第一篇:翻译技巧2
1.重复法
有时,为了强调或使行文生动,往往需要对一些关键词加以重复,以便给读者留下深刻的印象。Gentlemen may cry peace, peace---but there is no peace.1.1 英译汉
英语和汉语中都有省略现象。英语多按语法形式省略以避免重复,多省略所有格、形容词和介词后面的名词,助动词、不定式后面的动词,系动词后面的表语,主谓一致时的主语或谓语等。译成汉语时,这些省略掉的词语往往要补上,这就构成了汉语的重复。1.1.1 原文为省略表达
They seek to attract, retain and develop other people to their full abilities.他们设法吸引大家,留住他们,并使他们充分发挥才能。
Let’s make joint efforts to build a peaceful, beautiful and prosperous new world.让我们共同努力,建立一个和平的新世界、美丽的新世界和繁荣富强的新世界。1)重复英语名词
The doctor will get more practice out of me than out of seventeen hundred ordinary patients.医生从我身上得到的实践,会比从1700个普通病人身上得到的实践还多。I don’t like chocolate icecream, I prefer vanilla.我不喜欢巧克力冰淇淋,我更喜欢香草冰淇琳。2)重复英语动词
Our goal is to improve the productivity as well as the income of the farmers.我们的目的是提高生产力,同时,还要提高农民的收入。
They wanted to determine if he complied with the terms of his employment and his obligations as an American.他们想要确定,他是否履行了受雇条件,是否履行了作为美国公民所应尽的职责。Reading maketh a full man;conference a ready man;and writing an exact man.读书使人充实,讨论使人机智,笔记使人准确。1.1.2.原文为替代结构
英语中的替代结构主要有代词、替代词so、替代动词do等。英语往往用代词来替代上文刚出现过的名词,而汉语则更习惯于重复名词。英语中的代动词及代动词词组,如do、do so、do it 等,在译成汉语时往往用重复法译成动词。另外,英语中的替代句型,如if so、“so do +主语”等,也常用重复法译成汉语。1)重复句中被代词替代的名词
Happy families also had their own trouble.幸福的家庭也有幸福家庭的苦恼。
All bodies consist of molecules and these of atoms.一切物体都有分子组成,分子又是由原子组成。
He hated failure;he had conquered it all his life, risen above it, despised it in others.他讨厌失败,他一生中曾战胜失败、超越失败、并且藐视别人的失败。
If an atom contains three protons, it must have three electrons to be electrically neutral.如果一个原子含有三个质子,这个原子必然有三个电子,使之不带电荷。2)重复英语中做先行词的名词
英语中的定语从句常用关系词引导,关系词 有两个语法功能:(1)它代表定语从句所修饰的那个先行词(名词或代词);(2)它在从句中担任一个成分。汉语中没有先行词,因此,在英译汉时,往往需要重复这个作先行词的名词。此外,英语中的同位语在英译汉时也可以重复先行词。
He achieved a preternatural level of performance with the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra, which under his direction became the best in the world.他与柏林爱乐管弦乐团合作,演奏达到了超凡的水平。乐团在他的指挥下,也成为举世之冠。Jephthah, however, who was a good deal of a fanatic, accepted no apologies, and would not listen to explanation.可是,耶弗他很固执,不接受任何道歉,也不听任何辩解。
All of these arrangements were a prelude to the ball, the hostess’s ultimate aim.所有这些安排都只是这次舞会的序曲,舞会才是女主人的最终目的。3)英语中关系代词或关系副词whoeverwheneverwherever等的重复 Whoever breaks the law should be punished.谁犯了法,谁就应该受到惩罚。
You may take whichever of the four paintings you like best.这四幅画你最喜欢哪一幅,就拿哪一幅吧。4)英语中的替代句型
If you buy a microwave stove to cook, it will bring you more convenience and save you more time in cooking.I myself did so last year.如果你买一个微波炉来做饭,将会更方便、更省时。我去年就买了一个。1.1.3.其他情况的重复
1)英语原文没有重复,汉译时采用一种内容上而不是形式上的重复手段。He wanted to send them more aid, more weapons and a few more men.他想多给他们增加些援助,增添些武器,增派些人员。
To him, the birds sang, the squirrel chattered and the flowers bloomed.鸟儿向他歌唱,松鼠对他絮语,花儿也为他开放。He was proficient both as a flyer and as a navigator.他既精于飞行,又善于导航。
There has been no radio, TV, or press mention of this piece of news.对于这则消息,既没有电台广播,也没有电视报导,在报刊上也没有相关文章发表。2)英语原文中有词的重复,在译成汉语是也可以用同义词进行重复 They would study and re-study the basketball technique.他们往往一遍又一遍地反复琢磨篮球的技战术。
I know you hate me and I hate you, we had better part right now.我知道你恨我,我也嫌你,咱们最好此刻就分手吧。
1.2 汉译英
为了再现原文中的强调语气和特殊的修辞手段,汉译英时偶尔会用重复法这个词汇翻译技巧。
这是革命的春天,这是人民的春天,这是科学的春天!
This is the springtime for the revolution, this is the springtime for the people, this is the springtime for science!中国人也好,外国人也好,死人也好,活人也好,对的就是对的,不对的就是不对的。What is right is right and what is wrong is wrong, whether it concerns the Chinese or foreigners, whether it concerns the dead or the living.2.省略法
省略法是与增词法相对
省略是指在表达形式上不译原文中的某些词汇,在内容并上没有删去原文相应部分的信息。2.1 英译汉 2.1.1.省略代词
Simon wheeler never smiled, he never frowned, he never changed his voice from the gentle-flowing key to which he turned his initial sentence, he never betrayed the slightest suspicion of enthusiasm.西蒙·惠勒一直没有笑一笑,一直没有周一皱眉头,一直没有改变一下声音,他始终保持着开始说第一句话时所用的那种细水长流似的音调,一直没有丝毫起劲的表现。
I cried, in bed alone, and couldn’t stop.I buried my head under the quilts, but my aunt heard me.我一个人躺在床上哭呀哭的止不住。我把头埋在被窝里,可是我的婶婶还是听见了。In South America there are many little magazines and they are widely read.在南美洲,有许多刊物规模虽小单发行量却很大。2.1.2.省略非人称的活强调句中的it Outside it was pitch dark and it was raining cats and dogs.外面一团漆黑,大雨倾盆。
It was the wee hours of the morning before Stefano returned to the hotel.斯蒂芬诺回到酒店时,已是清晨时分。
It was someone called Mary Jordan whom I was asking about.我要打听的是个名叫玛丽·乔丹的人。2.1.3.省略冠词
The moon was slowly rising above the sea.月亮慢慢从海上升起。
Now custom has not been commonly regarded as a subject of any great importance.现在,人们仍未认识到风俗习惯的重要性。
In a time of calm he would never as a speaker have succeeded in gaining a prominent position;but that was not a time of calm.在太平无事时期,作为演说家他绝不可能赢得卓越的地位。但是,当时并不是太平时期啊。They welcomed the General at the airport.他们在机场欢迎了将军。2.1.4.省略介词
1)省略表示时间的介词
In July, 1956, Egypt had seized the Suez Canal.1956年7月,埃及占领了苏伊士运河。
The people’s RepubLic of China was founded in 1949.The mother sub was cruising near Wake Island on December2 when we heard hostilities were to begin on December 7.12月2日,我们的亩艇正在威克岛附近巡航,这时,我们听说战争要在12月7日打起来。2)省略表示地点的介词
Smoking is prohibited in public places.公共场所不准吸烟。
Now complaints are heard in all parts of that country.该国各地目前怨声载道。Rumors had already spread along the streets and lanes.大街小巷早就传遍了各种流言蜚语。2.1.5.省略连接词
If you remember these points, it will help you.记住这几点,对你们会有帮助。
Doctors confront such choices often and urgently.医生们常常面临这种非常紧迫的选择。
Having been operated on twice for the disease, she was so weakened that she could barely stand up.她因那病开过两次刀后,身体十分虚弱,就几乎站不起来。2.1.6.根据汉语的表达习惯省略一些可有可无的词汇或短语
As agriculture became more dependent upon markets, the cultivation of new lands and application of new technology accelerated production when market conditions were favorable to farmers.农业越来越依赖市场,当市场条件对农民有利时,新土地的开垦和新技术的应用便加速了生产的发展。
University applicants who had worked at a job would receive preference over those who had not.报考大学的人,有工作经验的优先录取。
Instead of one old woman knocking me about and starving me, everybody of all ages knocked me about and starved me.那是打我并让无挨饿的不只是一个老太婆,二十老老少少各式各样的人。In the course of the same year, war broke out in that area.同年,该地区爆发了战争。
He was smooth and agreeable to meet.他待人处世八面玲珑。
2.2 汉译英
1981年何振梁当选为国际奥委会委员,1985年再次当选为国际奥委会执行委员,1989年最终当选为国际奥委会副主席。
He Zhenliang was elected a member of the International Olympic Committee in 1981, a member of the Executive Committee of the International Olympic Committee in 1985 and vice-chairman of the international Olympic Committee in 1989.野心不仅是罪恶的根源,也是毁灭的根源。
