第一篇：翻译大赛 翻译技巧
I.词法翻译
一、对等译法
在翻译过程中，我们一般都可以在译文语言中找到同原文中某个单词、词组或成语意义上的对等表达。因此，对等依法是翻译中最常用、最重要的翻译方法。我们在翻译中必须注意一文中所采用的对等表达是名副其实的对等表达。一般说来，汉英两种语言中单词的对等率最高，而词组、成语、言语的对等率就要相对低一些：
单词：
television 电视 坐 sit 小 small 和 and 当然，两种语言中存在着差异的对等单词也有不少，例如：从语义上来讲，“杯子”并不完全对等于“cup”, 而是对等于“cup +mug + glass +...”
成语：
in deep water 水深火热
hit the mail on the head 一语道破
出人头地 be head and shoulders above others 吹毛求疵 pick a hole in somebody ’s coat 攀龙附凤 worship the rising sun 骑虎难下 hold a wolf by the ears 成语的对等是从3个方面体现出来的，一个是比喻意义，一个是比喻形式，再一个是感情色彩。三者中比喻意义是最重要的，当三者发生矛盾时，我们得保留比喻意义。感情色彩如果不对等，这条成语就肯定不能用。至于比喻形式，能对等则应尽量对等，是在对等不了，就应当机立断，大胆放弃。
谚语：
Make hay while the sun shines.趁热打铁 There is no smoke without fire 无风不起浪 出门一里，不如家里 East and west, home is best 皇天不负苦心人 Everything comes to him who waits.小巫见大巫 The moon is not seen when the sun shines.说曹操，曹操到 Talk of the devil and he’s sure to appear He who keeps company with a wolf will learn to howl.近朱者赤，近墨者黑。家丑不可外扬。It’s dirty bird that fouls her own nest
二、具体译法
由于两种语言的差别，我们在翻译中不得不经常使用具体译法，也就是具体化的翻译方法。所谓具体依法，就是在翻译过程中把原文中抽象或者比较抽象的单词、词组、成语或者句子用具体或者是比较具体的单词、词组、成语或者句子来进行翻译，从而消除或降低语言差别给翻译带来的损失，是译文产生与原文同样的效果。
transportation 运输 运输工具 advertisement 广告广告资料 propaganda 宣传
very timid 非常胆小胆小如鼠
have not cut off relations completely 没有彻底断绝关系藕断丝连 简言之 in a nutshell 侥幸by the skin of one’s teeth
三、抽象译法
为了译文的重忠实与通顺，我们往往有必要把原文中带有具体意义或具体形象的单词、词组、成语、或句子进行抽象化处理。这种翻译方法，我们称之为抽象依法。无论是英译汉，还是汉译英，我们都经常要用到抽象译法。
Make fish of one and flesh of another 厚此薄彼 Lick sb’s boots 巴结
Stick to one’s last 安分守己 Walk on air 得意洋洋 谦虚态度 modesty 发展过程 development 无知的表现 innocence 鸡毛蒜皮 trifling 狗急跳墙 do sth desperate
四、增词译法
所谓增词译法，就是在原文的基础上添加必要的单词、词组，分句或完整句，从而使得译文在语法、语言形式上符合一文习惯和在文化背景、词语联想方面与原文一致起来，使得译文与原文载内容、形式和精神等三方面都对等起来。
After the football match, he’d got an important meeting.在观看足球比赛之后，它有一个重要会议去参加。（增加动词）
I had imagined it to be merely a gesture of affection, but it seems it is to smell the lamb and make sure that it is her own.原来我以为这不过是一种亲热的表示，但是现在看来，这是为了闻一闻羊羔的味道，来断定是不是自己生的。
五、省词译法
增词译法中的规律反过来就是省词译法的规律：
He is not well today, but he still comes to class.他今天身体不好，但（他）还是来上课了 这家电视机真是价廉物美。
This television set is really cheap(in price)and fine(in quality).那位小伙子有点愣头愣脑的。That young fellow is somewhat rash(in the head).六、合词译法
无论是西方作家，还是中国作家，都喜欢连用同义词以强调其表达的意思。西方作家常用的是成对词，而中国作家常用的是一条前后两个部分为同一意思的四字成语。既然这些同义词表达的是同一个意思，我们就可以把它们合起来翻译，也就是采用合词译法。
You’ll supply financial power, and we’ll supply manpower.Isn’t that fair and square? 你们出钱，我们出任，这难道还不公平吗？
He is dead and gone.他的确死了。
Her son was wise and clever, but her daughter was silly and foolish.她的儿子非常聪明，可她的女儿却很笨。She shook and trembled with fear.她吓得不停地发抖。
He is a man of culture and learning.他是个很有学问的人
他决心洗心革面，脱胎换骨。He is determined to turn over a new leaf.七、转型译法
转型译法是英译汉和汉译英都经常要用到的翻译方法。所谓转型译法就是在翻译过程中，根据译文语言的习惯进行词性转换，如：把原文中的名词转换为动词，把原文中的副词转换为介词，等等。
Vietnamese War is a drain on American resources.越南战争不断地消耗美国的资源。The people are with him.人民拥护他。
It was a very informative meeting.会上透露了许多信息。
翻译中的词性转换存在着一定的规律，最明显的一点就是英美国家的人们比较喜欢用名词和介词，而汉语里动词用得比较多一些。因此，英译汉时，我们经常要把英语中的名词和介词转换成汉语中的动词；而在汉译英时，我们往往要把汉语中的动词转换成英语中的名词或介词。词性转换并不是随意进行的，而是遵循着语言中的客观规律。如果我们逆规律而行，译文就无法做到通顺或地道。如：
My suggestion is that he should quit smoking at once.我建议他立刻戒烟。他酷爱古典音乐。He is an ardent lover of classical music.如果这两句话分别译成“我建议他立刻戒烟”和“He is an ardent lover of classical music”, 都符合各自译文的语法，按一般要求也算可以了，但是比起前面的译文来就显得不够地道，在文采上要逊色得多。
