第一篇：英汉互动翻译教程(电子版)
第七章 增词翻译法
(1)Chairman Mao is an activist, a prime mover, an originator and master of strategy achieved by alternating surprise, tension and easement.毛泽东是一位活动家，是原动力，是创造和运用出其不意、紧张和松驰而取得成就的战略大师。
(2)The daily newspaper guides,educates and encourages the masses.这份报纸可指导群众、教育群众、鼓舞群众。
（3）For the international community the most striking consequence of these changes is that China has grown to be the world’s eleventh largest economy, and is set to grow further.对于国际社会来说，这些变化所带来的最为引人注目的结果是，中国已跃居世界第十一位经济大国，而且今后定会更强。
*In the evening,after the banquets,the concerts and the table tennis exhibitions,he would work on the drafting of the final communique.晚上在参观宴会、出席音乐会、观看乒乓球表演以后，他还得起草最后公报。*My work,my family,my friends were more than enough to fill my time.我要干活，要做家务，还要招待朋友，这些足够占去我全部时间。
*The first requisite of a good citizen in this Republic of ours is that he shall be able and willing to pull his weight.要在我们这个共和国里当一个好公民，第一必备条件就是他要能够而且愿意尽自己的本分。
（4）Not to educate him(the Child)is to condemn him to repetitious ignorance.如果我们不对儿童进行教育的话，那就会使他们沦入世世代代的愚昧状态。
（5）In the 1960s,the Soviets posed a serious challenge to America’s hegemonic position militarily,position militarily,politically and economically.20世纪60年代，在军事、政治、经济等各方面，苏联人对美国的霸权地位提出了严重的挑战。
（6）Time drops in decay，like a candle burnt out.时间一点一滴地逝去，犹如蜡烛慢慢燃尽。
He poured out his tale of misfortunes.他滔滔不绝地诉说了自己的遭遇。
（7）You can almost put it down as a general rule in this town that presidents often invite “honest criticism” from their ideas.你几乎可以把这一点看成首都的一种倾向：历届总统经常请他们的助手们提出“直率的批评”。
They can separate facts from opinions and don’t pretend to have all the answers.他们能够把无数的事实从纷杂的意见中剥离出来，而又不会假装知晓一切。Cargo insurance is to protect the trader from losses that many dangers may cause.货物保险会使贸易商免受许多风险所可能造成的种种损失。The judge let him off with warnings not to cause trouble again.法官对他再三提出警告，不得重新作案，然后就将他放了。
The simple perception of natural forms is a delight.The influence of the forms and actions in nature is so needful to man,that,in its lowest functions,it seems to lie on the confines of commodity and beauty.只要一想到自然万物的形体，我便心花怒放。自然界各种形状和各种活动的影响，对于人类 1
都是非常必须的，这种影响，就其最粗浅的作用来说，似乎只局限于适用性和审美价值。（8)I had imagined it to be merely a gesture of affection,but it seems it is to smell the lamb and make sure that it is her own.我原以为这不过是表示亲昵，但现在看来，这是为了闻一闻羊羔的味道，来断定羊羔是不是自己生的。
*The English language is in very good shape.It Is changing in its own undiscoverable way,but it is not going rotten like a plum dropping off a true.英语目前的情况很好，它正按照它那不易为人发现的方式起着变化，而不是像一只树上掉下来的李子那样在逐渐腐烂。
*I particularly want to pay tribute,not only to those prepared the magnificent dinner,but also to those who have provided the splendid music.Never have I heard American music played better in a foreign land.我特别要赞扬的不仅是那些准备了这次盛大宴会的人，而且还有那些为我们演奏了这样美好音乐的人。我在国外从来没有听到过把美国音乐演奏得这样好的。（9）She possessed an innocence unsullied by contact with the world.她拥有一种纯真，这种纯真并没有因为同外界的接触而玷污。
*As a result, a few token meeting were being set up through Foggy Bottom,the more-than-ever appropriate nickname for the Department of State.It describes Secretary Roger’s influence--foggy and at the bottom.结果在“雾谷”召开了几次象征性的会议。用“雾谷”这个绰号来称呼（美国）国务院是再贴切不过的词语了。它描述了国务卿罗杰斯的影响——虚无缥缈如雾，地位低下如谷。（10）A government of and by and for the exploiting class cannot possibly survive.一个为剥夺阶级所占有，由剥削阶级所组成并为剥削阶级服务的政府是不可能存在下去的。*Matter can be changed into energy ,and energy into matter.物质可以转化为能，能也可以转化为物质。