Ambition is the mother of destruction as well as of evil.泰勒斯认为水是万物之始,阿那克西米尼认为空气是万物之始;郝拉克里特认为火是万物之始。
Thales thought water was the beginning of everything, Anaximenes air, Heraclitus fire.要是下三天的雨,难道我就在这儿住三天不成? Shall I stay here for 3 days if it rains that long.他们对国家做的贡献要比我们所作的贡献要大得多。
They have done much more contributions for the state than we have.在抗日战争中,八路军和中国人民组成了一道铜墙铁壁。
During the Anti-Japanese War, the Chinese people and the Communistled Eighth Route Army built up a bastion of iron(or: a wall of bronze).2.2.2.省略汉语中的虚词或概括性词语 汉语中不少虚词如“就”、“又”、“还”、“都”,概括性名词如“情况”、“情景|”、“观点”、“面貌”、“事业”、“精神”、“质量”等等,都可以在译成英语时省略掉。她的朋友们听说她家中的困难情况后,都主动伸出援助之手。
After learning about her family difficulties, al her friends offered her a helping hand.师生关系愈好,就愈有利于教学质量的提高。
The closer relations between teachers and students, the more chances for improving teaching.我还鲜明地记得和周恩来总理第一次见面时的情景。
I still remember clearly my first meeting with Premier Zhou Enlai.无数先烈为中国的革命事业献出了生命。
Countless martyrs have laid down their lives for the Chinese revolution.他得到硕士学位后一直从事电脑软件的开发研究工作。
3.词类转换法
英汉两种语言的语法规范和用词规律有许多明显差异。汉语是没有形态变化的语言,而英语是有形态变化的,一个汉语单词可以有好几个不同词性或形态的英语单词与之对应。例如:汉语中的“发明”一词和两个英语单词invent(动词)和inventation(名词)相对应。另外,英汉两种语言的句型和用词规律也各不相同。英语的一个句子里只能有一个谓语动词,或者两个或两个以上的并列谓语动词。而汉语则允许连动。例如,在英语里,以下的句型被认定为连动错误:There are some children play in the garden.而在汉语里以下的句型则被认为是合乎语法规范的:“有几个小孩在花园里玩耍。”汉语中动词的使用相当频繁,而英语中介词的使用极其灵活。因此,为了使译文符合译入语的语法规范和用词规律,在翻译过程中,经常要用到词类转换法。以下介绍英汉互译时词类转换的几种主要情况。3.1英译汉
3.1.1.其他词类的英语单词转换为汉语动词
汉语是典型的“动态性”语言,对动词的依赖性很强,往往一个句子里就有三四个动词,而且这些动词很少可以用其他词替代。相比之下,英语则是较为“静态”的语言,一个动作或状态,不但可以用动词表示,而且还可以用形容词、副词、名词等词类表示。因此,在英译汉时,往往需要根据语境把其他词类的英语单词转换为汉语动词。例如:
The seizure of American hostages in Iran sharpened the pain of national humiliation.伊朗方面扣押美国公民作为人质,这更让所有美国人倍感耻辱。Rockets have found application for the exploration of the universe.火箭已被用来探索宇宙。
I think my little brother is a better teacher than I.我认为我的小弟弟比我教得好。
Exercise, fresh air and sleep are essential for the preservation of health.锻炼、新鲜空气和睡眠是保持健康所必需的。
“Coming!” Away she skimmed over the lawn, up the path, up the steps, across the verandah, and into the porch.“来啦!”她转身蹦跳着越过草地,跑上小径,跨上台阶,穿过凉台进了门廊。A force is needed to move an object against inertia.要是物体克服惯性而运动,就需要有一个力。He was ignorant of how to express his gratitude.他不知道该如何表达自己的感激之情。3.1.2.其他词类的英语单词转换为汉语名词 在英译汉中,第二类常见的是将其他词类的英语单词转换为汉语名词,例如: He is ideally fitted for the position.他是这个职位的理想人选。
Everyone has a duty to extend a helping hand to the poor.人人都有义务向穷人伸出援助之手。
John and James are brothers.The former is a teacher;the latter is an engineer.约翰和詹姆斯师兄弟关系。前者则是教师;后者是工程师。
The tools of long ago have remained when even the bones of the men who made them have disappeared without trace.尽管制造这些工具的人早已尸骨无存,但远古时代的石头工具却保存了下来。He is physically week but mentally sound.他身体虽弱,但心智健全。
3.1.3.其他词类的英语单词转换为汉语形容词
由于英、汉表达习惯的差异,在英译汉时,有时需要把英语中的名词、副词等转换为汉语中的形容词,例如:
The increasing prosperity of China has brought pride to all Chinese people in the world.中国日益繁荣昌盛,这令全世界华人都为之骄傲。I most heartily wish you every success.我衷心地祝福你事事成功。
If westerners think they are healthy eaters, they will have to think again.如果西方人觉得自己吃的很健康,那他们得好好反思一下。Joyce possesses mind of childlike simplicity.乔伊斯有着孩子般天真的头脑。3.1.4.其他此类转换为汉语副词
在英译汉时,为便于表达,有时会把其他此类转换为汉语副词,例如:
Yachtsmen vying for the America’s Cup practiced their maneuvers in dead earnest.争夺美洲杯的赛艇运动员们极其认真地练习着每一项动作。
I have the honor to inform you that you are elected the mayor of this city.我荣幸的通知您,您当选为了本市的市长。
His readiness to accept the invitation cheated all that were present that day.他欣然接受了邀请,骗过了在场的所有人。
He told us, with sincerity, how he was eager to learn.他诚恳的告诉我们他是多么渴望学习。
3.2.汉译英
3.2.1.把汉语的动词转换为英语的其他词类
由于汉语是“动态性”的语言,定语较少、短句较多,在汉译英时往往需要把中文的动词转换为英语的名词、形容词、介词等等,例如: 知识是人类创造的。
Human beings are the creators of knowledge.科学家们花了很多年时间才发明了宇宙飞船。
The invention of a spaceship took scientists many years.他们也笑着泼水回敬。
They splashed back laughingly.林则徐认为,要成功地制止鸦片买卖,就得首先把鸦片焚毁。
Lin Zexu believed that a successful ban of the trade in opium must be preceded by the drug itself.3.2.2.把汉语的其他词类转换为英语的名词 由于英文中抽象名词较多,在汉译英时,常常需要把汉语的形容词或动词等词类转换为英语中的抽象名词,例如:
土豆、芥末、生菜、黄瓜之类都是居家生活每天都少不了的。
Tomatoes, mustard, lettuce and cucumbers and the like are necessities in daily life.(秦岭血雉)由于数量稀少、环境适应性差,迄今未见饲养展出。
Due to their scarcity and inability to adapt to new environments, no blood pheasant has been raised in any zoo so far.看到我们的喷气式飞机,听见隆隆的机声,我感到心驰神往。The sight and sound of our jet planes filled me with special longing.这所大学是600多年前创办的。
The foundation of this university took place over 600 years ago.
第二篇:翻译技巧总结
英汉互译技巧
1.重复法(Repetition)
在翻译中,有时为了忠实于原文,不得不重复某些词语,否则就不能忠实的表达原文的意思,这种在句子中重复使用某些词语的方法就叫重译法。
(1)They forget the democratic centralism which subordinates the minority to the majority,the lower level to the higher level,the part to the whole,and the whole Party to the Central Committee.
他们忘记了少数服从多数,下级服从上级,部分服从整体,全党服从中央的民主集中制。
(2)We have advocated the principle of peaceful coexistence,which is now growing more and more popular among the nations of Asia and Africa.
我们倡导和平共处的原则,这项原则在广大亚非国家受到越来越多的欢迎。
(3)Later,people will undergo a progressive loss of their vigor and resistance which,though imperceptible at first,will finally become so steep that they can live no longer,however well they look after themselves,and however well society,and their doctors,look after them.
随后,人们将持续的丧失精力和抵抗力,这个过程开始的时候难以察觉,但是最终将会变得十分急剧,不论他们自身如何加以注意,不论所处的社会条件如何优越,不论医生的治疗如何精心,他们都活不长。
(4)The monkey’s most extraordinary accomplishment was learning to operate a tractor.By the age of nine,the monkey had learned to solo on the vehicle.
这只猴子最了不起的成就就是学会了开拖拉机。到九岁的时候,它已经可以独自开了。
(5)正如不行的家庭各有各的不幸,大家庭也有大家庭不为人知的难处
Just as every unhappy family is unhappy in its own way;all big families have their own unknown trouble.重译法有三个作用,第一:为了使译文明确或强调某些内容,就要设法消除任何可能出现的误解。要消除这些误解,在某些文体中,特别是在条约、合同等正式的应用文体中,要少用代词而重复使用名词;第二:为了明确,有时需要重复宾语,英语常用省略,但为了明确,也为了强调某些内容,在汉语中常常要将省去的部分重译出来;第三:汉译英时,往往还有下面两种情况:一是汉语重复,英译时也重复;而是根据两种语言各自的习惯用法,以不同的表达方式进行重复,通常是为了传达原文的生动性。2.增词法(Amplification)
所谓增词法,就是在翻译时按意义(或修辞)和句法上的需要增加一些词来更忠实通顺地表达原文的思想内容。用增词法翻译技巧的目的是为了更加准确、通顺和完整的表达原文的内容。当然不能无中生有地随意增词,而是增加原文中虽无其词而有其意的一些词。
(1)I have heard many of your collogues’ complains for many times, and you must work hard from now on, suppose the preparatory work should not be completed.我已经听到你的很多同事抱怨过多次了,从现在起你必须努力工作,要是完成不了,你可怎么办?
