常见的翻译技巧

第一篇：常见的翻译技巧

常见的翻译技巧

一、词义的多样性表达

1、一个单词多种表达

2、多个词表达一个意思，如表达“死”

除此之外，还有多个词翻译成一个意思（主要指英译汉），不再具体讲。

3、几个单词

二、增减词

增词：原文意思在，表达不清楚，英文中如果不增词，就表达不够完整 减词：原文中表达意思的词在，如果汉语中不把词减去的话，显得累赘 如色狼：wolf 不能说color wolf

（一）添词例子：

确保正确，不是100％必须

添加解释说明性文字，添加必须性文字(重点)。

1、Mr.Edwards and Mr.Cheney offered a striking contrast in appearance as they sat side by side, with Mr.Cheney looking his 63 years and Mr.Edwards looking less than his 51.来自《纽约时报》：爱得华兹先生与切尼先生并排就座时，外表殊为不同，切尼先生看上去与实际年龄63岁相仿，而爱得华兹先生看上去比实际年龄51岁年轻。

2、This great scientist was born in New England.这位伟大的科学家出生于美国东北部的新英格兰。

3、Those were the words that were to make the world blossom for me, “like Aaron’s rod, with flowers.”(high priest)

were to表示将来；Aaron是摩西的兄弟

正是这几句话，日后让整个世界在我面前如花展开，就像《圣经》中所说的“亚伦的杖开了花”。（来自美国的海伦凯勒）

4、三个臭皮匠，抵个诸葛亮

Two heads are better than one.The wit of three cobblers surpasses that of Zhuge Liang, the master mind.(civic pride)

5、班门弄斧

to teach fish to swim;to teach the old granny to suck eggs

to show off one’s proficiency with the axe before Lu Ban, the master carpenter 阴: negative aspect of things

（二）减词例子：

减去解释说明性文字

减去原文有、不减难受的词，减去必须性，必须减。

1、According to BT’s futurologist, Ian Pearson, these are among the developments scheduled for the first few decades of the new millennium(a period of 1,000 years).英国电信的未来学家Ian Pearson认为，这些成就预计将出现在新千年头几十年之中。

2、We take this opportunity to inform you that we are now in a position to make prompt shipment of the merchandise.告诉你们，可以立即装船。

3、大会准备工作正在紧张有序地进行。

The preparations for the conference are underway in a busy but ordering manner.4、失业问题一直是我们工作的中心。

The(issue of)unemployment has always been the centre/focus of our work.三、汉语四字格的使用 只针对英译汉

1.Even the most beautiful became bent and toothless, their dark clothes smelling, as the mamma’s did, of smoke and manure.即使绝色佳人也会弯腰驼背、皓齿尽落，一身皂衣，如同奶妈的衣服一样，全是烟味，臭气熏人。

2.On this battle rests the fate of our nation.Let every man do his utmost.民族命运决于此役，凡我士兵必须奋力抗敌。

3.Drew Pearson, a thirty-four-year-old reporter, described them as “ragged, weary, and apathetic,” with “no hope on their faces.”

Drew Pearson，一位34岁的记者，表述他们时说，他们衣衫褴缕，疲惫不堪、冷漠无情，一脸绝望。4.To Henry Kissinger, for whose wise counsel and dedicated services far beyond the call of duty I shall always remain grateful.致Henry Kissinger，精于良言、鞠躬尽瘁、逾于所司，永至不忘。

5.a world of difference, take a risk in desperation, await with great anxiety, decline with all sorts of excuses

天壤之别、铤而走险（孤注一掷）、翘首以待（望穿秋水）、百般推辞

四、词性的转换

(一)一般情况下：汉语动词用的多，英语名词用的多，汉译英，动词转名词；英译汉，名词转动词

1.绝对不允许违反这个原则。

Violation of the principle should never be allowed/tolerated.2.坚持一个中国的原则是实现和平统一的基础与前提。

Adherence to the “One-China” policy should serve as the basis and prerequisite for peaceful reunification.3.Everyone was away on holiday.每个人都出去度假。

4.He came to my home for help.他到我家来请求帮助。

5.I am so grateful to my father for his continuous encouragement during my childhood.我非常感谢我的父亲，因为在我还是小孩子的时候，他就不停的鼓励我。

（二）单词介绍：apathetic describe

1、“a”表示“无”如：: atheist 无神论者, amoral/immoral 无关道德的/没有道德的, atypical pneumonia 非典, SARS: severe acute respiratory syndrome, 严重的呼吸道传染综合症

2、“path”表示情感: sympathy 同情, antipathy 反感, empathy 可以将心比心的理解他人, pathology, 病理学

3、“scribe”表示写: prescribe 开处方, script 文字资料、脚本, scripture 宗教经典, scribble 乱涂乱划, postscript 附言（商业信函中禁用）, inscribe 刻, inscription 碑铭, subscribe 订阅, manuscript 手稿，五、表达法的正反转换

原文肯定，翻译后为“不+否定”，有意想不到的效果，如：语气缓和或汉语中没有此种表达方法

1.Wet paint.油漆未干

2.Keep upright.(Handle with care.)切勿倒置（小心轻放）3.Admission by invitation only.非请莫入

4.If it rains in Cleveland today, volunteers will stand in lines with umbrellas to keep voters dry.如果今天克里弗兰下雨，志愿者将打着伞排着队，以免选民淋湿。

5.If any mater should be added after this contract comes into force, then such a matter shall be agreed upon by

both sides through friendly consultations and confirmed by means of exchanging official documents.本合同生效后如有未尽事宜，须经双方友好协商同意，并交换正式文本以确认

注意：表达法的正反转换要根据具体情况，主要出于两点：

1、表达习惯；

2、语气的缓和与加强

六、直译与意译

尽量用直译；

两种情况下不能用直译：

1、比喻在一种语言中可以接受，而在另一种语言中不能接受

2、特别具有丰富文化内涵的词

第一种情况的例子

1、drink like a fish形容一个人喝水又多又急，中文形容“牛饮”

2、turn swords into ploughs 化干戈为玉帛

3、pull the chestnut out of the fire 火中取栗

4、天下没有不散的筵席 No feast lasts forever.The best of friends must part.5、五十步笑百步 The pot calls the kettle black.The soldier who retreated fifty paces laughed at the one who had fallen back a hundred paces.第二种情况的例子

