作原理。（宾语从句）Electrons always move toward where the potential is higher.电子总是朝向电位较高的地方移动。（介宾从句）

The fact that everything around us is matter is known to all.我们周围的一切东西均是物质这一事实是大家都知道的。（同位语从句）Section 2 Exercise 3

Section 3 Exercise3 必须强调的是线性电阻器是一个理想的电路元件；它是物理元件的数学模型。我们可以很容易地买到或制造电阻器，但很快我们发现这种物理元件只有当电流、电压或者功率处于特定范围时其电压——电流之比才是恒定的，并且这个比值也取决于温度以及其它环境因素。我们通常应当把线性电阻器仅仅称为电阻器。只有当需要强调元件性质的时候才使用更长的形式称呼它。

而对于任何非线性电阻器我们应当始终这么称呼它，非线性电阻器不应当必然地被视为不需要的元件。

Section 4 Exercise 3 如果一个电路有两个或多个独立源，求出具体变量值（电流或电压）的一种方法是使用节点分析法或网孔分析法。另一种方法是求出每个独立源对变量的作用然后把它们进行叠加。而这种方法被称为叠加法。叠加法原理表明线性电路某个元件两端的电压（或流过元件的电流）等于每个独立源单独作用时该元件两端的电压（或流过元件的电流）的代数和。Section 5 Exercise 3 相电压与相电流之比等于电路的阻抗，符号为字母Z，阻抗是一个具有量纲为欧姆的复数量。阻抗不是一个相量，因此不能通过把它乘以

并取其实部把它转换成时域形式。但是，我们把电感器看作是通过其电感量L表现为时域形式而通过其阻抗

表现为频域形式，电容在时域里为电容量C而在频域里为

，阻抗是某种程度上的频域变量而非时域变量。

Section 6 Exercise 3

第四篇：专业英语翻译

介绍

硒(Se)是一个对人类和动物而言很重要的微量营养素,但是Se毒性和Se缺乏发生在世界不同的地方(弗兰肯伯格和本森,1994)。硒能提高活动的自由羟基自由基(OH-)导致高氧化应激损害生物(赵et al,200

8)。Se这种基本的或有毒的特性在生物中不仅取决于其浓度状况,而且也在于其直接影响吸收和生物利用度的化合物(米凯尔森et al，1989;伦茨et al，2008)。在水系统中硒酸盐和亚硒酸盐是主要的物质(雅各布斯,1989),然而,亚硒酸盐很容易吸附于土壤矿物质，所以高浓度的硒酸盐是工业废水污染水域中主要的硒化合物。

铝、铁、硅氧化物是普遍存在于地球地壳的矿物，他们通常被用于除去水中污染物,因为铝和铁氧化物具有较高的表面积和零点电荷(i.e,86范围内，在Al(III)/SiO2 中的亚硒酸盐吸附受电解

质浓度影，这并不表示pH值的增长。Hayes博士(1987年)增加报道,亚硒酸盐吸附在吸附剂、针铁矿(a-FeOOH)，形成一个内球体复合体，硒酸盐形成一个弱外球体，然后硒酸盐在吸附剂会受在电子双层理论上易溶效应的影响。图2显示在Al(III)/SiO2体系中，用Al(III)/SiO2比Fe(III)/SiO2对硒酸盐的和亚硒酸盐除去效率更大。当基本溶液添加到Al(III)/SiO2体系中,铝和二氧化硅形成配合物以增加二氧化硅带负电荷表面的吸附地方。因此一个Ph=5.0和0.01M电解质溶液被选作等温、动力学、和吸附实验。

3.2.2吸附等温线

为了探讨吸附能力，一系列的亚硒酸盐和硒酸盐溶液和在pH=5下用24h准备的两个二元氧化物进行振荡。吸附数据通过Langmuir 等温线装备好（r 2> 0.858,P < 0.01(n=7))(图

3、表2)。相关系数表明Langmuir等温线模型适用于通过二元氧化系统来描述亚硒酸盐和硒酸盐的吸附平衡。拟合数据显示，分别地由Al(III)/SiO2吸收硒酸盐和亚硒酸盐的最大吸附容量(Qmax)是32.7和11.3毫克/克，由Fe(III)/SiO2吸收硒酸盐和亚硒酸盐的 Qmax是 20.4和2.4毫克/克。就硒物种的吸附能力考虑, Al(III)/SiO2和Fe(III)/SiO2似乎比粗铝或铁氧化物涂层砂高得多(Lo和Chen,1997，Kuan et al,1998)。两个二元氧化物系统可以归于微粒增加了硒物种和吸附剂接触。