*Courage in excess become fool hardiness, affection weakness,thrift avarice.勇敢过度即成蛮勇，感情过度即成溺爱，节俭过度即成贪婪。
（11）You are only young once.At the time it seems endless,and is gone in a flash;and then for a long time you are old.人的一生只能年轻一次，年轻时总觉得时间无限，而逝去就在瞬间；然后呢，就要在漫长的岁月中度过晚年。
（12）Your invention is fantastic;you should send it ti Munich.你的发明真奇妙，你应该把它送到慕尼黑的德国专利局。
*The British people are still profoundly divided on the issue of jointing Europe.在英国人民中间到目前为止一直在英国是否加入欧洲“共同市场”的问题上存在严重分歧。（13）To attract foreign investment,the United State must offer higher interest rate,adding to domestic borrowing and financing costs,which boost inflation.为了吸引外资，美国必须提供较高的利率，而这样就会加重内债和金融开支，最终导致通货膨胀。
*I am in charge of the depot,only I.People will hold me responsible but not you.只有我一个人负责管理这个仓库，出了事情别人找我，找不到你。
*Noontime came and went;Nixon,who rarely had lunch,and Kissinger,who rarely missed it,skipped the meal and went right on talking for almost four hours.正午到了，又谈到偏午，尼克松很少吃午饭，而基辛格则很少不吃午饭，但这回，俩人都不曾想到这顿饭，接连谈了差不多四个钟头。
第八章 翻译中重复的运用
（1)We accept and welcome,therefore,as conditions to which we must accommodate ourselves,great inequality of environment,the concentration of business,industrial and commercial,in the hands of a few;and the law of competition between these,as being not only beneficial ,but essential to the future progress of the race.因此，我们接受并欢迎在我们生活的周围存在巨大的不平等（我们必须把这个看做是我们必须适应的条件），接受并欢迎工商业的经营集中在少数几个人手中，接受并欢迎他们之间存在竞争的机制，这对于整个人类未来的进步不仅是有益的，而且是必需的。
（2）We find ourselves rich in goods,but ragged in spirit;reaching with magnificent precision for the moon,but falling into raucous discord on earth.We are caught in war,wanting peace.We’re torn by division,wanting unity.We see around us empty lives, wanting fulfillment.We see tasks that need doing,wanting for hands to do them.我们物质丰富，但精神缺乏；我们以巨大的精神程度登上月球，但却让地球陷入极度纷争。我们被卷入战争，我们渴望和平。我们被四分五裂，我们渴望团结。我们看到周围的人们生活空虚，我们渴望生活的充实。我们看到等待人们去做各项任务，我们需要人手来完成它们。*They vanished form a world where they were of no consequence;where they achieved nothing;where they were a mistake and failure and a foolishness;where they have left no sign that they have existed-a world which will lament a day and forget them forever.他们无足轻重，一事无成；他们来到这个世界就是错误，就是失败，就是荒谬；他们未曾留下过任何生活的痕迹，他们就这样离开了这个世界，离开了这个只有片刻会为他们悲哀、却永远会忘却他们的世界。
（3）Although credit are becoming a more acceptable part of the financial scene,they are still regarded with suspicion bu many as being a major part of the “live now,pay later”syndrome.Along with hire-purchase ,rental and leasing schemes,they provide encouragement to spend more money.尽管信用卡正在成为金融业更能接受的付款方式，但许多人仍然心存疑惑，把信用卡看成是“今日享受，明日付款”的一种重要表现。同分期付款、租赁方式一样，信用卡鼓励人们消费。
（4）We recognize-and share-China’s resolve to resist the attempts of any nation which seeks to establish global or regional hegemony.我们认识到中国有决心-同时我们自己也有同样的决心来反对任何国家谋求建立全球霸权或地区霸权的企图。
（5）On the wings of hope,of love, of joy,Miss Meadows sped back to the music hall,up the steps,over to the piano.美多思小姐仿佛插上了希望的翅膀，爱情的翅膀，欢乐的翅膀，一路飞奔回到音乐厅，她插上通道，跑上台阶，三步并作两步走到钢琴前。
*He no longer dreamed of storms,nor of great occurrences,nor of contests of strength.他不再梦见风暴，不再梦见惊人的遭遇，也不再梦到搏斗和角力。
（6）We have advocated the principle of peaceful coexistence ,which is now growing more and
more popular among the nations of Asia and Africa.我们倡导和平共处的原则，这个原则目前在亚非各国越来越得人心了。
*And their conclusion are not just pie in the sky-they’re based on an astonishing experiment in which a dog was frozen for 15minutes,but then revived in perfect health!