八、褒贬译法： 词汇按照语法中的词性可分成名词、代词、动词、形容词、副词、介词和叹词等；词汇按照感情色彩可分成褒义、贬已和中性。在翻译过程中，词汇的词性并不是原封不动地从原文搬到译文，而是根据译文的语言习惯进行；词汇感情色彩的翻译一般应严格按照原文的精神来进行，而不是像词汇的词性翻译那样受译文的支配，也就是说，褒义词必须翻译成褒义词，贬义词必须翻译成贬义词，中性词也应翻译成中性词。
The boy is appreciated by all his teachers for his carefulness in his homework.这个男孩因功课做的仔细认真而受到所有老师的赞赏。
In fact, it is his meticulousness that is preventing him from making any progress in his research work.。事实上，正是因为它的谨小慎微，他的研究工作得不到任何进展。
这些死心塌地的纳粹分子为他们的第三帝国效命。These diehard Nazis went all out to serve their Third Reich.他们忠心耿耿地报效与自己的祖国和人民。They serve their motherland and people with loyalty and devotion.II．句法翻译
英语和汉语在于法结构上差异很大，在翻译过程中，需要经常更换原文词语的前后顺序。翻译是根据译文的语言习惯，对原文的词序进行调整，是译文做到最大程度上的通顺，这就是换序译法。若照搬原文的词序，不顾译文语言的习惯，这样的翻译绘滑稽可笑，毫无通顺可言，因而译文也不信，违反翻译的标准。翻译世纪要避免生硬的死译，也要避免不顾原文的现象。
一、换序翻译
英语和汉语在于法结构上差异很大，在翻译过程中，需要经常更换原文词语的前后顺序。翻译是根据译文的语言习惯，对原文的词序进行调整，是译文做到最大程度上的通顺，这就是换序译法。若照搬原文的词序，不顾译文语言的习惯，这样的翻译绘滑稽可笑，毫无通顺可言，因而译文也不信，违反翻译的标准。翻译世纪要避免生硬的死译，也要避免不顾原文的现象。
1．Even the wild animals of his homeland, it seemed to Kunta, had more dignity than these creatures.(Alex Haley, Roots)昆他觉得，即使他家乡的野兽也比这群人自尊自重。（插入语换序）。
2．From the moment they set foot on the territory of their motherland, they were warmly received by their compatriots.他们从走上祖国土地的时刻起，就受到同胞们热情接待。（定语从句换序）
3．Cheerful, efficient and warm-hearted, they will do everything to make your journey smooth and comfortable.他们乐观、能干、热情，总是想方设法使你一路上顺利舒适。（状语易位，并转变为谓语）。4．Don't hesitate to come when you need help.你们什么时候需要我，只管来找我。（状语从句换序）。
二、断句译法
所谓断句以法指的是： 在翻译中把一些长句断开来翻译。在英语句子中，介词短语和动词不定式的应用是很广泛的，翻译是要根据汉语的习惯，按照逻辑关系分译成几个句子。汉译英时，也会遇到同样的长句，要拆开来译。1．That question is too hard for me to answer.那个问题太难了，我回答不了。（分译动词不定式。）2．He is too ill to have been anywhere but in bed.他并得太厉害，哪儿也去不了，只能呆在床上。（分译动词不定式和介词短语。）
3．Spring has so much more than speech in its unfolding flowers and leaves, and the coursing of its streams, and in its sweet restless seeking!（John Galsworthy, The apple tree.）春花怒放，春水奔流，无限春光，争奇斗艳，语言已不足以尽述奇妙。（介词短语分译）。
英汉语在句型和排列上各有特点。英语中常用连词、介词、分词短语和由关系代词、关系副词引出的各种从句组成长句，有时甚至一段由一句组成。英语长句虽然结构复杂，但描写细致，逻辑严密。汉语运用动词最广泛。再表示一些复杂的概念时，汉语大都分成若干简短的句子，逐点交待，层层铺开，有主有次，有先有后，眉目清楚，词句简练。因此，英译汉时，必须抓住全文的中心思想，区别主次，根据时间顺序和逻辑关系，重新按汉语习惯加以组合，以确切表示原，不要拘泥原文的形式，使译文欧化。
1、顺译法。英汉句之结构的顺序相同，层次分明，翻译是可以顺序推进。如：
In Africa I met a boy①, who was crying as if his heart would break② and said, when I spoke to him, that he was hungry because③ he had had no food for two days.④
在非洲，我遇到一个小孩，她哭的伤心极了，我问他时，他说他饿了，两天没有吃饭了。（这个英语句子的叙述层词合汉语相同，所以按原文的顺序，依次译出。）
So a system of reservoir is being dug to store water that can be run down to crops after it is warmed by the sun.因此修筑了一个水库系统，先让水储存在水库中，待太阳晒热后，再灌到田里去。
2、逆译法。英汉语的叙述层次相反，采用逆译法。
There are many wonderful stories to tell about the places I① visited② and the people I met③.我访问了一些地方，遇到了不少人，要谈起来，奇妙的事可多着呢。He became deaf at five after an attack of typhoid fever.他五岁时侯，生了一场伤寒病，变成了笼子。
3、变序法。原句构复杂，可按汉语由近及远的顺序从中断句，层层展开，最后画龙点睛，突出主题。
An “alloy” steel is one which, in addition to the contents of carbon, sulfur and prosperous, contains more than 1 percent of manganese, or more than 0.3 per cent silicon, or some other elements in amounts not encountered in carbon steels.如果一种钢除含有碳、硫、磷以外，黄含有1%多的锰，或0.3%多的硅，或其他碳素钢不包含的其它元素，那么这种钢就是“合金钢”。