(2)Just as a cutting tool is useful only if it is sharp, our knowledge must be accurate and reasonably extensive before we can make good use of it.正如刀具只有锋利无比时才能得心应手一样,我们的知识必须广博专精才能运用自如。
(3)看粮食,要看中国的农业;看农业,首先要看市场。
To understand food situation in China, we must take a full view of her agriculture, and to know the agriculture we mush first look at the food market.(4)Happiness enjoyed alone is a pleasure, so is sorrow tasted privately.独自享乐是一种愉快,独自忧伤也是一种愉快。
(5)在人权领域,中国反对以大欺小、以强凌弱。
In the field of human rights, China opposes the practice of the big oppressing the small and the strong bullying the weak。
翻译中增词法的使用可以分为四类,分别为词汇、语法、逻辑以及修辞方面的增词。
词汇方面,首先可以适当添加表示具体范畴的词汇英语中常用一些含有动作意义的名词表示具体化的概念,翻译时需增加“原理”、“状态”、“现象”、“过程”、“作用”等词,以更准确体现原作的意思,其次可以增加表示重复概念的词汇英语的大多数复数名词在译成汉语时是无须作“增词”处理的,但在特定的情况下要增加部分词汇,用来表示相应的复数概念。
语法方面,首先可以增加英语中无须重复的词。有些词语或句子成分在英语中可根据习惯或语法规则省去,其意思仍然表达得非常清楚。但在译文中则必需根据汉语的习惯和语法规则予以重述;其次增加英语中省略的词。为了使词句简洁,避免重复,英语中可以省略某些词,但译为汉语时,经常要把原文省略的词语补上,否则就无法确切表达原作的意思,再次,增加语法中附加含义的词。非谓语动词在英语中的应用非常灵活,它往往包含一些附加含义,因而,翻译时需通过分析或根据上下文,必要时应将附加的含义译出来。
逻辑方面,某些句子在英语中,就原文的表达形式来看,逻辑上是通的,但在译成汉语时,若不加上适当的词,在逻辑上就显得欠缺一些。因而,出于汉语逻辑上的考虑,翻译时必须加上适当的词,把隐含的意思充分表达出来,使它形式上合乎思维规律,意义上顺理成章。
在修辞方面增加词语主要是对翻译出来的句子从修辞上进一步润色,以提高译文的质量使之具有准确、鲜明、生动的特点。
3.减词法(Omission)
减词(omission)即将原文中需要而译文中又不需要的词语省去,词的省略目的正是为了使译文符合英语的表达习惯和修辞特点。
(1)There was not a sound in her---and around us nothing moved, nothing lived, not a canoe on the water, not a bird in the air, not a cloud in the sky.船上悄然无声,四周一片静谧,死一般沉寂,水面不见轻舟飘动,天空不见小鸟浮云
(2)Virtually all governments have taken significant steps to widen the role of private enterprise in economic activity.各国政府大都采取了重要措施来扩大私人企业的作用。
(3)As the weather was fine, we decided to hold the reception in the open air and have lunch together after that.天气很好,我们决定举行露天招待会,会后共进午餐。
(4)To both industrialized and developing countries, this is an issue of growing concern in which international cooperation is essential.国际合作的重要性是工业国家和发展中国家日益关切的一个问题。
(5)中国政府历来重视环境保护工作,并为之做了大量的努力。
The Chinese government has always attached great importance to environmental protection,and has made great efforts to it.减词法主要用于物主代词,非人称词it,以及连词、冠词、前置词和修辞角度在英语中重复出现的短语的省略。
4.转换法(Conversion)
英语和汉语分属两个不同的语系,在语言的表达方式上存在着很大的差异。如果在翻译过程中,把英语句子中的词性、句式照搬过来,则汉语译文会变成外国腔,使读者不易理解或无法理解。使译文不通顺不流畅且带有明显的欧化语言,其中一个主要原因就是不善于应用词性转换和句子成分转换的翻译方法。这种方法不仅指词性的改变,而且还包括词性作用的改变和句子词序的改变。
(1)客观现实世界的变化永远没有完结,我们在实践中对于真理的认识也就永远没有完结。
The changing movement of the objective world will never end, neither will our knowledge of truth in our practices.(2)由于我们实行了改革开放政策,我国的综合国力有了明显的增强。
Thanks to the introduction of our reform and opening policy, our comprehensive national strength has greatly improved.(3)学习外语的方法和学习游泳的方法一样,必须把实践放到第一位。
The way of learning foreign languages is the same as that of learning swimming: Practice must be put first.(4)It is well known that too much exposure to TV programs will do great harm to the eyesight of children.众所周知,孩子们看电视过多会大大地损坏视力。
(5)And we would recommend subsidies ,consistent with GATT ,only for a demonstrably competitive industry whose products are used in a variety of manufactured goods.我们建议在进行补贴时,要符合关贸总协定的规定,并只限于明显有竞争力、其产品用于加工各种制成品的产业。
转换法主要包括两大类,一是词性的转换,而是句子成分的转换。
由于英汉两种语言表达方式不同,不应当机械地按英语原文词性译作汉语中同一词性,把名词译成名词,把动词译成动词等等。为了确切表达原文的内容,就必须改变英语的语言形式,因此,在翻译过程中,词性转换是必然的,又是普遍的。例如名词、动名词、形容词和介词转换为动词,动词、形容词转换为名词,以及名词、副词转换为形容词等。
英译汉时,往往不能按照英语句子结构格式原封不动,否则译文生硬无法理解。在翻译过程中,很可能由于被动语态变成主动语态,使英语句子中的主语译作汉语句中的宾语。这就是句子成分的一种转换。例如主语、宾语之间的转换,主语转换为定语、谓语等等。
5.词序调整法(Inversion)
Inversion作为一种翻译技巧,指的是在翻译中对词序作必要或必不可少的改变,并不
只是纯粹的颠倒词序或倒装。
(1)The moon is completely empty of water because the gravity on the moon is much less than on the earth.因为月球的引力比地球小的多,所以月球上根本没有水。
(2)The football students can be removed from the university with no exception if they fail to pass their examination.作为足球运动员的学生如果考试不及格就会无一例外的被开除。
(3)It may call the attention of the Security Council to situations which are likely to endanger international peace and security.它会提请安理会注意那些足以危及国际和平与安全的形势。
(4)At thirty minutes past three p.m.on the 30th of April, 1945, Hitler and his bride killed themselves in the bedroom.1945年4月30日下午3点30分,希特勒和他的新娘在他们的卧室自杀身亡。
(5)然而,从长远来看,泰国作为东盟最受欢迎的旅游胜地的地位,可能要让位于印度尼西亚。
In the long term, however, Thailand may have to give way to Indonesia as ASEAN’s most popular tourist destination.词序调整法主要包括定于位置和状语位置的调整。
英语中,单词作定语时,通常放在它所修饰的名词前,汉语中也大体如此。有时英语中有后置的,但译成汉语时一般都前置。而英语中修饰名词的短语一般放在名词之后,汉语则反之,但间或也有放在后面的,视汉语习惯而定。
英语中单词作状语修饰动词时,一般放在动词之后,而在汉语里则放在动词之前。表示程度的状语在修饰状语时可前置也可后置,而在汉语中一般都前置。短语状语可放在被修饰的动词之前或之后,译成汉语时则大多数放在被修饰的动词之前,但也有放在后面的。英语中地点状语一般在时间状语之前,而汉语中时间状语则往往放在地点状语之前。时间状语、地点状语的排列一般是从小到大,而汉语中则是从大到小。6.正说反译,反说正译法(Negation)
Negation 作为一种翻译技巧,主要指在翻译实践中,为了使译文忠实而合乎语言习惯地传达原文的意思,有时必须把原文中的肯定说法变成译文中的否定说法,或把原文中的否定说法变成译文中的肯定说法。
(1)He admitted that there is a general lack of understanding of the social development in China by some countries and their people.他承认在不少国家,人们对中国社会的发展状况了解还是不够。
(2)Each nation has the right to determine its own form of government and way of life, free of the interference from other countries.每个国家有权决定自己的统治和生活方式,不受其他国家的干涉。
(3)世界各地的伦理观点不同,因此对多利羊展开讨论很难达成一致意见。
It is not easy to talk Dolly in a world that doesn’t share a uniform set of ethnic values.(4)Mexico City is an earthquake zone and earth tremors are not unusual for local residents as they have already got used to it.墨西哥城位于地震区,地震震动对当地居民来说很正常,他们已经习惯了。
(5)Hardly a month goes by without word of another survey revealing new depths of scientific illiteracy among the citizens of this country.该国公民科学知识匮乏的现象日益严重,这种调查报告几乎月月都有。
英语中有一些否定句,可根据词句的涵义、逻辑关系,按汉语表达习惯,把否定译肯定,才符合汉语思维和行文习惯。同样在英语中有一些句子,句式是肯定句,意义却是否定的。可根据词句的涵义,按汉语表达习惯,肯定译否定,通顺自然,语言地道。正反译法是一个很有用的翻译技巧,虽然说法变了,意思还是原来的。之所以要改变,主要是由于词语之间的关系、句式的变化、习惯表达等方面的因素。“正话反说,反话正说”是提高译文水平的有效方法之一。肯定译否定,更能传神达意;否定译肯定,更能表达原文涵义。
7.分译法(Division)
分译法主要用于长句的翻译。为了使译文忠实、易懂,有时不得不把一个长句译成两句或更多的句子。Division作为一种翻译技巧,它出了指句子翻译之外,还包括某些词语意义的分译。
(1)The president said at a press conference dominated by questions on yesterday’s election results that he could not explain why the Republicans had suffered such a whispered defeat, which in the end would deprive the Republican Party of long-held superiority in House.在一次记者招待会上,问题集中于昨天的选举结果,总统就此发了言。他说他不能够解释为什么共和党遭了这样大的失败,这种情况最终会使共和党推动在众院中长期享有的优势。
(2)When Dr.Susan Chandler decides to use her daily radio talk show to explore the phenomenon of woman who disappear and are later to found have become victims of killers who prey on the lonely and insecure, she has no idea that she is exposing herself—and those closest to her—to the very terror that she hopes to warn others against.那些女性莫名失踪,而后惨遭杀害,凶手专门拿孤独和弱势人群开刀,当苏珊医生决定通过自己的每日广播脱口秀节目来探究这一现象时,她并没有意识到正在将自己和身边最亲近的人暴露于危险之中,而这种险境正是她竭力警告他人所要避免的。
(3)And I take heart from the fact that the enemy, which boasts that it can occupy that strategic point in a couple of hours, has not yet been able to take even the outlying regions, because of the stiff resistance that gets in the way.敌人吹嘘能在几小时内就占领战略要地,但是由于一路受到顽强抵抗,甚至连外围地带还没有攻下。这使我增强了信心。
(4)One of the ugliest fights of Lister’s career was with the Glasgow infirmary where he had started his practice of antiseptic surgery, for they bitterly resented an attack upon the position of their buildings, which happened to be built a few feet above a cholera pit where hundreds of bodies were still decaying!李斯特一生中最险恶的战斗发生在格拉斯哥医院,那曾是他开始进行防溃烂手术实验的地方。由于抨击医院大楼的修建位置他招来了同事们的强烈反对。可是大楼底下几英尺处就是一个埋葬霍乱病死亡患者的大坑,坑里几百具死尸正在腐烂发臭呢!