他们的结论可不是天上掉馅饼，异想天开得来的，那是有实验做依据的。在那次令人惊讶的实验中，一只狗冻了15分钟然后复活，而且十分健康。第十章 词类转换翻译法
（1）The growing awareness by millions of Africans of their extremely poor and awkward living conditions has prompted them to take resolute measures and create new one.数以百万计的非洲人已逐渐意识到他们的生活状况异常贫穷落后，这就促使他们奋起采取坚决措施，去创造新的生活。
*Rockets have found application for the exploration of the universe.火箭已经用于探索宇宙。
*A glance through his office window panoramic view of the Washington Monument and the Lincoln Memorial.透过他的办公室窗口就可以瞥见华盛顿纪念碑和林肯纪念馆。
*We also realize the growing need and necessity to industrialize certain sectors of the economy.我们也认识到越来越需要使某些经济部门实行工业化。
*The abuse of basic human rights in their own country in violation of the agreement reached at Helsinki earned them the condemnation of freedom-loving people everywhere.他们违反在赫尔基辛格达成的协议，在国内侵犯基本人权，因此受到了各地热爱自由的人们的谴责。
（2）The best books are treasuries of good words,the golden thoughts,which,remembered and cherished,become our constant companions and comforts.最好的书蕴藏着金玉般的良言和闪闪发光的思想，将它们铭记在心、珍藏于心，这些良言和思想就会与我们朝夕相处，使我们时时得到慰藉。*We are enemies of all wars,but above all of dynastic wars.我们反对一切战争，特别是反对王朝战争。
（3）We are not afraid of the future because of a bomb.We are afraid of bombs because we have no faith in the future.我们不是因为有了原子弹而害怕将来，而是因为对将来没有信心而害怕原子弹。
The noon sun clarified the air.I became aware of two surfers well out from the shore,patiently paddling their boards while they waited for a perfect wave.正午时天气晴朗，我瞥见两个冲浪者离岸很远，耐心地踏着滑板，等候一个最理想的浪头。（4）“Coming！”Away she skimmed over the lawn,up the path,up the steps,across the veranda,and into the porch.“来啦”她转身蹦着跳着跑了，越过草地，跨上小径，跃上台阶，穿过阳台，进了门廊。*Some longtime associates and friends wanted to protect him from the White House;some,to protect him from the public;and others,to protect him from himself.有些老同事和老朋友向保护他，使他免收白宫的连累；有些人想保护他，使他不受公众的攻击；还有一些人想保护他则是因为想使他本人不要说错话或者是不要做错事。
*Downstairs, then,they went,Joseph very red and blushing, Rebecca very modest,and holding her green eyes downwards.She was dressed in white,with bare shoulders as white as snow-the picture of youth, unprotected innocence ,and humble virgin simplicity.他们一路下楼，约瑟夫的脸涨得通红，丽贝卡则举止端庄，一双绿色的眼睛望着地上，她穿着洁白的衣服，露出雪白的肩膀。这是青春的偶像，这是烂漫的纯真，好一个温顺、纯洁的少女。
（5）Mother had always tole me that poor people were basically kind.I didn’t think this man would want hurt me.妈妈总对我说，穷人的本质是好的，所以我想这个人不会害我。
*On a silent afternoon in October Harriet and William were talking softly together.十月里一个静悄悄的下午，哈里特和威廉在一起说着悄悄话。
*Finally,a youngish,mathematically minded customer got out a piece of paper and pencil and went into retirement.最后，顾客中一个年纪轻一些的、有数学头脑的人拿出一张纸，一支笔，到一旁清算着。*They have not done so well ideologically,however,as organizationally.但是，他们的思想工作没有他们的组织工作做得好。
（6）It was a clear and unemotional exposition of the President’s reasons for willing to begin a Chinese-American dialogue.这篇发言清楚明白、心平气和地说明了总统希望开始中美对话的原因。*She succeeded in rendering her position with family comfortable and secure.他巩固了自己在这个家庭中的地位，可以安安稳稳、舒舒服服过日子了。
*Quick and decided in her ways,Emma lost no time in inviting ,encouraging,and telling her to come very often;and as their acquaintance increased, so did their satisfaction in each other.艾玛办事利索果断，马上邀请她，嘱咐她常来，两人相处越多越亲密。（7）She was wisely determined to give it up.她很聪明，决定不干了。*This particular bit of Iceland was also heavily populated.冰岛这块小地方人口也很稠密。
*The bottle of castor oil was placed prominently by his bedside.蓖麻油瓶搁在他床边显眼的地方。
*He routinely radioed another agent on the ground.他跟另一个人地勤人员进行了例行的无线电联系。