1、You are a clever dog.你真聪明（狗在汉语中有贬义）

2、Every dog has his day.三十年河东、三十年河西；凡人皆有得意时

3、In a word, those nonverbal messages speak to hearts, not heads.总而言之，这些非语言信息是诉之于情感、而非理智。（背景：美国总统大选时对着装等的评价）

七、句子的分与合（一）合句例子：

1、深圳机场为了方便旅客，设置了四间更衣室。室内设备齐全。

For the convenience of the passengers, Shenzhen Airport has set aside four well-equipped changing rooms.2、卢嘉川挨近她，情不自禁地握住了她的手。这女孩的热情、大胆和奔向革命的赤诚深深感动了他。

Lu Jiachuan, deeply moved by the girl’s passion, bravery/courage and revolutionary spirit, came up to her and couldn’t help/resist taking her hands.3、道静气得浑身发抖。她二话没说，立刻向经理辞了职。

Trembling/quivering with anger, Daojing gave the manager immediate notice without saying anything.(注意：gave notice表示辞职，预留准备时间，gave a week’s notice)

（二）分句例子：

1、本科生分为四年制和五年制两种，学生毕业考试及格并且通过论文后，即可获得学士学位。

The undergraduate program is either four years or five years.After passing the graduation examinations and defending successfully their graduation theses, the students will be conferred a bachelor’s degree.(conferred表示授予，汉语常用获得)注意：Bachelor’s degree 学士学位

BA(Bachelor of Arts）文科学士

BS(Bachelor of Sciences)理科学士

Master ’s degree 硕士学位

Doctor’s degree 博士学位

Associate Bachelor’s degree

专科学位

Assistant professor 助理教授，不是助教之意

Teaching assistant 助教

2、深圳作为全国最早的特区，与内地经济往来极为密切，特别是在香港回归祖国以后，人员往来大为增加，深圳机场是全国十大机场之一。

As the Nation’s/China’s first SEZ, Shenzhen has established very close economic ties with the Nation’s inner parts.Especially after Hong Kong was returned to the motherland, the number of people arriving at and leaving Shenzhen has increased greatly.Shenzhen Airport is one of ten largest airports of the nation.注意：

1、“全国十大机场之一”可以翻成 is nation’s Top Ten airports.2、“人员往来大为增加” 可以翻成 human exchange between Shenzhen and the inner parts of Nation, 但与前面有重复

八、成语的翻译

首先要弄懂中文意思，其次追求完美

(一)套译

汉语中的成语，英语中有一个意思非常接近成语，直接套用 call a spade a spade 实话实说；实事求是

reap what one has sown 种瓜得瓜/作茧自缚（区别褒、贬义和感情色彩）kill the goose that lays the golden eggs 杀鸡取卵/涸泽而渔 castle in the air 海市蜃楼/空中楼阁 过河拆桥kick down the ladder

格格不入 like a square peg in a round hole

（二）直译

在成语所包含的比喻和语言内涵被另一种文化完全接受的情况下，可以直译。Trojan horse 特洛伊木马 表示从内部起爆 sour grapes

酸葡萄 表示得不到东西的心理

Sphinx’s riddle 斯芬克斯之谜，表示难解之谜 a Judas kiss 犹大之吻，表示叛变、背叛

（三）直译套译均可

鉴于有些成语有对应的，但有些人喜欢把意思直接译出来 to kill two birds with one stone 一石两鸟/一箭双雕 crocodile tears鳄鱼之泪/黄鼠狼给鸡拜年

声东击西 to shout in the east and strike in the west/to look one way and row another 掌上明珠 a pearl in the palm/ the apple of one’s eye

对牛弹琴 play a lute to the cow/ cast the pearls before swine

（四）意译

有些比喻和文化内涵不能另一种语言作接受 in a pig’s whisper 低声的

make a monkey of somebody 嘲弄某人 the skeleton at the feast令人扫兴的人 a family skeleton 家丑

叶公好龙 professed love of what one really fears 毛遂自荐 volunteer one’s service 初出茅庐 at the start of one’s career

（五）特别容易弄错的成语 pull somebody’s leg 嘲弄某人

eat one’s words 认错，特别承认自己说错话 dog-eat-dog 残酷的，特别表示竞争 in the seventh heaven 极为开心

九、英语从句的汉译与句序的调整

英语翻译第一步要保证大的结构调整好，句序结构是基础。

1、状语从句调整：挑出主干部分

(1)、澳门，南海之滨一颗闪耀的明珠，以她的风采、沧桑和辉煌，更以1999年12月20日这个不同寻常的日子，吸引着全世界的目光。

A shining pearl on the coast of South China, Macao attracts the world’s attention for her charm, history of great events and glory, especially for the unusual date of December 20, 1999.South China Sea 表示中国南海，不是“南中国海”

East China Sea 东海

（2）、This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future.（横线表示状语）

通过支持某些与当前目标无关、但是在将来可能很重要的研究，一般情况下似乎可以有效的做到这一点。immediate与in the future相对，表示当前 of possible＝possibly mostly表示在一般情况下

（3）、For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.（横线表示状语）

例如，他们不能弥补明显的社会不公，因此也就不能说明，如果一个贫穷的年轻人在更为有利的环境下成长的话，他可能会有多大才干。

说明：

1、underprivileged字面意思表示特权不足的（委婉语），翻译时an underprivileged youngster与he位置调换，英语提到人名出现在句子主干中，而汉语则出现在第一次提到的地方。

2、“ster”加在单词后面表示什么样的人，如：gang表示帮派，gangster表示匪帮；

3、gross形容不好的意思，表示昭然若揭，非常明显的小贴士：(1)、翻译时遇到不认识的词，怎么办？

从词性上说，形容词、副词不认识，建议省略，错译原比漏译扎眼

名词、动词不认识，则难以处理，尽量通过上下文来推测该词的意思。

(2)、关于单词的见解

单词主要记general word，中高级口译不会考过于专业的东西，主要考常识性内容，不建议背专项单词。推荐用书《上海新东方学校中高级口译词汇必备》、《上海新东方学校中高级口译笔试备考精要》

(3)、记忆单词分长期记忆和短期记忆

通过记词根和大量阅读，能够帮助大家长期记忆

2、定语从句调整

英译汉时，定语无非前置和后置，变成形容词性词或单成一句。

（1）Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.两个从句：which和that引导

译文：社会科学是知识探索一个分支，它力求用理智的、有序的、系统的、冷静的方法研究人类和他们的种种行为，这种方式正是自然科学家用来研究自然现象的。说明：

1、译文中“正是”一词来源于“the same”

2、reason作为动词，表示推理

（2）“In short”, a leader of the new school contends, “the scientific revolution, as we call it, was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions.”

