第一篇：高级口译和专八阅读以及文化常识必读
高级口译和专八阅读以及文化常识必读。想过专八的同学和想过高口的同学，本文当成扫盲课，每周温习一遍。坚持3个月，成人文专家。
1、Two major elements in European culture: the Greco-Roman/ Judeo-Christian
2、Democracy means: “exercise of power by the whole people”, but by “the whole people”, the Greeks meant only the adult male citizens, and citizenship was a set of rights which a man inherited from his father, women, children, foreigners and slaves were excluded, they have no rights.3、Homer epics: the Iliad / the Odyssey
th4、Drama developed in the 5 century B.C Tragedian 悲剧作家
Aeschylus希腊的悲剧诗人埃斯库罗斯— Prometheus普罗米修斯 bound/ Persians / Agamemnon阿伽门农, 特洛伊战争中希腊军队的统帅
Sophocles— Oedipus[希神]俄狄浦斯 the king / Electra / Antigone[希神] 安提歌尼(底比斯王俄狄普斯之女, 因违抗禁令而自杀身亡)Euripides欧里庇得斯(希腊的悲剧诗人)— Andromache / Medea美狄亚(希腊神话中科尔喀斯国王之女, 以巫术著称, 曾帮助过伊阿宋取得金羊毛)/ Trojan 特洛伊women Comedist 喜剧作家
Aristophanes— Frogs / clouds / Birds wasps
5、Philosophy Socrates苏格拉底 : Dialogues <谈话录> 他坚持的观点是人类的美德是一种知识，因此一切恶行都是无知的结果。
Plato柏拉图: Dialogues对话录 / the Apology / Symposium(dealing with beauty and love)/ the Republic Plato’s philosophy is called idealism理想主义, 唯心论.Aristotle亚里斯多德: Ethics 伦理学/ Politics / Poetics诗论 / Rhetoric修辞学 重点What should be man’s aim in life? Aristotle’s answer was happiness, but not happiness in the vulgar sense, but something that could only be achieved by leading a life of reason, goodness and contemplation沉思.6、Cynics 犬儒主义 P29 Diogenes第欧根尼：希腊哲学家，哲学犬儒学派奠基人，强调自我控制和推崇善行。说他曾提着灯在雅典大街漫步寻找诚实的人, decided to live like a dog and the word “cynic” means “dog” in Greek, he rejected all conventions – whether of religion, of manners, dress, housing, food, or of decency.7、Roman history P38 The year 27 B.C divided the history of Romeinto two periods: before then, Romehad been a republic, in that year, Octavius took supreme power as emperor with the title of Augustus.Two centuries later, the Roman empire reached its greatest extend, encircling the Mediterranean地中海 , reaching Scotland in the north and spreading into Armenia and Mesopotamia in the east.The emperors relied on a strong army—the famous Roman Legions古罗马军团(约有3000至6000步兵,辅以数百名骑兵)and an efficient bureaucracy官僚机构 to exert their rule, which was facilitated by a well developed system of roads.Thus the Roman enjoyed a long period of peace lasting two hundred years, a remarkable phenomenon in history know as the pax Roman罗马帝国统治下的和平.8、Virgil维吉尔(古罗马诗人,公元前70-公元前19)The greatest of Latin poets, wrote the great epic, 作品the Aeneid《埃涅伊德》.9、About Bible P52 The Bible is a collection of religious writings comprising two parts: the old Testament旧约全书 and the new Testament.The former is about God and the laws of God;the latter, the doctrine教义 of Jesus Christ, the word＂Testament＂means “agreement” –namely the agreement between God and man.10、Rise of Christianity P73 At the heart of Christianity is the life of Jesus: how he lived and died to redeem救赎the whole human race.Why Jesus be crucified十字架钉死? Jesus propagated传播the faith about God—men should believe in God and love him and behave like God’s children and love another.“everyone is equal” before God.In AD 30, in Galilee, Jesus was regarded as被认作 a dangerous man that threaten the clique派系in power.At the end of three years, he went with his disciples信徒to Jerusalem耶路撒冷 for the Passover逾越节, but was betrayed by Juda.Jesus was rushed to trial and crucified as a revolutionary preacher and dangerous reformer.11、Translations of the Bible P86 Aramaic dialect 亚拉姆语 Hebrew 希伯莱
Vulgate edition 拉丁文圣经
12、What’s means code of Chivalry骑士制度? P94 As a knight, he was pledged誓言to protect the weak, to fight for the church, to be loyal to his lord and respect women of noble birth贵族出身.These rules were known as a code of Chivalry.13、基督教是如何成为合法的唯一宗教并被尊为国教 P76 Constantine康斯坦丁大帝, who won war between rivals for the throne君主 and the emperor of Roman.He believed that God had helped him in winning the battle, issued the Edict of Milan in 313.It granted准予religions freedom to all, and made Christianity legal.In392 A.D, emperor Theodosius made Christianity, the official religion of the empire and outlawed宣布...为不合法all other religious.14、The crusades 十字军 名字的由来？为什么东征及东征的意义P99 To express their religious feelings, many people in the middle Ages went on journeys to sacred神圣的 places where early Christian leaders had lived.The most important of all was Jerusalem耶路撒冷.But in 1071 Palestine fell to the armies of the Turkish Moslems who unlike the Arabs attacked the Christian pilgrims 朝圣者，killing many of them and sold many others as slaves.New of this kind roused 激起great indignation among Christians in western Europe.The result was a series of Holy wars圣战 called crusades十字军东侵which went on about 200years.All the soldiers going to Palestine wore a red cross on the tunics束腰外衣 as symbol of obedience顺从to God.Significance:
1*although the crusades did not achieve their goal to regain theHoly land, they had an important effect on the future of both the east and west.They brought the east into closer contact with the west, and they greatly influent on history ofEurope.2*crusades helped to break down feudalism封建主义.3* the crusades also resulted in renewing people’s interest in learning and invention.15、National Epics P105 The epic was the product of the Heroic Age古希腊的“ 英雄时代” 1*Beowulf(700~750A.D), an Anglo-Saxon盎格鲁-撒克逊人epic.th2* Song of Rolan罗兰之诗—about 12 A.D It is the most well-known of a group of French epics knows asLa Chansonde gestes.P111