*The oceans contribute immeasurably to the earth’s life support system as well as provide an untapped storehouse of food, minerals,energy,and archaeological treasure.海洋对地球上的维持生命系统做出了不可估量的贡献，同时又是一座尚未打开的宝库，储有食物、矿物、能源和具有很大考古价值的东西。
（8）When he catches a glimpse of a potential antagonist ,his instinct is to win him over with charm and humor.只要一发现有可能反对他的人，他就本能地要用他的魅力和风趣将这人争取过来。*The new mayor earned some appreciation by the courtesy of coming to visit the city poor.新市长有礼貌地前来访问城市贫民，获得了他们的一些好感。
*Britain’s economic policy is now being pulled by the magnet of the next election.下一次大选磁铁般牵引着英国的经济政策。
第十一章 引申翻译法
（1）The rather arresting spectacle of little old Japan adrift amid beige concrete skyscrapers is the very symbol of the incessant struggle between the kimono and the miniskirt.在那米黄色凝固土摩天大楼丛中，漂浮着小巧玲珑古色古香的日本水上人家。这情景颇有点儿引人注目；恰好象征和服和超短裙之间持续不断的斗争。
（2）New York has the poorest millionaires,the smallest great men,the haughtiest beggars,the plainest beauties,the lowest skyscrapers,the dolefulest pleasure of any town I ever saw.纽约有的是心灵最空虚的百万富翁，人格最渺小的伟人，最目空一切的草包，最使人瞧不上眼的美女，最卑鄙龌龊的摩天大楼和最令人悲哀的娱乐，这一切比我所见到过的任何城市都有过之而无不及。
（3）It was clear to me that we were soulmates when it came to reducing government and expanding economic opportunity.显而易见，涉及减少政府干预和扩大经济机会这个问题，我们俩是心有灵犀一点通的。（4）Odd though it sounds,cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary-particle physics, and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true the better part of a decade that it is true.宇宙膨胀虽然听似奇特，但它是基本粒子物理学中一些公认理论在科学上看来可信的推论，七八年来许多天体物理学家一直认为这一学说是正确的。
（5）If a man empties his purse into his head,no man can take it away from him,an investment in knowledge always pays the best interest.倾己所有追求知识，没有人能夺走它；向知识投资，收益最佳。
（6）Television,the most pervasive and persuasive of modern technologies,marked bu rapid change and growth,is moving into a new era, an era of extraordinary sophistication and versatility,which promises to reshape our lives and our world.电视，这种从迅速变化和成长为标志的最普及和最有影响力的现代技术，正在步入一个新时代，一个极为成熟和多样化的时代，这将重塑我们的生活和世界。
*He managed to carry the heavy suitcase into the house alone.好不容易一个人把那只很重的箱子搬进了屋。
第十二章 被动语态翻译法
（1）And it is imagined bu many that the operations of the common mind can by no means be compared with the processed of these men of science,and that they have to be required by a sort of special training.许多人认为，普通人的思维活动根本无法和科学家的思维过程相比较，这些科学家的思维过程必须经过某种专门训练才能掌握。
（2）The mice which haunted my house were not the common ones which are said to have been introduced into the country,but a wild native kind not found in the village.经常在我房子里出没的老鼠不是人们所说的从外面带到本地来的那种普通老鼠，而是一种在村里看不到的本乡土的野鼠。
(3)Yet these two lived together in peace and sympathy, only that now and then old Henry would become unduly cranky,complaining almost invariably that something had been neglected or missed which was of no importance at all.然而两人老人一起过宁静、相依为命的生活，只是有时老亨利有些过分急躁，几乎没完没了地抱怨忘记了做某事或者没有做某事，而这些事情根本是无关紧要的。
（4）New sources of energy must be found,and this will take time,but it is not likely to result in any situation that will ever restore that sense of cheap and plentiful energy we have had in the
past.必须找到新的能源，这需要时间；而要恢复以往我们曾感觉到的那种能源既价廉又充足的情况是不大可能出现了的。
*Your inquiries for all types of electric goods would be appreciated.欢迎来函询购各种电器产品。
*The goods are urgently needed.Prompt shipment will be appreciated.急需此货，请即装运。（5）One private school served notice when it opened that “no person shall be considered as eligible who shall not be moving in the circle of Gentlemen,no retail trader being allowed in any circumstances to be so considered.” 一所私立学校在开学时发布通知说：“非绅士者不得进入本校，小商贩决不允许进入本校。”（6）During the postwar years in Germany honors were heaped upon Einstein.战后那些年，爱因斯坦在德国获得的荣誉一个接一个。