4、主次分译法。把此要成分甩开。
A quarter of century ago the General Assembly and the Security Council symbolized，especially for the small countries，the supreme guarantee of a new international order.二十五年前，联合国大会和安全理事会象征着以和平与正义为基础的国际新秩序的最高保证。对小国来说，尤其如此。
5、紧缩法。
Presently the baronet plunged a fork into saucepan on the fire, and withdrew from the pot a piece of tripe and an onion, which he divided into pretty equal potions, and of which he partook with Mrs.Tinker.从男爵把炉叉深入炉火上的平底锅里，叉出一片牛肚和一个洋葱分成差不多大小的两份，和廷格太太各吃一份。
6、标点符号法。
In 1917 he(Einstein)completed a paper of considerable import for all of physics: it not only laid down the basic principle of the laser some 40 years before the first such device was made but, more broadly, also advanced quantum theory.一九一七年，他（爱因斯坦）完成了一篇对物理学各部门都颇为重要的论文。它不但奠定了激光理论的基础（四十多年之后才制造出第一个激光装置），而且在更广的意义上说，还发展了量子理论。
7．加词法。
We must not forget Lenin's statement that as regards our work of......我们不能忘记列宁的话。他说，......总之，长句的翻译： 找出动词，然后排队。1．按时间顺序排队
2．按逻辑顺序排队，（因果）3．按空间顺序排队，（方位）。
三、转句译法。
英语里用作状语或定语的词组，或名词词组。经常包含有丰富的语义，有时要把这些成分连同句子的其他成分一起翻译成地道的汉语时有困难。这时不得不把这个词组译成汉语的句子。对这些句子采用分译的方法，可以是译文简洁明确，层次分明，合乎汉语规范。
1． Through his life, Benjamin Franklin continued his education, learning from human contacts as well as from books.2.I tried vainly to put the piece together.3.The computer can give Mary the right lesson for her: neither too fast nor too slow.四、合句译法
一般说来,英语句子要比汉语的句子长, 信息量也更大, 因此,汉译英时有必要也有可能把两个或两个以上的汉语句子翻译成一个英语句子。另外，比较口语化的英语句子也比较短，英译汉时也可采用合句译法。(一)、把两个或两个以上的简单句合译成一个汉语单句或复句
当英语中两个或两个以上的简单句关系密切、意义贯通时，可不限于原文的表层结构，将他们合译成一个汉语单句或复句，意义同样完整，还可避免不必要的重复。
1.The young man was very miserable.He had no money about him.All his savings had been stolen.(这个年轻人很惨，已落到生物分文的地步，因为他所有的积蓄都被盗)2． Darkness fell.An explosion shook the earth.It did not shake his will to go to the front.(夜幕降临时，一声爆炸震动了大地，可并没有动摇他上前线的决心。)3． That day, the President had an interview with her father.Her father was going to the moon by space shuttle.(那一天，总统会见了她父亲，因为她的父亲即将乘航天飞机去登月。
4． She is very busy at home.She had to take care of the children and do the kitchen work.(二)、把英语中的复合句译成一个汉语单句
英汉两种语言句子结构不完全相同，有时要套用原文的句式往往是行不通的。当原文句子的表层结构与汉语的表达方式不一样时，需要进行句子结构的调整，将原文中的复合句译成一个汉语单句可以使译文紧凑、简练、语气连贯。1.If we do a thing, we should do it well.(我们要干就要干好)。2． The time was 10:30, and traffic on the street was light.3.Americans have a great range of customs and habits that at first may seem puzzling to a visitor.(美国有许多风俗习惯在陌生人看来是颇为费解的。)4． Parents love their children and the love is perfect.(父母对子女的爱是无微不至的。)
五、缩句译法
根据原文的逻辑关系和译文的语言习惯，把原文中的一个句子紧缩成译文中另一个句子的组成部分。一般情况下，把原文中上下文中相对次要的句子紧缩成相对主要的句子的组成部分，大多数紧缩成状语、定语、同位语乃至主语。
六、转态译法
所谓转态译法是指在翻译中把被动翻成主动或把主动翻成被动。
（一）、被动句翻译成主动句 1．按原来顺序已成主动句
（1）The novel A Dream of Red Mansion has been translated into many foreign languages.小说红楼梦已译成许多外国文字.（2）During the world cup the streets were filled with football fans.世界杯期间,接上挤满了球迷.2．动作发出者译成主语
(1).Large quantities of fuel are used by modern industry.(2).Your car was towed away by a towing truck from Lewis Company.3．原文种某一部分译成主语
(1).The compass was invented in China four thousand years ago.(2).My brother was taught shorthand by Mr.Cotton.4．增加逻辑主语
(1).She hadn't been told Bette's other name, or she'd forgotten it.人家没有告诉她贝蒂姓什么，要不然也许是她忘了。
