第一篇:中译英翻译技巧
一、戒“从一而终”
汉语言简意赅,句子灵活,往往是一个汉语词汇对应N个英语词汇,具体到在本句中应该采用哪个意项,务必抓住精神实质,不可以不变应万变。至于怎么应变,这就是显示译者功力的地方了。
比如:都是“问题”,下面的翻译各不相同,几乎是打一枪换一个地方。
共同关心的问题 questions of common interest
解决问题 solve a problem
问题的关键 the heart of the matter
关键问题 a key problem
原则问题 a question/matter of principle
没有什么问题 without any mishap
摩托车有点问题 Something is wrong with the motorcycle.问题不在这里 That is not the point.译者要掌握这种汉英翻译中的“游击战术”,翻译家应是不同“文化王国”边境线上的“游击战略家”。
沙博里将《水浒传》译为:Outlaws of the Marsh(沼泽地上的亡命之徒),杨宪益译将屈原的《国殇》译为:For Those Fallen forTheir Country,北外出版社将《儒林外史》译为:The Scholars。这些都是译者吃透了原文的原意而译出的佳作。
二、戒望文生义,机械直译
这多半是初学者犯的毛病,他们易于被表面现象所迷惑。
黄牛(yellow cow——ox前误后正,下同)黄鹂(yellow bird ——oriole)
黄瓜(yellow melon——cucumber)紫菜(purple vegetable ——laver)
红木(red wood——padauk)红豆杉(red fir——Chinese yew)
黑社会(black society ——sinister gang)
三、戒“水土不符”,习惯搭配失当
这的确是难度系数较大的问题,它要求译者既有较高的中文修养,又要有较高的英文造诣,一知半解的人常常在此“翻车”。如:
写罢,掷笔在桌上。又歌了一回,再饮数杯酒,不觉沉醉,力不胜酒,便呼酒保计算了,取些银子算还,多的都赏了酒保。
And tossed the pen on the table.He intoned the verses to himself, then downed a few more cups of wine.He was very dunk.Song-Jiang asked for the bill, paid, and told the waiter to keep the change.(沙博里译《水浒传·浔阳楼宋江吟反诗》)
目前,《水浒传》最好的英译本要数沙博里先生的本子了。沙博里出生在美国,青年时来到中国,一住就是半个多世纪。为了译好《水浒传》,据说他潜心研究了山东的地方志和旧时方言,可谓精诚所致,译著既“达”又“雅”。然而历史告诉我们,中国古人没有用过钢笔,宋朝时用的还是毛笔,故the pen 应改为the writing-brush。
下面的译文就较好地照顾到了西方人的思维和理解习惯。
美国把贸易和扯在一起,只会损害两国的经济利益。
The US policy of linking trade with human rights can only bring harm to the economic interests of the two countries.关起门来搞建设是不成的,中国的发展离不开世界。China can't develop in isolation from the rest of the world.四、戒主语暗淡
主语是句子的灵魂,定住译文的主语是关键的一步棋。主语定偏了,整个句子将显得松散乏力,甚至会误导读者。例如:
如果这个问题不解决,势必影响两国的利益。
Failure to settle this issue is bound to impair the relations between the two countries seriously.If the problem is not solved, it is sure to affect the interests between the two countries.在上面的两种译文中,显然第一种译文主语选得好,句子流畅。又如:
厨房里少了一条鱼,主人发誓要一查到底,揪出偷鱼的贼。夏威夷的沙滩上,椰影婆娑,海风习习,一妙龄女郎正躺在白色的塑料椅上养神。
On the Hawaiian sandy beach, the coconut palms are whirling, the congenial sea breeze is blowing, and a young lady is lying in the white plastic chair resting to restore energy.因为是轻松读本,又是描述性的文字,使用三个主语the coconut palms、the congenial sea breeze、a young lady仍是可取的。
五、戒结构单调,组合生硬“拉郎配”
由于汉英结构不同,表达方式迥异,“硬性翻译”不仅读起来别扭,而且会闹出笑话。这就要求译者在翻译时灵活使用整合的技巧,将句子整合,凸显汉语中所隐含的层次,补充所缺失的成分。有时要将简单句译成并列句,有时将并列句译成主从句。
在纪念大学毕业20周年聚会时,我忽然问起原来的班主任:“我个子又不矮,怎么把我安排在了第一排呢?”
