第一篇:本科英语毕业论文——现代英语词汇迅速发展的原因探究
大学本科毕业论文
题目:现代英语词汇迅速发展的原因探究
学生姓名: 学 号:
院 部: 外国语学院 专 业: 英 语 年 级:
指导教师
姓名及职称:
完成日期:
On the Reasons of Rapid Development of
English Vocabulary
A Thesis Submitted to School of Foreign Languages of
Xinjiang University of Finance and Economics in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts
By Li wei
Supervisor:Zhao Weili
May 23, 2008
Acknowledgements
The existence of this thesis owes much to Mrs.Zhao Weili.She has given me the most patient instructions during the busiest time she has ever had, and for the encouragements and trust she has placed on me.What’s more, I will extend my thanks to all of the leaders and teachers who have taught us during these four years in School of Foreign Languages and have supplied us with the most convenient faculties, which helps me to finish my first English thesis smoothly.In addition, I would like to thank all my enthusiastic classmates who have given me lots of advice and inspirations.Last but not least, my appreciation will go to the evaluation panel of theses that keep their close eyes to the development of our theses.Thanks a lot!
I
摘要
现代英语,尤其是现代英语词汇发展非常迅速。据统计,目前世界上英语的词汇量最大,现代英语词汇发展迅速的原因主要是随着科学技术的飞速发展,不断产生新兴学科,带来大量新的英语词汇。政治经济形势的千变万化、社会生活和世界局势的迅速发展和变化 , 需要不断的创造新的单词及词组来满足这些变化,因此英语词汇量在不断地发展扩大。英语词汇产生和发展的途径主要有创造全新单词、利用构词法产生新词、旧词新义和外来语的借入四个方面。学习者通过对英语词汇发展原因的了解可以进一步了解英语单词的结构 ,对理解记忆单词有所裨益,可以更好地掌握英语这门语言。关键词:词汇;本族语;外来词;构词法
II
Abstract
Modern English, especially modern English vocabulary, develops very quickly.The reasons for some changes are relatively obvious.For example, the rapid development of science and technology has led to the creation of many new words.In addition, the development of international trade and finance, social and political changes and political needs have supplied the English vocabulary with great quantities of new words and expressions.Furthermore, some social activities have brought about many new words.In order to suit this new situation, people have created numerous new words.The development of new English words depends chiefly on the channels of word creation, word formation, semantic changes and word borrowing.It is good for English learners to keep up with the development of English new words.Key Words: Vocabulary;native words, borrowed words, word formation.III
Table of Contents
Acknowledgements……………………………………………………………………………I Abstract(Chinese)………………………………………………………………………………II Abstract ………………………………………………………………………………III Table of Contents………………………………………………………………………………IV Part One Introduction…………………………………………………………………………1 1.1 Research Background…………………………………………………………………1 1.2 Motivations and Objectives……………………………………………………………1 Part Two Reasons of Rapid Development of English Vocabulary…………………………2 2.1 The Influence of Science and Technology…………………………………2 2.2 The Influence of Politics ………………………………………………3 2.3 International Trade and Finance ………………………………………………4 2.4 Culture Factors and Changes of Social Fashion …………………………4 Part Three Methods of Vocabulary Development………………………………………… 5
3.1 Word Formation …………………………………………………………………… 5 3.2 Semantic Changes…………………………………………………………………… 6 3.3 Word Creation ……………………………………………………………………… 7 3.4 Word Borrowing …………………………………………………………………… 8 Part Four Conclusion………………………………………………………………………9 Notes………………………………………………………………………………10 Bibliography………………………………………………………………………………11 IV
新疆财经大学外国语学院本科毕业论文
Part One Introduction
1.1 Research Background
Language is a mirror reflecting the culture of a society.With the development of the society, almost all living languages are in a state of continuous change.As one of the main communication languages in the world, English not only changes, but also changes quickly.The most active and apparent changes of English can be seen in its vocabulary.The English language has a vocabulary of more than 1million.The term vocabulary usually refers to a complete inventory of the words in a language.But it may also refer to the words and phrases used in the variants of a language, such as dialect, register, terminology, etc.① The English vocabulary is characterized by a mixture of native words and borrowed words.Since the Second World War, the English-speaking countries have experienced great changes in politics, economy, culture, education and other fields.Consequently, modern English has changed a lot, especially its vocabulary.1.2 Motivations and Objectives This article shows the main reasons of development on English vocabulary.The reasons for some changes are relatively obvious.For example, the rapid development of science and technology has led to the creation of many new words.In addition, the instability of the world situation and politics in different countries and political needs have supplied the English vocabulary with great quantities of new words and expressions.Furthermore, some social activities have brought about many new words.Last but not the least important, the development of international trade and finance have also added many new words to the English vocabulary.This all motivated me to explore more about the reasons of the rapid development of English vocabulary.In addition, the ways that English new words developed also arouse my interest.The development of English new words depends chiefly on the channels of word creation, word formation, semantic changes and word borrowing.I aim to better my English by studying reasons and ways of the development of new words.新疆财经大学外国语学院本科毕业论文
Part Two Reasons of the Development of New Words 2.1 The Influence of Science and Technology As science and technology develop, new words are used to express new concepts, new techniques as well as new inventions.As they have developed more rapidly during the last 50 years, new words and expressions have been coined one after another.Space travel, more novel still than nuclear reactors 50 years ago, has many linguistic discoveries to make.Interestingly, there has been a tendency to coin nice simple words and phrases like: space suit, heat-shield, splash-down, linkup, moonscape, lunar, module, rendezvous, lunar rover, moon craft, space station, satellite, cosmonaut , moonquake, readout, black hole, lunar module, biological clock.②
The development of computer and internet technology has produced a new vocabulary of their own.For example, program-which has been adopted to denote a sequence of instructions fed into a computer and designed to solve a problem or attain a specific result.Input-which means data introduced into a computer worn external source.Output means processed data or information transferred from the computer to an external device for storage or printing out or punching out.Emailan expert at programming and solving problems with a computer, also one who illegally gains access to and sometimes tampers with information in a computer system especially using a home computer.Information highway means system of communication linking computer by fiber-optic cable.Internet, mouse, download, laptop computer, telecom have been used frequently in our daily life nowadays.In the late 20th century, science and technology have been developed very quickly, there were a lot of new courses, such as behavior science, psycholinguistics, cybernetics, and bionics.Ecology refers to the study of the relationship between plants, animals, people and their environment, and the balances between these relationships.③As more and more people are concerned with the preservation of the environment and natural resources, quite a lot of words have appeared in this regard.For example, eco-activist, ecocide, ecocatastrophe, ecoactivity, ecofreak, ecocrisis, visual pollution, noise pollution, graffiti pollution, eco-friendly, planet-friendly, environment-friendly.新疆财经大学外国语学院本科毕业论文