(2).If you are asked personal questions you need not to answer them.(二).被动句翻译成汉语的判断句。
1．The poetry was chanted to the accompaniment of the lyre.诗歌吟唱试用七弦琴伴奏的。
2．The credit system in America was first adopted by Harvard University in 1872.美国的学分制是1872年在哈佛大学首先实行的。
（三）、被动句译成汉语的无主句
1．In many countries, authority is seldom, if ever, questioned.在很多国家，很少向权威提出质疑。2．Wrong must be righted when they are discovered.发现了错误一定要纠正。
（四）、被动句译成被动句。1．用“被、受、得”等字
(1).I hope that the resolution of the General Assembly will at last be respected by member states and by Israel in particular.我希望大会的各项决议终将得到各会员国，尤其是以色列的尊重。(2).I was possessed by the very novelty of what I did.我被自己所干的事的新鲜劲迷住了。2．用“由、让”等字
(1).Two-thirds of the area are covered with immense forests of pine, spruce and birch.面积的三分之二由广阔的松林、云杉林和白桦林所覆盖。
（2）。The cyclist was knocked down by a truck.骑车人让一辆卡车撞倒了。3．用“予以、加以”等字
(1).The design will be examined by a special committee.这项设计将由一个委员会予以审查。(2).Problems should be resolved in good time.有问题要及时加以解决。
七、正反译法
由于语言习惯的不同，英汉两种语言在正反说表达时也有差异。根据译文语言的表达习惯，把正面表达的原文从反面已成译文，反之亦然，这样一种翻译技巧称之为正反译法。例子见p102.八、否定句的译法
（一）、全部否定。英语中，全部否定是通过一些否定词来表达的。如：no, none, not never, nobody, nothing, nowhere, neither...nor.(1).Nowadays it is not difficult to go abroad.(2).The boy was nowhere to be found.(二)、部分否定
当英语中的某些不定代词如all,both, every, each , 某些副词如often,always 和否定词连用时，表示部分否定。（1）.All the novelist's detective cases, however, were not successful.（2）.Both the instruments are not precision ones.(三)、双重否定
汉译时可以翻译成肯定。
（1）.Nothing is impossible to a willing heart.有志者事竟成。（2）.There is not any advantage without disadvantage.有一利必有一弊。（3）.He cannot but agree.他不得不同意。
（4）.There is no story without coincidence.│无巧不成书。
（四）、形式否定，意义肯定。
1．“Nothing”.He is five foot nothing.他整整五英尺。
2．“cannot be +too+adj.”意为“怎么......也不过分”。“越......越好” 如： i.you cannot be too careful.你越仔细越好。
ii.This point cannot be overemphasized.这一点应该特别强调。
（五）、表示否定的特殊结构、短语和词汇。
1．动词如：refuse,wonder, fail 等可意译成汉语否定词。a)The engine failed to start.b)I wonder if I can go with you.c)The drain just refused to work.2.有些介词如：above, beyond, out of;形容词如：last, short(of), far from;副词：ill;连词：before等，亦有否定意义，可译成汉语的否定词。
1．It is beyond his power to sign the contract.2．He would be the last man to do the job.3．This question id far from difficult.4．We are short of hands at present.5．Mr.Green is out of town this week.6．He was ill treated in hospital.7．I would die before i surrender.8．He is anything but modest.9．We tried in vain to measure the voltage.3.“no more than ”, “no less than ”意为“只......” she is no less active than she used to be.她跟从前一样活跃。
六、否定转移
1．“no” 与谓语动词的肯定式
（1）At no time and under no circumstance will China be the first to use nuclear weapons.中国在任何时候任何情况下，都不首先使用核武器。
（2）A transformer provides no power of its own.2．注意“no”“not”都有否定的意义，但在句子中意义不一样。(1).He is not a doctor.他不是医生。He is no doctor.他根本不是医生。（2）.It is not a joke.这不是笑话。It is no joke.这绝对不是开玩笑的事。
3．Think, suppose, believe 等的否定式与that 从句。(1).I don't think it is good to marry early.(2).I don't suppose they will arrive on time.
第二篇：翻译大赛
“第七届全国口译大赛（英语）”公告
各参赛选手：
为了响应国家“一带一路”倡议，促进翻译学科建设和语言服务行业的繁荣与发展、培养高素质语言服务人才、提升新时期对外中国话语能力，由中国外文局和全国学联指导，中国翻译协会将于2018年3月至6月，举办第七届全国口译大赛（英语）（以下简称“大赛”），组委会秘书处设在中国译协语言服务行业创业创新（LSCAT）中心。