在两个二元氧化物系统中亚硒酸的吸附能力比硒酸盐的高，这和基于第一个酸度常数来区分各种阴离子亲和力的结果是一致的(Hayes,1987，Hayes et al,1988)。亚硒酸盐的化学特性和几何结构类似于磷酸盐,而硒酸盐是类似于硫酸盐(Hayes 1987，wijnja和Schulthess,2000)，两个二元氧化物系统对亚硒酸盐的吸附大于硒酸盐。

对亚硒酸盐和硒酸盐吸附而言，Al(III)/SiO2体系相比Fe(III)/SiO2体系显示了一个更大的容量，来源于Al(III)/SiO2体系对硒含氧阴离子有更多的正电荷造成的高亲和力(图1)。铁颗粒在二氧化硅上的沉淀物不能增加任何吸附地方，二氧化硅的带负电荷的表面增加了硒含氧阴离子和二氧化硅之间的排斥力。因此，Al(III)/SiO2对硒的Qmax高于Fe(III)/SiO2的(表2)。至于二元氧化物系统吸附亚硒酸盐和硒酸盐的机制,之前的光谱研究表明,硒的吸附是铝-和铁氧化物形成内球面配合物的配位体与羟基在矿物表面交换(Peak,2006)。为了研究吸附过程的机制,我们使样品遭受到二元氧化物系统吸附的硒的XANES和EXAFS光谱。

3.3吸附动力学

描述溶质吸附率的吸附动力学控制吸附反应的停留时间是一个决定吸附效率的重要特征。图.4表明两个二元氧化物系统在不同的时间间隔和伪二级动力学模型的仿真显示了硒的吸附数据。二元氧化物系统吸附亚硒酸盐和硒酸盐的伪平衡方法比那些在铝或铁涂料石英沙更为迅猛(Lo and Chen,1997，Kuan et al,1998)。对在Al(III)/SiO2 and Fe(III)/SiO2上的亚硒酸盐，2 h的接触会使95%的亚硒酸盐被完全除去，吸附也会接近平衡(图4a)。个别的硒酸盐去除百分比可以达到99，在Al(III)/SiO2和Fe(III)/SiO2中30分钟可以除去96%，吸附也接近平衡(图4b)。两个二元氧化物系统的更大的表面地区和更小的颗粒尺寸提高吸附反应的概率。已安装的动力学数据零、第一、伪第二、二阶，抛物线，Elovich模型，评估r2和假定值，总安装数据没有显示。这个伪二阶动力学模型是最好的模型去描述二元氧化系统的动力学数据。表3表明显示了通过t/qt的图形从伪二级动力学模型得到确切系数(r2)和其他参数来确定V0和qeq所有的媒体价值。这个伪二阶模型很好的符合了两个二元氧化物的系统运动数据(r2 > 0.999,P < 0.001,n=18)。亚硒酸盐在Al(III)/SiO2上的最初的吸附率是6.25mg/gh，少于硒酸盐的(57.5mg/gh)，在Fe(III)/SiO2上的亚硒酸盐和硒酸盐的比例为8.36比4.89mg/gh。数据显示，对硒酸盐Al(III)/SiO2具有更高的亲和力，在Fe(III)/SiO2上对硒酸盐的吸附能力大于亚硒酸盐。不像亚硒酸盐,上清液pH值是稳定的，硒酸盐平衡浓度的pH值从5.0增加到8.0，表明氢氧离子在吸附过程中被释放出来。因为亚硒酸盐强烈的通过结合金属氧化物表面形成更强壮的内球面复合物，在缓慢的过程中亚硒酸盐需要花更多的时间到达平衡(Balistrieri and Chao,1987，Hayes,1987，Neal et al,1987，Zhang and Sparks,1990，Scott and Morgan, 1996)。