(5)So let us, in these next five years, start a long march together, not in lockstep, but on different roads leading to the same goal, the goal of building a world structure of peace and justice in which all men stand together with equal dignity and in which each nation, large or small, has a right to determine its own form of government, free of outside interference or domination.因此,让我们在今后五年里一起开始一次漫漫征途,不仅仅是一起迈步,而是在不同的道路上向着同一个目标前进。这个目标就是建立一个和平正义的世界结构,在这个结构中,所有的人都可以在一起享有同等的尊严,每个国家,无论大小,都有权决定它自己政府的形式,而不受外来的干涉或统治。
英语重形合,而汉语则重意合,这种截然不同的外在表现形式要求我们在英汉翻译时要谨记这种差异,化繁为简,化长为短,化整为零。一般说来,英语长句比较多,汉语句子一般比较短。因此,在很多情况下,原封不动地对原文中的长句进行汉译,往往会使译文读者感到费解。为了符合汉语表达习惯, 也为了更清楚地表达原文意思,在翻译时可以改变原文结构,把原文的某个成分从原来的结构中分离出来,译成一个独立成分、从句或并列分句。此处所谓的句子不在于结尾处用句号,而在于有无主谓结构。英语长句不限于并列句和复合句,简单句有时也很长。它的一个重要特点便是修饰语较长。英语长句的翻译通常采用分译法分译成几个短句,这是因为英语长句用得较多,相对而言汉语中用得较少;其次因为英语的后置修饰语有时很长,而汉语的修饰语一般前置,不宜过长。
英语长句需要拆句,因为英语的长句结构复杂,给理解和表达带来困难。然而,为了修辞效果, 表达习惯等的需要,有时对英语的短句也用拆译法,拆成更短的句子。
拆译法大致有三种形式:顺拆法、倒拆法、抽词拆译法。
顺拆是把句子按意群分成片段,将片段按原来的顺序译出。但拆译后的句子相互间必须衔接,这往往需要加词。例如:
They tried to stamp out the revolt, which spread more furiously throughout the country.他们企图扑灭反抗,结果反抗越来越猛,遍及全国。
倒拆则是打乱原来的顺序,将后面的提前译出。例如:
There is a universal tendency of every body(物体)to move towards every other body.每个物体都要向其他任何一个物体移动,这是一个普遍存在的倾向。
抽词拆译,顾名思义是将句子中某个词抽出来,另行翻译。有的词如果按原文的结构翻译不好处理,这时如将这个词译成句子就能更准确地表达出原意,译文也比较通顺。例如:
I tried vainly to persuade him to change his mind.我试图说服他改变主意,但我失败了。
8.语态转换法(The Change of the Voices)
这里主要指主动语态和被动语态之间的转换。(1)轻工业的发展正逐渐满足人们不断增长的对日常必需品的需求。
The growing needs for daily necessity are gradually being met by the development of light industry.(2)He said he was assured by the State Department that the U.S.is willing to normalize relations with his country.他说,国务院向他担保美国愿意同他的国家恢复正常关系。
(3)It should be noted that he and she were politically more than just friends : They were extremely close allies.应当注意的是:他和她在政治上并不仅仅是一般的朋友关系,而是极为密切的盟友。
(4)任何一个没有参加过学校橄榄球比赛的人,都会错过大学生活中最为精彩的一面。
Anyone who has not attended a large college football game has missed one of the most colorful aspects of American college life.(5)He liked his sister ,who was warm and pleasant, but he did not like his brother, who was aloof and arrogant.他喜欢热情愉快的妹妹,而不喜欢冷漠高傲的弟弟。
一般被动语态有四种情况:第一,无从说出、无需提及主动者;第二,出于某种考虑,无意说出主动者;第三,强调动作的承受者;第四,为了上下文的衔接和句子连贯。在很多时候译成主动句式效果更好。
如果译成中文的主动句,可以保留原文主语。在翻译某些被动句时,如无需指出动作的发出者,动词的动作不带有受动色彩,通常可以按照原文语序顺译,原文的主语仍旧充当译文的主语。
例:Visitors are requested not to touch the exhibition.观众请勿触摸展品。
也可以将原文主语译成宾语。如果原文中没有施动者,必要时,可在译文中添加不确定的主语。如:“大家”、“人们”、“有人”等。
If you are asked personal questions, you need not answer them.如果有人问你的私事,你可以不必回答。
把原文句中的一部分转译成主语
The compass was invented in China four thousand years ago.中国在四千年前发明了指南针 被动句也可以直接译成被动句。有些英语被动结构不宜转译成汉语主动句式的,就可带着这些被动标记,译成被动句式。
例如:
He had been fired for refusing to obey orders.他因拒绝接受并令而被解雇了。
在现代汉语中有些主动表达句式同样具有被动意义
问题应及时加以解决。
Problems should be resolved in good time。
9.引申法(Extend in Meaning)
所以词义的引申,是根据上下文,不拘于词的字面意义或词典提供的释义,而对词义作必要的调整与变动,揭示词与词之间的内在联系,按照汉语的表达方式译出。
(1)A large segment of mankind turns to untrammeled nature as a last refuge from encroaching technology.许多人都想寻找一块自由自在的地方,作为他们躲避现代技术侵害的最后一片世外桃园。
(2)For the average consumer, voice-activated devices are a convenience, for the elderly and handicapped, they may become indispensable for a wide variety of chores in the home.对普通消费者而言,声触发装置能提供方便;对老年人和残废人来说,它可能成为从事各种家庭杂务事不可缺少的帮手。
(3)I hope to avoid straying on the one hand into the sands of foreign policy, and on the other into the marshes of international law.我希望不要偏离正题,一方面避免误入外交政策的沙漠,另一方面避免陷入国际法的沼泽。
(4)为了得到大量水能,我们需要高水压和强水流。
In order to get a large amount of water power we need a large pressure and a large current.(5)How do we account for this split between the critics and the readers, the head and the heart ?
评论家和读者之间,也就是理智和情感之间的这种分歧如何解释呢?
10.综合法(Synthesis)
综合法指的是单用某种翻译技巧无法较好的译出原文,着眼于篇章,以逻辑分析为基础,同时使用以上多种翻译技巧的方法。
How can the European Union contribute to the development of a European film and television program industry which is competitive in the world market, forward-looking and capable of radiating the influence of European culture and of creating jobs in Europe? 欧洲联盟应该怎样做才能对欧洲的电影电视工业有所贡献,使它在国际市场上具有竞争力,使它有能力发挥欧洲文化的影响,并且能够在欧洲创造更多的就业机会呢?
如果说宣布收回香港就会像夫人说的“带来灾难性的影响”,那我们要勇敢地面对这个灾难,做出决策。
If the announcement of the recovery of Hong Kong would bring about us, as Madam put it, “disastrous effects”, we would face that disaster squarely and make a new policy decision.(3)I believe strongly that it is in the interest of my countrymen that Briton should remain an active and energetic member of the European Community.我坚信,英国依然应该是欧共体中的一个积极的和充满活力的成员,这是符合我国人民利益的。
At this moment, through the wonder of telecommunications, more people are seeing and hearing what we say than any other occasions in the whole history of the world.此时此刻,通过现代通信手段的奇迹,看到和听到我们讲话的人比整个世界历史上任何其他这样的场合都要多。
(4)I wish to thank you for the incomparable hospitality for which the Chinese people are justly famous throughout the world.我要感谢你们无以伦比的盛情款待。中国人民正是以这种热情好客而闻名世界的。
(5)I’m going to see my grandmother, who was ill in bed, to take her some fresh-baked cake that my mother has made for her.我去看病在床上的祖母, 给她带些妈妈刚烤好的蛋糕。
第三篇:汉译英翻译技巧
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Theory: Translation Process 1.The comprehension
1)Nida: translation process consists in analysis, translating, re-constituting and checking.2)to read the text carefully and have a correct understanding 3)to understand word meaning 4)to seek help from dictionary 5)to attend to the role of logic 6)to know the role of context
汉英短语比较:
1、汉词英译法:
翻译词,基本任务是词义的对应转换,形式问题是第二位的任务。对应,又称“直译法。”但必须受一词多义和惯用法等机制的调节。
如:佳期wedding day,佳人 beautiful woman,佳节joyful festival,佳句well-turned phrase,佳音good news,佳肴dainty food
2阐释,主要是难以取得双语对应契合时,义恰如其分的铺衍方式加以解释,常见的是文化隔膜形成的对应障碍。如:城楼tower over a city gate 民工irregular laborer working on a public project/ migrant worker
留用人员personnel kept on after reshuffle 民乐 traditional instrumental music 井底之蛙 a frog sitting at the bottom of a dried well/ person with very narrow outlook 夜郎自大 be blinded by presumptuous self-conceit 空城计 undefended city, a stratagem of putting up a bluff
3引申,由一般的、泛指词义到具体的、特指词义的引申
如:时令
season 太平间 mortuary 清茶 green tea/ tea served without refreshments
轻生 commit suicide
体魄健壮的男孩an athletic boy 由具体的、特指词义到一般的、泛指词义的引申。如:连珠 in rapid succession
文盲 illiteracy
十二万分地(感激)extremely 慢镜头slow motion 微笑外交并非在五湖四海都奏效。Smile diplomacy, then, is working, but not everywhere.我们客栈热诚欢迎来自五湖四海的朋友!Our hotel welcomes friends from all over the world!