全国口译大赛以其自始至终的权威性、公正性、媒体透明度和公信力承载着各方关注, 同时也吸引了来自全国各地高校的大批英语爱好者。大赛将秉承优良传统，严格标准，从职业素养、技巧运用、信息传达等多方面考察参赛选手的综合水平，选拔优秀选手的同时让全社会了解口译行业。口译是外语应用领域最具挑战性的技能之一, 口译大赛则对选手提出了极高的要求, 不仅是英语应用能力的表现, 同时也是口译技巧和应变能力的提升, 因此口译大赛具有很强的学术性、观赏性和挑战性。
本次大赛面向以汉语和英语为源语言或目标语言的国内外口译学习者及口译工作者，并欢迎外籍选手和港澳台选手组队参加。大赛采取初赛、复赛、大区赛、全国总决赛四级赛制，分别在2018年3月下旬、4月下旬、5月下旬和6月举行。大赛复赛以上将产生一、二、三等奖及特别奖，大赛还设最佳组织奖、优秀指导教师奖等其他奖项，大赛组委会将向获奖选手颁发荣誉证书、奖品及奖杯。“第七届全国口译大赛（英语）”山东赛区的复赛定于4月22日（周日）在济南市历下区红尚坊三楼举行，各位选手务必于4月21日下午2 点到5点到比赛场地报到。报到时交款、领取发票、抽签决定比赛顺序，并领取号码牌。
山东省翻译协会 2018年4月8日
第三篇：翻译大赛
上天堂的死亡恐惧
每个人都希望上天堂，但没人愿意死。伊利亚被一辆烈火熊熊的战车送到天堂，但是他也经历了死亡。即使是耶稣和他的母亲的肉体和灵魂在被带入天堂之前，他们都要先经历死亡。显然，我们这些人将会在死之后才能得到最终的奖励。
在避免死亡这个问题上，大部分人花费了大量的时间。一个朋友已经和癌症抗争了六年。她最近决定——受够了。再也不会有没完没了的化疗和由此产生的痛苦了。有一扇面向体面的生活质量的窗，然后她知道她将会死，她的家人正在抗拒这件事情，并且一直在抗拒——已经好几年了。她们不愿意面对死亡，如果这意味着她要遭受更长时间的折磨，这是他们准备让她付出的代价。如果你觉得为子女做出安排是谨慎的，那么那些对子女没有遗嘱和计划的家长会认为你是病态的。当某个年轻人莫名其妙的出现在讣告上时，中年人会表示惊讶。许多生活富足的年迈老人，不愿意在生命的尽头在情感和精神方面做一些有利于心理健康的必要的准备工作。
应对死亡只是生命中的一部分。轻松和幸福是天堂在人间淡淡的投影，和一些让人痛苦的细节是冲突的，比如努力和牺牲。成功人士应对死亡而承受的资源浪费，苟活和普遍的痛苦都是出于相同愿望的另一种不道德的表现：没有痛苦的陶醉。当那时还是总统候选人的奥巴马建议水管工乔的劳动成果应该像遍布土司上的橙果酱一样分散给大家时，大家应该都倒抽了一口气，并且都足以造成一个全国的真空效应了。至少奥巴马豪爽的表达了他的意图；许多其他人有着相同的观念，但是既没有武器也没有执行它的所需的人员。人本身就是要寻求快感的。我们的神经递质之一，多巴胺，与惊险刺激有着尤为亲密的关系。多巴胺是主管坠入爱河，赢得赌博和一般兴奋的部分电化学物质。多巴胺系统的发展贯穿整个生命过程。小孩子会经历无数次的情感迸发——一切都是美好的！雪！学校!一个大雪天！大脑未受药物污染的成年人是在这方面的几乎没有缓和的儿童版本：日落！日出！性！牛排!蛋糕！然而，青少年们经历了一个，笼统的说，就是要么是沮丧低落要么是静脉注射的阶段：他们所经历的任何事情都会不是无趣，很无趣，非常非常无趣就是一个完全的疯狂。加上大脑相关职能的发展变化，组成了一个可靠的青年的臭名昭著的愚蠢的来源。亚非特现象不是青少年特有的：多巴胺受体属于一些比较知名的神经递质受体，而这些神经递质受体可以被一些例如利他林，其他苯丙胺类兴奋剂和可卡因这类兴奋剂消耗殆尽。也许，许多吸毒者遭受的真正的化学怠倦是由神经过度疲劳和神经递质耗竭引起的。然而，最终的结果就是造成了这样一个基本问题：渴望兴奋而又得不到满足。
从字面上来说，做出改变需要大脑重新组织神经。学习可能存在于某件单一的事件上，但是一般来说神经系统发育的硬线是比较慢的。如果想要做出的改变会挑衅寻求享乐的多巴胺系统乱发脾气，我们就要谨慎地去安排路障，挫折和那些干扰跟我们亲近的东西了。这是一个必要的策略，因为脑生理学和脑化学的存在就是来反抗变化的，尽管这些改变对我们是有好处的。
最近一个熟人强调说是时候正确地面对自己的健康问题了。他不是反常：他幻想自己太忙了而不能正常地吃饭，尽管没有忙到大部分晚上都没有时间出去吃饭的地步。一个正常的作息证明他缺少持续锻炼的时间等等。这样默默地承担埋下了麻烦的种子。首先是表面上的认知，认为做出选择是一些静态的事情：在39，49，60和75中做出最好的选择39。他似乎浑然不知他要做出选择的行为总是和许多变数相联系的。哪些朋友会总是以下班后外出吃饭或喝几瓶啤酒为中心？如果他花一个小时在健身房，他将错过哪些日常的会话节目?如果他匀出时间去做他新的事情时，究竟是情人，小猫还是雇主会觉得被欺骗了呢？生活的流动性和让心里减震器很有用的挑战使他措手不及。最后，一个高品位的心里减震器——承认激动地情绪有时候并不是铺天盖地的，而只是一些微不足道的有趣的信息——也找不到了。致力于一个锻炼计划不会造成从床上滚下来在雨夹雪中奔跑的感觉。在某种程度上来说，在大脑丰富的活动中，那种感觉一定只比一只嗡嗡的蚊子多一点。
他设想从头开始，去买菜再做新鲜的饭菜，但没有应付微妙细节的办法，并且在这个过程中的变化将会比原来的更难以忍受。他要学习如何列出一个长久的购物清单，否则他就会几乎每天都要去购物了。后者和外出吃饭一样是个时间杀手。如果不是在一个不论是外卖还是一碗槽底的粥都是最好的选择的晚上，烹饪听起来会是不错的，因为白天已经是地狱般的一天，上周末的计划和周三晚上要加班三小时的工作冲突了。然后就是胃口上的调整：一个烤鸡胸肉和蔬菜沙拉不如一个汉堡和薯条吃得饱。饥饿或吃不饱将会是他的新“朋友”之一。这样很好，他将会需要新“朋友”。他其他的“朋友”将会埋怨他从来不出现；他们将会筹划一些没有他参与的活动;最后，他将不得不在锻炼和社交圈子之间做出选择。
如果不接受死亡，我们就不能体验真实的生活。分娩很痛苦；有意义的友谊需要努力经营；一个精神富足的生活也需要时间去创造。我们不愿意面对必然的事物：痛苦伴随着幸福。每个人都希望去天堂，但没人愿意死。根据《今日美国》的《美国思维主编》，多洛雷斯·普特博是佛罗里达州拉哥岛上的私人心理治疗师。
第四篇：翻译大赛
Part I Passage Translation(60％)
如何才不必去当陪审员
邮差时常送来好消息或坏消息。对于许多居住在洛杉矶的人来说，排在“坏消息”榜首就是陪审员的传票。这份文件要求你必须以邮件或电话回复参与陪审工作。许多人觉得陪审团义务实在是件乏味，避之不及的烦琐事情。事实上，法院工作人员说他们最常听到的问题是：干嘛要我陪审?正式的回答是： 陪审是每个合格公民必须承担的义务。
如果你是一位公民，看得懂、听得懂英语，如果年满18岁，而且与当事人无干系，你就有资格当陪审员。如果你不回应传票，可能会被罚款高达1 500美元。陪审团审理工作可能持续一天或一个月。如果你在政府里工作，这就不成问题，因为政府会因你参与陪审而照发工资给你。但是，如果你是私营业主，那段时间你可能失去正常的收入。取而代之的是，你陪审一天15美元。这就是人们。尽可能躲避参与陪审的另一个原因。
杰克昨天收到这样的坏消息。尽管他已退休，整天坐着看重播的老电影，他还是告诉他的妻子波莉说他不打算去当陪审员。他讨厌陪审工作，他不想让法院干扰他的退休生活。
波莉既好笑又好气地问道“你认为你怎样才能摆脱这件事情呢?”。“你打算说你已经死了吗?或者打算告诉他们你已经移居国外?”