At the reunionpartyfor 20 anniversary of graduation from university, I suddenly asked my former teacher in charge of our class then:“ Since I am not of short stature, how did you arrange me at the first row?”
一个高度近视的女博士去擦鞋店擦高统靴,秃头老板亲自蹲下来给她效劳。
When a woman doctor who suffers a severe myopic went to shoes-polishing shop for her buskins,the bald boss squatted down to serve her personally.六、戒“愚忠”,不谙增减之道
我们耳熟能详的东西外国人可能会感到一头雾水,译者需要增加必要的说明和补充或者减译。否则,外国人会不知所云。毕竟,汉译英最终是给外国人看的。
例如:风水
fengshui——the location of a house or tomb, supposed to have an influence on the fortune of a family.七、戒语句重复
汉语多重复,以强化语气;英语则要尽量避免重复。
王曰:“此鸟不飞则已,一飞冲天;不鸣则已,一鸣惊人。”
“The bird may not have flown yet”, replied the King,“Once it does, it will soar to the sky.I may not have cried out yet, but once it does, it will startle everyone.”
(杨宪益译《史记-滑稽列传》)
中国人也好,外国人也好,死人也好,活人也好,对的就是对的,不对的就是不对的。
What is right is right and what is wrong is wrong, no matter what it concerns, the Chinese or foreigners, the dead or the living.八、戒另起炉灶,走失精气神
译文要力求其“信”,尽可能契合汉语原来句子的气势、情绪和结构。
例如,元朝人王实甫写下了《西厢记》,张雪静改编后并作了翻译——
掏出张生那封信,回头环视见梳妆台上的梳妆盒,眼睛一转,心里说有了,将信放了进去,合上盖时故意压了一角露在外面。
Rose took out Zhang's letter, she thought, “It would be better to put it in her make-up case, and letter find it herself.” So she put the letter in the case, leaving a corner of it sticking out, so that it would be quickly noticed.不难看出,译文与原文相去甚远,互不吻合,成了“两张皮”。
你已经死在过深的怨愤里了吗?
死?不,不,我还活着——
请给我以火,给我以火!
Have you perished in this deep rancor and bitterness?
Death? No, no.I’m still alive.Please give me a light, give me a light!
我们承诺:追求天人和谐,人际和谐,身心和谐,追求人人相亲,人人平等,天下为公,努力实现 我们城市的和谐统一。
这里所说的“天人和谐”“人际和谐”“ 身心和谐”“人人相亲”“人人平等”“天下为公”,无疑都体现中华文化的内涵。但是,如果将它们原样照搬地直译成英文恐怕就难免出现冗长和累赘。以“身心和谐”和“天下为公”为例,它们的英译分别是harmony between body and mind和the whole world as one community.可在“世界历史文化名城市长论坛”的宣言中郑重其事地提出要追求基于阴阳五行之上的 “harmony between body and mind” 是不是恰当呢?至于在列举了那么多的“和谐”追求,以及“人人相亲”“人人平等”的目标后,再另加一个汉字语境下声势夺人,英语语境下却平淡无奇的对“天下为公(the whole world as one community)”的追求,似乎也有点不伦不类。“南京宣言”的英语文本对这段话是这样翻译的:
We are committed to achieving harmony between man and nature, in people-to-people relationahips, and in the development of urban societies.We will work for fraternity, equality, and justice.原文中“身心和谐”、“人人相亲”、“ 人人平等”、“天下为公”的“四字格”表述在译文中统统被融进了整句话的意境和精神中,不另译出。而这样做的结果是译文反而愈显蕴义明晰、简洁得体。既传达出原文的本质含义,又避免了照搬汉语行文风格而导致的英文表述拖泥带水,值得我们借鉴。
总理在本次记者招待会上,引用了《战国策》中的一句“行百里者半九十”。那么,《战国策》的英文名称是什么呢?