3.4XAS数据分析

从XANES的吸附反应可知，氧化状态在硒物种和二元氧化物系统之间相互作用没有改变。图5和表4表

明了在样品上进行的硒的K-edge EXAFS在pH=5.0时亚硒酸盐在二元氧化物系统的吸附结论。在图5a,b上显示了这个径向结构功能(RSFs)的傅里叶转换数据。在所有亚硒酸样本中，明确证明在RSFs上有两个外形：第一外形是Se-O(在1.72A下用3 O安装)，第二外形Se-Al或Se-Fe在两个二元氧化物系统上(图5)。这个距离是与以前在亚硒酸盐进行的EXAFS实验数据达到了良好的统一，这表明对水合和吸附的亚硒酸盐的Se-O键的距离1.68-1.72 A(Manceau and Charlet,1994，Peak et al,2006，Peak,2006)。基于简单的几何约束，最好的亚硒酸盐结合环境任务是在Al(III)/SiO2上(在3.22A下用2个Al安装成Se-Al)在pH=5下是一个双配位基、双核的表面复合物(键长的范围是～3.2A)。亚硒酸盐吸附在其他铝轴承矿物表面这个和以前的研究(Hayesetal,1987)达成良好的协议，这也报道了双配位基、双核的表面络合作用。在针铁矿上有内球体硒酸盐的存在是符合Manceau and Charlet(1994)的工作结果的他们报道类似的Se-Fe键距离是3.29A相应的在那个工作结果是3.31A(表4)。在水合的铁氧化物(HFO)下，然而，他们发现他们最好的数据是0.4铁在2.80A和1.8铁在3.29A描述的。他们确定一个双配位基的单核表面复合物的距离是2.80A和一个双配位基的双核的表面复合物的距离是3.29A。亚硒酸盐在Fe(III)/SiO2上的结果表明距离为3.05A形成双配位基的单核表面复合物。

在二元氧化系统上硒酸盐局部结构是由EXAFS装置指导的(表4和图5b)。在所有的硒酸盐样品中,第一个形式是在RSFs上的Se-O(在1.66A用4O装配)与先前发表的水合和吸附的硒酸盐Se-O距离是一致的(Hayes et al,1987，Peak and Sparks,2002)。这个在硒酸盐吸附样本的Se-Al距离键长及配位数(3.32A、CN=1)表明研究在Al(III)/SiO2表面的硒酸盐的协调环境是一个内球体表面复合物。然而，Se-Fe的键长(3.04A)表明在Fe(III)/SiO2上的硒酸盐形成了双配位基的单核配合物(Hug,1997，Peak and Sparks,2002)。EXAFS拟合数据表明硒酸盐在Fe(III)/SiO2的键长比在Al(III)/SiO2的长。根据EXAFS原则, x射线吸收原子和周围原子的距离就是一个键长。键长越长，中心和周围的原子的相互作用越弱。在Fe(III)/SiO2体系上的亚硒酸盐和硒酸盐的Se-金属键长实际上是一样的。键长适合特性的估计精度是±0.02A。Peak和Sparks(2002)表明硒酸盐在赤铁矿的形式只有内球体表面复合物，在针铁矿和重质燃料油上是外球体和内球面表面复合物的混合形式。EXAFS结果表明在Fe(III)/SiO2的硒酸盐形成内球体复合物。虽然在pH=5.0硒酸盐和亚硒酸盐在二元氧化物系统形成内球体复合物,数据表明在二进制元氧化物系统上亚硒酸盐比硒酸盐形成了更强的表面复合物。结论

根据研究结果,我们提出在二元氧化物系统上铝或铁氧化物可以修改二氧化硅的负表面电荷,应用二元氧化物系统吸附阴离子、硒含氧阴离子。从这项研究中,我们观察到Al(III)/SiO2和Fe(III)/SiO2从水溶液清除硒含氧阴离子是有效的。然而，Al(III)和SiO2表面强烈联系导致其整个表面电荷比Fe(III)/SiO2更加积极, Al(III)/SiO2对硒的吸附能力比Fe(III)/SiO2的更强。在pH=5.0, 在Al(III)/SiO2和Fe(III)/SiO2中的亚硒酸盐形式内球体复合物，分别地包括双配位基和单配位基。然而, 在Al(III)/SiO2上的硒酸盐形成较弱的内球体单配位基复合物，在Fe(III)/SiO2上的硒酸盐也是这样的。根据硒酸盐的键长, 硒和铁高亲和力导致了之间的键长更短。调查结果得出目前的研究的基本意义是在推进前沿二元氧化物系统化学专业知识。

第五篇：专业英语翻译

桩筏基础的简化设计方法

摘要：在筏板基础本身并不能满足设计要求情况下，可通过在筏板下增加桩来提高其承载力。合理的布置一定量的桩，可以提高桩筏基础的承载力和减少总沉降和差异沉降。本文分析了简化计算方法的过程，对桩筏基础的初步设计提供了有用的依据。它包括两个阶段：

1.桩筏基础整体性能的评价；

2.单柱荷载作用下的性能评价。