In addition, fax, laser printer,walkie-lookie, LCD screen, bullet train, containership, hovercraft, instant coffee, photocopier, overhead projector, ground zero, strobe light etc, we have not heard of those words 50 years ago, but now they have become common words.2.2 The Influence of Politics With the happening of world political affairs, many new words appeared.Fast development, simplification and vividness are the main characteristics.Political changes and political needs have supplied the English vocabulary with great quantities of new words and expressions: shuttle diplomacy(international negotiations conducted by a mediator who frequently flies back and forth between the negotiating parties), mini-summit, jungle war, Euro, hot line(a direct telephone line between two officials), hard-liner, kingmaker(an important person who can bring leaders to power through the exercise of political influence)to name just a few.Because the Soviet Union and the United States have long been opposed to each other, such words as cold war, arm race had come into play.Some presidents of the Western countries had carried out their specific policies, which also added to the English vocabulary.For example, Blairism, Bushism.④ The political disorder and confusion of the United States also contributed to the English vocabulary, such as sit-in(a form of civil disobedience in which demonstrators occupy seats and refuse to move), swim-in, teach-in(an extended session as on a college campus for lectures and discussion on an important and usually controversial issue).In addition, hundreds of euphemisms have sprung up to cope with politically incorrect vocabulary.The factory fired workers become “downsizing”,and the workers without work become “layoff”.A person who is very short is called “vertically challenged”, and a mentally disabled person is called “mentally challenged”.Those are the so-called politically correct words.In 1972, the Watergate scandal happened in the United States, from then on, people began to call scandals with the suffixes “gate”.For example, recently, a famous Hong Kong superstar Edison Chen has been involved into nude picture scandal.A lot of nude pictures have been spread widely on the Internet.It was like a stone put into the quiet lake and it was quite thought-provoking.People call it “Racy Photogate”(艳照门).Furthermore, as more and more women have taken up activities formerly reserved for men, more neutral job titles have been created.The following are some examples that can be used for both genders, especially in the United States.Chairman-chairperson, chairwoman, foreman –
新疆财经大学外国语学院本科毕业论文
supervisor, policeman –police officer, fireman – fire fighter, jury foreman – jury foreperson.It reflects the feminism to some extent.2.3 The Development of International Trade and Finance
With the rapid booming of international trade and finance and the globalization, there are a lot of economic organizations, the English language has adopted many new words to fit the change.Some of them are famous worldwide.World Trade Organization, Organization of Petrol Exporting Countries.In order to fasten the economic connection among the countries, the European Union created Euro.In order to meet the needs of the modern economy, banking has been adopted Electronic Fund Transfer, at the mean time, users can withdraw money at the Automatic Teller Machine without the help of officers.It is very convenient.Many words related to economy have been used frequently, such as, siege economics, bear market, unit pricing, income gap, income inequality.In the English language, there are many ways to talk about “money”.For example, penny, quarter, dime, nickel, pound, exchange, draft, interest, pin money, change, currency, note, cash, check, bucks and coin.We care about the economic growth, the GDP and the GNP.2.4 Culture and the Changes of Social Fashion
In the rapid development of English vocabulary, the factors of culture can not be neglected.There are a lot of new words about education, such as: Open University, alternative school.The changing of teaching method has also brought about many new words.It has been changed from teacher-centered to students-centered.⑤
The entertainment also created many new words, call-in, hot line, talk show, daytime soap opera, and channel swimmer.There are many new programs in the field of sports, and has supplied the English vocabulary with great quantity of new words and expressions.Roller hockey, surf-riding, sky riding, to name just a few.By reason of contact with the outside world, or constant representation in fiction and the press, some jargons of sports have risen in status and become part of standard speech.For example, play with(cooperate), straight from the shoulder(directly), behind the eight ball(in disadvantageous position).American labeled the young generation from the Hippies of 60s,to the Yapese of 70s,to the Yuppies of 80s, the lost generation after World War Ⅰ,to the beat generation after World War
新疆财经大学外国语学院本科毕业论文
Ⅱ.⑥
Part Three Methods of Vocabulary Development The development of English new words depends chiefly on the channels of word formation, semantic changes, word creation and word borrowing.To know the methods of the development of vocabulary also contributes to our knowledge of reasons of new English words.3.1 Word Formation
3.1.1 Affixation
The process by which words are formed by adding affixes to a root is called affixation.English affixation can be divided into prefixes and suffixes.Affixes that come before the root are called prefixes;those that come after the root are called suffixes.Most prefixes when added to words, effect a change in meaning, but without converting one word-class to another(Natural-unnatural, like-unlike).Some suffixes, when added to words, can transform one word-class into another(laugh-laughable, willing-willingness).3.1.2 Conversion Conversion means using a form that represents one part of speech as another part of speech without changing the form of the word.In effect, a zero affix is added: for example, someone who can say “the lights gleam in the night”, uses “gleam” as a noun as in a sentence like “I can see the gleam in the night.” A similar process may create verbs out of adjectives.The process of creating new words without adding any affixes is also called zero derivation.3.1.3 Compounding Compounding is a process of word-formation by which two independent words are put together to make one word.Words formed by compounding are called compounds.A compound occurs as an inseparable semantic unit that differs in meaning from a free phrase.For example, silence vows, an off-the-cuff opinion, round-the-clock discussion, the ahead-of-schedule general election, a break-in period, take-home pay(the pay left after deductions for taxes and dues and insurance etc), and a keep-fit class, baby-sit(care for children, usually during a short absence of the parents), window-shop(look at displays of goods in store windows without entering the stores to buy anything).新疆财经大学外国语学院本科毕业论文
3.1.4 Back-formation Back-formation is a process of word-formation by which a word is created by the deletion of a supposed affix.It is also known as a reverse derivation.This means that a derived form has preceded the word from which it is derived.Thus editor entered the language before edit, automation before automate, enthusiasm before enthuse.3.1.5 Abbreviation(1)Clipped words
Clipped words are those created by clipping part of a word, leaving only a piece of the old word.The shortening may occur at the beginning of the word, at the end of the word or at both ends of the word.Such as telephone-phone, helicopter-copter, modern-mod, professional-pro, detective-tec, refrigerator-fridge.The clipped form is normally regarded as informal.(2)Initialisms Initialisms are words formed from the initial letters of words and pronounced as letters: IMF= International Monetary Fund, IOC = International Olympic Committee, COD= Cash on Delivery.(3)Acronyms