Stratagems of the Warring States
这就是《战国策》名称的英译。有不少我们常用的成语就是出自《战国策》,比如:
鹬蚌相争,渔翁得利
这个成语我们可以翻译成:a quarrel which benefits only a third party 或者借用英语中一句相应的俗语:When shepherds quarrel, the wolf has a winning game.这句俗语翻译成中文,也有“螳螂捕蝉,黄雀在后”的意思。借用英语中的固定表达法来翻译成语,是一个很好的方法,同学们要记得平时多多积累这方面的知识哦。
当然,在不怎么正式的场合,这个成语我们也可以简单翻译成:Two dogs strive for a Bone, and a third runs away with it.画蛇添足
同样,这个成语也可以借用英语中现成的表达法:gild the lily,给百合花镀金,当然就是画蛇添足的意思啦。
狡兔三窟
A crafty person has more than one hideout 三人成虎
这个成语出自一个典故,意为当很多人都以讹传讹的时候,谎言也就成了真理 可以翻译成:A lie, if repeated often enough, will be accepted as truth.狐假虎威
肯尼迪总统曾在自己的讲话中引用这个成语,他说的是:to seek power by riding the back of the tiger 总理也引用了《离骚》中的一句:亦余心之所善兮,虽九死其犹未悔
我们也先来看《离骚》名字的翻译吧:The Sorrow of Separation 同样,其中的名句也有很多,比如这一句:
民生各有所乐兮,余独好修以为常。
可以翻译成:Everybody has his own interest, but I especially love moral cultivation.口译中有时候不需要太讲究字眼,一定要翻译得和原文一样文采斐然,最重要的是抓住意思,第一保证准确,第二保证句式通顺易于理解。“兄弟虽有小忿,不废懿亲”这一句则是出自《左传》,是春秋时期鲁国史官左丘明所著,所以书名可以翻译成:
Zuo's Commentary
和《战国策》一样,《左传》中也有不少成语:
外强中干
这个成语的翻译我们可以借用毛主席的一句名言:一切反动派都是纸老虎。a paper tiger 是当时对这句话的直译,用在这里也非常贴切。
城下之盟
这个成语是指敌人兵临城下时被逼签订的合约,所以可以直接翻译成:a forced “treaty of peace” 多行不义必自毙
这句铿锵有力,而翻译时我们也可以借用英文中的一句俗语:Give a thief rope enough and he will hang himself.只是相比原文,气势不够。但如果在现场翻译中遇到这句,同学们就可以以现成的英语表达法来应急;如果觉得还可以有更好的翻译,那就要靠平时自己多琢磨啦,然后有机会的话,也可以像我们的美女口译员张璐那样,给出精彩的翻译哦。
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第二篇:中文地址中译英翻译参考
中文地址分段翻译成英文
中国:China
浙江省:Zhejiang Province 上海市:Shanghai City 香港:HK(Hong Kong)
杭州市西湖区:West Lake District,Hangzhou City
宿松县:Susong County
梅江镇:Meijiang Town 朝阳乡:Chaoyang Township
格林威治村:Greenwich Village _______________________________________________________________________________ 虹桥经济开发区:Hongqiao Economic Development Zone
三亚路25号:No.25,Sanya Road 西园八路2号:No.2,Xiyuan Road 8 之江中路:Middle Zhijiang Road 武汉绕城高速公路:Wuhan Ring Expressway 莘建东路58弄2号:No.2, Lane 58, Shenjian East Road 火炬大街创新路2号:No.2,Innovation Road, Torch Avenue 环城西路北段377号:No.377,North Ring West Road 北三环东路36东路,东城区:No.36,North Third Ring East Road, Dongcheng District
西湖科技园:West Lake Science and Technology Park 南山软件园:Nanshan Software Park 麻纺小区:Mafang Community 新都花园:Xindu Garden Community 绿城广场:Lucheng Square
16号楼:Building16
3单元303号:Room303,Unit3 H座2单元404室:Room404,Unit2,Building H 4楼:Floor 4
例子1:南国东路青松一街8号四楼
翻译:Floor 4, No.8, Qingsong 1th Street, Nanguo East Road
例子2:江西省南昌市高新区火炬大街创新路2号科研大楼四楼
翻译:Floor 4, Scientific Research Building, No.2,Innovation Road, Torch Avenue, High & New Technology Zone, Nangchang City, Jiangxi Province,P.R.China 或 Floor 4,Scientific Research Building, No.2,Chuangxin Road, Huoju Avenue, High & New Technology(Gaoxin)Zone, Nangchang City, Jiangxi Province,P.R.China(P.R.:中华人民共和国缩写)
注:本文部分内容参考于网络,可用于常用地址的英文翻译。若有不足处,还请补充及更正!