16、Dante但丁Alighieri , Italy, greatest poet.The divine comedy《神曲》P118
thth17、Renaissance文艺复兴 means? 14~mid 17 P129 The word “Renaissance” means revival, specifically in this period of history, revival of interest in ancient Greek and Roman culture.Subject: humanity人权/ Christianity神权
18、文艺复兴时期的新文学
Giovanni Boccaccio卜伽丘, Decameron《十日谈》,其中收集了以逃避黑死病为忧郁背景的100个故事，100 tales told by on their way to escape the black death of 1348, the tales are witty, licentious放荡的, full of praise of true love and wisdom and also satire讽刺文学 on the hypocrisy伪善 of the priest and the aristocrat贵族.19、Martin Luther路德，马丁：(1483-1546)德国神学家、欧洲宗教改革运动的领袖。他反对教会阶层的富有和腐败，认为只要在信仰的基础上即可获得超度，而不须借助于教会的典籍，这些观点使他于1521年与天主教会脱离。他肯定了1530年的奥格斯堡忏悔会，成功的建立了堤路德教会and his Doctrines P145 German leader of the protestant reformation欧洲宗教改革运动.He quoted the scripture基督教经文in support of his belief that men are redeemed by faith and not by the purchase（以某种代价）换得of indulgences特许.20、John Calvin卡尔文，约翰：(1509-1564)法裔瑞士新教神学家，他破除了罗马教会统治（1533年），在今天为人所知的基督教学院（1536年）中将他自己的神学教义推向前进and Calvinism卡尔文主义：约翰·卡尔文的宗教教义，强调上帝是万能的，以及仁慈上帝对人的超度作用 p147 French theologian, work: institutes of the Christian religion Calvinism stressed the absolute authority of the God’s will, holding that only those specially elected by God are saved.He belief was that any form of sinfulness was a likely sign.21、Miguel de Cervantes塞万提斯 1547-1616，renaissance in Spain.1*with the publication of don Quixote <<堂吉诃德>>，the European novel entered a new stage.2*don Quixote was a parody滑稽satirizing讽刺性描写a very popular type of literature at the time, the romance of chivalry.It’s sources are romantic as well as realistic, truthful and imaginative.3*it is recognized as the father of the modern European novel, and has had great impact on world literature.22、William Shakespeare莎士比亚，威廉：(1564-1616)英国戏剧家和诗人，他的作品被认为是英语文学作品中最伟大的戏剧，其中大多在伦敦的全球戏院演出过，包括历史作品，例如理查德二世 ；喜剧包括 无事生非 和 皆大欢喜 ；悲剧包括 哈姆雷特、奥赛罗 和 李尔王。他还作过154首十四行诗。他最早的戏剧集子，第一对开本，包含了36个戏剧，并在他死后出版(1623年）renaissance in England P176 Shakespeare was a man of the late renaissance who gave the fullest expression to humanist ideals.He was inLondonas actor, poet and playwright, with occasional visits to his hometown.Hamlet 哈姆勒特king Lear李尔王Macbeth 麦克白Othello奥赛罗 As you like it Anthony Cleopatra The sonnets十四行诗
23、Sir Isaal Newton牛顿1642-1727 P193 Of all his achievement in physics, his discovery of the law of the universal gravitation万有引力 is the most important, which states that every body attracts other with force directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of distance between them.24、Francis Bacon培根，弗朗西斯：(1561-1626)英国哲学家、随笔作家、朝臣、法理学家和政治家。其作品包括论科学的价值和发展（1605年）和新工具论（1620年），在这部著作里他提出了以观察和实验为基础的科学认识理论，作为归纳法理论逐渐为人所知 P196 An English philosopher, essayist and statesman.Works: the advancement of learning The new Atlantis New method新工具 Essays 培根语录
重要Two methods in the novum organum新工具论: 1* induction means reasoning from particular facts or individual cases to a general conclusion.归纳法：由特殊的事实或例子推理出的普遍性规律的过程
2* deduction method演绎法 emphasized reasoning from a principle so the unknown and from the general to the specific.从所述前提得出一个结论；从一般推向特殊的推论
25、John Locke洛克 1632-1704, 英国哲学家 P204 English empiricist经验主义者 and an outstanding political philosopher.His materialist views唯物主义观点 are expressed明确的 in one of his chief works: Essay concerning human understanding 1960 His basic theory is that all our ideas are ultimately 根本、最终derived 起源from sensation or from reflection, that these two make up experience and that all our knowledge springs from 来自experience.26、John Milton 米尔顿1608-1674, 英国诗人 P 212 Epic poems : paradise lost 《失乐园》/ paradise regained / Samson agonist力士参孙
27、Rene Descartes笛卡尔，莱恩：(1596-1650)法国数学家，哲学家，因将笛卡尔坐标体系公式化而被认为是解析几何之父。他的哲学思想基于唯理性的前提“我思故我在”1596-1650 P213 A philosopher, physicist and mathematiciam.His believed that modern philosophy begins with Bacon培根 in England and with Rene Descartes in France.Major works: rules for direction of the mind Discourse on详论 method Meditations concerning first philosophy and objections and replies
28、French classicism古典运动 and what is classicism? P127 Classicism implies the revival of the forms and traditions of the ancient word, a return to works of old Greek literature from Homer荷马 to Plato柏拉图 and Aristotle.亚里士多德
thBut French classicism of the 17 century was not conscious of being a classical revival.It intended to produce a literature, French to the core, which was worthy of Greek and classical ideals—new classicism.This new classicism reached its
thclimax顶点 in France in the 17.29、Moliere 莫里哀 p223 The best representative dramatist of French classical comedies.Tartuffe 伪君子 答尔丢夫 Le misanthrope 愤世嫉俗 L’ Auare 吝啬人
30、What’s enlightenment?启蒙运动 启蒙运动事18世纪欧洲的哲学运动。起源于17世纪的科学革命及洛克与牛顿的思想，其基本信念是高尚理智，认为理智是一切知识和人类事务的指针。由此产生进步思想和对传统基督教的挑战。