Acronyms are words formed from the initial letters of words and pronounced as words: NATO=North Atlantic Treaty Organization, SALT= Strategic Arms Limitation Talks.3.1.6 Blending Blending is to create a word by combining parts of other words.Words formed by blending are known as blends or portmanteaus.Blends originally occurred as humorous coinages.But with the passage of time, blending has become one of the important processes of word-formation and provided a considerable number of new words for contemporary English.For example, breakfast + lunch = brunch, twist + whirl =twirl, smoke + fog = smog, car +barbecue = carbecue.3.2 Semantic Changes
3.2.1 Generalization Generalization refers to the stretching of meaning.Most words begin as specific names for things.With the passage of time, this precise denotation is lost and the words meaning is extended, generalized, or blurred.For example, “picture” once meant only a painted picture, then
新疆财经大学外国语学院本科毕业论文
also a drawing, then a photograph, a TV picture, and now even a radio-telescope picture.3.2.2 Specialization Specialization means shrinking of meaning.When a word is equally applicable to a number of different objects which resemble each other in some respects, or to a vague or general category of ideas, it may at any moment become specialized by being used to name one of those objects or to express one of those ideas.The old meaning of “artillery” was “munitions of war”.Today it means mounted guns.3.2.3 Elevation
Elevation means the meaning narrows toward a more favorable meaning.For example, “naughty” once meant wicked and depraved.Today, it means only mild mischief.“Mischief” itself once meant wicked behavior.Today it can apply to a merely naughty child.3.2.4 Degeneration
Degeneration means the meaning of a word narrows toward an unfavorable meaning.A “villain”, for example, was originally a man who worked on a farm or villa.Such a person was naturally felt by his social superiors to have a low sense of morality, and the word “villain”, at first a term implying no contempt, came to be a term of reproach.3.3 Word Creation
In English, some proper nouns suggest allusions which it tickles our fancy to remember.They may come from history or from literature differently.Examples of such nouns are: Judas, the disciple who betrayed Jesus, a traitor or in particular, a false friend.Rip van winkle is the hero of Washington Irving’s famous book Sketch Book, now it refers to a man who falls far behind the world trend.Gatsby from The Great Gatsby of F.Scott Fitzgerald now refers to a rags-to-riches upstart.Shylock, a character in Shakespeare’s Merchant of Venice, now means a merciless usurer, or in general, a money-grabber.⑦ Names of places are sometimes scarcely recognizable in the common nouns derived from them: currant from Corinth, millinery from Milan, Italy.Worsted is a town of Norfolk, England, which is famous for its wool, now we use worsted to refer to wool.Bourbon, a kind of strong liquor, is originally a town in Kentucky, the United States.3.4 Borrowed Words
新疆财经大学外国语学院本科毕业论文
The English vocabulary is characterized by a mixture of native words and borrowed words.Most of the native words are of Anglo-Saxon origin.They form the basic word stock of the English language.In the native stock we find words denoting the commonest things necessary for life, natural phenomena, and divisions of the year, parts of the body, animals, food stuffs, trees, fruits, human activity and other words denoting the most indispensable things, such as: wind, frost, snow, sun, spring, autumn, father, mother, son, daughter, apple, pear, dog, cat, red, white, green, go, come, run, work.Borrowed words, usually known as loan-words, refer to linguistic forms taken over by one language or dialect from another.The English vocabulary has replenished itself by continually taking over words from other languages over the centuries.The adoption of foreign words into the English language began even before the English came to England.We speak English, but we use words from at least 35foreign languages.Do you want proof? Read the next two sentences out loud: “Jane saw a baby squirrel outside the window.Although she was still wearing her cotton pajamas, she hurried outside to look at it.” You just spoke five languages.“Baby” comes from a Dutch word spelled the same way.“Squirrel” is French.“Cotton’ was first an Arabic word and “pajamas” was taken right from the Urdu language of India.You shouldn’t be surprised.By now there is hardly a language from which English has not borrowed something.⑧
At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, with a growth of international trade and the urge to colonize and dominate the unknown world, English made a number of direct adoptions from languages spoken outside Europe.Since the end of the Second World War, still more loanwords have been incorporated into the English vocabulary.In the present century, it should be observed that English language has created many new words.Borrowed words or loan-words were found in almost every section of the English vocabulary: law, warfare, religion, architecture, finance, rank, clothing, food and many others.The cause of the development cannot be separated with politics, economics, religion and culture.Moreover, with the reform and open-up policy, China has connected with other countries in the world in almost every field: science and technology, food, international trade and so on.Thus many Chinese words have been incorporated into the English vocabulary, for example, Mao-tai, kung fu, taiji , tofu, litchi, jiaozi, typhoon, cheongsam, ketchup and so on.⑨
新疆财经大学外国语学院本科毕业论文
Eventually a natural conclusion comes into being.The borrowed words reflect the cultural links and enrich the English vocabulary so that it has become a more universal language.Part Four Conclusion
All in all, English is one of the most powerful languages in the world.The English language is dynamic.With the development of human society, it will never stop changing.At present, it seems that we are facing a new period of English vocabulary expansion.The main reasons are the development of science and technology and economy, the development of international trade and finance, the instability of the world situation and politics in different countries, and the change of social life.Besides, the English language is continually borrowing words from other languages.Although the English vocabulary has become larger and larger, it can be divided into four categories: word formation, semantic changes, word creation and borrowed words.Furthermore, acquainting ourselves with the cause and development of English new words is of great help for English learners to deepen the understanding of the English language.新疆财经大学外国语学院本科毕业论文
Notes: ①:陆国强.现代英语词汇学[M],1999:303 :陆国强.现代英语词汇学[M],1999:194 :戴炜栋,何兆熊.新编简明英语语言学教程[M],上海外语教育出版社, 2002 :杨自德.英语词汇的发展变化[J].山东临沂师范学院学报,2004-04-01 12-03 :徐宗毅,罗杨.浅析英语新词出现的原因[J].西昌学院学报,2006-07-10 :www.xiexiebang.com language tips :叶蜚声,徐通锵.语言学纲要[M],北京大学出版社, 2002 :Andrew Radford.Linguistics: An Introduction [M],1999 :朱和中等.英语外来语大辞典[M], 2003 ②③④⑤⑥⑦⑧⑨
新疆财经大学外国语学院本科毕业论文
Bibliography [1] Andrew Radford.Linguistics: an Introduction.Cambridge University Press, 1999 [2] Ellis, Mark and Johnson, Christine.Teaching Business English.Oxford University Press &Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2000
[3] Hofstede.Culture Consequences.Sage publications, 1984 [4] 岑运强.语言学概论[M].中国人民大学出版社,2005 [5] 戴炜栋,何兆熊.新编简明英语语言学教程[M].上海外语教育出版社, 2002 [6] 陆国强.现代英语词汇学[M].上海外语教育出版社,1999 [7] 隋晓冰.现代英语词汇学概论[M].哈尔滨工程大学出版社, 2005 [8] 朱和中等.英语外来语大辞典[M].外文出版社, 2003 [9] 张鑫友.英语词汇学自学指南[M].中南大学出版社, 2002 [10] 叶蜚声,徐通锵.语言学纲要[M].北京大学出版社, 2002
第二篇:英语本科函授毕业论文
目录