“不，这两个问题牵涉太繁琐的文件啦。我有更好的主意。找个医学借口。传票上说如果身有残疾，可以免责。”
“你有什么毛病呢?腰痛使你坐不了椅子整天看重播的电视吗?” “我有比这更好的借口。我有屁。放屁会恼怒其他陪审员和在法庭上的其他人。他们不得不打开的所有窗口，或戴上防毒面具。” “但问题是你怎么放屁呢?”
“我知道怎样做。上法院的那天早上我会吃许多花生和水果。当他们闻到我的屁时，就会告诉我回家呆着。”
“这真是一个绝妙的主意!”波莉眼珠一转说道，心想他至少离开这个家一天。Part II
Sentence Translation(40％)
1．As a teacher, your prime task is to master the skills of clearly and a accurately expressing yourself, and properly citing examples to illustrate your ideas． 2．The past decade has seen fast development in China and the living standard of the people has been remarkably improved 0 Now even Cars have become daily commodities for the people． 3．There is an old saying that“Where there is a will．there is a way”．But I believe nowadays the old saying should be changed into“Where there is intelligence，there is a way”．
4．After two months of treatment，the patient show marked signs of improvement，and he may probably be discharged in three weeks．
5．Today‟s success is the results of the accumulation of yesterday, and the success of tomorrow depends on the hard work of today．However, the code to success is wholehearted work and good
attitude to work．
2011翻译大赛样题
发送者:libo 时间: 2012-10-18 15:34 Part 1 Passage translation(60%)Direction: Translate the following passage into Chinese How to Get out of Jury Duty The mailman delivers good news and bad news.Topping the “bad news” list for many people who live in Los Angeles is a jury summons.This document tells you that you must respond by mail or phone for possible service on a jury.Many people feel that jury duty is a boring chore and would prefer not doing it.In fact, court clerks say that the most common question they hear is: Why do I have to serve? The official response is: Jury duty is a responsibility that all qualified citizens must share.If you are a citizen, if you can read and understand English, if you‟re over 18 years old, and if you‟re not a felon, you are eligible for jury duty.If you ignore the summons, you might be fined up to $1,500.A jury trial might last one day or one month.If you work for the government, this is no problem, because the government will pay you your regular salary while you are on jury duty.However, if you are self-employed, you lose your regular income for that time period.Instead of your regular income, you get $15 a DAY for sitting on a jury.This is another reason people try to avoid jury duty.Jack got the bad news yesterday.Even though he was retired and sat around all day watching reruns of old movies, he told his wife Polly he wasn‟t going to be a juror.He hated jury duty and he was not going to let the courts interfere with his retirement.“So how do you think you are going to get out of it?” Polly asked, both amused and irritated.“Are you going to claim that you‟re dead? Or are you going to tell them you‟ve moved out of the country?”
“No, both of those involve too much paperwork.I‟ve got a better idea.It‟s a medical excuse.It says here that if you have a physical disability, you can be dismissed.”
“What‟s your disability? Your 'bad back' doesn't allow you to sit in a chair watching reruns all day?”
“No.Something better than that.I‟ve got gas.It‟ll offend the other jurors and everyone else in the courtroom.They‟ll have to open all the windows or issue gas masks.”
“But there‟s one problem.You don‟t have gas.”
“But I know how to create it.I‟ll eat a lot of peanuts and fruit the morning that I go to court.As soon as they get a whiff of my „problem,‟ they‟ll tell me to go home and stay home.”