The enlightenment was an intellectual movement originating in France, which attracted with widespread support among the ruling and intellectual classes of
thEurope and north Americain the second half of the 18 century.It characterizes the efforts by certain European writers to use critical reason to free minds from prejudice, unexamined authority and oppression by church or state.Therefore the enlightenment is sometimes called the age of reason.The most important forerunners
thof the enlightenment were two 17 century English men John Locke and Isaac Newton.Their theories fostered the belief in natural law and universal order and established confidence in human reason.31、French philosophy 3 巨头 代表作及观点 p235 Montesquieu孟德斯鸠：法国哲学家和法学家。他是早期法国启蒙运动的杰出人物。著有隐含攻击君主制和古代政体的有影响力的作品如波斯人信札(1721年）和谴责政府的 论法的精神(1748年）
Persian letter/the spirit of the laws he believed that the legislative, executive and judicial power must be confided to different individual or bodies, acting independently.Voltaire letters anglaise/ candied if god did not exist, it would be necessary to invent him.Rousseau the social contract view: a social contract was established when each individual gave his rights to a general will-as an equal participant in the political life.32、Wolfgang von Goethe 歌德，约翰·沃尔夫贡(1749-1832)德国作者和科学家。精通诗歌、歌剧和小说。他花了50年时间写了二部戏剧长诗浮士德（出版于1808年和1832年）。他也致力于各个领域的科学研究，在植物学方面享有盛誉，并在几次政府担任职务1749-1832 Greatest of all German poets, outstanding figure of world literature, since the renaissance.The sorrows of young weather少年维特的烦恼 Wilhelm Meister’s apprenticeship Wilhelm Meister’s travels
Faust 浮士德：德国传说中的一个魔术师和炼金术士，他将灵魂卖给魔鬼，以换取力量和知识
Poetry and truth
33、Johann Christoph friedrich vo Schiller席勒，约翰·克里斯托夫·弗雷德里希·冯：(1759-1805)德国作家，主要的浪漫主义者，以他的历史剧如唐·卡洛斯(1787年）和 华伦斯坦(1798-1799年）及说教长诗著名 p264 The German dramatist, poet, historian and esthetician美学家, ranks as one of greatest of German literary figures.The robber强盗
Cabal and love阴谋与爱情 Wallenstein华伦斯坦 Wilhelm tell威廉泰尔
34、What is romanticism? P284 1*romanticism was movement in literature, philosophy, music and art which developed
ththin Europein the late 18 and early 19 centuries.2*starting from the ideas of Rousseau卢梭 in France and from the storm and stress
thmovement in Germany, it held that classicism, dominant since the 16 century, failed to express man’s emotional nature and overlooked his profound inner forces.3*romanticism emphasized individual values and aspirations above those of society.4*as a reaction to the industrial revolution, it tooked to the middle ages and to direct contact with nature for inspiration.th5*it gave impetus to the national liberation movement in 19 centuryEurope.与浪漫主义有关的作家;英国：
Wordsworth华兹华斯，威廉：(1770-1850)英国诗人，其最重要的全集抒情歌谣（1798年）同塞缪尔·泰勒柯尔斯基合作出版，为建立英格兰诗歌的浪漫主义风格做出了贡献。他于1843年被授予桂冠诗人 Coleridge柯尔雷基，塞缪尔·泰勒：(1772-1834)英国诗人批评家浪漫主义流派的倡导者，同威廉·华兹华斯一起出版了抒情歌谣（1978年），里面包括了他最为著名的诗歌《老水手的故事》
Blake布莱克(①姓氏 ②William, 1757-1827, 英国漫 画家, 诗人 ③Robert, 1599-1657, 英国海军上将)
积极浪漫主义Keats济慈，济慈，约翰：(1795-1821)英国最伟大的诗人之一，他的作品音调优美，古典意象丰富，包括“圣爱格妮斯之前夜”、希腊古瓮”和“秋颂”（均写于1819年）: ode to a nightingale 积极浪漫主义Shelley雪莱(1797-1851)英国作家，以其哥特式小说弗朗肯斯坦，又名现代的普罗米修斯(1818年）最为著名: ode to the west wind 积极浪漫主义Byron 拜伦(1788-1824)英国诗人，被公认为是浪漫主义运动的先驱。那象征着孤独、反抗和沉思的“拜伦式英雄”的形象最早出现在曼弗雷德（1817年）里。他的其它著作有 查尔德·哈洛尔德游记（1812至1818年）、希永的囚徒（1816年）以及讽刺长诗 唐璜（1819至1824年）。由于他的恋爱经历和反传统的生活方式，拜伦在当时是名誉扫地的。他死于为希腊脱离土耳其而独立所做的工作中：don Juan 唐璜 德国：歌德、席勒
法国：Rousseau卢梭(1712-1778), 法国启蒙思想家, 哲学家, 教育家和文学家、Hugo雨果，维克托·玛丽：(1802-1885)法国作家，1851年拿破仑掌权后被驱逐，1870年返回法国。他的小说包括巴黎圣母院(1831年）和 悲惨世界(1862年）,积极浪漫主义
35、Aleksander pushkin 普希金(1799-1837)俄国作家，他创作了小说叶甫盖尼·奥涅金(1831年），剧本 鲍里斯·戈都诺夫(1831年），以及许多叙事性和散文性诗和短篇小说 p311 Stood in the van of the romantic movement inRussia.Ruslan and liudmila鲁斯兰和柳德米拉—first important poem Boris godunou—best play, historic tragedy历史悲剧
Eugene Onegin 尤金。奥涅金—took his 8 years, be recognized as his masterpiece.It is a verse-novel based on Byron’s 唐璜。Onegin sets up the type of the super-famous man for the numerous Russian novels to come.36、Honore’ de Balzac巴尔扎克，奥诺德：(1799-1850)法国作家和现实主义小说奠基人，他在作品集人间喜剧 中描述了法国社会生活的全景 p380 Has been called “ The French dickens狄更斯.” , as dickens has been called “the English Balzac ”
The human comedy inspired by that of datote’s divine comedy.It is the title given by Balzac to the whole collection of his novels, a series of books, a comprehensive picture of contemporary French socieby.他决定在人间喜剧的框架内呈现一幅现代文明的完整图画，此套书包括了多部杰作如高老头。
37、Realism现实主义? P391 The modern philosophical doctrine, opposed to idealism, that physical objects exist independently of their being perceived.与理想主义相对的一种现代哲学信条，认为外部事物独立于它们的表象而存在的
38、现实主义作家。Realism in northernEurope P 407 Ibsen 易卜生，亨利克：(1828-1906)挪威戏剧作家。他的现实主义作品影响了现代剧的发展。他的主要作品包括《皮尔·英特》(1867年），《玩偶之家》(1879年）和 《群鬼》(1881年）
A doll’s house玩偶之家
An enemy of the people人民公敌 The wild duck野鸭
Hedda gabler 海达。加布勒
Bernaid shaw 肖伯纳，1856-1950，英 爱尔兰 剧作家，散文家won the Nobel prize in 1925.Heartbreak house伤心之家 St.joan圣女贞德
Man and super man人与超人
The doctor’s dilemma医生的窘境 The apple cart Major Barbara巴巴拉少校 Pygmalion皮格马力翁
惠特曼，美 诗人，著《草叶集》