4转换:词类转换,句中肯、否定式 的转换,例:
人生琐事 the little nothings of life
等闲视之 think nothing of 家常便饭 make nothing of
请来吃顿家常便饭。Come along and take potluck
在北京,堵车是家常便饭。Be in Beijing, blocking a car up is common occurrence.5.淡化(虚化)
“闹名利”译为:be out for fame and gain
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“咬耳朵”whisper in sb.’s ear
“洗耳恭听” listen with attentive ears
6.融合:紧缩语义的代偿手段
如:大小 size,长短length,轻重 weight 始终all along 好歹: what is good and what’s bad 事有曲直:right and wrong 例1别理他,这人不知好歹。Don't listen to him – he doesn't know right from wrong.例2万一她有个好歹,请立刻打电话给我。
If something should happen to her, please ring me up at once.例3 Don't cook us anything more.We'll have whatever there is.7.替代
目不识丁 not know one’s ABC
天字第一号A1 裙带风nepotism
中药三七pseudo-ginseng(西洋参)
金不换 precious(be more valuable than gold)
8.音译:
商标:百事可乐PepsiCola;
万事达Master
9.注释(exegesis):
最常用的是音译加注(汉语范畴词category word)disco迪斯科舞
hamburg汉堡包
Benz奔驰车
The Times《泰晤士报》
春秋战国Spring and Autumn Period and the Period of Warring States,铁观音 Iron Guanyin tea
Toursim 名山大川 famous mountains and great rivers 名胜古迹 scenic spots and historical sites 湖光山色 landscape of lakes and hills 青山绿水 green hills and clear waters 奇松怪石 strangely-shaped pines and grotesque rock formations 鱼米之乡 a land of milk and honey 世外桃源 a haven of peace Belts of parkland line three sides of the area and four large open squares of lawn and trees break the regularity of the city buildings.该地区三面与公园带相连,四大开阔的广场有草坪有树木,打破了城市建筑的规律性。城区三面绿地环绕,四大广场草坪开阔,碧草绿树掩映,打破了城区建筑的单一布局。
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Eating 吃喜酒 attend the wedding banquet 吃药 take medicine(下棋)吃掉一个子 take a piece 吃掉敌人一个团 annihilate an enemy regiment 连吃败仗 suffer one defeat after another 推上吃了一枪 get shot in the leg 吃闭门羹 be denied entrance at the door;be refused admission as an unwelcome guest be left out in the cold 吃醋 be jealous 吃官司 be sued / involve in a legal action 吃耳光 get a slap in the face 吃回扣 get commission 这种纸不吃墨水。This kind of paper doesn’t absorb ink.茄子很吃油。Eggplant calls for a lot of oil in cooking.我可不吃这一套。I won’t take all this lying down.他不务正业,专吃白食。He does not do any honest work and lives off others.你这老一套现在可吃不开了。Your old way of doing things won’t work now.这件事你如果说出去,我叫你吃不了兜着走。If you let this leak out, I’ll make you sorry for it.走这么多的路,恐怕你吃不消。It may be too much for you to walk such a long way.吃得苦中苦,方为人上人。Only those who endure the most become the highest.再重的卡车,这座桥也吃得住。This bridge can bear the weight of the heaviest lorry.你别想吃她豆腐。Don’t try to flirt with her.他要请我们吃馆子。He is going to invite us out to dinner.你要先考虑清楚,免得吃后悔药。Think it over before you go so that you won’t regret it later.形势吃紧。The situation was critical.他那坚强的毅力使人吃惊。His will power is amazing.他工作努力,能吃苦。He was hard-working and unafraid of hardships.他跑得不快,踢足球吃亏。He can’t run fast and that puts him at a disadvantage as a footballer.我跑了一天路,感到吃力。After a long day’s journey, I left exhausted.只要技术好,到哪儿都吃得开。A person who has expertise is welcome anywhere.吃一堑,长一智。A fall into a pit, a gain in your wit.
第四篇:诗歌翻译技巧
诗歌翻译技巧
摘要:本文主要以英译汉诗和汉译英诗的语篇为例,从词义和语篇的层面上探讨了英语与汉语在表现形式上的本色和差异。其一,在语义上,英语词汇具有客观明晰,以多代少的特点,但并不冗余;汉语词汇则主观概括,词约义富,以少替多的特点,但并不短缺。其二,在语篇上,英语具有衔接严谨,语篇易长的特点;汉语则连贯紧凑,语篇易短。正因如此,英诗诗意易于明朗,汉诗诗意易于模糊。认识这两种显著的差异可以英汉互译促进英语学习的研究。
关键词:诗歌、翻译、特点、技巧
正文:翻译要讲究信、达、雅三点,当然诗歌翻译也不例外,在原则上要遵循严复先生的信、达、雅,而且文化适应性是文化翻译的一个很重要的概念,文化适应性原则在诗歌的翻译中占据着重要的地位并起着积极的作用。不同的语言,因其不同的语言习惯、文化差异因素,在翻译过程中必须充分考虑其中。在翻译过程中,必须调动目标语言的一切手段来尽力再现原文的语言特点。
(一)英语诗歌的特点
(1)语言的音韵美和节奏感
押韵是诗体与其它文体的最大区别之一。押韵是语言中相同音素的重复和组合所造成的共鸣和呼应。英文诗常用的韵有①头韵(alliteration),即词首音素的连续重复,与汉语的“双声”相似(如Thomas Gray 的 Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard中的The plowman homeward plods his weary way一句,plowman与plods, weary 与way都形成头韵);②谐元音/腹韵(assonance),即词中重读元音的重复(如sweet与sleep, cradle与grave);③尾韵(rhyme),即词尾相同音素的重复。诗歌除了音韵美外,其有规律的轻重抑扬变化连同韵式的变化,一同构成了诗的节奏美。英语格律诗分为诗节(stanza),诗节又分为诗行,每一诗行又分为几个音步(foot)。音步是由一个重读音节和一个或数个非重读音节有规律地排列构成,常见的有抑扬格五音步,扬抑格四音步,抑扬格七音步以及扬抑抑格两音步、抑抑扬格三音步等。无韵诗(blank verse)虽然不讲究押韵,但传统的无韵诗仍十分讲究节奏,一般是以抑扬格五音步为一行,如莎士比亚的诗剧。至于当代诗人写的一些无韵自由诗(free verse)则完全不受韵式和音步的限制,完全听凭思想的自然流露和语言自然节奏的流动。(2)破格与变异
诗人是语言运用最自由的人。格律对于那些优秀的诗人来说,好像并不构成多大限制,而是他实现意美、音美、形美的好助手。诗人享有语言运用方面的一些特权(poetic license),即为了适应节奏格律的需要,诗人可以使用一些特殊的缩略形式(如tis=it is, o'er=over),以减少音节数;他还可以灵活调整词序、主谓倒置、动宾倒置及对修饰词与被修饰词进行换位。这些语言特权所带来的结果就是更具表现力的破格。如果说破格还是有限的自由的话,那么变异(deviation)就是无拘无束的自由。变异是对语言常规的有意偏离,是诗人寻新求异的一种手法,是对语言的创造性的使用。变异在诗歌创作中早已有之,在现代和当代更是被发挥到极至。变异可以发生在诗歌语言的各个层面上,如语音、拼写、词汇、语法、诗式等。诗在语音上的变异主要表现在单词的某些音节的省略、重音甚至整个发音的改变。(3)词句的重复与修辞格的广泛运用