“That‟s a brilliant idea!” Polly said, as she rolled her eyes.At least it would get him out of the house for one day, she thought.Part 2 Sentence translation(40%)Translate the following sentences into English(8% each)1.作为教师，你的第一要务就是掌握清晰、准确表达自己的能力和引用恰当的事例来解释你的想法。
2.过去十年中国进入一个经济高速发展时期，人民的生活水平得到大幅度提高，以致小汽车也成了日常消费品。
3.有句老话叫“有志者事竟成”，但我认为这句老话现在应该改成“有智者事竟成”。
4.历经两个月的治疗后，病人有了明显的好转迹象，或许三周后可以出院了。
5.今天的成功是昨天积累的结果，明天的成功取决于今天的努力，而专心的工作与良好的态度是成功的密码。
第五篇：翻译大赛
第四届“春芽杯”英语翻译大赛
汉译英
No matter what your reaction is – gloat, anguish or indifference, we have to confront a proposition: Academics are having devaluation.It depends on you to interpret the word ―devaluation‖.If it means applied sciences are pushed to the foreground and that more academically respectable research on basic theory is not appreciated, and that literature，history，philosophy, and other ancient disciplines are even snubbed, the phenomenon should cause concern;If it means that with the impact of commodity economy and the low pay to the intellectuals, scholars are not able to devote their energy to study, but to the ―self-help production projects‖, at least this is not a good omen;But if it means academic research cannot receive public concerns any longer, and that there is no longer the exciting scene that ―the whole nation rejoices for the birth of an outstanding work‖, I think it is normal, neither pleasant nor depressing.Academic research is ―a lonely cause‖ and does not have much profit to be reaped.In the past few years because of the particular political and cultural environment, it is easy to publish books, to set the world on fire and to get hollow reputation.Academics seem to become ―Vanity Fair‖ all at once, but now it is back to ―a different post‖.Students who missed the opportunity suffer from this and what they can do is only to hark back to the fortunes of their predecessors.―On the Transitional Age‖，a well-known work of Liang Qichao, involves that the transitional age is likely to produce heroes – political ones, and of course, academic ones.May 4 period can produce heroes and so does the past few years.But now it is difficult for a person even to ―set the pace for a short time‖.Heroes seem to be disappeared.Without heroes, a time cannot necessarily lack high academic achievements, only ones in lack of drama.Academic revolution times seem no longer to cry and roar excitingly all the way to advance.The following should be the normal building with little poetry and more difficulties.It is undoubtedly very frustrating for a hot-blooded youth.No matter he has been in the limelight in the past few years or has not got up the stages.Despite the depression, it is necessary to adjust one’s mentality, even scholar approaches and research methods.It is like in a new semester, primary school students have to get minds off from running wild in the past holidays.Certainly some people ―have long since known this would happen‖ and never ―run wild‖ before.But it is not a feather in their caps.I am always staying at a respectable distance from ―pure scholars‖ who do not have any utilitarianism, any vanity, any wildness or any ecstasies.Sometimes I even ―measure the stature of great men by the yardstick of small men‖, and think they put on a show of calmness because of lacking literary talent, or maybe they just scorn sour grapes out of finding fault.I admire people who both can ―run wild‖ and ―march in goose steps‖.There is a time to ―run wild‖ and a time to ―march in goose steps‖ for them.They knocked spots off one batch of person when ―running wild‖ before and will knock spots off another batch when ―marching goose steps‖ now.Reading and learning are not easy.In the great poem-monk Su Manshu’s novels, there is often an awkward situation that the hero is deprived of the choosing ability, in front of an enthusiastic, persistent, bright and courageous westernized woman and a refined, elegant, gentle and subtle, oriental woman, and finally at the edge of a cliff he has to drop everything and converts to Buddhism.This kind of theme pattern is reproduced constantly by modern writers’ pens.Simply the westernized women got the upper hand in the May 4 period, while the oriental women did in the 40s.Though the writers have given a clear answer, more often than not, the choice is forced by time.In the depth of their hearts, probably just like Su Manshu, they waver between two types of women, two kinds of living ideals, two different attitudes, or ―Poetry and Prose‖ – a term borrowed from Mao Dun.―No heroes‖, ―lacking drama‖, ―marching in goose steps‖, and ―the normal building‖ are all doubtless signs of the prose time.Perhaps we have to make a ―beautiful and desolated‖ gesture, to bid farewell to ―poetry‖ and head for ―prose‖.I hope I can compose another article with the reserved title – biding farewell to ―prose‖ and heading for ―poetry‖.Even though it may be difficult to bring that good article to fruition for a short time, we might as well keep or create some poetry for the prose time, in case ―the lonely cause‖ should become too lonely and ―the prose time‖ should be over prosaic.汉译英原文
幸灾乐祸也好，呼天抢地也好，无动于衷也好，人们都不能不正视这一命题：学术正在贬值。
就看你怎么理解这“贬值”两个字。如果这指的是应用学科被推到前景，而学术性更强的基础理论研究不受重视，跟经济建设没直接联系的文史哲等古老学科甚至受到冷淡，这的确很可忧虑；如果这指的是商品经济的冲击以及知识分子待遇的低下，以致学者不能安心治学，而必须盘算如何“生产自救”，这起码也不是什么好兆头；但如果指的是学术研究不再受到公众的关注，不再有“雄文一出举国欢腾”那种激动人心的场面，那我倒觉得很正常，既不可喜，亦不可悲。
学术研究本来就是“寂寞的事业”，没多少油水好捞的。前些年由于特殊的政治环境和文化氛围，出书容易，惊世骇俗容易，滥得虚名也容易。一时间学术界似乎也成了“名利场”。如今又回到了“冷板凳”，这可就苦了那些没赶上趟的莘莘学子，只能“遥想前辈风流”了。
梁启超有篇名文《过渡时代论》，其中谈到过渡时代容易出英雄。出政治上的英雄，当然也出学术上的英雄。“五四”时代能出英雄，前几年也能出英雄，如今则连“各领风骚三五天”都不容易，英雄似乎消失了。没有英雄的时代，未必学术成就不高，只不过缺乏戏剧性罢了。
激动人心的呐喊着呼啸着前进的学术变革时代，似乎已经过去了；接下来的，该是没有多少诗意而又更加艰辛的常规建设了。对于血气方刚的青年学者来说，这无疑是十分令人沮丧的——不管是这几年出尽风头者，还是尚未登台表演者。沮丧归沮丧，适当调整一下心理状态，乃至治学态度和研究方法，还是必要的。就好像新学期开始，小学生们必须把假期里跑野了的心收回来一样。
当然，也有人“早就料到有这么一天”，从来没“跑野”过。可这没有什么可值得骄傲的。对于那些没有一点功利心、没有一点虚荣心、没有一点狂态、没有一点醉意的“纯学者”，我历来敬而远之；有时甚至不免“以小人之心度君子之腹”，以为或者缺乏才气故作镇定、或者出于矫情大骂葡萄酸也未可知。我佩服的是能“跑野”也能“操正步”；该“跑野”时“跑野”，该“操正步”时“操正步”。当年“跑野”时甩了一拨人，如今“操正步”还会甩下一拨人。读书做学问也真不容易。