Leaves of grass―― his master piece: I believe a leaf of grass is no less that the journey-work of the stars, and the pismire is equally perfect, and a grain of sand, and the egg of a wren.When lilacs last in the dooryard bloom：best known poem, expresses his grief over the death ofLincoln.马克吐温mark twain Life on theMississippi The celebrated jumping frog of caraveras country The adventures to Huck Leberry Finn The gilded age The adventures of Tom sawyer The prince and the pauper
39、What is modernism? 现代主义泛指20世纪前半叶在不同艺术中所推行的经验性方法。许多艺术家痛感现存艺术规范的僵化与武断，对人类在世界上的地位和目标抱持怀疑，就是这种经验的起因。达达主义超现实主义和各种反正统流派都是现代主义的表现形式。Modernism was a complex and diverse international movement in all the creative arts，thoriginating about the end of the 19 century.It provided the greatest creative threnaissance of the 20 century.It was made up of many facts, such as symbolism, surrealism, cubism, expressionism, futurism etc.Modernism has been called “the tradition of the new”.It provided fresh ways of looking at man’s position and function in the universe.Modernism has also been called the “dehumanization非人性的 of art”，has become the synonym of revolution in form.40、自我、本我、超我，弗洛伊德的现代心理分析。
Freud divided human personality into there functional parts--Id, ego, super ego.Freudian system: Id--the container of the instinctual urges.It is concerned with what a person wants to do.Ego—the rational, thoughtful, realistic, personality process, it is concerned with what a person can do.Superego—the idealized image that a person builds of himself in response to authority and social pressures.41、现代主义文学
Eliot 艾略特 英国诗人1888-1965, 生于美国的英国诗人、剧作家、文艺评论家, 曾获1948年诺贝尔文学奖 The waste land荒原
The love song of J.Alfred Prufrock Four quartets Lawrence 1885-1930劳伦斯，英国 诗人、小说家
He was considered one of the “makers” of modern English fiction.Take human relationship, especially that men and women, as his major theme.Sons and lovers儿子与情人 Women in love 恋爱中的女人
Lady chatterley’s love 查泰莱夫人的情人 The rainbow 虹
The lost girl 迷失的少女
James Joyce1882-1941 乔伊斯，意识流小说，英爱尔兰作家，他创新的文学手法对现代小说有着深远影响。
His works are characterized by experiment with language, symbolism and such narrative techniques as interior monologue内心独白 and stream of consciousness.意识流
Vlysses 尤利西斯
A portrait of the artist as a young man 一个青年艺术家的画像—自传性质
Ernest Hemingway 海明威，美国作家。第一次世界大战期间先后做过救护车司机、新闻记者、探险家和被驱逐者，本世纪20年代移居巴黎从事短篇小说和小说的写作，作品有太阳照样升起(1926年），表钟为谁鸣(1940年），及 老人与海(1952年）等，作品大都描写英勇无畏而孤独的人物，带有精炼的文学风格。他1954年获诺贝尔文学奖 He was awarded the Nobel prize in 1954 for his mastery of the art of modern narration.现代叙事手法
The sun also rises太阳照样升起 A farewell to arms永别了武器
For whom the bell tolls 丧钟为谁鸣
Albert Camus 加缪，作品充满荒诞：(1913-1960)法国作家和存在主义哲学家，其作品如陌生人（1942年）及 瘟疫（1947年）涉及人类自身状况的荒谬性。他获得了1957年的诺贝尔文学奖
He received the Nobel prize in 1957.In his books, Camus was interested in philosophical problems, such as the meaning of life and man’s search for values.One famous theme in his book is that of the “absurd”荒谬, which according to him is a gulf between man’s desire for a happy world governed by reason, and the actual irrational world.Camus thought man should not simply accept this “absurd” world, but should revolt against it.His representative works is his novel : the strange 局外人
42、Literature and philosophy since 1945 Angry young men in England.英格兰的愤怒青年 It was a term referring to a group of English writer who found themselves to be social misfits.不适应社会的人
其中的代表者：
Kingsley Amis 1922-1995金斯利。艾米斯，作品《幸运的吉姆》lucky Jim John Osborne 1929-1994 约翰。奥斯本，《愤怒中回顾》look back in anger.Beat generation in America 美国的颓废一代
It was a name adopted by some American young sters who refused to accept “respectability” and conventional social behaviour and who cultivated a rootless manner of civing.重点Their features：they used a special slang language and love jazz;many of them were drug addicts;they often kept an appearance of deliberate neglect in clothing and personal hygiene.代表者representative figures：
Allen Ginsberg 1926-1997 艾伦。金斯堡
Howl 《嚎叫》：focuses on the evils of materialism唯物主义 and calls attention to the insulted and the injured of the earth.Jack Kerous杰克。凯鲁亚克 On the road《在路上》 a formless book.一群美国年青穷鬼的流浪 they love life, beauty, jazz, sex, drugs, etc, and hate the traditional, conventional and generally auepted way of life.Nathalie Sarraute 娜塔丽。莎罗特
One of leading theorists of the antiroman新小说，a creator of the anti-novel Portrait of a man 一个陌生人的肖像
43、Existentialism 存在主义
A philosophy that emphasizes the uniqueness and isolation of the individual experience in a hostile or indifferent universe, regards human existence as unexplainable, and stresses freedom of choice and responsibility for the consequences of one's acts.一种强调在怀有敌意或冷漠的世界中个人经历的独特性和孤立性的哲学，它认为人的存在是不可解释的，并强调选择的自由和对自己行为的结果负责
44、The theatre of the absurd 荒诞剧
The “theatre of the absurd” is a term referring to the works of some European, particularly French, playwrights of the 1950s and 60s.The word “absurd” originated from the works of Camus, who saw human situation as “absurd”.They instead the idea that human existence is purposeless, meaningless, and that in this world man feels constantly bewildered , trouble and threatened.Representative figures: Samuel Beckett塞缪尔。贝克特--Waiting for Godot等待戈多: human life is meaningless Eugene Ionesco 尤金。尤奈斯库 –the bald prima Donna 秃头歌女