第三篇:收入证明中译英翻译[最终版]
Committee of the Communist Party of
***Town, *** City, China
中共***市***镇委员会
在 职 及 收 入 证 明
兹证明****,男,****年*月出生,自****年***月起在我单位工作,任职****市****党委书记,税后年薪(包括工资、奖金、补贴、分红等)为人民币****元。
特此证明。
****年 ****月 ****日
单位(盖章)
Statement of Employment and Income
This is to certify that ****, male, born in ****, has been working in our department since****.He is now in position of Party Secretary of ****, **** City.His annual income(including salary, bonus, subsidy, etc.)is RMB ****yuan after tax.Name of Department:
Committee of the Communist Party of
****, ****City, China
Date:
第四篇:2013中译英范文
黄浦区
1.2.3.4.5.1.2.3.4.这个故事激励年轻人为更美好的生活奋斗。(inspire)时光飞逝,尤其当你聚精会神地读一本好书时。(absorb)安全系统不会允许你进入大楼,除非你有正确的密码。(unless)我从未想到过会在机场遇到多年未曾谋面的老朋友。(It)无用信息的传播会对人类社会产生不利影响的事实已经引起公众的注意。(that)
airport.5.The fact that the spread of useless information can have a bad effect on human society has attracted the
attention/awareness of the public.杨浦区(第一次学业调研)
1.2.3.4.5.1.2.3.4.5.记得要学与思相结合。(combine)党号召官员们提高效率,避免浪费。(call)人们保护个人信息的意识有待提高。(remain)开发清洁的公共交通是被广泛认可的改善空气质量的好方法。(recognize)这位总统一直为缓慢的经济复苏和诸多外交事务的挑战忧心忡忡,但至今仍束手无策。(worry)
far he hasn’t found a way out.浦东新区
1.2.3.4.5.他下定决心要实现抱负。(determine)居民们都希望有朝一日能更方便地享受图书馆的优质服务。(access)老师的赞赏给了我很大的鼓舞,这对一名学生而言非常宝贵。(which)接完电话,他既没关门也没关灯就匆匆忙忙离开了办公室。(with)实验结果与我们所期望的大相径庭,但我们相信探索越多,就越可能成功。(likely)
1.He is determined to realize/accomplish/achieve/fulfill his ambition.2.Residents all hope that they can have easy assess to the quality service of libraries one day(some day).3.The teacher’s compliment(s)gave me(filled me with)a great encouragement(inspiration), which is so precious for a
student.4.Having answered the phone, he left the office in a hurry with the door open and the light(s)on.5.The result of the experiment is totally different(contrary to)from what we have expected, but we believe(that)the
more we explore, the more likely we are to/will succeed.徐汇区、松江区、金山区
1.2.3.4.5.这三天的社会实践让我们受益匪浅。(benefit)令我们宽慰的是,政府正在采取措施改善我们的住房条件。(relief)尽管困难重重,他从未放弃过成为一名优秀建筑师的愿望。(desire)第一次看Gangnam Style的时候,其生动的节奏,富有创意的舞蹈,给我留下了深刻的印象。(The first time)一些大城市的空气正日益恶化,这应该让我们警觉到:环保意识的缺乏已让市民付出了健康的代价。(alert)
1.We benefited a lot from the three-day social practice./ The three-day social practice benefited us a lot.2.To our relief, the government is taking measures/action to improve our housing conditions.3.Despite many difficulties / In spite of many difficulties, he never gave up his desire to become /be an excellent /
outstanding / a distinguished architect.4.The first time I watched Gangnam Style, I was deeply impressed by its lively rhythm and creative dance./ its lively
rhythm and creative dance impressed me a lot / deeply / greatly.5.The air quality in some big cities is getting / becoming from bad to worse, which should alert us(to the fact)that the
lack of environmental awareness has come at the expense of the health of the citizens./ the lack of environmental awareness(lacking environmental awareness)has cost the citizens their health./...that the citizens have paid(high)price for the lack of environmental awareness.闵行区