*Many of their evenings and most of their Sunday were passes in each other’s company.许多夜晚和大多数星期天他们都形影不离。
*Once Einstein showed that the speed of light was as fast as anything material could possibly travel, a terrible handicap was placed on the science-fiction writer.It would take so long to reach even fairly close stars that tales on a galactic scale became hopelessly complicated.爱因斯坦一旦证明出光速是物质运行的最大速度，便难倒了科幻作家。由于到相当今的恒星都要费不知多少时日，写星系间往来的故事就难以下笔了。
第十三章 翻译中句子结构的调整
（1）But just as all nations can benefit from the promise of this new world,no nation is immune to its perils.We all have a stake in building peace and prosperity, and in confronting threats that respects no borders-terrorism and drug trafficking,disease and environment destruction.但是，正如世界各国均会受益于这个新世界的美好前景一样，没有一个国家能够免遭其危险。缔造和平与繁荣，抵御不分跨越不同国界的诸多威胁-恐怖主义、贩毒、疾病和环境破坏，这些与我们大家都有着利害关系。
*It seems to me that time is ripe for the Department of Employment and the Department of Education to get together with the universities and produce a revised educational system that will make a more economic use of the wealth of talent, application and industry currently being wasted on diplomas and degree that no one wants to know about.在我看来，就业部门和教育部门同各所大学携手合作、改革教育制度，使之更加有效地利用学校丰富的人才资源，更加充分地发挥学生们的应用能力和发挥刻苦钻研精神，而不是像现在这样把一切都花费在无人想知道其意义的文凭和学位上，这一时机已经成熟。
（2）The most sensible people to be met with in society are men of business and of the world,who argue from what they see and know,instead of spinning cobweb distinctions of what things ought to be.商人和见过世面的人是我们在社会上能见到的最通达事理的人。他们讨论问题时从自己的所知所见出发，而不纠缠于事物的是非曲直。
（3）Nature seldom provides me with the word,the turn of phrase,that is appropriate without being far-fetched or commonplace.要做到用词、措辞恰到好处，既不牵强附会、又不落俗套，我天生少有这种本领。
*From the moment we stepped into the People’s Republic of China,care and kindness surrounded us on every side.一踏上中华人民共和国国土，我们就随时随地受到关怀与照顾。*Alarm began to take entire possession of him.他开始变得惊恐万状。
（4）We have a feeling in retrospect,amounting to a practical belief,that we could have left undone the things that we have done,and that we could have done the things that we ought to have done and did not do,and we accuse or else excuse ourselves accordingly.回首往事，总觉得有些事情我们本来可以不做，但却做了；有些事情我们本来应该去做，但却没有做。为此我们常常责备自己，要们原谅自己。这种感觉现在已经成为一种符合实际的观念。
*The assertion that it was difficult,if not impossible,for a people to enjoy its basic rights unless it was able to determine freely its political status and to ensure freely its economic,social,and cultural development was now scarcely contested.如果一个名族不能自由地决定其政治地位，不能自由地保证其经济、社会和文化的发展，要享受其基本权利，即使不可能，也是不容易的。这一诊断几乎是毋庸置疑的了。
（5）She was the product of the fancy,the feeling,the innate affection of the untutored but poetic mind of her mother combined with gravity and poise which were characteristic of her father.她的母亲从未受过教育，但却有着诗人般的智力：好幻想，易动情，天生富有爱心，而她父亲的特点是冷峻、沉着。她就是这样两种性情的人相结合的产物。
（6）Einstein confessed, “To make a goal of comfort or happiness has never appealed to me”.爱因斯坦承认：“我素来不喜欢把舒服或快乐当作人生目标。” *The little chap’s good-natured honest face won his way for him.这小伙子长相老实，看上起脾气也好，到处有人缘。
第十四章 英语主语的汉译法
（1）His weariness and the increasing heat determined him to sit down in the first convenient shade.由于他很疲惫，而且天气越来越热，于是他决定，一遇到有树荫就坐下来歇息一会儿。*A man of less courage would not have dared to work inside enemy headquarters.如果换一个勇气不足的人，那是绝对不敢在敌人的心脏地带工作的。