两个定语从句：as we call it

放在先行词the scientific revolution之前翻译

that expanded„„

分译 contends：如果不认识，可以翻译成“说”，因为前后都有引号 译文：新学派的一位领导人认为：“简而言之，我们所谓的科技革命，在很大程度上是指一系列工具的改进、发明和使用，这些改进、发明和使用在各个方面都拓展了科学范围”。“名词+介词+名词+定语从句”：定语从句99％用来修饰第一个名词” 注意：

1、定语从句的翻译方法

(1)合译：把定语从句放到被修饰词之前

(2)分译：定语从句单成一句，先行词重复一下

2、定语从句先行词判断方法（并非100％适用）

（1）、He opposed some proposals for opening the economy, like starting a stock market, that were embraced only after he lost power.先找名词，再根据定语从句的谓语动词的单复数判断先行词的单复数，则先行词为“proposals”

译文：他反对某些开放经济的提议，如创建股票市场，这些提议只有在他下台之后，才被人们所接受。

（2）、It assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights, which is something the world does not have.根据定语从句谓语动词单复数，易于判断which引导的从句用语修饰account，此处account表示讲述、评论。

译文：他假定人们对人权有一个统一的看法，而这种看法根本就不存在。

（3）、这所大学的任务是培养德智体全面发展，能熟练运用外语从事外事和文化交流工作的合格人才。

翻译时先找主干：这所大学的任务是培养人才(The university aims to turn out qualified graduates)。译文：The university aims to turn out qualified graduates that are all-roundly/well developed in morality, intellect and physique, and that are able to use proficiently foreign languages in foreign affairs and cultural exchanges.翻译词要根据具体情况，如“文明”一词，文明小区“model”；讲文明“politesse, manners”；（4）汉语中的题型“„„是„„” 两种方法：“„„，which„„”或“it is„„”

谋求和平与发展、加强对话与合作，是各国人民的普遍愿望。

It is the universal wish of all the nations to achieve peace and development and strengthen dialogues and cooperations.巩固与东盟面向和平与繁荣的战略伙伴关系，推进互利互惠的全方位合作，是中国将长期坚持的基本外交政策。

China shall consolidate its strategic partnership with the ASEAN in the direction of peace and prosperity, and promote mutually benefiting cooperation in an all-round manner, which is China’s long-term and basic foreign policy.

第二篇：2018年政府工作报告常见表达及翻译技巧

2018年政府工作报告常见表达及翻译技巧

【贡献率、增加趋势、年均增长常用表达】

国内生产总值从54万亿元增加到82.7万亿元，年均增长7.1%，占世界经济比重从11.4%提高到15%左右，对世界经济增长贡献率超过30%。

财政收入从11.7万亿元增加到17.3万亿元。居民消费价格年均上涨1.9%，保持较低水平。

China’s gross domestic product(GDP)has risen from 54 trillion to 82.7 trillion yuan, registering average annual growthincrease of 7.1 percent;

its share in the global economy has grown to roughly 15 percent, up from 11.4 percent.China’s contribution to global growth has exceeded 30 percent.Government revenue has increased from 11.7 trillion to 17.3 trillion yuan.Consumer prices rose at an average annual rate of 1.9 percent, maintaining（前项造成的结果或是带来的影响用V-ing）a relatively low level of growth.【再如： 消费贡献率由54.9%提高到58.8%，服务业比重从45.3%上升到51.6%，With the share of the service sector rising from 45.3 to 51.6 percent of the economy, consumption’s contribution to growth has increased from 54.9 to 58.8 percent,】

【“加强”常见搭配】

加强两岸经济文化交流合作

strengthened cross-Strait economic and cultural exchanges and cooperation 加强定向调控、相机调控、精准调控

enhanced targeted, well-timed, and precision regulation 加强地方政府债务管理

strengthened management over local government debt 注重加强宏观调控、市场监管和公共服务

done more to improve macro regulation, market regulation, and public services.以企业为主体加强技术创新体系建设

boosted the development of a system for technological innovation 加强援藏援疆援青工作

strengthened aid work in Tibet, Xinjiang, and Qinghai.加强生态环境保护

strengthen environmental protection 加强党风廉政建设和反腐败斗争

done more to improve Party conduct, build a clean government, and fight corruption

着力加强和创新社会治理

focused on enhancing and developing new forms of social governance

【“增强”的表达： growing、比较级（more、better）、boosting、strengthen】

【“着力”常见搭配】 着力创新和完善宏观调控

focused on developing new and better approachesways to macro regulation made fresh innovations in and refined macro regulation 着力推进供给侧结构性改革

made strong moves to advance supply-side structural reform 着力激发社会创造力

a focus on unlocking public creativity 着力破除体制机制弊端

have taken major steps to remove institutional barriers 着力推动平衡发展

have promoted more balanced development 着力保障和改善民生

have endeavored to ensure and improve living standards

【“加大...力度”常见搭配】 加大去产能力度

have intensified efforts to cut overcapacity

加大对革命老区、民族地区、边疆地区、贫困地区扶持力度

have stepped up support for old revolutionary base areas, areas with large ethnic minority populations, border areas, and poor areas, 加大对各类学校家庭困难学生资助力度

have increased financial aid to students from financially-challenged families studying in all types of schools

突出重点加大补短板力度

have stepped up efforts to strengthen areas of weakness, with a focus on key issues.【“加快”常见搭配】 先进制造业加快发展。

has accelerated the development of advanced manufacturing.加快新旧发展动能接续转换

sped up the replacement of old growth drivers 加快转变政府职能

have sped up efforts to transform government functions 分级诊疗和医联体建设加快推进

the development of tiered medical diagnosis and treatment and healthcare consortiums has picked up pace.加快发展文化事业

have moved faster to develop cultural programs 支持民族地区加快发展

supported faster development in areas with large ethnic minority populations 新的增长极增长带加快成长

Seen（施力者采取某项措施后自然而然得到的结果）new growth poles and belts developing faster.【“坚持”常见搭配】

坚持一个中国原则和“九二共识”

have upheld the one-China principle and the 1992 Consensus 坚持稳中求进工作总基调

with a commitment to the general principle of pursuing progress while ensuring stability