1.2.3.4.5.1.2.3.4.5.(worth)这孩子年龄太小,无法应对这么复杂的局面。(too...to...)当我心情不佳时,我常听听音乐来去除烦恼。(mood)经过热烈讨论,我们一致同意再为那所小学捐赠一台电脑。(agree)事实证明网络购物存在风险,因此下定单之前一定要深思熟虑。(exist)
1.2.3.4.5.你很有可能在这次考试中取得好成绩。(likely)每天摄入太多的盐和糖会对人体的健康造成严重的损害。(take in)汽油价格的不断上涨对人民的生活和国家的经济发展产生了很大的影响。(affect)迄今虽说屡屡采取严控措施,但绝大多数人仍然觉得难以承担目前的高房价。(though)他向经理保证,一经录用,他会竭尽所能为公司服务,绝不辜负公司的期望并为自己的理想打拼。(assure)
1.You are most likely to achieve good results in this examination./ It’s most likely that you will achieve good results
in this examination.2.Taking in too much salt and sugar every day will / may cause serious damage to people’s health./ It will / may
cause serious damage to people’s health if they take in too much salt and sugar every day.3.The constant / continuous rise in gasoline prices / That the prices of gasoline went up / rose constantly /
continuously has greatly affected the people’s life and the development of the country’s economy.4.Though severe / strict control measures have been taken repeatedly / again and again by now / up to now, the vast
majority of people / most people still feel / find it difficult / hard to afford the current high housing prices.5.He assured the manager that if / once(he was)appointed / accepted, he would do his best to work for / serve the
company, live up to the expectation of the company and strive for his own ideal.奉贤区
1.2.3.4.5.我们应积极参加各种各样的课外活动。(variety)公司在意的不是员工的长相,而是他们的工作表现。(care)记住,你的父母也曾经年少,大多数情况下他们能理解你正在经历的事情。(what)充足的锻炼、健康的饮食、规律的作息对保持最佳考试状态至关重要。(key)黄浦江被污染后,政府采取了许多有效的措施以改善水质,这使公众很满意。(improve)
1.We should take an active part in a variety of out-of-class activities.2.What a company cares about is not the employees’ appearance, but their job performance.3.Remember that your parents were teenagers once and that, in most cases, they can understand what you’re going
through.4.Adequate exercise, healthy eating/a healthy diet and regular sleep are the key to staying in top shape for exams.5.After the Huangpu River was polluted, the government has taken many effective measures to improve the quality of
the water, which has greatly satisfied the public.静安区、杨浦区、宝山区、青浦区
1.2.3.4.5.1.2.3.4.5.许多驾驶员对新的交通法规都感到不习惯。(use)传统的火车票购买方式已经被网络购买方式所取代了。(replace)过不了几天他们就会把面试结果寄给你的。(It)我们非常关心食品质量,因为它与每一个人的健康都息息相关。(concern)那些消防战士冒着生命危险把困在着火的屋子里的老人和小孩全部救了出来。(trap)
1.2.3.4.5.1.2.3.4.5.我们昨晚没有回家作业。(free)为了纪念这位战士,将举办一场音乐会。(memory)能否充分利用能源是科学家所面对的重要问题。(use)听说他的幽默感为英语节开幕式平添了一份快乐。(add)对语言学习者来说,接触英文材料并养成好的习惯能提高学习效率。(expose)
efficiency.闸北区
1.2.3.4.5.1.2.3.4.5.家长们越来越关注孩子的心理健康。(health)必须采取果断措施应对食品污染问题。(must)经过劝说,玛丽总算打消了去那个偏远城市安家的念头。(idea)只要你可以上网,任何难题几乎都可瞬间解决。(access)尽管生产商宣称这款天然的洗发水不含任何化学成分,消费者仍然兴趣寥寥。(although)
1.2.3.4.5.过马路时务必要小心。(sure)听流行音乐是我课余最爱的放松方式。(relax)是要都有副作用,这是每个人都应该有的医学常识。(which)那晚在观众席中看女儿弹钢琴,她的父母是多么地自豪啊!(How)即便上海牌照(the license plate)的价格一路飙升,人们对私家车的需求依然如故。(remain)
1.2.3.4.5.Be sure to be careful when crossing the road.Listening to pop music is my favorite way to relax after school.All medicine has side effects, which is medical knowledge everyone should have.How proud the parents were that night when they sat in the audience watching their daughter playing the piano!Despite the soaring price of license plate in Shanghai, people’s need for private cars remain the same.