一、教师是美的传播者„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„(2)
(一)、教师的语言美„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„(2)
(二)、教师的体态美„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„(3)
(三)、教师的板书美„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„(4)
二、学生是美的实践者„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„(4)
(一)、在音乐中欣赏美„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„(4)
(二)、在环境中鉴赏美„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„(5)
(三)、在教材中感悟美„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„(5)
(四)、在情景中感受美„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„(5)
(五)、在活动中体验美„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„(6)结语„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„(6)参考文献„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„(7)
优化课堂 渗透美育教学
———小学英语课堂教学探讨
【内容提要】在新一轮的英语课程教学改革中,国家推出的新的《全日制义务教育普通高级中学英语课程标准(实验稿)》对英语课程内容和目标做了如下表述:基础教育阶段英语课程的总体目标是培养学生的综合语言运用能力。如今,农村的英语教学还是比较传统、比较落后,远远不能让学生学习语言的能力充分发挥出来,也不能让学生体会到学习外语的“甜头”,久而久之,英语就变成了增加学生学习的压力的另一因素。如此的英语教学远远跟不上现代社会对它的要求。所以,在我们的农村的小学英语教学中,应该是有意识地、有目的地、有计划地去进行教学改革。利用我们教师自身的语言美、教态美、板书美来提高教学质量,来调动学生学习英语的积极性,让学生在轻松的教学情景中得到学习的快乐。苏霍姆林斯基说过:“美是一种心灵的体操,它使我们精神正直、良心纯洁,情感和信念端正。”因此,我们在小学英语教学中要有针对性地进行美育教学。何谓美育,它是通过现实美和艺术美打动学生感情,使学生在心灵深处受到感染和感化,从而培养学生具有正确的审美观点,具有感受美、鉴赏美、表现美和创造美的能力的教育。美育既是科学文化教育的重要内容,又是提高人的科学文化素质的重要手段和途径,它是学校实施素质教育的重要组成部分。所以,在英语教学中,我们特别要抓住主阵地——优化课堂,渗透美育。通过渗透美育,促使学生对教学形式和教学内容产生浓厚兴趣,以美求真、以美激情、以美育人,让学生受到美的熏陶,同时也把英语学习变得生动、活泼而有实效。所以美育也是小学生最易于和乐于接受的教育。
【关键词】鉴赏探讨优化渗透美育教学
如何在小学英语课堂中渗透美育?如何能让学生感受到英语学习的快乐,从而感受美,欣赏美,让学生始终对英语保持浓厚的兴趣。下面我就英语课堂中如何渗透美育内容这个话题谈谈自己的一些看法:
一、教师是美的传播者
(一)、教师的语言美
苏霍姆林斯基说过:“教师的教学语言修养在极大程度上决定着学生在课堂上脑力劳动的效率。”小学英语教师的语言艺术水平直接关系到课堂教学的质量。教师自然流畅的语调,抑扬顿挫的节奏能使学生置身于良好的语言学习环境,保证教学信息在传输的过程中发挥最佳的效能,在潜移默化的熏陶中培养学生良好的听力和英语语音语调。教师的语言是一种
专业语言,要在简明、准确、形象、生动、幽默、风趣和韵律、节奏等方面下工夫。英语教师必须坚持用英语教学,让学生用英语来想英语。同时,相应的“体太语”要尽可能符合英美人的习惯,这种“仿真”,使学生产生新奇感,并置身于英语语言环境之中,以满足学生语言美之心理需求。
英语教学的语言不仅要具有与其他学科一样的形象性与确凿性,还应追求语言的韵律感、幽默感、新鲜感。作为一名英语老师,除了口语流利外,还要学点洋腔洋调,注重语意与语境、语调与语速相结合。“自然规范的语音、语调,将为有效的口语交际打下良好的基础。”当教师在课堂上讲英语时,具有节奏感的语调,听起来像外国人特有的那种韵味会让学生从听觉上感受到语言的另一种美。学生在欣赏中获得了令人陶醉的美感,就会增强说英语的欲望。
1、语言要风趣,有幽默感。英语教师不应总板着面孔上课,这样会让小学生感觉到枯燥无味,容易走神。也调动不了学生学习的积极性和主动性。英语老师应是先把自己的姿态、神情放松,然后再进行教学。而笑是让课堂气氛活跃的最佳手段,笑是学生与老师的感情激流的浪花,课堂里常有笑的细流在潜动,这样会让师生感情更加融洽,课堂气氛更活跃,教师要善于用风趣的语言开导学生,讲究幽默把情趣和理趣结合起来。教育家斯维特洛夫讲过:“教育家最主要的,也是第一位的助手是幽默。”
2、语言要新鲜。青少年学生具有好奇好新鲜的特点,新异的刺激物能引起他们的主动探求活动。语言新鲜,才能有效地激发学生进行新的探求活动,保持旺盛的求知欲。语言要优美。爱美是人的天性。爱迪生说过:“最能直接打动心灵的还是美。”自然美、人文美能打动学生心灵,教师优美的语言更能直接打动学生的心灵。美的语言悦耳动听,学生不仅兴趣盎然,而且容易入耳入心。
(二)、教师的教态美
要实现美育教学,首先要增强外语教师的审美意识,提高教师自身素质修养。教师教态要亲切自然,态度端庄大方、热情活泼,衣着美观得体,既可让学生感受到美的愉悦,又为教学活动创造了一个美的氛围。教态美包括仪容、风度、神情、目光、姿势和举手投足等等。教态是无声的语言,它能对有声语言起到恰到好处的补充、配合、修饰作用,可以使教师通过表情让语言的表达更加准确、丰富,更容易为学生所理解。所以,教师亲切而自信的目光、期待而专注的眼神可以使学生产生安全感,消除恐惧感,缩短教师与学生的感情距离。教师热情洋溢的微笑、友善慈祥的面容可以使学生获得最直观、最形象、最真切的感受;潇洒得体的身姿手势,无时不在感染着学生,可以使学生加深对知识点的理解、记忆。
小英课本知识接近生活,情景性强,是一个多姿多彩的百花园,犹如一个大舞台,老师与快乐的小朋友在舞台上尽情饰演着来自生活的角色。英语教师们必须集言语、表演、造型等艺术手段于一堂,全方位地给学生施加影响,以创设良好的语言环境训练学生的听说能力,并带动学生积极地参与英语学习,使英语课充满阳光!每当上课铃响,英语老师总是精神饱满、面带微笑地走进教室,并亲切地向学生问候:“How are you? Nice to meet you.” 每当学生回答问题正确时,老师可微笑着竖起大拇指说:“Excellent!Good job!” 然后点头致谢:“Thank you very much.”反之,则摇摇头或摆摆手并鼓励学生:“Try next time.”
(三)、教师的板书美
板书是教师课堂教学思路的高度浓缩,是教师的微型教案,它具有高度的概括性。它是对教材的一种艺术再创造。板书设计要文字精练,一目了然,运用和谐的色彩,图形、表格等构图清晰。创造板书的形式美可以强化课堂教学效应。板书形式的美,顺应了学生喜新、好奇心理,能进一步强化学生的感知,生发美的思索。科学实践证明,人对不同色彩的注意程度是截然不同的。色彩搭配合理能引起学生的学习兴趣,单调的色彩使学生心理上产生厌倦情绪。精心设计的色彩搭配、和谐美观的板面,更能激发学生的审美情趣和创造意识,也是课堂美育教学的一个重要内容。在平时授课时我通常用黄色笔强调某一词,用同一色笔书写同一规律的知识。这种习惯有利于加强记忆,培养学生的审美情操。
二、学生是美的实践者
(一)、在音乐中欣赏美
音乐是最能直接感动人的艺术。音乐活动可以发展儿童的想象力,还可以锻炼他们的注意力、观察力、记忆力,陶冶儿童的审美情趣,因此我们就应该把音乐引入课堂。与音乐课堂教学相比较,可以发现这两门学科存在着许多共同点,如:听音、模仿、歌曲训练等。可见在审美能力的培养上它们也必然有很多的共同之处。教授根据课文内容重点编写的歌曲、韵文、小诗时、让学生边唱边跳,或边说边动,在优美的韵律中,在欢快轻松的气氛中,学生的音乐感受能力和鉴赏能力得以锻炼和提高,课堂教学内容也因此较易为学生所掌握。比如教学英语数字时,可以借助“Ten Little Indians”来帮助他们掌握。另外还借用一些熟悉的曲调(如“Two Tigers”等)让学生自编歌曲。伴着悦耳的音乐节奏吟诵感受音乐美,领悟语言的艺术特色,培养一定的欣赏能力。教师可根据教材的内容选择旋律优美、内容健康的英文歌曲,在音乐美的熏陶中复习掌握新知识。所以,在新的英语新课程改革中,新的教材又要求我们英语教师向全能方面发展。不但要有唱歌的基本功,而且还要有表演、绘画等基本功。
(二)、在环境中鉴赏美
一个轻松活泼、生动有趣的环境能让学生愉快地享受学习的过程。所以,我一直认为英语教师应该有一个固定教室,有一个和谐的教学环境,让自己的教室变成美丽的“大花园”,用一些非常漂亮的图画配上简单易懂的英文说明来装饰教室,让学生有意无意地看或者读,在美丽的图片的吸引下把英语单词和图画结合起来记忆,这样不仅记忆的效果会比较好,而且也能让学生愉快地接受知识。这样会在无意中增强了学生的瞬间记忆。比如,在教pretty时,我特意用几盆可爱的鲜花布置了教室,还从家里拿来了一把小巧玲珑的伞,一些可爱的动物玩具,美丽的物品引起了学生的注意,我就趁势问学生:Is it pretty?这样结合实物学单词效果是相当好的。再如,我在教授picture时,把很多美丽的照片贴在教室四周,学生兴致很高,于是抓住机会,问What is this ? It's a picture.然后师生问答,他们很快就掌握了这个单词,还美美地饱了一次眼福,这样的学习学生怎能不喜欢呢?另外,我也会让学生拿出自己的美术作品,再配上合理的英文说明在教室进行展示,换一种形式吸引学生的注意,保持他们的好奇心和新鲜感。这样,学生在贴近生活的、富有情趣的氛围下去感受、去表达,使教学增添了活力,使教学变“单调”为“多彩”。
(三)、在教材中感悟美
走进英语教材,仿佛进入了一个五彩斑斓的世界,宛如一幅幅美丽的画卷,讲述着一个个动人的故事。但这美丽远远抵挡不住教材灵魂的魅力,在这教材里面学生可以接触到许多外国的新鲜事物。在潜移默化中,学生知道了深受欧美人喜爱的hot dog, hamburger, salad, 学会了去McDonald’s吃快餐可以礼貌地说“May I have„?” 在得到帮助时不忘说声“Thank you!”给人造成麻烦时道声“Excuse me.”别人有困难时,主动询问“Can I help you?”别人诚心道歉时也不忘道声:“That’sOK.” 进别人房间要说“ May I come in ?”初次见面,要说 Nice to meet you.How do you do!这高尚的情操,美好的心灵,不正是教材的翻版吗?礼貌礼仪教育在英语教育中是必不可少的。良好的礼仪修养可以看出一个人的品质和道德。英国和中国文化虽然相却甚远,但也都是礼仪之邦。因此,培养学生良好的礼貌礼仪和言谈举止也是我们英语教师的一大任务。
(四)、在情景中感受美
有条件的学校可以利用投影、录像、多媒体等电化教育手段创设真实的语言情景,使学生在情景中迅速排除难点,把握重点,掌握英语知识,这种手段越来越多地被运用于小学英语教学中。在教学中,通过色彩、背景、音响效果等,通过学生的表演,真实地表现人物活动场景。如教学设备较落后的学校,则是可以充分利用学校有限的设备来创设教学情景,让
学生离开课本,进行组与组、男生与女生、同桌间的学生来进行角色扮演。因为表演者和观赏者都是审美的主体,都能从中感受和鉴赏美,学会创造美。教学中我始终以饱满的热情,充分利用教具、体态语、动画等,把学生带入一个生动形象、富有感染的情境界中去,让学生直观感受美。同时充分利用和发挥教材中美和趣味性的因素,将知识性、科学性和趣味性结合起来,使美育融于英语知识学习之中。比如每个单元的Story time,虽然它的趣味性、情景性比较强,但仅靠老师的语言描述仍是不够的,于是我就利用动画画面,录音带的音响效果等来增强学生的形象感受。让学生在原故事的基础上展开想象,创设不同的情景,用自己的语言,生动地将其表演出来,这样,他们不仅锻炼了自己听说的能力,也在潜移默化中受到美的熏陶。
(五)、在活动中体验美
根据小学生的年龄特点和兴趣爱好,开展各种活动能促进学生的英语学习。教师在课堂里可引导学生动手创作,把单调的语言个体转化为具有生动形象的艺术个体,边听边做,边说边做,在发展听力、训练口语、培养创造性运用语言能力的同时,培养学生的审美鉴赏力和创造力。比如在学水果、动物等名称时,让学生画一画,说一说,或边听边画;在学时间的表达时、让学生做一只钟的模型,边拔动时针分针边练习句型;在学习家庭成员名称时,让学生做一做指偶,互相玩一玩,猜一猜„„在这些活动中,会画会做的小朋友总是特别受到大家的注目,而其他孩子们从他们那儿既能学到如何用英语自由表达,又能欣赏优美的艺术品,得到了美的熏陶,学生的审美能力的提高也正蕴含于这一次次的教学活动中。
美无处不在。美育的实施需要我们教师一定要有创新意识,树立正确的审美观,具备浓厚的美育意识,创设多姿多彩的美育情境,把大自然中的美、生活中的美、语言中的美、教材教法中的美化作阳光,变成雨露,深深地渗透到学生心里,让学生在英语学习的过程中感悟美、赏析美、体验美,进而创造出美,寓教于乐,寓教于美。
结语我们提出优化课堂、渗透美育教学的新型英语教学并不意味着我们把以前的英语教学斥之为传统英语教学而一概否定。如同我们讨论素质教育一样。我们提倡素质教育并不意味着现行教育就是应试教育,现行教育有着许多优良的传统与好的作法,但存在着应试教育的弊端。提倡素质教育是一个完善性的口号。探索新型英语教学也是一个完善性的口号,而不是一个否定的批判性口号。新型英语教学是现行英语教学的进步与发展。它不否定现行英语教学的优良传统和富有成效的教学方法,它是在总结多年来我们英语教学的经验与教训的基础上提出的进一步发展的目标。只有带着广泛的、联系和发展的观点来看待本文提出的新型英语教学,才能真正实现英语教学的更加完美。
参考文献
1.《英语课程标准》解读
2.《中小学英语教学研究》华东师范大学出版
3.杜 威:《民主主义教育》人民教育出版社,2003
4.吴也显主编《小学生学习方法研究》江苏教育出版社
第三篇:小学师生关系的探究 本科毕业论文
毕 业 论 文
题
目:院
系:专
业:毕业年限:学生姓名:指导教师:
小学师生关系构建的研究
教育学院
小学教育
小学师生关系构建的探究
摘 要: 师生关系是支撑教育大厦的基石,人类的教育活动是在师生关系中展开、完成的。因此,在大变革的时代背景下,传统的教育观念、教育教学过程乃至师生关系都要发生变化,做出相应的调适,以便适应新时代的要求。新的世纪,“以人为本”成了教育改革的主旋律,“以人为本”的首要前提就是大力调整师生关系。没有师生关系的根本性变化,素质教育就不会有真正意义上的落实,小学师生关系更是如此,因此,构建新型的小学师生关系,是创造优质教育的前提条件。
小学师生关系在教育过程中的地位至关重要,它是社会关系体系中一个多因素的关系体系,既反映了社会经济、政治、道德关系,又包含有为达到教育目标,完成教学任务的教与学的关系,也有情感行为的心理关系。因此构建现代新型小学师生关系,是创造优质教育的前提条件,是办好当前教学、提高素质教育成果的重要条件。本文从师生关系的内涵、传统与现代师生关系的对比中,引发构建现代新型小学师生关系的思考,研究现代新型小学师生关系的意义就是为了更好地推进素质教育,完成教学教育任务,创造更加优质的教育。新型师生关系的确立更多的依赖于教师自身观念的更新和素质的提高,人格的不断健全和完善;依赖于教师对学生无微不至的爱和时时刻刻的尊重。相信新型小学师生关系的建立和完善将进一步推动素质教育的向前发展,迸发出更强的教育能量,促进教育效果的不断提高,创造最优质的教育。
关键词:小学 师生关系 构建 探究
Research the Teacher-Student Relationship of Building in Elementary
School
LiXue Abstract: The position of the elementary school teacher-student relationship for the education process is essential.It is a multi-factor system of relations in the system of social relations.It not only reflects the socio-economic, political, and moral relations, but also includes promising to achieve education goals, to complete the task of teaching the relationship between teaching and learning, but also the psychological relationships between emotional behaviors.So building a new elementary school teacher-student relationship is a prerequisite for creating quality education, is an important condition for making a good current teaching and for improving the results for quality education.In this paper, through the connotation of teacher-student relationship, teacher-student relationship of traditional and modern comparisons.We can lead the thinking of building a new elementary school teacher-student relationship and explain the function of new type teacher-student relationship which can promote quality education better and complete the teaching, educational tasks and create the quality education.Keywords: elementary school teacher-student relationship building research