一代诗僧苏曼殊的小说中，常常出现这么一种尴尬的局面：男主人公在热情、执著、聪慧、果敢的西化女性和娴静、高雅、温柔、含蓄的东方女性面前丧失选择的能力，只好悬崖撒手皈依我佛。这种主题模式在现代作家笔下不断重现，只不过“五四”时候西化女性占上风，40年代东方女性占上风而已。尽管作家给出了一个明确的答案，但这种选择更多的是时代逼出来的；内心深处很可能都像苏曼殊那样，在两种女性、两种生活理想、两种处世态度——借用茅盾的术语：诗歌与散文——之间徘徊。
“没有英雄”、“缺乏戏剧性”、“操正步”、“常规建设”，这无疑都是散文时代的标志。也许，只好做一个“美丽而苍凉”的手势，告别“诗歌”，走向“散文”。
但愿，就在不久的将来，我能把这题目倒过来再做一遍：告别“散文”，走向“诗歌”。即使那篇好文章一时难产，也不妨为这散文时代保留一点诗意，或者创造一点诗意。以免“寂寞的事业”过分寂寞，散文的时代过分“散文”。
英译汉原文
In the more obscure scientific circles which I frequent there is a legend circulating about a late distinguished scientist who, in his declining years, persisted in wearing enormous padded boots much too large for him.He had developed, it seems, what to his fellows was a wholly irrational fear of falling through the interstices of that largely empty molecular space which common men in their folly speak of as the world.A stroll across his living-room floor had become, for him, something as dizzily horrendous as the activities of a window washer on the Empire State Building.Indeed, with equal reason he could have passed a ghostly hand through his own ribs.The quivering network of his nerves, the awe-inspiring movement of his thought had become a vague cloud of electrons interspersed with the light-year distances that obtain between us and the farther galaxies.This was the natural world which he had helped to create, and in which, at last, he had found himself a lonely and imprisoned occupant.All around him the ignorant rushed on their way over the illusion of substantial floors, leaping, though they did not see it, from particle to particle, over a bottomless abyss.There was even a question as to the reality of the particles which bore them up.It did not, however, keep insubstantial newspapers from being sold, or insubstantial love from being made.Not long ago I became aware of another world perhaps equally natural and real, which man is beginning to forget.My thinking began in New England under a boat dock.The lake I speak of has been pre-empted and civilized by man.All day long in the vacation season high-speed motorboats, driven with the reckless abandon common to the young Apollos of our society, speed back and forth, carrying loads of equally attractive girls.The shores echo to the roar of powerful motors and the delighted screams of young Americans with uncounted horsepower surging under their hands.In truth, as I sat there under the boat dock, I had some desire to swim or to canoe in the older ways of the great forest which once lay about this region.Either notion would have been folly.I would have been gaily chopped to ribbons by teen-age youngsters whose eyes were always immutably fixed on the far horizons of space, or upon the dials which indicated the speed of their passing.There was another world, I was to discover, along the lake shallows and under the boat dock, where the motors could not come.As I sat there one sunny morning when the water was peculiarly translucent, I saw a dark shadow moving swiftly over the bottom.It was the first sign of life I had seen in this lake, whose shores seemed to yield little but washed-in beer cans.By and by the gliding shadow ceased to scurry from stone to stone over the bottom.Unexpectedly, it headed almost directly for me.A furry nose with gray whiskers broke the surface.Below the whiskers green water foliage trailed out in an inverted V as long as his body.A muskrat still lived in the lake.He was bringing in his breakfast.I sat very still in the strips of sunlight under the pier.To my surprise the muskrat came almost to my feet with his little breakfast of greens.He was young, and it rapidly became obvious to me that he was laboring under an illusion of his own, and that he thought animals and men were still living in the Garden of Eden.He gave me a friendly glance from time to time as he nibbled his greens.Once, even, he went out into the lake again and returned to my feet with more greens.He had not, it seemed, heard very much about men.I shuddered.Only the evening before I had heard a man describe with triumphant enthusiasm how he had killed a rat in the garden because the creature had dared to nibble his petunias.He had even showed me the murder weapon, a sharp-edged brick.On this pleasant shore a war existed and would go on until nothing remained but man.Yet this creature with the gray, appealing face wanted very little: a strip of shore to coast up and down, sunlight and moonlight, some weeds from the deep water.He was an edge-of-the-world dweller, caught between a vanishing forest and a deep lake preempted by unpredictable machines full of chopping blades.He eyed me nearsightedly, a green leaf poised in his mouth.Plainly he had come with some poorly instructed memory about the lion and the lamb.―You had better run away now,‖ I said softly, making no movement in the shafts of light.―You are in the wrong universe and must not make this mistake again.I am really a very terrible and cunning beast.I can throw stones.‖ With this I dropped a little pebble at his feet.He looked at me half blindly, with eyes much better adjusted to the wavering shadows of his lake bottom than to sight in the open air.He made almost as if to take the pebble up into his forepaws.Then a thought seemed to cross his mind—a thought perhaps telepathically received, as Freud once hinted, in the dark world below and before man, a whisper of ancient disaster heard in the depths of a burrow.Perhaps after all this was not Eden.His nose twitched carefully;he edged toward the water.As he vanished in an oncoming wave, there went with him a natural world, distinct from the world of girls and motorboats, distinct from the world of the professor holding to reality by some great snowshoe effort in his study.My muskrat’s shore-line universe was edged with the dark wall of hills on one side and the waspish drone of motors farther out, but it was a world of sunlight he had taken down into the water weeds.It hovered there, waiting for my disappearance.I walked away, obscurely pleased that darkness had not gained on life by any act of mine.In so many worlds, I thought, how natural is ―natural‖—and is there anything we can call a natural world at all?
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