坚持实施积极的财政政策和稳健的货币政策

have continued to follow a proactive fiscal policy and a prudent monetary policy 坚持教育优先发展

We have been committed to prioritizing the development of education 【“推进”常见搭配】

统筹推进“五位一体”总体布局，协调推进“四个全面”战略布局

We have moved forward with the Five-Sphere Integrated Plan* and the Four-pronged Comprehensive Strategy**, 着力推进供给侧结构性改革

made strong moves to advance supply-side structural reform 扎实推进“三去一降一补”

Solid work has moved us forward in the five priority tasks of cutting overcapacity, reducing excess inventory, deleveraging, lowering costs, and strengthening areas of weakness 实施“中国制造2025”，推进工业强基、智能制造、绿色制造等重大工程

Implementation of the Made in China 2025 Initiative has brought progress in major projects like the building of robust industrial foundations, smart manufacturing, and green manufacturing, 国企国资改革扎实推进

Solid progress has been made in the reform of state-owned enterprises(SOEs)and state assets 推进农村承包地“三权”分置改革

We have pursued reform to separate rural land ownership rights, contract rights, and use rights, 推进国际产能合作

We have moved forward with international cooperation on production capacity 全面推进精准扶贫、精准脱贫

We have made comprehensive moves in targeted poverty reduction and alleviation 推进重点行业节能减排

pushed for progress in energy conservation and emission reductions in key industries 推进重大生态保护和修复工程

We have pursued major ecological conservation and restoration projects 民族、宗教、侨务等工作创新推进

made new improvements in work related to ethnic groups, religion, and overseas Chinese nationals.深入推进政治建军、改革强军、科技兴军、依法治军

taken extensive steps to see that the armed forces are built on political loyalty, strengthened through reform and technology 交流合作深入推进

Exchanges and cooperation have been steadily enhanced 中国特色大国外交全面推进

we have pursued distinctively Chinese major country diplomacy on all fronts.【“推动”常见搭配】

简政放权、放管结合、优化服务等改革推动政府职能发生深刻转变

Reforms to streamline administration and delegate powers, improve regulation, and optimize services, have driven profound shifts in the functions of government 推动实现更高层次的供需动态平衡

worked for a dynamic equilibrium of supply and demand at a higher level 推动降低用能、物流、电信等成本。

work has been done to lower energy, logistics, and telecommunications costs.推动大数据、云计算、物联网广泛应用 promoted the extensive application of

推动大中型商业银行设立普惠金融事业部

encouraged large and medium commercial banks to set up inclusive finance divisions 各领域改革的深化，推动了经济社会持续健康发展。

The deepening of reform in each and every field has given a boost to sustained, healthy economic and social development

倡导和推动共建“一带一路”

We have launched and worked with other countries in the Belt and Road Initiative 积极推动《巴黎协定》签署生效

We worked toward and saw that the Paris Agreement was put into force 【“实施”常见搭配】 “十三五”规划顺利实施

Implementation(战略规划政策)of the 13th Five-Year Plan has seen smooth progress 制定实施大气、水、土壤污染防治三个“十条”并取得扎实成效

have designed and enforced a ten-point list of measures for each and achieved solid progress 实施地方政府存量债务置换，降低利息负担1.2万亿元

issued local government bonds to replace outstanding debt, cutting interest liability by 1.2 trillion yuan.实施创新驱动发展战略，优化创新生态，形成多主体协同、全方位推进的创新局面

We have put into actioneffect(制度战略)the innovation-driven development strategy and worked to build a better ecosystem for innovation, giving shape to innovation involving multiple actors making across-the-board advances 实施普惠性支持政策

Adopted(政策措施)support policies designed to benefit all entrepreneurs and innovators 【附：roll out(model模式)；“落实”的表达：fully implementthoroughly act upon】

【其他常见搭配】

完善：improve(systemregulationsmechanisms)新局面：make new advances onembark on a new stage in 建立：beput in placeestablish(systemsschemes)...等：in..., and moreand other+N

V+N+likein+N+like

N..., such as..., V被动

V+N, including...全面：on all fronts(level)in all respects(小康社会)across the board(reform)all(内容实体的比例)nationwide(地理上的范围scope)full+Nfully+V comprehensive extend...to all sectors across the country

第三篇：法律常见翻译

法律常见词汇——be liable for;be liable to 转载▼

法律常见词汇——be liable for;be liable to be liable for;be liable to 释义: 对……应负有责任, be responsible in accordance with law 用法: be liable for sth.;be liable to sb.例1 Should the carrying vessel has arrived at the port of shipment as advised and the Seller fails to have the quantity of the goods ready for loading in time as specified, the Seller shall be liable for any dead freight or demurrage.注释:（1）the carrying vessel：买方船只，即承运船只

（2）fails to have the quantity of the goods ready for loading in time as specified：不能按规定的时间备妥货物以待装船

（3）the Seller shall be liable for any dead freight or demurrage：则（由此而产生的）空舱费及滞期费应由卖方负担 dead freight：空舱费；demurrage：滞期费

参考译文：

如果买方船只按照到达装运港，而卖方不能按规定的时间备妥货物以待装船，则由此而产生的空舱费及滞期费应由卖方负担。

例2 Party A shall not, under this guarantee, be liable for any direct or indirect loss whatsoever arising out of any defect in the parts or components thereof.注释：

（1）under this guarantee：根据本担保

（2）be liable for any direct or indirect loss：承担任何直接或间接损失的赔偿责任 参考译文：

根据本担保，甲方不应承担因零部件缺陷而引起的任何直接或间接损失的赔偿责任。例3 A company may invest in other limited liability companies or companies limited by shares and be liable to the companies which it has invested in to the extent of the amount of capital invested in such companies.注释：

（1）invest in other limited liability companies or companies limited by shares：向其他有限责任公司、股份有限公司投资

（2）to the extent of the amount of capital invested in such companies：以该出资额为限 参考译文：

公司可以向其他有限责任公司、股份有限公司投资，并以该出资额为限对所投资公司承担责任。

例4 If the share prospectus, measures for offer of corporate bonds, financial or accounting report, listing report document, annual report, interim report or ad hoc report announced by an issuer or securities underwriting company contain or contains any falsehood, misleading statement or major omission, thus causing losses to investors in the course of securities trading, the issuer or the company shall be liable for the losses and the responsible director(s), supervisor(s)and /or the manager of the issuer or the company shall be jointly and severally liable for such losses.注释：