45、Black humor Black humor is a term derived from black comedy, and a kind of desperate humor.It is the laughter at tragic things.In this meaningless world, according to black humorists, man’s fate is decided by incomprehensible powers, we can’t do anything about it, therefore we may as well laugh.Representative figure
Joseph Heller约瑟夫。海勒 Catch-22第22条军规
第二篇：专八口译练习必备
现实版睡美人：嗜睡症？英女子每天睡22小时
Teenagers are known for their ability to sleep for hours on end.人在青少年时期总能一连睡上好几个小时。
But one young woman suffering from a rare condition gets up to 22 hours of shut-eye a night.但是英国一年轻女子太能睡了，她每天要睡22个小时。
Beth Goodier, 20, suffers from Kleine-Levin Syndrome, also known as 'Sleeping Beauty' syndrome.这名年轻女子名叫贝丝·古迪尔，今年20岁，她患有克莱恩-莱文综合症，即俗称的睡美人症。
The neurological conditionmeans she sleeps, on average, for 18 hours a night.贝丝在16岁患上此病的，那时候开始她平均每晚要睡18个小时。
When an episode strikes, typically every five weeks, she can sleep for anything between one and three weeksduring adolescence-and sometimes begins after an infection or illness.克莱恩-莱文综合症常会在人生的关键时期---青少年期间发病，有时会在患某种疾病之后患上此病。
Episodes can come on very quickly and last between a few days to a few weeks.该病症发病速度很快快，且发病一次会持续数日到数周。
There is no known cure for the sleeping disorder, and the main treatment is watchful waiting at home by loved ones.目前克莱恩-莱文综合症还没有有效的治疗方法，病人只能呆在家里，主要依靠家人看护。Miss Goodier added: 'I want to be able to do something productive in the time when I'm well.I want to productive for society.' 贝丝表示：“我希望在我不发病的时候能够多做些有意义的事情。我希望自己能对社会有用。” However she hopes by talking about her illness, she can raise awareness.'There are Facebook groups, which have really helped.' 但同时贝丝也希望通过在节目上讨论病情能够引起大家的关注。“在Facebook上创建讨论组，这有很大帮助。”
第三篇：2015年12月专八口语口译含参考答案
Speech of an international CEO at the provincial level forum in china Distinguished guests, ladies and gentlemen，It is a great honor to be invited to speak at this forum of international development.As one of the first international retail enterprises that have settled in this province, we have set up 4 joint ventures with a total investment of rmb 3.5 billion yuan, and moreover, we have opened over 20 large-scale supermarkets in the major cities, last year we launched a plan to support small and medium suppliers in the province aiming to bring solutions to the suppliers, including standard commercial operations, up to date marketing concepts and strong communications, we offer them free consultation, including the customers’ needs, lay-out of products, flow of funds, and market feed back.Meanwhile, we demand they produce high quality products, with our help, many small and medium suppliers have found new solutions and increased their sales, in addition, we have just started a new plan with our suppliers at a recent conference, this plan gain extensive applause from these suppliers，In this second half of the year, we will provide guarantee for suppliers who want to obtain loans or financing, helping them to overcome the shortage of funds due to the global financial crises, at present, we are negotiating with various commercial banks, trying to persuade them to expand better financial channels for our suppliers.On the 8th of this month, we organized the win win day for partners, the event had two topics, one was direct purchase and the other was medium and small food processing companies, both projects are essential for us in china, we hope professional trainings and business seminars and expect to help local suppliers to be more aware of food safety issues to complete the innovation of products and technology, and to provide more products which meet the market demand.After 12 years’ cooperation and development in china, we will as always go forward hand in hand with the development of this province, making more contributions to its prosperous market to have a harmonious commercial environment in china, and to this sustainable development of Chinese economy.中国国家旅游局官员在第六届丝绸之路国际大会开幕式上的致辞 尊敬的各位来宾，女士们，先生们，上午好！
很高兴与大家相聚在古老而美丽的敦煌，共同出席联合国旅游世界组织第六届丝绸之路国际大会，我谨代表中国国家旅游局对大会召开表示热烈祝贺，对远道而来的各位嘉宾表示诚挚欢迎。
拥有两千多年的历史，绵延7千多公里的丝绸之路是沿线各国人民共同开创的友谊之路，是人类探索自然，挑战自我的奇迹之路，是亚、欧、非三大洲文明交流和融合之路。今天，丝绸之路已成为沿线各国经济往来、文化交流的大道，更成为全球游客心驰神往的一条黄金旅游线路，中国是丝绸之路的起点，也是沿线极具吸引力的旅游圣地，统计数据显示，过去十年，中国丝路沿线五省区的入境游客量从141万人次跃升到415万人次，年均增幅达11.4%，国际旅游收入从5.16亿美元增长到22亿美元，年均增幅达15.6%.旅游业已成为当地的支柱产业、先导产业，在沿线各国的共同努力下，丝绸之路旅游项目取得了有目共睹的成果，但目前，沿线各国签证、交通等便利化程度还不高，区域经济和旅游市场发展还不平衡，在这里，我倡议沿线国家强化合作，共谋发展，共同把丝绸之路打造成国际游客青睐的旅游精品。
When talking about Chinese tourists overseas, news media often mention their inappropriate behavior such as spitting, littering, talking loudly in public places, and carving characters in scenic spots.The china national tourism administration recently announced that in order to improve the image of Chinese holidaymaker overseas, it will establish a “black list” for individuals engaging in such “uncivilized behavior” and the record will be kept for up to two years.What do you think of this measure? Do you think it will be effective? What suggestions do you have?