第五篇:高考中译英解题方法和技巧
高考中译英解题方法和技巧
一、判断句型,构建框架
句型好比是句子的骨架,选用合适的句型是做好中译英的第一步,也是至关重要的一步。英语中句子通常分为简单句、并列句和复合句,其中有一些较为固定的常用句型更是高考经常考查的内容,熟悉并学会运用这些句型将有助于同学们很快建立句子结构,完成翻译。下面就是一些需要掌握的常见句型:There is no need for sb.to do sth....It is no good doing sth....It is no use doing sth....It’s a waste of time doing sth....It is necessary/important for sb.to do sth....It suddenly occurred to sb.that...It seems/appears/ happens that...The more..., the more...The reason why...was that...What matters is not...but...祈使句+and/or...In spite of the fact that...,...There is no doubt that...It won’t be long before...(从句谓语用一般现在时)
I’d appreciate it very much if you could...It’s said/believed/reported/estimated that...Where there is..., there is...As an old saying goes,...Word came that...Chances are that...It remains to be seen whether...(It is)no wonder that...It is taken for granted that...It is known to all that...It takes sb.some time to do sth.......so...that...Be sure to do...It is certain that...A is to B what C is to D.It makes no difference whether...It all depends on sb./sth.whether......makes it a rule to do sth....Make sure that...(从句谓语用一般现在时)
二、把握关键词,熟悉短语搭配
历年高考中译英题的考核点中,短语搭配占了很大的比重,其中动词短语尤为重要。正确使用关键词,用好短语搭配,往往会使难题迎刃而解。下面是近几年高考出现的短语考点:
1.我们将作进一步的讨论,然后再作出最终结论。(before)(2001年高考)
We will have a further discussion before we draw a final conclusion.2.当时,那位出租车司机别无选择,只能求助于顾客。(choice)(2002年高考)
At that time, the taxi driver had no choice but to turn to the tourist(for help).3.这条铁路横贯平原,把那个偏远山城与海港连接了起来。(remote)(2003年高考)
The railway crosses the plain and connects the remote mountain city with the sea port.4.你该就刚才的所作所为向在场的人道歉。(apologize)(2004年高考)
You should apologize to the people present for what you have just done.5.多吃蔬菜和水果有益健康。(good)(2005年高考)
Eating more vegetables and fruits does good to one’s health.6.我忘了提醒他面试的时间。(remind)(2007年高考)
I forgot to remind him of the time for the interview.三、了解汉英差异,避免误入陷阱
1.连词
中文中,“因为„„所以„„”“虽然„„但是„„”“除非„„否则„„”等常用来表示因果、转折等关系。但是在英语中,不能同时使用并列连词和状语从句的连词。例如:
除非采取紧急措施,否则我们的计划将流产。
Unless we take urgent measures, or our plan will be spoiled.(?菖)
Unless we take urgent measures, our plan will be spoiled.(?菁)
他尽管双目失明,却没有放弃作家梦。
Although he was blind in both eyes, but he didn’t give up his dream of being a writer.(?菖)
Although he was blind in both eyes,(yet)he didn’t give up his dream of being a writer.(?菁)
2.语态
在中英不同的语言文化中,主动和被动的表达存在着一定的差异。有时中文看似主动,译成英语却应用被动形式;有时中文是被动的意思,在英语中却用主动形式。
以下情形中常用英语的主动形式表示中文的被动意思:
(1)某些连系动词(如look, sound, smell, feel, taste, prove等)要用英语主动形式表中文被动意义。例如:
他告诉我的事情被证实是真的。
What he told me proved to be true.(2)当read, wash, sell, clean, cook, cut, wear, carry等用作不及物动词且表示主语的某种属性时,通常要用英语主动形式表示中文被动意义。例如:
这本书被卖得很快。
The book sells quickly.(3)当open, close, shut, lock, move等用作不及物动词且表示主语的某种属性时,通常用英语主动形式表示中文被动意义。例如:
这门关不上。
The door won’t shut.(4)某些“be+形容词+to do”结构中的不定式通常要英语用主动形式表示中文被动意义。例如:这篇学术论文很难被翻译过来。