目 录
一、师生关系的内涵 „„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„1
二、当前师生关系中存在的问题及原因 „„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„1
(一)当前师生关系存在的主要问题„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„2
(二)当前师生关系紧张的原因„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„2
三、现代小学新型的师生关系的特征 „„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„3
(一)民主平等 „„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„3
(二)教学相长 „„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„3
(三)和谐融洽 „„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„4
四、新型小学师生关系对现代教育的重要作用„„„„„„„„„„„„„^4
五、小学新型师生关系的构建方法 „„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„5
(一)理解和相信学生 „„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„5
(二)给学生以尊重 „„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„8
(三)关爱学生 „„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„11
(四)改变自己 „„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„12 参考文献 „„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„ 13 致 谢 „„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„ 14
小学师生关系构建的探究
师生关系是支撑教育大厦的基石,人类的教育活动是在师生关系中展开、完成的。因此,在大变革的时代背景下,传统的教育观念、教育教学过程乃至师生关系都要发生变化,做出相应的调适,以便适应新时代的要求。新的世纪,“以人为本”成了教育改革的主旋律,“以人为本”的首要前提就是大力调整师生关系。没有师生关系的根本性变化,素质教育就不会有真正意义上的落实,小学师生关系更是如此,因此,构建新型的小学师生关系,是创造优质教育的前提条件。
一、师生关系的内涵
所谓师生关系就是在教育过程中,为完成共同的教育任务进行交往而产生的关系,并在教育活动中不断发展、变化着,它对教育任务的完成关系极大。即师生之间的人际关系,在教学过程中师生交往的基础上,通过师生互相影响、相互认识、相互间信息交流而形成的。师生关系是教育过程中最基本、最重要的人际关系,它的好坏直接影响着教育的效果。美国心理学家罗杰斯说:“成功的教学依赖于一种真诚的理解和信任的师生关系,依赖于一种和谐安全的课堂氛围。”
师生之间通过言语和非言语两种形式彼此传递信息和交流思想、观点、态度、情感等,双方交流的愿望、目的、动机、心理状态以及交流的时间、态度、方式等影响着交往的程度和水平,由此决定着二者之间的关系亲近程度,影响学生对教师所教课程的兴趣,影响学生的学习情绪、学习行为和学习效率,影响学生的思想品德形成,最终影响着学生的学业成绩。
师生关系也是整个社会关系的一个组成部分,它也受一定社会的政治、经济因素所制约,受到社会道德风尚的影响。在不同的时期和社会制度下会出现不同的师生关系。如在封建社会,强调师道尊严,学生处于绝对服从的被动地位。而在当前我们应该有一种要包含着成熟者对未成熟者、老一辈对新一辈、先知者对未知者的要求和期望;包含着园丁对花朵精心引导和培育;也包含着学生对老师的尊敬与爱戴的尊师爱生、民主平等的新型师生关系,这种关系是办好当前教学、提高素质教育成果的重要条件。
二、当前师生关系中存在的问题及原因
(一)当前师生关系存在的主要问题
1、师生之间的权利和义务混乱。在教学上师生关系之间的权利和义务比较混乱,学生权利经常得不到应有的保护。教师侵犯学生的个人权利,特别是侵犯学生人身方面以及接受教育方面权利的违法现象还比较普遍,有的还十分严重。学生跟着教师设计的路子走,明显缺乏学习的主动性、创造性。
2、学生自身的问题。由于计划生育,多数孩子养成了衣来伸手,饭来张口,好吃懒做,自私自利,目中无人等不良习惯。这些孩子认为老师所做一切都是应该的,他们不懂得感恩,不知道理解,更不明白自己应该承担的责任和义务,也不遵守校规、校纪,想做什么就做什么。
3、师生之间情感关系淡化。师生关系中存在的这一问题,主要是师生之间实际交往时间很少。师生之间只是“你教我学”简单的职业关系。教师不允许学生有不同的意见和看法,往往以教师的主张、决定为准。学生的情感受到压抑,独立思维受阻。正是由于缺乏必要的交往和了解,师生情感和思想交流的渠道不畅,彼此漠不关心,紧张对立;师生间的关系才愈来愈疏远与冷漠。
在教育教学中,不管由于什么原因,导致师生之间存在各种各样的问题;但作为师生关系的主导者,我们教师应在教学互动中加强师生交往,优化师生关系,建立新型、民主、和谐的师生关系,奉献自己的一份力量。
(二)当前师生关系紧张的原因
1、应试教育是师生之间权利混乱和情感关系淡化的主要原因。教师对学生就是“不放心”,从早到晚跟着学生连轴转,学生根本没有属于自己的思维和时间,也谈不上创新和发展;而老师时刻在题海里苦战,这样表面上老师对学生是关心备至,可实质上是侵犯学生的自由,剥夺学生的权利,疏远了师生的关系。
2、师德品质是师生关系情感疏远的直接原因。作为一位教师,必然需要学生尊重、爱戴和亲近,教学效果才能因之而如愿,而要得到学生的爱戴,教师就得具备较高的道德品质修养,具备内在的人格魅力。教师为了“为人师表”,常常超负荷运转:学生分数、升学率、在职进修,竟聘上岗等,还有不少教师在应对来自主管部门、学生家长、社会评价等方面的压力,往往“载不动许多愁”,必然导致心理的不堪重负。此外,高昂物价和低廉的工资使一些教师的孤独、无助、贫困、焦虑、抑郁。自卑乃至绝望心理油然而生。这严重的心理问题,很有可能成为师生情感淡化的间接原因。
3、现实的社会环境的影响也不可低估。教学工作属于复杂劳动,理应作为专业技术人员对待。教师应主动关心体贴生活、学习有困难的学生,用真心关爱学生,建立多种渠道增进师生友谊,给学生以思想,给学生以智慧,给学生以毅力,塑造他们的意志
品质。使学生在成长期不断地得到必要的养份,能够健康地成长。真正做到教师信任学生,学生信赖教师,减少疏远与冷漠。
在良好的师生关系中,学生被教师接纳、信任和公平的对待,他们享受到师爱的温暖,感到自己的价值;学生得到教师的支持、体谅和鼓励,他们体会友谊,充满力量,感到自信;师生间坦然的情感交流,使他们相信人世间的真诚和美好,从而喜欢集体生活,喜欢社会生活,对人生充满希望。这种愉快、安定、轻松的环境会培养出学生善良、乐观、积极、进取、自尊、自信、合作、耐挫折等等的各种优良品质;随之,良好和谐的师生关系逐渐建立起来了。
三、现代小学新型的师生关系的特征
(一)民主平等
教师和学生在政治上、人格上和真理面前是民主平等的。在这种新型的师生关系里,教师与学生的人格是完全平等的,师生是“同一个战壕里的战友”。教师不再是以“教师爷”的身份居高临下地教导学生,而是以一个引路人的角色来帮助、点拨学生。教师能够“蹲下来和学生说话”,能够设身处地地站在学生的立场上思考问题。在这种新型的小学师生关系里,教师可以批评学生的种种错误;而“吾爱吾师,吾尤爱真理”,学生当然也可以对教师的失误给予指正。只有在这种民主平等的氛围里,学生自主自信、才能自由自在地飞翔。当然,师生关系中的民主平等不是不要教师的尊严,教师的奉献精神理应受到学生的尊重,但教师尊严的获得绝对不能建立在牺牲学生尊严的基础上。教学民主也不是不要各种规章制度,遵守学校管理准则和学生行为规范也是学生人生不可缺少的重要一课,但这种遵守应当建立在学生积极参与的基础之上。教师只有民主、平等、科学地对待学生、管理学生,学生才能自由地和谐地主动地发展,素质教育的实施才有可能,才能培养高素质的、和谐发展的、优秀的人。
(二)教学相长
新型小学师生关系应是相互影响、平等协作、交互发展。《学会生存》一书中谈到:“教师的职责现在已经愈来愈少地传递知识,而越来越多地激励思考,除了他们的正式职能外,他们将越来越成为一位顾问,一位交换意见的参加者,一位帮助发现矛盾论战而不是拿出现成真理的人”。教育过程的顺利展开,必须是两个主体都有活动的动机、愿望、需要及热情,彼此的意愿能共鸣于一处,那就需要师生双方在双向互动交往中真正能平等协作、相互影响、相互学习、共同发展,真正体现公正、平等的新型师生关系理念。
韩愈曾在《师说》中提出:“弟子不必不如师,师不必贤于弟子”,在现代社会当师生处在网络世界的同一起跑线上,师生关系的调整也就变得十分自然了:老师可以凭借自己的传统经验引导学生,学生也可以凭借自己的敏锐、朝气影响教师;例如:现在孩子都十分聪明好学,尤其对于一些新奇的高科技产品,他们对于这些这些产品的熟悉足以成为我们的老师,所以新型的师生关系,不再是只有老师传授知识给学生,很多情况,学生也可以成为我们的老师,我们要从自身做起,让孩子们明白师生关系的平等,师生关系中互相学习的理念,教学不再是为师者生硬的灌输,而成为智慧与智慧的启迪,思维与思维的碰撞;成为师生共同探讨、共同成长、共同走过的一段的美好的历程。
(三)和谐融洽
和谐融洽的师生关系充满浓郁感情色彩。心理学的研究已经表明:当人际关系和谐融洽、当人的心情处于愉快轻松状态时,人的视觉、味觉、嗅觉、听觉和触觉都更灵敏,记忆力会大大增强,联想也会更加丰富。在这样的状态下,学习效率会大大提高,学习潜力可以得到更大发挥。我国古代哲人对此早有深刻认识:亲其师、信其道,即是对师生关系巨大作用的高度概括。同时,良好的师生关系,还可以减少学生心理疾患、减轻学生各种心灵负担。由此可见,情感不但是师生关系的润滑剂,也是学生学习活动的助推剂,更是学生心灵世界的支撑点。
心灵之门只能用心灵的钥匙来开启,情感之火只能用情感的火种来点燃。教师只有发自内心地关爱自己的学生,才能换来学生爱的回报。当师生心心相印、感情融洽时,教育事业就能闪烁出动人的生命光彩,教学工作就能收到事半功倍、四两拨千斤的效果。在这样的情感氛围里,学生学习的主动性、学生的智慧潜能将得到最大程度的发挥;自我教育、自我锻造将变成美好的现实。正如教育家杜殿坤说的那样:知识好比种子,教师亲切的态度好比阳光,儿童的心情好比土壤--只有这时的播种,才能使知识的幼苗茁壮成长。
四、新型小学师生关系对现代教育的重要作用
良好的新型小学师生关系是师生共同满足教学需要、协同教学活动、实现教学目标的基础和保证,是形成良好的教学气氛,激发学生高昂学习情绪,挖掘学生创造潜能的直接因素,它不仅会引起学生对教师的尊重和信任,而且还会使学生把对教师的爱迁移到教师所教授的学科上来。良好的新型小学师生关系,有助于充分发挥教师在 ①张文南.新世纪教育呼唤新型师生关系[J/OL].现代教育网, 2002,(1)2.①
教学中的主导作用和学生的主体作用,促进教师更新教学观念,改进教学方法,转变教师角色,全面、认真、科学地指导学生学习,使教育任务能够完成。良好的新型小学师生关系,有助于营造良好道德教育氛围,寓教于乐,提高德育实效性,还可以营造和谐氛围,吸引学生积极参与学校、社会活动,教师可通过组织开展学生喜闻乐见的活动,拓展德育渠道,将德育的内容和要求寓于其中,从而切实提高德育实效性。良好的新型小学师生关系,有助于促进高效完成教学任务,创造优质教育,办好当前教学、提高素质教育成果。任何一种人际关系,都是一种道德关系,良好人际关系的建立,一方面依赖于彼此双方的道德品质,同时,它又反过来积极地促进其良好品德的形成。良好的新型小学师生关系,会使学生感受到友谊的温暖,理解的可贵,价值的重要,生活的美好,从而使学生在交往中感受到一种道德的力量和激励。
五、小学新型师生关系的构建方法
教学活动是师生之间的双边活动,师生关系是维持教学活动的基本关系,在教师与学生之间发生的业务关系、伦理关系、情感关系过程中会发生一定的矛盾,如果师生双方没有采取协商、对话等化解矛盾的方法去化解小矛盾,而是采取了比较不正当的言行将会使小矛盾变成冲突。我将教学实习中的实际案例进行分析,对师生冲突中的一些现象进行反思,从而去思考现代小学新型师生关系的建立。
案例:正在上课的时候,有一个张同学举手向我汇报“老师,林同学用粉笔砸我”。坐在这个女同学身后的林同学是一个小调皮,学习成绩还可以,就是比较争强好胜,好狡辩,喜欢在课堂上做一些小动作。听到张同学的汇报,我还没有说话,林同学就大声狡辩起来“我没有砸,是石同学砸得”我说“人家怎么不说是胡同学砸的呢?”胡同学是做在林同学边上的一个比较好的女同学,我继续说“你做了错事还不承认,还像一个男子汉呀!”这句话引来了其他同学对他的讥笑,使林同学非常气愤,他气呼呼地看看石同学又愤愤不平地看着我,说了句“有些人才不像男子汉呢”,于是在那又是拍书又是砸笔,课后我很快了解到,今天确实不是他去惹事砸人家的,而是石同学砸得。由于前面说的一番话使我陷入了尴尬的境地,也使我和林同学之间产生了一丝不愉快。(案例来自教学实习过程)
从这个案例来看,由于教师误解了学生,学生比较委屈,在辩解的同时还闹起了情绪,幸亏教师的情绪控制得还比较好,没有用自己的权威去压学生从而使矛盾进一步激化。反思一下,教师在面对一些突发事件时,心态上还不够冷静,容易偏听偏信,用自己的思维定式去分析问题,去批评心中认定的问题学生。当碰到两个学生闹矛盾,而教师又没有看到真实的情况时,教师最好的处理方式就是采取“冷处理”,可以说课后再来处理或对那块地区加强巡视杜绝问题进一步扩大。
通过教学实习中的类似案例中我发现:在教育教学中师生的矛盾是客观存在的,师生发生冲突亦是难免的。教师只有在处理好矛盾冲突的时候,才能建立好新的师生关系。新型小学师生关系构建的理念是:新型小学师生关系应该是教师和学生在人格上是平等的、在交互活动中是民主的、在相处的氛围上是和谐的。它的核心是师生心理相容,心灵的互相接纳,形成师生至爱的、真挚的情感关系。它的宗旨是本着学生自主性精神,使他们的人格得到充分发展。它应该体现在:一方面,学生在与教师相互尊重、合作、信任中全面发展自己,获得成就感与生命价值的体验,获得人际关系的积极实践,逐步完成自由个性和健康人格的确立;另一方面,教师通过教育教学活动,让每个学生都能感受到自主的尊严,感受到心灵成长的愉悦,从教学实习的案例分析中,我体会到要构建新型小学师生关系应该注意以下几点:
(一)理解和相信学生 1.了解研究学生
理解学生首先要了解学生。苏霍姆林斯基说:“尽可能深入地了解每个孩子的精神世界,是教师和校长的首条金科玉律。”只有了解学生的社会家庭背景、个性差异、兴趣爱好、心理变化、发展特点,我们才有与学生相处的基础。教师要公平公正对待每一位学生。大多数的教师都喜欢听话的孩子、成绩好的孩子,于是在自理一些事情上会不由自主地生出偏爱。孰不知,“不听话”的孩子和“成绩不好”的孩子内心是怎样的波澜起伏。我们必须意识到“每一个孩子都有可爱之处,作为老师,应该全面地关心和爱护每一个学生,一视同仁、不偏爱、不歧视、尊重学生的人格和自尊心。
我所在的单位是某某小学,刚到这个学校参加工作,有很多让我费解的问题,因为我实习学校是大校,那里的学生大多家庭生活优越,家长也很重视孩子们的学业,而张苏滩小学的家长大多都是外来打工子女,长期忙于生计,根本无暇顾及孩子的学习,就是有时间,也没有能力,他们的文化水平大多都是文盲,所以,刚入学的孩子很多连笔都不会拿,没有上过幼儿园,穿着很脏乱,行为很随便,记得一年级我们班有个学生,刚入学,他却常常逃学,起初我只是很生气,小小的孩子竟学会逃学,后来在于其家长谈话中,深入了解中得知孩子逃学是他担心妈妈离开爸爸,因为爸爸的收入问题,妈妈要喝爸爸离婚被他知道,所以要在家看着妈妈,知道这些情况后,我惭愧了,后悔对孩子的指责,也从那次我知道了我所面对的学生每一个人都有自身的
特殊性,我必须认真的了解这些孩子,我才能在自己的工作中取得孩子们的信任,才能去及时的有效的关心每一个孩子在生活学习中遇到的问题。
2.相信每一位学生
教师要发展学生的自信心,有实力才有自信。班上几十个孩子各有各的优点,也各有各的不足,学生实力不足的地方,正是需要教师特别关注的地方。对待学生的不足甚至是错误,教师要相信自己的教育,相信自己的学生。以尊重、理解、信任和鼓励的强大精神力量去感化学生、诱导学生,给学生自我修正的时间、自我进步的主动性。在教学实习实践中,我经常有意识地让腼腆的孩子领读课文、代表小组发言,让性格急躁的孩子跟细心的孩子一起办板报、描花边儿,让不爱读课外书的孩子“帮老师”查资料„„渐渐地,孩子们在愉快的活动中受到了锻炼、增强了自信心,变“要我说”为“我要说”,变“我能行?”为“我能行!”