（1）share prospectus：招股说明书

（2）measures for offer of corporate bonds：公司债券募集办法（3）financial or accounting report：财务会计报告（4）listing report document：上市报告文件（5）annual report：报告

（6）interim report：临时报告，亦称中期报告（7）ad hoc report：临时报告

（8）an issuer or securities underwriting company：发行人、承销的证券公司

（9）shall be jointly and severally liable for such losses：应当承担各自的连带赔偿责任 参考译文：

发行人、承销的证券公司公告招股说明书、公司债券募集办法、财务会计报告、上市报告文件、报告、中期报告、临时报告，存在虚假记载、误导性陈述或者有重大遗漏，致使投资者在证券交易中遭受损失的，发行人、随销的证券公司应当承担赔偿责任，发行人、承销的证券公司负有责任的董事、监事、经理应当承担各自的连带赔偿责任。

例5 After arrival at the destination port of Party A, the machinery shall be assembled by Party A itself.When Party A believes it is necessary to get the technical assistance from Party B, Party B shall send its technicians to provide technical guidance on the site and other required technical assistance during the assembling of key parts of the machinery.Party B shall be liable for the losses incurred in the course of assembling due to the technical default.注释：

（1）the destination port of Party A：甲方口岸（目的港）

（2）the machinery shall be assembled by Party A itself：设备由甲方自行安装（3）the technical assistance from Party B：乙方的技术服务（4）to provide technical guidance on the site：进行现场指导

（5）during the assembling of key parts of the machinery：在主要设备安装过程中

（6）Party B shall be liable for the losses incurred in the course of assembling due to the technical default：在安装过程中由于技术上的问题所造成的损失由乙方负责

参考译文：

设备到达甲方口岸后，由甲方自行安装。但在主要设备安装过程中，甲方认为需要时，乙方必须派出技术人员进行现场指导，提供必要的技术服务；在此过程中由于技术上的问题所造成的损失由乙方负责。

例6 If, in accordance with the Contract, Party B fails to make purchase of the products of compensation trade and Party A fails to deliver the products in question, either Party shall, in accordance with the provisions of the Contract, be liable for a breach of Contract, and shall indemnify for all the economic losses.注释：

（1）Party B fails to make purchase of the products of compensation trade：乙方未能按合同规定购买补偿贸易商品

（2）Party A fails to deliver the products in question：甲方未能按合同提供商品时（3）be liable for a breach of Contract：承担违约责任

（4）indemnify for all the economic losses：赔偿由此造成的经济损失

参考译文：

如乙方未能按合同规定购买补偿贸易商品或甲方未能按合同提供商品时，均应按合同条款承担违约责任，赔偿由此造成的经济损失。

例7 The Contractor shall, under the provisions of Clause 82 on the obligations of the Contractor, be liable for any loss or damage to the Works during the execution and operation of the Works.注释：（1）under the provisions of Clause 82 on the obligations of the Contractor：按照第82条对承包人责任的规定

（2）any loss or damage to the Works：对工程的任何损失或损坏

（3）during the execution and operation of the Works：在施工及作业过程中

参考译文：

按照第82条对承包人责任的规定，承包人亦应对其在施工及作业过程中造成的对工程的任何损失或损坏承担责任。

例8 Unless such defect, shrinkage or other fault is the one for which the Contractor is liable under the Contract, the Engineer shall, after due consultation with the Employer and the Contractor, determine the amount in respect of the costs of such search incurred by the Contractor.The amount in question shall be added to the Contract Price and the Engineer shall notify the Contractor accordingly, with a copy to the Employer.注释：

（1）such defect, shrinkage or other fault：缺陷、收缩或其它不合格之处

（2）for which the Contractor is liable under the Contract：按合同规定，……属承包商的责任（3）after due consultation with the Employer and the Contractor：与业主和承包人充分协商之后

（4）determine the amount in respect of the costs of such search incurred by the Contractor：确定承包人由于上述调查所支出的费用总额

（5）the amount in question shall be added to the Contract Price：应将其增加到合同总价中（6）the Engineer shall notify the Contractor accordingly, with a copy to the Employer：工程师应相应通知承包人，并将一份副本呈交业主

参考译文：

除非按合同规定，上述缺陷、收缩或其它不合格之处应属承包商的责任，否则工程师应在与业主和承包人充分协商之后，确定承包人由于上述调查所支出的费用总额，并应将其增加到合同总价中，工程师应相应通知承包人，并将一份副本呈交业主。

例9 If such defect, shrinkage or other fault is the one for which the Contractor is liable, the cost of the Work carried out in searching as aforesaid shall be borne by the Contractor.Provided that, in such case, the Contractor shall, in accordance with the provisions of Clause 82, remedy such defect, shrinkage or other fault at his own cost.注释：

（1）for which the Contractor is liable：……是承包人的责任

（2）remedy such defect, shrinkage or other fault at his own cost：自费修补上述缺陷、收缩或其它不合格之处

参考译文： 如上述缺陷、收缩或其它不合格之处是承包人的责任，则上述有关调查工作的费用应由承包人承担。在此种情况下，承包人应按第82条规定自费修补上述缺陷、收缩或其它不合格之处。

例10 The Employer shall not be liable to the Contractor for the matter or thing arising out of or in connection with the Contract or execution of the Works, unless the Contractor has included a claim in respect thereof in his Final Statement and in the statement at completion referred to in Sub-Clause 92.5.注释：

（1）the Employer shall not be liable to the Contractor for…：业主不应对承包人（就……）负有责任（2）unless the Contractor has included a claim in respect thereof in his Final Statement and in the statement at completion referred to in Sub-Clause 92.5：除非承包人在其最终报表中以及在第92.5款提及的竣工报表中已经包括索赔事宜

参考译文：

除非承包人在其最终报表中以及在第92.5款提及的竣工报表中已经包括索赔事宜，对由合同及工程实施引起的或与之有关的任何问题和事件，业主不应对承包人负有责任。

第四篇：汉英翻译技巧

汉英翻译技巧

第一节 汉语无主语句的英译处理

一、祈使句对应为祈使句

e.g.小心轻放。

Handle with care.量体裁衣，看菜吃饭。Fit the dress to the figure and fit the appetite to the dishes.宁为鸡首，不为牛后。Better be the head of an ass than the tail of a horse.二、采用英语的被动结构译出 采用英语被动结构翻译的汉语无主语句一般的情况：一是某些表示事物存在的无主语句；二是有些句子突出宾语部分，在翻译时可以不用补出主语而用原句中的宾语来充当主语。e.g.这儿将修建更多的居民大楼。More apartments will be built here.利用发电机，可以将机械能转变为电能。