诗歌中常重复一些词句或诗行,用以抒发真挚深沉的情感,或是用以渲染某种气氛(如回环往复的缠绵),或是用以增强诗的歌唱性。诗歌中又大量运用修辞格,尤是是各种各样的明喻、暗喻、比拟用得最多。
(4)丰富的意象与象征
所谓意象,是指那些可以引起人的感官反应的具体形象和画面,分为视觉、听觉、嗅觉、触觉、味觉、动觉、通联等。这些意象不仅唤起人们的某种体验,更常常具有鲜明或隐晦的象征意义,是许多优秀诗篇所具有的共性。
(二)英语诗歌的翻译
一般说来,语言形式服务于内容,并具有一定的意义。就诗歌而言,形式的意义远远大于散文类作品中的语言形式。诗之所以成为诗,怎样说与说了什么同样重要,所以译文中追求形似是译者的重要任务之一。在我国的译诗史上,有将英语格律诗译成元曲形式的,有将它译成五言古体形式的,还有用骚体译出的。但目前看来,采用这些形式都值得商榷,因为英语诗人绝不会写出唐诗宋词。同样的原因,把英语格律诗译成散文或散文诗(如梁遇春译雪莱的A Lament)也是不可取的,因为诗歌的形式是有意义的。英文格律诗汉译的另一种方法是“以顿代步”,即以汉语的“顿”代替英语的“音步”以再现原诗的节奏。“以顿代步法”通常强调原文的韵式也应在译文中加以复制,即如果原文的韵式是ABAB、CDCD,那么译文也应有同样的韵式。所谓“顿”,是指两个、三个抑或是四个汉字放在一起,它们构成一个相对完整的意义,同时又形成语音的一种自然的起落。这确实有点像由轻重抑扬构成的音步。以这种方法译诗,是译者追求形似并再现音美的大胆探索,而且确实也产生了一些形神皆似的译作。不过,在顿与音步的对等方面以及顿在何处(即在何处停顿)等问题上,翻译界仍有争议,译者自己有时也难以把握。英语格律诗的另一种译法就是放弃韵律,用自由体翻译,持此论者的理由是原诗节律在汉语中无对等物,译诗重在传达神韵,形似难求且束缚表达,因此不如弃之。在追求形似上,我们认为,王佐良先生提倡的“以诗译诗”是完全正确的,诗歌毕竟不是散文,因此,原诗如果有韵,那么译诗也应尽量沿用;原诗如果无韵,译诗也应无韵,即使用韵,也不能太过整齐,只应是个别诗句中用韵。原诗的节奏应尽量用汉语的自然起落体现,但不可偏执,非要找到所谓“顿”与“音步”的等量齐观不可。形似应尽量在用韵与否以及诗行长短上予以体现,这样既保存了原诗的形,又再现了原诗的音美。当然,诗之最大功用是言志言情。传达情志当为译者首先必须考虑的事情。对于大多数诗来说,形式虽也有意义,但相对于诗之神韵和意境而言,它仍处于次要地位。英汉语言及文化的差异常要求译者“变换说法”,即变换形式以求神似。比如我们虽不赞成将英语格律诗全都译为中国五言或七言诗,但以这种形式译出的某些诗如能做到传神,却也不失为好的译作。诗歌形式中确有一些不可译因素,但诗的意义、意境、神韵却大都可以被意会、被言传,尽管难以全部传达。因此译者应在词语的锤炼上下苦功夫,写诗者常常是“语不惊人誓不休”,译诗者没有这种精神也休想“译语惊人”。[4]下面来看一个例子:
The Soul Selects Her Own Society
Emily Elizabeth Dickinson
The Soul selects her own society---
Then---shuts the Door---
To her divine Majority---
Present no more---
Unmoved she notes the chariots---
pausing---
At her low Gate---
Unmoved---an Emperor be kneeling---
Upon her Mat---
I’ve known her---from an ample nation---
Choose One---
Then---close the valves of her attention---
Like Stone---
(参考译文)
灵魂选择自己的伴侣
灵魂选择自己的伴侣,然后, 把门紧闭,她神圣的决定,再不容干预。
发现车辇停在她低矮的门前,不为所动,一位皇帝跪在她的席垫,不为所动。
我知道她从一个民族众多的人口
选中了一个
从此封闭关心的闸门,象一块石头。
译例第一阙前两行的问题已作分析, 第四行含义并非 “不容干预”, 而是 “不露行藏”。第二阙逐字逐句直译, 甚至不定冠词也译成 “一位”, 既违反汉语规范, 又背离了诗歌语域。第三阙更是不堪入目, 连语句都不通了, “一个民族众多的人口” 是歧义句。特别是最后一行中的那 “一块石头”, 喻义含混, 实在让读者心里堵得慌。为此, 创造性地运用各种翻译技巧, 艺术性地利用中文词语组合读音上的抑扬顿挫来传达英语诗歌无所不在的节奏。
我们将这首名诗试译如下:
选 择
选定精神伴侣,然后谢客关门;
既作神圣抉择,必当匿影藏形
车辇沓至纷来,姑娘不闻不问;
皇帝跪于席垫,万难打动芳心。
茫茫人海无限,唯独选中一人;
从此心如盘石,封闭情感闸门。[2]
(三)汉语诗歌的特点
(1)抒情性。“诗言志”,强烈的感情色彩是诗歌的显著特征。
(2)形象性。通过联想、想象等多种手法构制生动鲜明的形象,是诗歌的另一个显著特点。(3)语言精练、含蓄,节奏感强,富有音乐美。
诗歌的表现手法很多,我国最早流行而至今仍常使用的传统表现手法有“赋、比、兴”。《毛诗序》说:“故诗有六义焉:一曰风,二曰赋,三曰比,四曰兴,五曰雅,六曰颂。”其间有一个绝句叫:“三光日月星,四诗风雅颂”。这“六义”中,“风、雅、颂”是指《诗经》的诗篇种类,“赋、比、兴”就是诗中的表现手法。
赋:是直接陈述事物的表现手法。宋代学者朱熹在《诗集传》的注释中说:“赋者,敷陈其事而直言之也。”如,《诗经》中的《葛覃》《芣苢》就是用的这种手法。
比:是用比喻的方法描绘事物,表达思想感情。刘勰在《文心雕龙·比兴》中说:“且何谓为比也?盖写物以附意,扬言以切事者也。”朱熹说:“比者,以彼物比此物也。”如,《诗经》中的《螽斯》《硕鼠》等篇即用此法写成。
兴:是托物起兴,即借某一事物开头来引起正题要描述的事物和表现思想感情的写法。唐代孔颖达在《毛诗正义》中说:“兴者,起也。取譬引类,起发己心,诗文诸举草木鸟兽以见意者,皆兴辞也。”朱熹更明确地指出:“兴者,先言他物以引起所咏之辞也。”如《诗经》中的《关雎》《桃夭》等篇就是用“兴”的表现手法。这三种表现手法,一直流传下来,常常综合运用,互相补充,对历代诗歌创作都有很大的影响。
诗歌的表现手法是很多的,而且历代以来不断地发展创造,运用也灵活多变,夸张、复沓、重叠、跳跃等等,难以尽述。但是各种方法都离不开想象,丰富的想象既是诗歌的一大特点,也是诗歌最重要的一种表现手法。在诗歌中,还有一种重要的表现手法是象征。象征,简单说就是“以象征义”,但在现代诗歌中,象征则又表现为心灵的直接意象,这是应予注意的。用现代的观点来说,诗歌塑造形象的手法,主要的有三种:
比拟:刘勰在《文心雕龙》一书中说:比拟就是“或喻于声,或方于貌,或拟于心,或譬于事。”这些在我们前面列举的诗词中,便有许多例证。比拟中还有一种常用的手法,就是“拟人化”:以物拟人,或以人拟物。前者如徐志摩的《再别康桥》:轻轻的我走了,/正如我轻轻的来;/我轻轻的招手,/作别西天的云彩。/那河畔的金柳,/是夕阳中的新娘;/波光里的艳影,/在我的心里荡漾。把“云彩”“金柳”都当作人来看待。以人拟物的,如,洛夫的《因为风的缘故》:……我的心意/则明亮亦如你窗前的烛光/稍有暧昧之处/势所难免/因为风的缘故/……以整生的爱/点燃一盏灯/我是火/随时可能熄灭/因为风的缘故。把“我的心”比拟为烛光,把我比作灯火。当然,归根结底,实质还是“拟人”。
夸张:就是把所要描绘的事物放大,好像电影里的“大写”“特写”镜头,以引起读者的重视和联想。李白的“桃花潭水深千尺,不及汪伦送我情”(《赠汪伦》)“飞流直下三千尺,疑是银河落九天”(《望庐山瀑布》),其中说到“深千尺”“三千尺”,虽然并非事实真相,但他所塑造的形象,却生动地显示了事物的特征,表达了诗人的激情,读者不但能够接受,而且能信服,很惊喜。然而这种夸张,必须是艺术的、美的,不能过于荒诞,或太实、太俗。如,有一首描写棉花丰收的诗:“一朵棉花打个包/压得卡车头儿翘/头儿翘,三尺高/好像一门高射炮。”读后却反而使人觉得不真实,产生不出美的感觉。
借代:就是借此事物代替彼事物。它与比拟有相似之处,但又有所不同,不同之处在于:比拟一般是比的和被比的事物都是具体的、可见的;而借代却是一方具体,一方较为抽象,在具体与抽象之间架起桥梁,使诗歌的形象更为鲜明、突出,以引发读者的联想。这也就是艾青所说的“给思想以翅膀,给感情以衣裳,给声音以彩色,使流逝变幻者凝形。” 塑造诗歌形象,不仅可以运用视角所摄取的素材去描绘画面,还可以运用听觉、触觉等感官所获得的素材,从多方面去体现形象,做到有声有色,生动新颖。唐代诗人贾岛骑在毛驴上吟出“鸟宿池边树,僧推月下门”,但又觉得用“僧敲月下门”亦可。究竟是“推”还是“敲”,他拿不定主意,便用手作推敲状,不料毛驴挡住一位大官的去路,此人乃大文豪韩愈,当侍卫将贾岛带到他的马前,贾岛据实相告,韩愈沉思良久,说还是用敲字较好。因为“敲”有声音,在深山月夜,有一、二记敲门声,便使得那种情景“活”起来,也更显得环境的寂静了。前述《枫桥夜泊》的“乌啼”和“钟声”,也是这首诗的点睛之笔。还有白居易的《琵琶行》中的音乐描写,“大珠小珠落玉盘”一段,更是十分逼真,异常精彩!现代的如黄河浪的《晨曲》:“还有那尊礁石/在固执地倾听/风声雨声涛声之外/隐隐约约的/黎明/灵泉寺的晨钟/恰似鼓山涌泉的/悠远回应/淡淡淡淡的敲落/几颗疏星/而涨红花冠的/雄劲的鸡鸣/仿佛越海而来/啼亮一天朝霞/如潮涌。”这首诗也写得很好。所以我们如果掌握了用声音塑造形象的手法,那将为诗歌创作开拓一个更加广阔的领域。
无论是比拟、夸张或借代,都有赖于诗人对客观事物进行敏锐的观察,融入自己的情感,加以大胆的想象,甚至幻想。可以这样说,无论是浪漫派也好,写实派也好,没有想象(幻想),便不成其为诗人。比如,以豪放著称的李白,固然想象丰富,诗风雄奇,而以写实著称的杜甫,也写出了诸如“安得广厦千万间……何时眼前突兀见此屋……”(《茅屋为秋风所破歌》)和“香雾云鬟湿,清辉玉臂寒。何时倚虚幌,双照泪痕乾。”(《月夜》)等等浮想联翩的佳作。
(四)汉语诗歌的翻译