孩子是需要鼓励的,在我的教学中,我们班有个孩子叫韩龙波,长得十分乖巧可爱,可是学习一直跟不上来,去、就连最基本的课文,他都读不下来,这个学生还是留级下来的学生,从其他老师嘴里也是了解他的不足,我想孩子原本的聪明就被扼杀在了这父母,老师的重重打击中,后面,我发现这个孩子他并不是笨,所以一次偶然的机会,我选定班干部时,让他担任了班里的生活委员,他当时眼中就闪现了不可思议的眼神,因为大家都知道,班级的班干部都是学习优秀的孩子,不止是他,班里的孩子都很惊讶,我立即和孩子们玩乐的说,我有神功,能预知未来,我知道韩龙波下次的成绩会很好,后面的学习中,我也不断的在上课对他提问,随着时间,我的频频提问变成了他的频频举手,并且在后一次的期末考试中,他真的从原本的不及格成绩一下子考到了90多分,他有了信心,连班里其他孩子都对我充满尊敬。
3.乐观估计学生的天性
坚信每个学生都是可以成材的。当前不少家长和教师认为学生天性是破坏性的,和教育要求对立的,不严厉管教就难以成人。在教育上,多采取强制、管制灌输、矫正的方式来教育学生以期培养社会所需要的品质。这种教育方式存在着多种心理和伦理的缺陷,也和时代的主体精神相违背。
教师应该提倡用积极的、乐观的眼光和态度来对待学生天性,树立乐观的人性观,善意地评估学生的天性和行为表现,多关注学生身上所具有的那种自我提高和完善内在的需要和倾向,也就是要坚信每个学生都是可以积极成长的,是可以造就的,对教育好每个学生应充满信心。
我班有个孩子叫王佳,他经过医院检查坚定有轻微弱智,母亲也常年卧病在床,父亲也要出外打工挣生活费,孩子有多动症,自制能力差,他甚至在上课时,经常会跑下座位招惹别人。只要教师不在场,教室里就‘热闹’。把同学的铅笔扔在垃圾箱里,把课间奶倒在同学的书包里,把大家喝的矿泉水桶上的包装盖戳破,甚至会溜到其他班级去做恶作剧。他犯了错误,老师对他进行批评教育,要么躲在厕所里不见老师的面,要么就一声不响地站着。我根据弱智儿重在心理活动中知觉水平差、意志脆弱、缺乏判断力的特点,抓住发生的事进行“一事一议”,使他分清好与坏、是与非,提高分辨能力。
对这样特殊的学生,在坚持正面教育的前提下,我对他采取了特殊的教育方法。首先制约他顽皮的时间,在课间有意识地组织几个孩子跟他在一起玩。再就是利用他爱劳动、爱表现自己的欲望,给他创造做好事的机会,对他的点滴进步,我都及时给予表扬、鼓励、奖励,经教育训练,他的任性、散漫的缺点基本改掉了。
有一次,我到教室,孩子们正在教室自己写作业。一进门,我就看见詹朝轩蹲在地上倒垃圾,而且扫的很干净。我真的好感动,笑着说:“宝贝,你太能干了!把地扫的那么干净!”我当时看见他抬头看我的眼睛充满了快乐,脸上洋溢着自豪的笑容。他跑过来,伸开胳膊抱了抱我。真的,老师的一个点头、一声赞许、一个微笑、一下抚摸、一个拥抱等,都能给孩子带来亲切、温暖和快乐的感觉,这对孩子交往能力的培养与发展起到积极的作用。现在她在杨陵子巷小学,学习也很愉快。
(二)给学生以尊重
给学生以尊重,学生才能感受师生的平等,才能感受自尊的存在。一旦他们认为失去自尊,他们就会失去向上的动力、精神的支柱,由此导致消沉。反之,他们就会获得向上的动力源泉。为此,我们要尊重学生的人格、意愿、隐私权等等,采用一切的方式肯定学生,赏识学生。
1.尊重学生的人格
苏霍姆林斯基说:“教育中的皮带和拳头„„这是我们教育工作者的羞愧和耻辱。教师在学生的手册上写上:‘您的儿子不想学习请采取措施。’这实际上就是教师经常把一根鞭子放在学生的书包里,而父亲就用这根鞭子来抽打自己的儿子。”我们所面对的每一个孩子都是独一无二的,无论他字写得好坏,无论他活泼开朗还是沉默寡言,哪怕他考试不及格,他们也都将走向未来,都将居于新世纪发展的核心地位。我们要树立正确的学生观,要让每一个学生在人格上得到最大的尊重。
在一次语文公开课上,一位学生回答问题时出现一点偏差,因为在场有许多听课的领导和老师,而他的答案并不是我预期的答案,我立刻打断学生的话想予以纠正,但又意识到自己犯了一个错误,于是诚恳地对那个学生说:“我打断了你的话,对不起!请你继续说下去!”①由此,学生原本的沮丧心情,一下子眼中闪现出欣喜的光芒,我们要与学生交心,不妨蹲下身来或坐在孩子们当中与他们谈话,而不要让孩子们仰视你;不妨耐心听完孩子们那不够流畅甚至答非所问的话,而不去打断他;能在大庭广众之下当面向学生赔礼道歉„„这样,学生会加倍地向老师学习,学会尊重他人,形成健全人格,并且使师生的心融为一体,产生共鸣。2.尊重学生的个体差异
一棵树上没有完全相同的两片树叶,那么作为活生生的学生个体,是一个发展中的人,是一个发展极不平衡的人,更没有两个相同的个体存在。学生来自不同的家庭,有性格的差异、思维的差异、学习习惯的差异等,这些差异必然造成学习方法、学习结果的不同。学生是处于发展过程中的人。作为发展的人,也就意味着学生还是一个不成熟的人,是一个正在成长的人、不断完善的人。在教学实践中,我们不能忽视学生正在成长的特点,而要求学生十全十美,对学生求全责备。把学生作为一个发展的人来对待,就要理解学生身上存在的不足,就要允许学生犯错误,对学生要宽容。发展作为一个进步的过程,没有缺陷,没有矛盾,就没有发展的动力和方向,教师就要充分了解学生的实际,帮助学生解决问题,改正错误,从而不断促进学生的进步和发展。②
小学生的情感具有很大的情景性,容易受具体的事物、具体的情景的所支配,加上可控性较差的情感特点,学生在某些环境的影响下,情感上比较会出现消极和积极的差异。教学中,对一些消极的情感,不能使用盛气凌人的语言去扼制,而应带着温和的目光,商量的口吻,鼓励的手语,去培养学生积极健康向上的情感。如学了《小英雄雨来》一文后,你喜欢哪个人物,为什么?大多数学生都说喜欢雨来,因为他在敌人面前有机智勇敢,不怕牺牲的精神。但王泽琪却站起来说:“我喜欢扁鼻子军官,因为他阔气、威风。”于是,我不是没有直接否定他的观点,而是让学生展开讨论:扁鼻子军官有糖,有戒子,就能说他阔气吗?他有军刀,有手枪,穿军衣,着马靴,是威风吗?通过讨论,王泽琪对我说:“老师,我明白了,扁鼻子军官不是阔气是圈套,①陈茂春.怎样理解和处理师生关系[J/OL].泰州机电高职校德育在线,2003,11(7).②陈茂春.怎样理解和处理师生关系[J/OL].泰州机电高职校德育在线,2003,11(7).不是威风是凶狠、是奸诈。现在我恨死了!”我笑了,他也笑了。
心理学家加德纳以为:每个人都具有多种智慧,也就是说人人都具有某方面的智慧,但因学生的个性差异,所显示出来的不一样而已。因此,当他们遇到某一个问题时,就会各抒己见。教学时,我们要区别对待,进行针对性评价。如上《将相和》一文后,说说你喜欢谁?为什么?有的说,我喜欢蔺相如,因为他有顾全大局,机智勇敢,不畏强暴的爱国精神;有的说,我喜欢廉颇,因为他不但是一个威风凛凛的将军,而且还是一个知错就改的好思想;还有的说,我喜欢赵王,因为他虽有点贪生怕死,但他却能打破用人常规,把一个平民提拔到一个丞相,多有创新思想啊!今天,我们在现代化建设中,多么需要有这种思想啊!还有点说,我喜欢秦王,他多么有远大的理想——去统一中国„„。最后,我作了总结:“你们多有主见呀,能多个方面具体事例中去感悟,去阐述自己的独特见解,充分展示自己的智慧和才能。以后,我们一定要从多角度,多层次,全方位去认识事物,看待问题,领悟中心。”
3.尊重学生的思维方式
孩子们有孩子们自己的情感世界,有自己的思维方式,尤其是好奇心特别强。教师要保护学生的好奇心,好奇是孩子的天性,是孩子发现问题、思考问题的开端,它反映了孩子对知识的一种渴求,是教师利用的资源,要充分保护它、利用它。
有一个学生在学习《鲸》一课时,突然发问:“鲸是哺乳动物,它成长过程中会不会像我一样要换一次牙?”这其实是一个与课堂教学目的无关紧要而且我也一时难以回答的问题,但我没有回避,引导学生课下寻找答案。于是师生共同行动,有的翻阅图书,有的网上咨询,有的请教他人,终于解决了这个问题。这样,既满足了学生的好奇心,又锻炼了他们利用多种途径搜集相关信息的能力。
4.尊重学生的权利
1989年11月20日,第44届联合国大会就通过了旨在保护儿童权利的具有国际法约束力的国际公约——《儿童权利公约》。其中被提到的几十种儿童权利中,最重要和最基本的权利是以下四种——生存权、发展权、受保护权、参与权。让我们牢记教育家夸美纽斯的一句名言:应当像尊敬上帝一样尊敬孩子。
小学生由于年龄小,常会做出一些大人看似不顺眼的举动。当他们在无意中“惹”了“麻烦”,老师该以怎样的方式给予引导与指正呢?怎样做,才能在尊重他们幼小心灵的同时给他们辅以思想的指导呢?有这样一个例子:一次上课,当我走进教室时,发现班中几位男生都在兴趣十足地拨弄着铅笔盒中的小蜗牛。此时正值刚刚上课,若