第四篇：2003年12月专八口译考题与答案
TASK ONE Interpreting From English into Chinese
Address at the Fifth Anniversary Celebration of the Founding of
Nature Magazine Ladies and gentlemen: It’s with great pleasure that I welcome you here today to the fifth anniversary celebration of the founding of the magazine Nature.Never could we have imagined five years ago that we would have come so far in so short a time.But here we are at the end of year five, and what a fantastic year it has been.Let me review our achievements in these five years.（1）We have published some very impressive articles, each month somehow surpassing the quality and depth of the previous month’s edition.我们出版了一些令人印象深刻的文章，而且每个月与前一个月相比，在文章的质量和深度方面都有所超越。
（2）Our creative and talented staff won five writing awards and seven photographic awards.This year some 119,000 people subscribed to our magazine.我们的富有创造力和充满智慧的员工获得了，五个写作奖和七个摄影奖。今年有近十一万九千人订阅了我们的杂志。
I feel that the acceptance of our magazine by people is the most rewarding aspect of this project.（3）About six years ago we had an idea for a nature-oriented magazine, but we all had doubts about the general acceptance of the idea, whether there would be enough interest from people to sustain us.大约六年前我们想办一个以自然为方向的杂志，但是我们担心大众对此的接受情况，不知道他们是否对此有足够的兴趣来支持我们。
We assembled the finest people we could find and decided, from the start, to produce the highest quality product we possibly could.（4）Today, it’s a wonderful feeling to know that we have succeeded, and everyone here shares the credit for making this magazine what it has become.今天我们获得了成功，这真是太美妙了。杂志的成功在座的每一个人都功不可没。（5）While it is a formidable task for us all, I’m sure that next year at this time we’ll have more awards, and more subscribers, and feel an even greater sense of accomplishment and fulfillment.虽然前路艰难，但是我相信我们明年会获得更多的奖项，拥有跟多的客户，我们的成就感也会更加强烈。
TASK TWO Interpreting From Chinese into English:
龙城市市长在<老城保护与更新国际研讨会>闭幕式上的讲话
各位专家、各位来宾：
<老城保护与更新国际研讨会>经过与会代表两天来的共同努力已经顺利完成预定的议程。（1）会议期间，来自不同国家和地区的专家、学者畅所欲言、各抒己见，积极为搞好老城保护与更新献计献策。
During the symposium, the experts and scholar from different countries and areas expressed their views freely, and come up with suggestions for improving the preservation and renewal ancient citiy.（2）在此，我代表市委、市政府对各位专家的辛勤劳动表示衷心的感谢。Here, on behalf of Municipal Party Committee and Government, I would express my sincere thanks to every expert for you hard work.随着中国现代化进程的加快，规划越来越成为提升城市品位的决定因素。（3）龙城是座古老而美丽的城市，已有2500年的建城史，是国务院公布的首批历史文化名城。
Longcheng City is an ancient and beautiful city with 2, 500 years’ history, which become one of the first list of historical and cultural cities announced by the State Council.（4）这座城市最大的特色在于它有丰厚的文化内涵，其中精髓在老城。The greatest characteristic of this city is its rich cultural connotations, with its essence in the ancient city.（5）这是前人留给我们的遗产，是一笔宝贵的资源，她属于龙城、属于中国、属于世界。
It is the legacy given by our ancestors, and also a valuable resource belonging to Longcheng City, to China as well as all over the world.然而，与国际上的知名城市相比，龙城丰富的历史文化内涵还没有各到充分的挖掘和弘扬。召开这次会议，就是表明我们要借鉴先进的规划理念，将龙城的古都美、现代美更好地展示在世人面前。
会议虽然短暂，但情意长存。希望各位专家朋友一如既往地支持我们的工作，为龙城的老城保护和更新多提宝贵意见。谢谢大家。
-Oh, here's your--Who? You've never heard of Leonardo DiCaprio? How far away is London anyway? Well, from here it's 3,000 miles...but sometimes it seems much further.-How far away is your home?Wow!It's beautiful.And then--What's the matter?Want one?[ Laughing ] What's your dad like?
I mean, is he the kind of father you can talk to...or is he one of those workaholic types who says, “I'll talk to ya later, honey...” but, you know, never really does?
-I hate that.Tell me about it.[ Coughing, Choking ] Your birthday's on October 11?
-Y eah.Hallie, what's your mother like?