The academic article is difficult to translate.(5)be worth后的动名词要用英语主动形式表中文被动意义。例如:
这可能值得考虑。
This might be worth thinking about.(6)在need, want, require等少数表示“需要”的动词后接动名词用主动形式表被动意义。例如:这些植物得天天浇水。
The plants need watering every day.也有很多情况下,英语的被动形式表示中文的主动含义。这时很多同学就可能会忽略被动语态的使用。例如:
坐在树下的人是我叔叔。
The man who was seated under the tree is my uncle.这样的例子不胜枚举,同学们在练习时应注意多积累和总结。
3.语序
在某些情况下,英语的主谓必须全部或部分倒装。有时为了保持句子平衡,各部分顺序会发生颠倒,这与中文表达顺序有所不同。例如:
我们的祖国从来没有像今天这样强大过。(Never)
Never before has our country been as powerful as it is today.老师仅靠一支粉笔上课的日子一去不复返了。(Gone)
Gone are the days when a teacher gave lessons only with a piece of chalk.我认为你找不到自行车了。
I don’t think you can find your bicycle.4.标点符号
汉语中的某些标点符号是英语没有的。例如英语中没有顿号(、),常用逗号充当并列连接作用。英语中也没有书名号(《》),汉语用于书名、报刊杂志名的书名号,英语中常用斜体字代替。
有些标点符号的汉英表示形式是不同的。例如在汉语中句号是以空心圆(。)来表示的,在英语中是实心点(.)。又如汉语中的省略号是居中的六点(„„),英语是用位于底部的三点(...)来表示。同学们在使用这些符号时要特别注意,防止混淆。
四、理解成语与俗语,无须字字对译
近年的高考中译英题中,总会出现一些比较地道的中文或常用的成语,许多同学对于这些成语和俗语的翻译常不知所措。此时,同学们不妨冷静下来,从成语的实际意义入手,在理解的基础上,用适当的英语表达出来,完全不必字字对译。有些成语和俗语的中英文是基本对应的,例如欣喜若狂(be wild with joy),熟能生巧(practice makes perfect)等。但大多数还是需要通过意译的方法来表达。以近年的高考试题为例:
1.请尽早作出决定,不然你会坐失良机。(or)(2003年高考)
Please make up your mind/make your decision as early as possible, or you’ll miss the good/golden chance/opportunity.2.这个游戏的规则太复杂,三言两语解释不清。(too...to)(2004年高考)
The rules of the game are too complicated to explain/be explained in a few words.3.他进公司后不久就独立完成了一项艰巨的任务,同事们对他刮目相看。(so)(2005年高考)He finished a difficult task on his own/independently soon after he entered the company, so his colleagues looked at him differently/with new eyes/regarded him in a totally different light.4.这小孩太调皮了,使得他那忙于工作的父母常常心烦意乱。(So...)(2006年高考)
So naughty is the child that he often upsets his parents who are busy with their work.5.医生挨家挨户上门巡访,省去了许多老年人去医院的麻烦。(save)(2007年高考)
Doctors’ door-to door visits save many old people’s trouble of going to hospital.从上面的高考真题中可以看出,俗语与成语的翻译主要在于含义的表达,只要完整正确地表达了成语的含义,即使与参考答案不完全一致,也是可以得到满分的。
五、学会一题多译,拓宽解题思路
同一句中文可能会有几种不同的英语翻译方法,在平时的练习中,同学们可以尽量拓宽思路,尝试一题多译。这样不仅可以提高翻译的技能,同时还能促进语法知识的巩固和词汇的复习,是一举多得的好办法。例如:
1.令我大吃一惊的是他终于改掉了抽烟的坏习惯。
To my great surprise, he finally got rid of the bad habit of smoking.What surprised me greatly was that he at last kicked his smoking habit.I was greatly surprised at the fact that he finally quit smoking habit.He finally gave up smoking, which surprised me a lot.2.她一听到这个噩耗就号啕大哭。
As soon as she heard the sad news, she burst into tears.The moment/instant/minute she heard the sad news, she burst out crying.At the sad news, she burst out crying.On hearing the sad news, she couldn’t help crying.Immediately/Directly she heard the news, she burst into tears.Hardly/Scarcely/Rarely had she heard the sad news when she burst into tears.No sooner had she heard the sad news than she burst out crying.