不及时制止这种现象,铅笔盒的小蜗牛必然会牵引他们的注意力,从而影响课堂教学效果。但是,喜爱小动物是孩子们的天性,为了在不抹杀他们天性的前提下,既能从正面培养他们的兴趣,又能使课堂教学正常地进行下去,我立即对学生说:“如果把你孤零零地关在一间小屋子里,没有同伴,没有自由,你愿意吗?”“大自然中有很多的生命,虽然它们不能用语言来表达自己的想法,但却同样有感情,它们愿意被约束起来,离开自己的爸爸妈妈,离开大自然,从而失去自由吗?”从对生命的理解入手,将心比心,既尊重了孩子的天性,又试着引发出了孩子内心深处与身俱来的“善”的一面。孩子们终于懂得了大自然的一切生灵需要用爱心去呵护的道理,自觉地把蜗牛放回了大自然,一件事情得以圆满的解决。
作为教师,当学生在不经意间做出一件不太合常理的事时,教师表现出充分理解学生的积极心态,宽容学生,才是真正的尊重学生。
(三)关爱学生
要热爱学生。“教育不能没有爱,没有爱就没有教育”,爱是教育的灵魂。只有热爱学生,才能正确对待、宽容学生所犯的失误,才能耐心地去雕塑每一位学生。苏霍姆林斯基说过:“一个好老师意味着什么?首先意味着他热爱孩子,感到跟孩子交往是一种乐趣,相信每个孩子都能成为一个好人,善于跟他们交朋友,关心孩子的快乐和悲伤,了解孩子的心灵,时刻都不忘自己了曾是个孩子。”没有爱就没有教育,教师最可贵的就是拥有一个教育的“爱心”。教师对学生无微不至的关怀,必然会引起学生爱的反馈,因为学生感受了老师的关怀和爱护,产生了愉快的情绪体验,对老师就会更热爱更信赖。
每一位教师都深知教育中离不开爱,可是随着时间的推移,很多教师厌倦自己的工作,厌倦不听话的孩子,爱更是无从谈起,我刚参加工作只有四年,我对我从一年级带的孩子,看着他们慢慢长大,我更加深刻体会到爱是多么的重要,关爱学生,有些教师认为这是一件愚蠢的事情,因为你付出的爱不能为你换回什么,可是在一次,学校的感恩活动中,我更加坚定了爱的教育,当孩子们听了演讲老师的话后,一个个痛哭流涕的抱着我说:“谢谢你,老师,我爱您„„”这一句话也不禁让我流泪不已,此时的我觉得一切付出都是值得的,我的孩子们大多家庭都很贫困,不会像城里的孩子有父母,亲人,朋友,为他们过生日,到了六一儿童节,更不会有什么特殊的过节方式,可是,自从他们到了学校班级这个大家庭中,每到我们班同学的生日,我都会为孩子们准备一份小礼物,或许礼物不很贵重,但是,我能看出孩子们的快乐,更是
告诉其他同学,也要以此方式向同学们表示祝贺,并且告诉他们,亲力亲为的东西更足以感动人,到了六一儿童节,我会给孩子们没人送一份小礼物,当班里有同学生病住院时,我更会提醒其他同学,要关心同伴,我会带着几位班干部,让大家一起为生病的同学买水果,去看望生病的同学,孩子们在这样一个大家庭中,感受到了爱,更学会了爱。
(四)改变自己
师生关系是对立统一的,教师处于矛盾的主要方面,在运动变化中起着主导作用。因此,构建良好的师生关系关键在于教师。作为教师首先应该结合自身的工作转变观念,加强自身修养,提高师德素养和教学能力,以高尚的品格和过硬的素质去感染学生,征服学生。很多教师就是因为这点使他们每到一个新的班级都会获得学生的一片欢呼。其次,应该做好角色的转换。在素质教育中教师不再是独奏者而应是伴奏者,舞台的中心应该是学生,教师的任务是激发学生学习的兴趣而不是学生的监督者,是学生的向导而非轿夫。教师的角色应由传授者转化为促进者,由管理者转化为引导者,由居高临下转换为与学生平等中的首席,教师是学生学习的合作者、引导者、参与者,教学也成为师生共同开放的过程。
教师在师生交往中的特殊地位,决定了对教师人格、品行和教育素质的较高要求,这也是形成良好的师生关系的必要条件。在师生交往活动中,教师处于主导地位,这种特殊的地位势必要求教师在自己的人格及其他教育素质方面对学生具有较大的吸引力和良好的影响。教师课堂上丰富的知识、生动的教学会深深地吸引学生去主动地获取知识,而教师宽阔的胸怀,积极的心态更会有利于学生健康心理的形成。所以说,教师要不断地加强自身修养,以自己独特的人格魅力教育和影响学生。
总之,新型师生关系的确立更多的依赖于教师自身观念的更新和素质的提高,人格的不断健全和完善;依赖于教师对学生无微不至的爱和时时刻刻的尊重。相信新型小学师生关系的建立和完善将进一步推动素质教育的向前发展,迸发出更强的教育能量,促进教育效果的不断提高,创造最优质的教育。
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[6]李瑾瑜.关于师生关系本质的认识[J].教育评论,1998(4).[7]廖大鹏.论师生关系的新发展[D].华中师范大学,2001.[8]鲍聪.2002年师生关系研究综述[J].大学教育科学,2003(4).[9]万晓玲.构建21世纪的师生关系[J].江西教育,2002(13).[10]闵容,罗嘉文.师生关系研究综述[J].教学研究,2006(1).致
谢
三年的求学生活即将结束,站在毕业的门槛上,回首往昔,奋斗和辛劳成为丝丝的记忆,甜美与欢笑也都尘埃落定。值此毕业论文完成之际,我谨向所有关心、爱护、帮助我的人们表示最诚挚的感谢与最美好的祝愿。
本论文是在导师的悉心指导之下完成的。在本论文的写作过程中,老师倾注了大量的心血,他渊博的专业知识,严谨的治学态度,精益求精的工作作风,诲人不倦的高尚师德,朴实无华、平易近人的人格魅力对我影响深远。从选题到开题报告,从写作提纲,到一遍又一遍地指出每稿中的具体问题,严格把关,循循善诱,在此我向我的导师授表示深切的谢意与祝福!
回想整个论文的写作过程,虽有不易,却让我除却浮躁,经历了思考和启示,也更加深切地体会了所学知识的精髓和意义,因此倍感珍惜。
同时我还要感谢在我学习期间给我极大关心和支持的各位老师以及关心我的同学和朋友。
还要感谢父母在我求学生涯中给与我无微不至的关怀和照顾,一如既往地支持我、鼓励我。
最后再一次感谢所有在毕业设计中曾经帮助过我的良师益友和同学,以及在设计中被我引用或参考的论著的作者。
第四篇:本科英语毕业论文题目[模版]
本科英语毕业论文题目
论文涉及到文学、文化、翻译、语言学、广告、法律、教育、教学法、经贸、商务等方向,内容绝对原创
论中英习语的文化差别
Cultural Differences between Chinese and English Idioms
DIY运动的兴起及其对西方青少年的影响 The Rise and Influence of DIY in Western Youth
奥运会志愿者管理研究
The Study on the Management of Olympic Volunteers
从文化角度看习语翻译
A Cultural Insight into the Translation of Idioms
从服饰文化角度看中美文化差异
Reflections on Differences of Sino-US Culture in the Perspective of Costume
中外人名的对比研究
The Comparative Study between Chinese and English People's Name
中英姓名文化对比
Cultural Comparison between English and Chinese Names
中美青年价值观对比分析
Comparative Study of Chinese and American Young Generations’ Values
在华投资的美国跨国公司的企业文化
The Enterprise Cultures of Us-based MNCs Investing in China-The Combination of Chinese and Western Elements
浅谈非语言交际中身体语言的特点及其在交际中的运用
A Preliminary Approach to Body Language on Nonverbal Communication 浅谈中西方非语言交际中身体语言的特点对比及其在交际中的运用
A Contrastive Study of Body Language in Chinese and Western Countries on Nonverbal Communication
西方思想意识对中国青少年的负面影响及应对措施
The Negative Influence of Western Ethos upon Chinese Youth and its Countermeasures
颜色词的文化内涵及其在习语中的体现
Cultural Connotations of Color Words and Their Reflections in English Idioms
从不同文化角度对身势语的应用对比研究
A Contrastive Study of Body Language Communication from Different Cultural Perspectives
笑话何以产生幽默 What Makes a Joke Funny?