The mechanical energy can be changed back into electrical energy by a generator.在合同中，详细地规定了双方必须履行的各种条件。

In the contract, all kinds of conditions which both sides should follow were laid down in detail.没有爱心，就无法了解人生。

Life cannot be understood without much charity.三、采用倒装语序 e.g.地下埋藏着大量的金银。

Hidden underground is a wealth of gold and silver.随着一声吼叫，忽的从树林里窜出一只老虎来。

Following the roar, out rushed a tiger from among the bushes.山里住着个老和尚。

In the mountain lived on an old monk.四、采用 THERE BE 结构 例句：没有顺利，无所谓困难；没有困难，也无所谓顺利。

Without facility, there would be no difficulty;without difficulty, there would also be no facility.剩下的时间不多了。There is very little time left.萝卜白菜，各有所爱。

There is no accounting for taste.无水则无鱼。

Without water there would be no fish.楼下有人想和你说话。

There is a man downstairs who wants to speak to you.you are wanted downstairs.五、采用 IT 作主语译出

例句：要解决问题，还必须做系统、周密的调查工作和研究工作。

In order to solve the problem it is necessary to make a systematic and thorough investigation and study.与自然作斗争，倍感快乐。It is a great joy to battle against nature.活到老学到老。

It is never too old to learn.子曰：学而时习之，不亦说乎？有朋自远方来，不亦乐乎？

Confucius said, is it not a pleasure after all to practice in due time what one has learnt? Is it not a delight after all to have friends come from afar?

六、增添适当的代词或名词充当主语 例句： 知彼知己，百战不殆。

If you know your enemy and yourself, you can fight a hundred battles without peril.不入虎穴，焉得虎子。

If one does not enter the tiger’s den, how can he get a tiger’s cub.六、因文制宜，区别对待

例句：未经审批机关批准，合同中不得规定禁止接受方在合同期满后继续使用技术的条款。

Unless approval has been obtained from the examining and approving organ, a contract shall not include provisions prohibiting the recipient from continuing to use the technology after the expiry of the contract term.由于英语被接受为联合国的官方语言之一，这就使英语在国际外交场合使用得更为广泛了。

The use of English in international diplomacy is strengthened by its acceptance as one of the official languages of the U.N.说明白了一切，就再无奥妙可言了。It will leave nothing in obscurity;everything is seen.Exercises: 1.要适可而止，否则就要完蛋。

2.不远处传来了提琴的声音，调子哀enough, or we will die.Enough is 伤。Not far away from the sound of the fiddle, and that'll sorrow.3.在游廊的最左端，靠近一道门，坐着一位将近30岁的男子。

4.他的书桌上放着带有细菌的小碟the left, near a door, sits a nearly 30 years old man.Most of the veranda at 子。His desk is put a little dish of bacteria

All in all, it was two 5.总之，是两点而不是一点。

6.花瓶里没有水了。and not a bit.The vase no water.7.要

很容易看得出来那作家是一位生手，刚从事写作。8.。

Very easy to see the writer is a beginning, just writing

9.不怕一万，就怕万一one thousand.Ten thousand not afraid, afraid of 10.还看不出来他能挑得起这副担子。Also see he can pick up the burden alone.11.去年

12.必须认真做好建厂前的准备工作。The factory must do the preparing work before.Should teach children to 13.应该教导儿童讲实话。

14.必须保证8小时的睡眠。

15.发现了错误，一定要改正。tell the truthhours of sleep.must correct.Must ensure that eight

Find a mistake，第二节、汉语“是”字句的英译处理

一、表示“等同”

例句：他最佩服的就是你。

Of all the people, you are the one he admires most.二、表示“类属” 例句：这台机器是进口的。

The machine was imported from abroad.他是来找你的。He is here to see you.三、表示“事物状态” 例句：要是旧社会，遇上这样大的水灾，早已是哀鸿遍野了。

If a flood of such magnitude had hit the land in the old days, the stricken area would have been a scene of desolation and despair.你现在是身不由己，只能听他的。You have to listen to him whether you like it or not.四、表示“存在” 例句：她满脸是泪，默不作声。She was soundless and her cheeks were bathed in tears.别看他长得胖，其实浑身是病。Despite his stout build, he suffers from all sorts of diseases.五、在两个类似结构中表示“区别”，转换为英语相对的对比结构。例句：他是他，我是我，我们谁也管不着谁。

We have our own wills, he and I, neither is the other’s master.昨天是昨天，今天是今天，情况是不断变化的。

Events are moving very fast;what was true yesterday may not be so today.这个人言行不一，说是说，做是做。This man’s deeds do not match his words;he never practices what he preaches.敌是敌，友是友，必须分清界限。A friend is a friend, a foe is a foe;one must be clearly distinguished from the other.六、表示“让步”，用适当的副词或者让步句型来体现。例句：书是好书，可惜贵了点。It is true that this is a good book, but it’s a bit too expensive.他的本意是好的，只是措辞不当。He meant well, but he didn’t put across his ideas properly.你就是有天大的本事，恐怕也施展不开。

However capable you are, you probably can do nothing in this circumstance.这房子老是老，但离商店近，采购方便。

Indeed, the house is old, but as it is close to the stores, it is convenient for shopping.六、表示“强调”，一般转换为强调句式 例句：是谁教你这样做的？ Who told you to do so? 是这位解放军战士救了你。

It was this PLA man who saved you.我写的信是给她的，不是你。

It was to her that I wrote a letter, not to you.七、表示“凡是”，由英语习惯句型决定。

例句：是人都会犯错误。

Every man is liable to error./ No one is free from error.是孩子他都喜欢。He loves all children.正如一句话所说，是亲三分像。As an old saying goes, blood is thicker than water.是重活他都抢着干。Whenever there is a tough job, he is always the first to do it.八、表示“恰当” 例句：屋里的家具放得都不是地方。The furniture in the room is arranged exactly where it should not be.你来得正是时候。

You have come just in the nick of time./ You can’t have come at a better come.她穿的裙子很是漂亮。