诗歌大致分为内容、情绪、诗形三部分,理想的译诗应保证第一,它应当自己也是诗;第二,它应传原诗的情绪:第三,它应传原诗的内容:第四,它应取原诗的形式。汉语民族历来赋有“天人合一”、浑然一体的非逻辑的曲线思维特质。在结构形式上,汉语语篇多句内与句间的直接组合,形式上缺乏显性的衔接手段,但通过逻辑推理或直觉判断,语义是连贯的。所以,我们可以说汉语是高语境的语篇构成的。英语民族长期坚持“主客二分”、清晰明确的逻辑性的直线思维,语篇结构形式多为句与句的有序排列,形式上照应指称,衔接严谨,语义上脉络明晰,一意贯串直到篇末。相对汉语而言,英语则由低语境的语篇构成。一篇优秀的译文应体现在以下几个方面:
(1)对其外形做力能所及的修饰,确保译文与原文之间的庶几近之感,即我们为之努力的所谓“形美”。;
(2)符合英语语法,且少有拖泥带水之感活斧凿痕迹;
(3)满足读者希望见到的简洁、明了、易识、易记等要求,具有可视性和可读性;(4)使读者能感受出原文想要表达的情绪;
(5)应原诗的押韵修辞,译文也应有音节的押韵,读着使人朗朗上口。[3] 下面也来看一个例子: 王维的《鸟鸣涧》
人闲桂花落,夜静春山空。月出惊山鸟,时鸣春涧中。
译文 1①: Bird-Chirpping Hollow
The light beams of the moon on the earth softly rain, The night is quiet, the spring mount empty, The moon’s up-rise the birds doth frighten To cry now and then in the springtide hollow.译文 2②: The Dale of Singing Birds I hear osmanthus blooms fall unenjoyed;When night comes, hills dissolve in the void.The rising moon arouses birds to sing;Their fitful twitters fill the dale with spring.译文 3③: Bird-Singing Stream
Man at leisure.Cassia flowers fall.Quiet night.Spring mountain is empty.Moon rises.Startles--a mountain bird.It sings at times in the spring stream.三首诗均出自名家之手,不同的译本不仅反映出译家对原诗的不同理解,而且体现了英汉两种语言截然相反的语言本色。汉语的主观概括,以少胜多,词约义丰的特点,造成汉诗诗意模糊,难于精确理解。而英语客观明晰,以多胜少,词丰义微的特点又使英诗诗意具有明朗的色彩。这样,它们就带来了汉诗英译时表达上的障碍和难度。正因如此,三个译本至少在三个方面处理手法不同。其
一、用词多寡和语体的选择 从译文1到译文3,用词愈来愈少,以第3个译本为最。语体上,译文3简洁朴素,最为忠实原诗。其
二、词的单复数形式的选择
译文1与译文2比较一致,两者对“鸟”字的译法均为复数。而译文三却独自选择单数形式,这样它的译文较好地译出了原诗创造的静谧的意境。由此可知,汉语词义的概括含蓄,在诗歌创造中为优势,在译诗中却是暗礁。这是因为汉语的词义结构形式为“二合一”型,词中不包括附加概念或语法成份,其主体概念和附加概念在词的结构形式中无法体现,二者没有界线,所以词义模糊,其确切意义待定,主观性大。相反,英语的词义结构形式是“一分二”型的,词中主体概念和附加概念体现明显,所以词义客观明晰,其选择的随机性小,如单复数,就只能二者取一,不能象汉语那样兼而有之,含含糊糊。其
三、词组义的选择
三个译本中“时鸣”一词的译文大异其趣。译文1选用的是To cry now and then,其中cry 是与前行诗中的frighten相照应,但与整首诗的原意有出入。译文2与译文3,译法大略一致。译法见仁见智。译文2在选词上更生动,具体,准确,但音节数目略多,又用了复数。它的译法为Their fitful twitters,同时为了押韵的缘故,诗中前一行多用了To sing一词,语义略显重复。译文3虽然在“鸣”字上选词略逊一筹,但与整首诗的原意和情趣一致。它的音节数目和抑扬顿挫在三个译本之中最能接近原诗的平仄协调的韵律和用词朴素的风格。整首译诗除用韵上没有象译文3那样顽强地追求外,在内容和形式等多方面堪称是最切近的译文。3个译本中译文2最为完整,传达诗意自然连贯。对于译文3有的译论家在点评时,指出该译文略似英文电报的语气。我们认为,这是因为译者在译诗时,为照顾原诗简洁的文体风格。在翻译此诗时,最低限度地使用了英语中的语法词或逻辑词等的缘故。全诗除标点符号外,26字之中语法功能词仅占5个。所以说译诗较好地呈现了汉语诗篇偏“瘦”的特点,避开了英语因为使用功能词、语法词、逻辑词等与诗意相关不大的词而造成的诗篇偏“肥”的障碍。另外,三个译本“惊”字的译法,译文2最为恰当。译文3用Startles--不仅与译文2的Frighten一样有不足的一面,同时使该行的节奏略显雕砌。对此,是否可考虑用Amazes--一词。因为startles与amazes相比,虽同为惊讶一意,前者含有消极意义,后者却为积极意义,而且它用在诗行里后节奏更自然。在节奏上,译文3在此行节奏与译文2相比略次。首行的fall字后,从节奏的角度看缺少一个音节,若能用lay down一词则轻重节奏更趋完整。[1] 鉴于英汉诗歌节奏、音韵、句式、修辞以及语域等方面的异同,翻译时必须遵循汉语诗歌的规范。诗歌翻译从总体来说是一个归化的过程,同时,也是调制原汁原味的过程;它既是一种有章可循的科学实践,也是一种重新创造的艺术;除准确理解原文对译者颇具挑战性之外,运用语言的功底、写作诗歌的才思、调度音韵的能力以及驾驭翻译理论的水平等都是对译者的考验,也是译作优劣高下的决定因素。走出对 “形” 的单一性及简单化认识的误区, 去发现 “形” 的多样性及复杂性,这是诗歌翻译求得神韵的基本,没有千变万化、灵活生动的形式,死依一个模样画葫芦,这种诗歌翻译是无法出神入化的。我们期待着, 开诗歌翻译一代新风,创神形兼备双语极品。
参考文献:[1]专业英语学习网站 http://www.xiexiebang.com)[2]Susan Bassnett,Andre Lefevere.Constructing Cultures——Essay on Literary Translation.上海外国语教育出版社,2002.[3]丛滋杭.《中国古典诗歌英译理论研究》.国防工业出版社,2007.[4]辜正坤.《中西诗比较鉴赏与翻译理论》.北京清华大学出版社,2003.化工0901 周宏伟 常祺 江英杰 李凌雄 万维敏 丁嘉
第五篇:汉英翻译技巧
汉英翻译技巧
第一节 汉语无主语句的英译处理
一、祈使句对应为祈使句
e.g.小心轻放。
Handle with care.量体裁衣,看菜吃饭。Fit the dress to the figure and fit the appetite to the dishes.宁为鸡首,不为牛后。Better be the head of an ass than the tail of a horse.二、采用英语的被动结构译出 采用英语被动结构翻译的汉语无主语句一般的情况:一是某些表示事物存在的无主语句;二是有些句子突出宾语部分,在翻译时可以不用补出主语而用原句中的宾语来充当主语。e.g.这儿将修建更多的居民大楼。More apartments will be built here.利用发电机,可以将机械能转变为电能。
The mechanical energy can be changed back into electrical energy by a generator.在合同中,详细地规定了双方必须履行的各种条件。
In the contract, all kinds of conditions which both sides should follow were laid down in detail.没有爱心,就无法了解人生。
Life cannot be understood without much charity.三、采用倒装语序 e.g.地下埋藏着大量的金银。
Hidden underground is a wealth of gold and silver.随着一声吼叫,忽的从树林里窜出一只老虎来。
Following the roar, out rushed a tiger from among the bushes.山里住着个老和尚。
In the mountain lived on an old monk.四、采用 THERE BE 结构 例句:没有顺利,无所谓困难;没有困难,也无所谓顺利。
Without facility, there would be no difficulty;without difficulty, there would also be no facility.剩下的时间不多了。There is very little time left.萝卜白菜,各有所爱。
There is no accounting for taste.无水则无鱼。
Without water there would be no fish.楼下有人想和你说话。
There is a man downstairs who wants to speak to you.you are wanted downstairs.五、采用 IT 作主语译出
例句:要解决问题,还必须做系统、周密的调查工作和研究工作。
In order to solve the problem it is necessary to make a systematic and thorough investigation and study.与自然作斗争,倍感快乐。It is a great joy to battle against nature.活到老学到老。
It is never too old to learn.子曰:学而时习之,不亦说乎?有朋自远方来,不亦乐乎?
Confucius said, is it not a pleasure after all to practice in due time what one has learnt? Is it not a delight after all to have friends come from afar?