I never met her.She and my dad split up when I was a baby, maybe even before.I'm not sure.He doesn't like to talk about her.But I know she was really, really beautiful.How do you know that?
Well, because my dad had this old picture of her hidden in his sock drawer...and he caught me looking at it, like, all the time, so he gave it to me to keep.Look, I'm-I'm really thirsty.Sure you don't want to go to the mess hall and get a lemonade? Will you stop thinking about your stomach at a time like this? Don't you realize what's happening?
I mean, think about it.I only have a mother...and you only have a father.You've never seen your mom...and I've never seen my dad.You have one old picture of your mom...and I have one old picture of my dad.But at least yours is probably a whole picture.Mine is a pathetic little thing...all crinkled and ripped right down the middle and--What are you rummaging in your trunk for? This.It's a picture of my mom...and it's ripped too.Right down the middle? Right down the middle.
第五篇：文化常识和四大名著
四大名著
1《红楼梦》中“未见其人，先闻其声”的是，该人善弄权术，（王熙凤）
2花谢花飞飞满天，红消香断有谁怜？„„一朝春尽红老去，花落人亡两不知！”这首诗出自《红楼梦》中林黛玉所吟的（《葬花吟》）。3 一个是阆苑先葩，一个是美玉无瑕。若说没奇缘，今生偏又遇着他；若说有奇缘，如何心事终虚话？”这首诗提示了《红楼梦》（名著）中一对青年男女的爱情悲剧。其中“阆苑仙葩”（是林黛玉）4《红楼梦》中最热闹的情节是
（元妃省亲，）
5最有趣的情节是（刘姥姥进大观园，）
6、最凄惨的情节是（黛玉焚稿。）
7“倒拔垂杨柳”的人物是（鲁智深），性格特征（慷慨大方，见义勇为，扶危济困。）
8“醉打蒋门神”“血溅鸳鸯楼”说的英雄是（武松），性格特征是（武艺高强，崇尚忠义。）
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9“智取生辰纲”的领导者是（吴用），性格特征是（足智多谋）。
10、《水浒传》中，从最初占据水波梁山到梁山英雄排座次，直至被朝廷招安，梁山寨主先后共有三位，他们是（王伦、晁盖、宋江。）
11《水浒传》以描写（农民战争）为主要题材，通过一系列（官逼民反）的生动故事，揭示了当时的社会矛盾，揭露了统治阶级的残暴和腐朽，歌颂了受压迫人民的反抗精神。
12、《水浒传》描写了北宋徽宗时以（宋江）为首的（一百零八好汉，）在水泊梁山聚义、杀富济贫的豪举。
13、《水浒传》中有一百零八将，天罡星共（三十六人），地煞星共（七十二人。）
14、我国古典文学名著《三国演义》的开篇词（滚滚长江东逝水，浪花淘尽英雄。是非成败转头空。青山依旧在，几度夕阳红„„”）“
15、《三国演义》中忠义的化身是（关羽），我们所熟知的他忠、义、勇、谋、傲的事情分别有：
千（）里走单骑（忠）、华容道义释曹操（义）、温酒斩华雄（勇）、水淹
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七军（谋）、败走麦城（傲）
16请再写出源于《三国演义》的两个成语，并写出相应的人物及故事：（三顾茅庐（刘备三请诸葛亮）、身在曹营心在汉（关羽人在曹营心怀故主 刘备））
17、“勉从虎穴暂栖身，说破英雄惊煞人。巧将闻雷来掩饰，随机应变信如神。”这首诗说的是《三国演义》中（刘备和曹操的一段故事——青梅煮酒论英雄故事）
18、下面描写的人物是谁？用两三个词概括其主要性格特点。1）纶巾羽扇，身衣鹤氅，素履皂绦，面如冠玉，唇若抹朱，眉清目朗，身长八尺，飘飘然有神仙之概。人物：（诸葛亮）（用人唯贤，谦虚谨慎，神机妙算）
19、唐僧收三个徒弟法名分别是：（孙悟空法名行者，八戒法名悟能，沙僧法名悟净。）
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20、《西游记》中，师徒一行经过九九八十一难，终于得正果，最后唐僧被如来佛封为（旃(zhantan)檀功德佛、孙悟空被封为斗战胜佛、猪八戒封为净坛使者、沙僧封为金身罗汉。）
民俗礼仪 1按风俗，“腊八粥”应在阴历哪一天喝？（十二月初八）2北方冬至吃饺子的习俗与谁有关？ 张仲景
3年年岁岁花相似”的下一句是什么？ 岁岁年年人不同 4性相近，习相远”的前两句是什么？人之初，性本善 5旗袍是“左襟压右襟”还是“右襟压左襟”？（左襟压右襟）6苏轼有诗句“短长肥瘦各有态”形容了历史上两位著名妃子，请问是谁？（赵飞燕、杨玉环）
7.被称为“女子之戏”的是哪个剧种？ 越剧 8.鞭炮和爆竹哪一个历史比较悠久？爆竹
9.古诗“烽火连三月，家书抵万金”中，“烽火”指什么历史事件？（安史之乱）
10.《弟子规》中“父母教，须敬听”的下句是？（父母责，须顺承）11“金声玉振”中的“金”和“玉”各指什么乐器？（钟、磬）12.秦始皇在哪座名山举行封禅大典？（泰山）