The dress looks very beautiful on her.九、表示“选择”或“疑问” 例句：你是看电视还是听音乐？ 他不是出国了么？

十、表示“确认”，有强调的意思，一般通过助动词、副词或短语来体现。

例句：她爸爸是不同意她和汤姆来往的。

Her father does disapprove of her having anything to do with TOM.这件事他是不知道。

He certainly doesn’t know this.这孩子是可爱。

The child is lovely indeed.我不是不懂，只是不想说。

It is not that I didn’t understand, but that I didn’t want to say anything.十一、表示“特征”，一般直译。例句：马克思主义的基本原理是普遍适用的。

The fundamental tenets of Marxism are universally applicable.本领高强的人，往往是谦虚好学的。Men of capability are often modest and show a desire to learn.作战时他总是身先士卒，故能所向披靡。

He was always at the head of his men in battle, and so his army was invincible.练习题

1、我们是坐船去武汉的。

2、玩弄她的感情是卑鄙的。

3、这个故事好是好，就是长了点。

4、这场火灾是他们不小心而引起的。

5、满屋都是烟，连他衣服上都是烟味。

6、他开办这家工厂完全是白手起7、8、9、10、11、12、家的。

这本书我是有的，可是我一下找不到。

这原来是破旧、窄小的一条旧街。

这人真讨厌，总是死皮赖脸的缠着人家。

既然要搞掉他，罗织罪名还不是易如反掌。

今天开这个会啊，是想听听各方面的意见。

不管怎么样，我是决意要完成这项任务的。

Keys: 1.We went to wuhan by chartered boat.2.It was mean of him to play with her/affections.3.It is a good story all right, but a bit too long.4.The fire resulted from their carelessness.5.Smoke filled the room;even his clothes smelled of smoke.6.He built up his factory literally from nothing.7.I have the book somewhere but I cannot lay my hands on it now.8.This place was originally a narrow, shabby street.9.The man is quite a nuisance;he keeps pestering/bothering others/me shamelessly.10.Now that they have decided to get rid of him, charges can easily be framed.11.Look！We are holding this meeting today to make sure that different opinions are put forward freely.12.I mean to accomplish the task, come what may happen.汉语习语的英译处理

习语是人们在语言发展过程中，经过长期的社会实践提炼出来的短语或者短句，是语言的精华。从广义上讲，汉语习语包括成语、谚语、俗语、歇后语等。具体特点表现在：

1、习语本身是修辞手段的集中体现，如谐音等来增加美感，如“嘴上没毛，办事不牢”，“吃得苦，耐得烦；不怕死，霸得蛮”；英语中的“by hook or by crook”, as red as a rose。

2、习语是语言中独立、不规则而固定的因素。如“露出马脚”不能说成“露出猪脚”，“雪中送炭”不能说成“雪中送煤”。基于上述特点，翻译过程中必须注意：

1、尽量保存原文的民族特色和风格，在可能的情况下以直译为主。

2、不能把习语当做普通语句处理，注意修辞美感。

一、汉语习语英译的常用方法

1、英语同义句借用法

A: 借用意义和形象相同或相似的 B: 借用意义相同但形象不同的 例如： A:

随大流，以牙还牙 隔墙有耳 一文不名绞尽脑汁 针锋相对 时时刻刻 千钧一发 浑水摸鱼 swim with the tide a tooth for a tooth walls have ears

without a penny to one’s

name

to rack one’s brain give tit for tat every now and then hung by a thread to fish in troubled water

如坐针毡 a bed of thorns 谋事在人，成事在天

Man proposes, God disposes 星星之火可以燎原

Little chips light great fire.一朝被蛇咬，十年怕井绳 Once bit, twice shy.空中楼阁、君子协定、事实胜于雄辩、有其父必有其子、B:

半斤八两 six of one and half a dozen of the other 无足轻重

of no account 锦囊妙计

ace in the hole/sleeve 非公莫入

no admittance 徒劳无益

hold a candle to the sun 茫然若失

be all adrift 水中捞月

fish in the air 乳臭未干

the smell of the baby 寿终正寝

die in the bed 一丘之貉

birds of a feather(flock together)

2、直译法

蓬头垢面 with disheveled hair and dirty face

求同存异 see common ground while reserving differences 扑朔迷离

complicated and confusing

朴实无华

simple and unadorned 能者多劳

the abler a man, the busier he gets.自力更生 regeneration through one’s own efforts 顺水推舟 push the boat with current 欺软怕硬 bully the weak and fear the strong 半途而废 give up halfway 口蜜腹剑 with honey on one’s lips and murder in one’s heart.有钱能使鬼推磨

If you have money you can even make the devil turn your mill(serve for you).十年树木百年树人

It takes ten years to grow trees but a hundred years to rear/cultivate people.路遥知马力，日久见人心。

A long road tests a horse’s strength, while a long time proves one’s heart.天有不测风云，人有旦夕祸福

Storms gather without warning in nature, while bad luck befalls men overnight.3、意译法

畏首畏尾 over-cautious

不到黄河不死心

Not stop until one reaches one’s goal 独木不成林

One person cannot accomplish much.4、节译法 汉语习语中有些是对偶词组，往往前后两对含义相同

无影无踪 vanish without a trace 长吁短叹 千真万确 一朝一夕 根深蒂固 不屈不挠 自给自足 经久耐用 同心同德 清规戒律 油头粉面 惊心动魄

sigh deeply be quite true overnight deep-rooted unswerving self-sufficient durable with one mind taboos(regulations)high-painted soul-stirring

5、直译加注法

东施效颦 Dongshi, an ugly woman, knitting her eyebrow in imitation of the famous beauty Xi Shi only to make herself uglier—blindly copying others and making oneself look foolish.二、汉语习语中数词的英译

1、直译法

千金难买一笑

A thousand pieces of gold can hardly purchase a smile.一寸光阴一寸金

An inch of time is an inch of gold.一着不慎满盘皆输

One careless move loses the whole game.百花齐放，百家争鸣

Let a hundred flowers blossom and a hundred schools of thought contend.听君一席话，胜读十年书

One evening’s conversation with a gentleman is worth more than ten-year study.2、保留部分数字

杀一儆百 punish one as an example to others 三心二意 two-minded 两面三刀 double-faced and tricky 十拿九稳 ninety percent sure

3、省略法（当数字是虚指时）昙花一现 be a flash in the pan 一干二净 neat and tidy;不三不四 dubious；inappropriate 百无聊赖 to be overcome with boredom 白问不厌 to serve patiently and tirelessly 三言两语 a few words 五谷丰登、五光十色、五湖四海、十万火急、才高八斗、千秋万代（throughout the ages）