六、增添适当的代词或名词充当主语 例句: 知彼知己,百战不殆。
If you know your enemy and yourself, you can fight a hundred battles without peril.不入虎穴,焉得虎子。
If one does not enter the tiger’s den, how can he get a tiger’s cub.六、因文制宜,区别对待
例句:未经审批机关批准,合同中不得规定禁止接受方在合同期满后继续使用技术的条款。
Unless approval has been obtained from the examining and approving organ, a contract shall not include provisions prohibiting the recipient from continuing to use the technology after the expiry of the contract term.由于英语被接受为联合国的官方语言之一,这就使英语在国际外交场合使用得更为广泛了。
The use of English in international diplomacy is strengthened by its acceptance as one of the official languages of the U.N.说明白了一切,就再无奥妙可言了。It will leave nothing in obscurity;everything is seen.Exercises: 1.要适可而止,否则就要完蛋。
2.不远处传来了提琴的声音,调子哀enough, or we will die.Enough is 伤。Not far away from the sound of the fiddle, and that'll sorrow.3.在游廊的最左端,靠近一道门,坐着一位将近30岁的男子。
4.他的书桌上放着带有细菌的小碟the left, near a door, sits a nearly 30 years old man.Most of the veranda at 子。His desk is put a little dish of bacteria
All in all, it was two 5.总之,是两点而不是一点。
6.花瓶里没有水了。and not a bit.The vase no water.7.要
很容易看得出来那作家是一位生手,刚从事写作。8.。
Very easy to see the writer is a beginning, just writing
9.不怕一万,就怕万一one thousand.Ten thousand not afraid, afraid of 10.还看不出来他能挑得起这副担子。Also see he can pick up the burden alone.11.去年
12.必须认真做好建厂前的准备工作。The factory must do the preparing work before.Should teach children to 13.应该教导儿童讲实话。
14.必须保证8小时的睡眠。
15.发现了错误,一定要改正。tell the truthhours of sleep.must correct.Must ensure that eight
Find a mistake,第二节、汉语“是”字句的英译处理
一、表示“等同”
例句:他最佩服的就是你。
Of all the people, you are the one he admires most.二、表示“类属” 例句:这台机器是进口的。
The machine was imported from abroad.他是来找你的。He is here to see you.三、表示“事物状态” 例句:要是旧社会,遇上这样大的水灾,早已是哀鸿遍野了。
If a flood of such magnitude had hit the land in the old days, the stricken area would have been a scene of desolation and despair.你现在是身不由己,只能听他的。You have to listen to him whether you like it or not.四、表示“存在” 例句:她满脸是泪,默不作声。She was soundless and her cheeks were bathed in tears.别看他长得胖,其实浑身是病。Despite his stout build, he suffers from all sorts of diseases.五、在两个类似结构中表示“区别”,转换为英语相对的对比结构。例句:他是他,我是我,我们谁也管不着谁。
We have our own wills, he and I, neither is the other’s master.昨天是昨天,今天是今天,情况是不断变化的。
Events are moving very fast;what was true yesterday may not be so today.这个人言行不一,说是说,做是做。This man’s deeds do not match his words;he never practices what he preaches.敌是敌,友是友,必须分清界限。A friend is a friend, a foe is a foe;one must be clearly distinguished from the other.六、表示“让步”,用适当的副词或者让步句型来体现。例句:书是好书,可惜贵了点。It is true that this is a good book, but it’s a bit too expensive.他的本意是好的,只是措辞不当。He meant well, but he didn’t put across his ideas properly.你就是有天大的本事,恐怕也施展不开。
However capable you are, you probably can do nothing in this circumstance.这房子老是老,但离商店近,采购方便。
Indeed, the house is old, but as it is close to the stores, it is convenient for shopping.六、表示“强调”,一般转换为强调句式 例句:是谁教你这样做的? Who told you to do so? 是这位解放军战士救了你。
It was this PLA man who saved you.我写的信是给她的,不是你。
It was to her that I wrote a letter, not to you.七、表示“凡是”,由英语习惯句型决定。
例句:是人都会犯错误。
Every man is liable to error./ No one is free from error.是孩子他都喜欢。He loves all children.正如一句话所说,是亲三分像。As an old saying goes, blood is thicker than water.是重活他都抢着干。Whenever there is a tough job, he is always the first to do it.八、表示“恰当” 例句:屋里的家具放得都不是地方。The furniture in the room is arranged exactly where it should not be.你来得正是时候。
You have come just in the nick of time./ You can’t have come at a better come.她穿的裙子很是漂亮。
The dress looks very beautiful on her.九、表示“选择”或“疑问” 例句:你是看电视还是听音乐? 他不是出国了么?
十、表示“确认”,有强调的意思,一般通过助动词、副词或短语来体现。
例句:她爸爸是不同意她和汤姆来往的。
Her father does disapprove of her having anything to do with TOM.这件事他是不知道。
He certainly doesn’t know this.这孩子是可爱。
The child is lovely indeed.我不是不懂,只是不想说。
It is not that I didn’t understand, but that I didn’t want to say anything.十一、表示“特征”,一般直译。例句:马克思主义的基本原理是普遍适用的。
The fundamental tenets of Marxism are universally applicable.本领高强的人,往往是谦虚好学的。Men of capability are often modest and show a desire to learn.作战时他总是身先士卒,故能所向披靡。
He was always at the head of his men in battle, and so his army was invincible.练习题
1、我们是坐船去武汉的。
2、玩弄她的感情是卑鄙的。
3、这个故事好是好,就是长了点。
4、这场火灾是他们不小心而引起的。
5、满屋都是烟,连他衣服上都是烟味。
6、他开办这家工厂完全是白手起7、8、9、10、11、12、家的。
这本书我是有的,可是我一下找不到。
这原来是破旧、窄小的一条旧街。
这人真讨厌,总是死皮赖脸的缠着人家。
既然要搞掉他,罗织罪名还不是易如反掌。
今天开这个会啊,是想听听各方面的意见。
不管怎么样,我是决意要完成这项任务的。
Keys: 1.We went to wuhan by chartered boat.2.It was mean of him to play with her/affections.3.It is a good story all right, but a bit too long.4.The fire resulted from their carelessness.5.Smoke filled the room;even his clothes smelled of smoke.6.He built up his factory literally from nothing.7.I have the book somewhere but I cannot lay my hands on it now.8.This place was originally a narrow, shabby street.9.The man is quite a nuisance;he keeps pestering/bothering others/me shamelessly.10.Now that they have decided to get rid of him, charges can easily be framed.11.Look!We are holding this meeting today to make sure that different opinions are put forward freely.12.I mean to accomplish the task, come what may happen.汉语习语的英译处理
习语是人们在语言发展过程中,经过长期的社会实践提炼出来的短语或者短句,是语言的精华。从广义上讲,汉语习语包括成语、谚语、俗语、歇后语等。具体特点表现在:
1、习语本身是修辞手段的集中体现,如谐音等来增加美感,如“嘴上没毛,办事不牢”,“吃得苦,耐得烦;不怕死,霸得蛮”;英语中的“by hook or by crook”, as red as a rose。
2、习语是语言中独立、不规则而固定的因素。如“露出马脚”不能说成“露出猪脚”,“雪中送炭”不能说成“雪中送煤”。基于上述特点,翻译过程中必须注意:
1、尽量保存原文的民族特色和风格,在可能的情况下以直译为主。
2、不能把习语当做普通语句处理,注意修辞美感。
一、汉语习语英译的常用方法
1、英语同义句借用法
A: 借用意义和形象相同或相似的 B: 借用意义相同但形象不同的 例如: A:
随大流,以牙还牙 隔墙有耳 一文不名绞尽脑汁 针锋相对 时时刻刻 千钧一发 浑水摸鱼 swim with the tide a tooth for a tooth walls have ears
without a penny to one’s
name
to rack one’s brain give tit for tat every now and then hung by a thread to fish in troubled water
如坐针毡 a bed of thorns 谋事在人,成事在天
Man proposes, God disposes 星星之火可以燎原
Little chips light great fire.一朝被蛇咬,十年怕井绳 Once bit, twice shy.空中楼阁、君子协定、事实胜于雄辩、有其父必有其子、B:
半斤八两 six of one and half a dozen of the other 无足轻重
of no account 锦囊妙计
ace in the hole/sleeve 非公莫入
no admittance 徒劳无益
hold a candle to the sun 茫然若失
be all adrift 水中捞月
fish in the air 乳臭未干
the smell of the baby 寿终正寝
die in the bed 一丘之貉
birds of a feather(flock together)
2、直译法
蓬头垢面 with disheveled hair and dirty face
求同存异 see common ground while reserving differences 扑朔迷离
complicated and confusing
朴实无华
simple and unadorned 能者多劳
the abler a man, the busier he gets.自力更生 regeneration through one’s own efforts 顺水推舟 push the boat with current 欺软怕硬 bully the weak and fear the strong 半途而废 give up halfway 口蜜腹剑 with honey on one’s lips and murder in one’s heart.有钱能使鬼推磨
If you have money you can even make the devil turn your mill(serve for you).十年树木百年树人
It takes ten years to grow trees but a hundred years to rear/cultivate people.路遥知马力,日久见人心。
A long road tests a horse’s strength, while a long time proves one’s heart.天有不测风云,人有旦夕祸福
Storms gather without warning in nature, while bad luck befalls men overnight.3、意译法
畏首畏尾 over-cautious
不到黄河不死心
Not stop until one reaches one’s goal 独木不成林
One person cannot accomplish much.4、节译法 汉语习语中有些是对偶词组,往往前后两对含义相同
无影无踪 vanish without a trace 长吁短叹 千真万确 一朝一夕 根深蒂固 不屈不挠 自给自足 经久耐用 同心同德 清规戒律 油头粉面 惊心动魄
sigh deeply be quite true overnight deep-rooted unswerving self-sufficient durable with one mind taboos(regulations)high-painted soul-stirring
5、直译加注法
东施效颦 Dongshi, an ugly woman, knitting her eyebrow in imitation of the famous beauty Xi Shi only to make herself uglier—blindly copying others and making oneself look foolish.二、汉语习语中数词的英译
1、直译法
千金难买一笑
A thousand pieces of gold can hardly purchase a smile.一寸光阴一寸金
An inch of time is an inch of gold.一着不慎满盘皆输
One careless move loses the whole game.百花齐放,百家争鸣
Let a hundred flowers blossom and a hundred schools of thought contend.听君一席话,胜读十年书
One evening’s conversation with a gentleman is worth more than ten-year study.2、保留部分数字
杀一儆百 punish one as an example to others 三心二意 two-minded 两面三刀 double-faced and tricky 十拿九稳 ninety percent sure
3、省略法(当数字是虚指时)昙花一现 be a flash in the pan 一干二净 neat and tidy;不三不四 dubious;inappropriate 百无聊赖 to be overcome with boredom 白问不厌 to serve patiently and tirelessly 三言两语 a few words 五谷丰登、五光十色、五湖四海、十万火急、才高八斗、千秋万代(throughout the ages)