论动物在英汉词语中的文化差异
On the Cultural Difference of “Animal” in English and Chinese Expression
中英交际中的文化差异
Cultural Differences in English-Chinese Communication
人力资源外包在中国的应用
How to Achieve Effective Development of Human Resource Outsourcing & Lease in China
论美语词汇中的民族中心主义 American Ethnocentrism and English
浅谈中英委婉语的文化差异
Cultural Differences in Chinese and English Euphemisms
浅谈中美饮食文化差异
The Differences between China and America in Food Culture 从中西习俗看文化差异
Cultural Differences Seen from the Chinese and Western Customs
浅谈文化与广告翻译
Analysis on the Culture and Advertisement Translation
论网络交际英语的特征及其翻译
A Study of Internet Communication English Features and Translation
中式英文在中国流行的分析
The Analysis of Chi English being Popular in China
浅谈中西方婚礼习俗的差异与融合
Thesis on the Differences and Mergence of Wending Customs between China and the Western Countries
浅谈文化与语言的关系 Thesis on Culture and Language
英汉姓名的文化内涵及其翻译方法
Thesis on the Cultural Connotation of English and Chinese Names and Its Translation Methods
浅析文化语境对翻译的影响
Study on Influence of Cultural Context on Translation
浅谈商务活动中的交际与礼仪
Tentative Reflections on Business Intercultural Communication and Etiquette
透过春节与圣诞节的比较来看中西文化差异 A Brief Comparison of Spring Festival & Christmas Day
体态语在对外商务谈判中的作用
On Body Language in Foreign Business Negotiation 奥林匹克运动会 Olympic Games
浅谈中西方文化中颜色的象征性
On the Chinese and Western Cultures in Terms of Symbolic Colors
论英语语言教学中的文化教学
On Culture Teaching in English Language Teaching
中国香港和法国学生对接受自愿安乐死立法观点的比较
A Comparison of Hong Kong Chinese Students’ and French Students’ Attitudes to and Acceptance of Voluntary Euthanasia Legislation
浅谈美国快餐文化 The American style-Fast food
文化差异及其对习语形成的影响
Cultural Differences and Its Influences on the Formation of Idioms
1,中国香港和法国学生对接受自愿安乐死立法观点的比较
A Comparison of Hong Kong Chinese Students’ and French Students’ Attitudes to and Acceptance of Voluntary Euthanasia Legislation
2,论一人公司的债权人保护
Study on the Protection of the Creditor of One-Man Company
3,从社会发展角度看中国死刑存废
4,论我国居住权立法的必要性
5,试谈中国法官的独立
浅析英语双关
Reflection on English Pun 浅析英语委婉语
Analysis of English Euphemism
英语称谓词的性别含义
The Sex Connotation in English Addresses
论语境在翻译中的重要性
Study on the Importance of Context in Translation
中英文常用修辞格对比研究
A Contrastive Study between Some Frequently Used Figures of Speech in English and Chinese
浅谈二语习得中的社会因素
Thesis on the Social Factors and Second Language Acquisition 论英语写作中的措辞用语
On the Diction of the English Writing
浅谈中西委婉语对比
A Comparison between Chinese and Western Euphemisms
广告英语的语言特色
The Linguistic Characteristics of Advertising English
谈商务英语及其翻译中的委婉表达方式
Euphemistic Expressions in Business English and Their Translation
浅谈中英委婉语的文化差异
Cultural Differences in Chinese and English Euphemisms 笑话何以产生幽默
What Makes a Joke Funny?
试论因特网在第二语言习得中的辅助作用
The Assisting Function of Internet in Second Language Acquisition
论跨文化交际中的价值系统
Value System in Intercultural Communication
论动物在英汉词语中的文化差异
On the Cultural Difference of “Animal” in English and Chinese Expression
论美语词汇中的民族中心主义
American Ethnocentrism and English 场依赖性和场独立性对英语学习者听力的影响
The Effect of Field Dependence and Field Independence on English Learners’ Listening Ability
论英汉翻译中汉语方言的正迁移
Positive Transfer of Chinese Dialect on English-Chinese Translation
语言的歧义性:究竟是福还是祸?
Language Ambiguity: A Curse and a Blessing
论英汉影视翻译中不同文化意象的处理
On the Disposition of Different Cultural Images in Film Translation
商务语境下表述语言的性别差异
Analysis of Sex Differences in Expressives in Business Context 英语商业广告的词法特点分析
An Analysis of Morphological Features of English Commercial Advertisements
英语广告的词法特点分析
An Analysis of Morphological Features of English Advertisements
从句法角度对官方语言的初步探究
A Preliminary Study of Official Language from the Syntax Perspective
中式英文在中国流行的分析
The Analysis of Chi English being Popular in China
外贸英语句子的特点对翻译的影响
Influence of Features of Trade English Sentence on Translation 浅谈文化与语言的关系
Thesis on Culture and Language
浅析文化语境对翻译的影响
Study on Influence of Cultural Context on Translation
对言语交际中的语境的认识
学术论文写作中的简明性表达方法
Approaches to Achieve Conciseness in Academic Paper Writing
浅谈英语修辞的用法
The Usage of English Rhetorical
双关在广告英语中的运用 The Use of Pun in English Advertisements
英语词汇中的性别歧视及女性主义
Sexual Discrimination in English Words
英语报刊标题的特色与文体风格大纲
Study on Features and Styles of English Newspaper News’ Titles
从皮尔士的符号学研究符号学的意义
A Study of Meanings of Signs from the Perspective of Peirce's Semiotics
从系统功能语法的角度分析《玩偶之家〉
Analysis of A Doll’s House from the Systemic-functional Grammar
英汉复合词的对比分析 The Contrast between English Compounds and Chinese Compounds
从哈姆雷特性格分析看他悲剧的必然性
A Character Analysis of Shakespeare's “Hamlet”
哈姆雷特悲剧的原因分析
The Reason Analysis of Hamlet Tragedy
论哈姆雷特的悲剧
Comments on the Tragedy of Hamlet
论约翰济慈作品中所体现出的“美”
The Beauty in the Works of John Keats
浅谈阿甘正传中所折射出的女权主义 The Feminism Reflected in the Novel Forrest Gump
圣地亚哥:伟大而非完美的老人-对《老人与海》中老人的性格分析
The Old Man and The Sea-Santiago-A Great Old Man Not Perfect
依莎贝尔阿彻的婚姻悲剧-对淑女的画像的主题研究
On the Marriage Tragedy of Isabel Archer-A Thematic Study of the Portrait of a Lady
论淘姆索亚的性格特征
Thesis on the Characteristics of Tom Sawyer
美国社会文化的缩影-浅谈淘姆索亚历险记中淘姆索亚的人物性格特征
The Mirror of American Social Culture-Remarks on the Characteristics of Tom Sawyer in The Adventure of Tom Sawyer
论飘中的人物魅力 On the Charm of Characters in Gone with the Wind
论飘中的女性生存意识
Thesis on Female Survivalism in Gone with the Wind
分析飘中斯嘉丽的个人魅力
Analyze Scarlett’s Personal Fascination in Gone with the wind
浅谈《乱世佳人》中的创业精神
Remarks on the Business Spirit in Gone With the Wind
对玛格丽特•米切尔《飘》中四个人物的性格分析
Character Analysis on the Four Characters in Magrett Mitcell’s Gone with the Wind
斯佳丽的性格分析 Personage Analysis of Scarlett
从希斯克里夫的性格演变过程看他的艺术价值
Analysis on Heathcliff's Artistic Value through the Evolution Process of His Character
从白鲸看人与自然的关系
Relationship between Mankind and Nature-from Analysis of Moby Dick
简评夏洛特.勃朗蒂的《简爱》
On Charlotte Brontё’s Jane Eyre
浅谈美国文化在小说阿甘正传中的反映
Tentative Reflections of American Culture in the Novel Forrest Gump
保尔·莫瑞尔永不消逝的恋母情结—对儿子与情人中男主人公的心理研究 The Non-passing of Paul Morel’s Oedipus Complex—A Study of the Hero’s Psychology inSons and Lovers
浅析玻璃动物园中劳拉的玻璃心
An analysis on Laura's Glasslike Heart in the Glass Menagerie
论《傲慢与偏见》中达西的人物性格特点
Character Analysis of Darcy in Pride and Prejudice
呼啸山庄中希斯克列夫人物性格的双重性分析
呼啸山庄中希斯克列夫自私自恋性格的分析
Analysis of Selfishness and Narcissism in Heathcliff’s Characters-On the Theme ofWuthering Heights
浅谈简爱中的女权运动
Feminism in Jane Eyre
回到小屋-浅析汤姆叔叔的小屋中的象征意义及其特点
Back to the Cabin-analysis of symbols and characters in Uncle Tom's Cabin
《双城记》中西德尼伯尔顿的人物性格分析
A Brief Analysis of Character Sydney Carton “A Tale of Two Cities”
普拉斯诗中的死亡意象
The Death Image in Sylvia Plath’s Poems
对永别了武器中男主人公亨利的性格分析
On the Character of Frederic Henry in A Farewell to Arms
心路历程-论雪莱的自由之路
The Heart's Progress---About Shelley's Freedom Road
浅谈了不起的盖茨比中的象征主义
The Symbolism in the Great Gatsby
论《老人与海》中的象征主义
The Symbolism in The Old Man and the Sea
双城记中的仁爱主题
Thesis on the Kind-heartedness theme in “A Tale of Two Cities”
论《哈克贝利费恩历险记》中对种族主义的误解
On Misperception of Racism in the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
论《傲慢与偏见》与《德伯家的苔丝》中男女主人公的爱情
Analysis on Love of Protagonists in Pride and Prejudice and Tess of the d’Urbervilles
简爱中女主角的性格分析
An Analysis of the Character of the Heroine in Jane Eyre
对永别了武器中男主人公的性格特征发展的分析
An Analysis of the Development of the Hero’s Character in A Farewell to Arms
从黑人女性主义视角看《宠儿》中的弑婴母题
On the Motif of Infanticide in Beloved from a Black Feminist Perspective
美国华裔文学作家伍美琴的裸体吃中餐中的母女关系
Reflections on the Mother-Daughter Relationship in the Eating Chinese Food Naked
“神性”与“人性”冲突引发的爱情悲剧
德伯家的苔丝悲惨生活的根源
Tess of the D’Urbervilles―A Comment on the Sources of Tess’ Tragic Life
海明威,“失落的一代”的代言人
Ernest Hemingway, the Spokesman of the “Lost Generation”
试析《还乡》命运驱使下的人物性格
On Characters under the Influence of Fatalism in The Return of Native
《呼啸山庄》中的爱与恨
Love and Hate in Wuthering Heights
夏洛特和简爱性格对比研究
The Comparative Study of Characteristics between Charllote Bronte and Jane Eyre 苔丝的悲剧原因分析
On Causes of Tess’ Tragedy
论呼啸山庄中人性的复苏
The Reviving of Humanity in “Wuthering Heights”
浅谈傲慢与偏见中简.奥斯丁对待婚姻的态度
Jane Austen's Attitude toward Marriage in Pride and Prejudice
浅谈威尼斯商人中夏洛克的性格特征
On the Character of Shylock in The Merchant of Venice
浅谈飘中斯嘉丽的人物形象
The Figural Analysis of Scarlett in Gone with the Wind 浅谈艾玛的自知之明
Self-Knowledge of Emma
论简爱的独立性格
The Independence of Jane Eyre
第五篇:英语本科毕业论文目录样本
Contents
Introduction………………………………………………………1 Part One: Causes in History…….....………...……...………3
1.1 The economic factors…………………………………………3
1.2 The national policy ……………………………………………5
1.3 The natural environment … ………………………………… 5
1.4 Social stability …………………………………………………6
1.5 Individual factors … ………………………………………… 6 Part Two: Effect: Benefits and Costs of Population Floating in Modern China...……………………………………………..………7
2.1 Benefits………………………………..………………………8
2.2 Costs………………………………………………………......8
Conclusion ………………………………………………………...9 Notes………………………………………………………………11
Bibliography……………………………………………………....12 Acknowledgements…………………………….…………………13