第五篇：英译汉翻译技巧

英译汉翻译技巧

王 瑛

英译汉部分要求翻译单句, 而不是段落或篇章。考生首先要读懂句子,了解句子的语法结构、使用的固定词组、习惯用法及词与词之间的语义关系, 然后, 再正确分析原文的语言现象和逻辑关系,进行透彻的理解, 最后, 力图用简洁明了的汉语表达出原文的意思。因此, 考生有必要掌握一些基本的翻译技巧。

一、翻译技巧一

一般的英译汉考题不会只是简单句。我们在做题时, 首先要从语法入手, 找寻和确定句子大的框架结构, 通过分析把句中的从句和插入部分先排除掉, 明确句子结构有助于我们正确理解整句话的意思。

(一)重点分析句子结构

其实, 就英语的句子结构而言, 是有规律可循的。除去省略句、倒装句、感叹句和

一些特殊句子外, 英语句子的结构可归纳为三类: 1.to be句型: 主语 + be + 表语

Miss Jones is a manager.琼斯小姐是位经理。

2.to do句型: 主语 + do +(宾语)+(状语)He teaches English in this school.他在这所学校教英语。

3.there be句型: There be + 主语 + 状语

There are beautiful wildflowers in the hills.山中有美丽的野花。

(二)确定语法现象和惯用结构

英译汉考题中常见的重点语法有: 时态、语态、主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句、定语从句、状语从句、动词不定式、动名词、分词、虚拟语气、倒装句、强调句等。考生要非常熟悉这些语法现象, 才不至于对句子产生误解。例如:

 Anyone who is interested in it can go with us.对这事感兴趣的人可以跟我们去。(who引导定语从句修饰主语anyone) The problem discussed at yesterday’s meeting is very important.昨天会上讨论过的那个问题非常重要。(过去分词短语作后置定语修饰主语the problem) You could have done better if you had been more careful.要是细心一点的话，你就会做得更好。(if 引导虚拟语气的条件状语从句) Hardly had I said that when she entered the room.我刚说完，她就进来了。(倒装句, 否定词hardly位于句首, 助动词had 放在主语I之前) It was not until last night that I noticed this matter.直到昨晚我才注意到这件事。(强调句: It was not until+强调成分+that句子其余成分) The books were either works on travel or detective novels.这些书要么是关于旅行的, 要么就是侦探小说。(连接词either„ or„连接两个表语)(三)熟悉固定搭配词组和习惯用法

英译汉考题中还常常会设计一个关键的考点 – 固定搭配的词组和习惯表达法, 旨在考查考生对词汇的掌握和运用情况。考生在理解这些习惯用语时会感到很困难, 这是因为单从组成某个习惯用语的词的字面意思上来理解其含义, 往往会出偏差, 必将影响到对整个句子的理解。例如:

 They came up with a cure for the disease at last.他们最终发现了治疗这种疾病的方法(短语动词,意为“提出;发现”)

 The news got around by word of mouth.这一消息通过人们的口传播开来。(介词短语,意为“口头流传”)

 It’ll be cheaper in the long run to use real leather.从长远的观点来看, 用真皮更便宜。(介词短语,意为“从长远的观点来看”)

 I’ll tell them the truth, regardless of what they want to hear.不管他们愿不愿意听, 我要告诉他们真相。(形容词短语,意为 “不管...”)

 Punishment had very little effect on him.惩罚对他没有什么效果。(名词短语,意为“对„起作用”)

(四)熟练掌握过渡连接词

过渡连接词是使上下文的连接自然、紧凑的有效方法，使文章整体具有结构上的粘着性和意义上的连贯性。因此,熟练掌握过渡连接词能充分把握住原文的意图和出题思路。过渡连接词按语义划分为以下最常见的几种类型

表示增补: and , also , besides , what’s more , in addition , furthermore „

表示因果: for this reason, because of, since, as a result, thus, therefore, so, hence „

表示转折: however, still, but, otherwise, despite, nevertheless, though, in fact „

表示列举: firstly, secondly, for one thing„for another, to begin with, then, last „

表示解释: for example, for instance, that is, namely „ 表示总结: in short, to sum up, in conclusion, briefly, on the whole „

例如:

 The railroad connects two cities, namely, New York and Chicago.这铁路联接两个城市, 即纽约和芝加哥。(表示解释) She was very tired, nevertheless, she kept on working.她虽然很疲倦, 然而她却继续工作。(表示转折) He said that he could not find it and, furthermore, that nobody would ever find it.他说他找不到它, 而且也没有人会找到它。(表示增补) He was ill, and therefore could not come.(表示结果)他病了, 所以未能来。

二、翻译技巧二

每一种语言，在词意的运用，语句的铺排、句子的结构方面，都有其独特的方式，而每一词每一字所承载的文化信息亦各不相同。因此, 英译汉的表达方式总体上可以分成两大类:

（一）直译法：

一般来说, 在语言条件许可的情况下, 应该尽可能地用直译, 使译文既能保持原文的内容, 又能保持原文的形式和风格。例如:

o All roads lead to Roma.条条大路通罗马。

o The soldier was as brave as a lion.那个士兵像狮子一样勇敢。

o My brother is like a duck to water in the new job.我哥哥在新的工作岗位上如鱼得水。

o It is he who has consistently offered fuel in snowy weather but never added flowers to embroidery.他这个人一向对人是雪中送炭，从来不是锦上添花。

（二）意译法: 为使译文得到和原文基本相同的文化信息，当翻译中遇到两种文化有差异，用直译无法使译文传达准确的信息时，就要在母语中寻找与其对应的表达方式，利用各种必要的转换手段进行意译。例如:  He is down and out as if/though he lived a dog’s life.他穷困, 潦倒，好像过着牛马一样的生活。（转译法-a dog’s life转换词义）

 He behaved politely while answering the interviewer’s questions.他在回答采访者问题时, 很有礼貌。(省略法–behaved 一词不译出) He is a stranger to the company’s business.他对于该公司的经营业务是陌生的。(转换法–stranger 名词转换成形容词) All preparation must be done before you do experiments.在做试验之前, 一切准备工作都必须做好。(增加法-preparation增加“工作”)

 Each country has its own customs.各国有各国的风俗.(重复法-Each country重复使用“各国”)