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13.古代“六艺”指什么？（礼、乐、射、御、书、数）
14在古代人们尊称对方的妻子为“令爱”还是“令正”？（令正）15我们常用“社稷”来指代国家，其中“社”字代表的是什么？（土地之神）
16吃粽子、赛龙舟是我国哪个传统节日的习俗?（端午节）17古人一般用“高足”指称什么？（别人的学生）18古代“弱冠”指男子多少岁？（20岁）
19拱手而立”表示对长者的尊敬，一般来说，男子行拱手礼时哪只手在外？（左手）
20吃年糕的习俗与哪位历史人物有关？（伍子胥）
诸子百家 1《庄子》的首篇文章是什么？ 《逍遥游》
2传说孔子向老聃问礼，请问“老聃”是谁？老子（老莱子）3“诗礼传家”中“诗”指什么？（《诗经》）
4“鲲鹏展翅”的典故出自于庄子的哪一篇文章？（《逍遥游》）5 “他山之石，可以攻玉”出自哪里？《诗经》
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.6道德经中“名可名，非常名”的前两句是什么？道可道，非常道 7.楷书四大家中，唯一一个不是唐朝人的是？ 赵孟頫 8“道生一，一生二”的后两句是什么？ 二生三，三生万物 9“老吾老以及人之老”的下一句是什么？幼吾幼以及人之幼 10.“陈王昔时宴平乐，斗酒十千恣欢虐。”中李白借用的“陈王”是谁？曹植
11.祭奠灶神是腊月二十三的习俗吗？（是）
12.白居易《长恨歌》中“回眸一笑百媚生”所描写的是谁？杨玉环（杨贵妃）
13.古人把一年分为多少个节气？24 14.三吏除了《新安吏》、《潼关吏》，还有哪一个？《石壕吏》
15.“脱颖而出”的典故最初指的是谁？毛遂
16“天行健，君子以自强不息”出自于哪部典籍？《周易》 17“锲而舍之，朽木不折”的后两句是什么？锲而不舍，金石可镂 18.“民为贵，社稷次之，君为轻”出自哪一部著作？（《孟子》）19被誉为“天下第一行书”的书法作品是什么？（《兰亭集序》）20.“庄周梦蝶”与哪个人物有关？（庄子或庄周）
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1.算盘是中国传统计算工具，利用算盘能进行开平方的运算吗？（能）
2.中国画由艺术分科来看主要分为三种，请问除了山水画、人物画，还有哪一种？
花鸟画
3.成语“有眼不识泰山”中的“泰山”最初指的是人还是山？人 4阳春白雪”和“下里巴人”最初指的是什么？（乐曲）5请问在阴阳五行学说中，“五行”是指什么？金木水火土 6被誉为“文明之母”的是四大发明中的哪一个？印刷术
7.古时文人经常用“黍离之悲”喻指亡国之痛，那请问“黍”指的是哪种农作物？（黄米）
8.古时“司南”指的是现在的什么？（指南针）
9.毕昇发明的活字印刷术用的是什么材质的活字？泥活字（泥土）10.秦始皇灭六国后，统一了全国文字，是什么？（小篆）11.“中国戏曲之母”是什么？（昆曲）
12古代科举考试中殿试的第二名叫什么？（榜眼）13.“如意”最初用来干嘛？（挠痒痒）14.北宋的都城汴京是现在哪座城市？（开封）
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15.东汉末年，描写“聂政刺韩王”这一故事的琴曲是什么？（《广陵散》）
16.《智取威虎山》属于戏曲中的何种类型？（京剧）
17华夏文明的发源地，中华民族的母亲河是指哪条河？（黄河）18.“鼓楼”是哪个民族村寨中的特色建筑？（侗族）
19我国传统的“上巳（sì）节”是指农历的哪一天？（三月初三）20.中国古代的“四灵”指“青龙”、“白虎”、“朱雀”和什么？（玄武）
抢答题： 1.“枯藤老树昏鸦”的后两句是什么？（小桥流水人家，古道西风瘦马）
2.“梨花带雨”最初形容谁的样子？（杨贵妃或杨玉环）
3.别号“六如居士”、“桃花庵主”的是“江南四大才子”中的哪一位？（唐伯虎）
4.诗经分为风、雅、颂，其中记载宗庙祭祀的乐歌是什么？（颂）5.诗句“故人西辞黄鹤楼，烟花三月下扬州”中的故人是指唐代诗人谁？（孟浩然）
6.孔子被后人奉为“至圣”，而被奉为“亚圣”的则是谁？（孟子）
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7.在唐代诗坛被称为诗鬼的是？（李贺）
8.在“说唱脸谱”的歌中，张飞是黑脸还是白脸？（黑脸）9.唱词“刘大哥讲话，理太偏”出自哪部戏曲？（《花木兰》）10.被苏拭赞为“诗中有画，画中有诗”的唐代诗人是（王维）11.“懒起画蛾眉，弄妆梳洗迟”是谁的词？（温庭筠yun）12.“如胶似漆”现在多描写夫妻恩爱，请问它原指什么关系？（君臣）
13.成语“芒刺在背”说的是汉宣帝见到谁的感受？（霍光）14.“桃园三结义”关羽和张飞叩拜刘备时，行的是稽（qǐ）首礼还是顿首礼？（顿首礼）
15.李白的《长干行》产生了两个成语，一个是“青梅竹马”，另一个是？（两小无猜）
16.千古名篇《滕王阁序》写在哪个季节？（秋天）
17.“无边落木萧萧下”的下一句是什么？（不尽长江滚滚来）18.“草色遥看近却无”的上一句是什么？（天街小雨润如酥）19.“五十步笑百步”的典故出自哪部著作？（《孟子》）20.“四海之内皆兄弟”出自《论语》还是《孟子》？（《论语》）21.“古来稀”是指老人多少岁？（70岁）
22.我国现在存最早的兵书是什么？（《孙子兵法》）
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23.“功盖三分国，名成八阵图”指哪位历史人物？（诸葛亮）24.“日日思君不见君”的下一句是什么？（共饮长江水）25.著名民乐作品《二泉映月》一般是用什么乐器演奏的?（二胡）26.“会当凌绝顶，一览众山小”是指哪座山？（泰山）27.“荆轲刺秦”刺的是谁？（秦始皇或嬴政或秦王）28.“水则载舟，水则覆舟”是谁的名言？（荀子）29.“冲冠一怒为红颜”最初是描写谁在发怒？（吴三桂）30.民间的端午节，相传是为了纪念哪一个人物？（屈原）
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