（2）Serious examination of the extent and quality of pre-college science teaching made recently has led to progress of reform and improvement that already have had profound impact on all aspects of elementary and secondary science education.最近对大学入学前自然科学教育的程度和质量进行了认真考察，据此形成了目前已经对基础科学教育和中等科学教育产生深刻影响的教育改革计划。
*The establishment of a solid manufacturing and mining industry has kept Victoria’s unemployment rate the lowest in the country.由于建立了实力雄厚的制造业和采矿业，使得维多利亚州的失业率一直是全国最低的。（3）Harriet Smith’s intimacy at Hartfield was soon a settled thing.哈利艾特.史密斯很快就跟哈特菲尔德建立了亲密的关系。
（4）The ocean covers three quarters of the earth’s surface,produces 90 percent of all its life-supporting oxygen, and is the driving force behind the entire weather system.海洋占地球表面四分之三。地球上维持生命的氧气，90%产生于海洋，整个天气系统变化的动力也是海洋。
（5）It is the insistence, as a first consideration,upon the interdependence of the various elements in,and parts of,the United states-a recognition of the old and permanently important manifestation of the American spirit of the the pioneer.我们首先应该考虑的是，坚持美国国内各种因素之间、各个部分之间的相互依赖关系-即承认体现传统的和永远重要的美国开拓精神。
*It dawned on me that I had left the oven on.我突然想起烘箱未曾关掉。
*An idiot hope struck me that they might think something had insulted me while I was writing the cheque and that I had changed my mind.我突然痴人说梦似地希望他们会以为我在写支票时有人冒犯了我，因而我改变了主意。
第十五章 正话反说、反话正说翻译法
(1)He killed all the chicken infected with the bird flu without exception.他把感染了禽流感的鸡一直不留地全部杀光了。
（2）All the employees strongly disapprove of the company’s new policy.所有雇员都强烈反对公司的新政策。
*The doubt was still unsolved after his repeated explanation.虽然他一再解释，但疑团仍然存在。
*Don’t draw your conclusion before the end of the year.到年底在下结论吧。
*He was an indecisive sort of person and always capricious.他这种人办事优柔寡断，而且总是出尔反尔。
*Hitler's undisguised effort to persecute the Jews met with worldwide condemnation.希特勒对犹太人赤裸裸的大肆迫害，这种行为遭到了全世界人民的谴责。*His arrogance displeased everyone present at the conference.他那傲慢的态度使得参加会议的所有人都感到气愤。*At least he was indirectly responsible for the accident.他对这次事故至少负有间接责任。
（3）Winners are not afraid to do their own thinking and to use their own knowledge.成功者敢于独立思考，敢于运用自己的知识．
*The United Organization has not,so far,justified the hopes while the people of the world set on it.到目前为止，联合国组织已经辜负了全世界人民对它所寄予的希望。*No refunds or exchanges without complete factory packing and sales slip.商品退换须有完整包装并出示发票。
*If you need any further help,please don’t hesitate to contact us.如需帮忙，请随时与我们联系。
(4)Admission by Invitation Only.非请莫入。
（5）He has not sacrificed sense to sound but to words,so he fails to make the reader understand the verse,let alone enjoy it and delight in it.他没有因声害意，却因词害意了，因此，他不能使读者理解原诗，更不用说“好之”或者“乐之”了。
*I think that you are missing the point here.我觉得在这一点上你们没有抓住问题的本质。
*Her husband hates to her stony face.她丈夫不愿见到她那张毫无表情的脸。
*The government official was removed from his office because of his neglect of duty.那位政府官员因玩忽职守而被撤销了职务。（6）Catching me making the same error again.我绝不会再犯同样的错误。
第十六章 定语从句的翻译法
（1）Most of the people who appear most often and most gloriously in the history books are great conquerors and generals and soldiers,whereas the people who really helped civilization forward are often never mentioned at all.历史书上出现得最经常和最为显耀的人物大多是一些伟大的征服者、将军和士兵，而那些真正推动文明前进的人却往往名不见经传。
*The sun,which had hidden all day,now came out in all its splendor.那个整天一直躲在云层里的太阳，现在又光芒四射露面了。
*Miggle’s laugh ,which was very infectious,broke the silence.米格尔那富有感染力的笑声打破了静寂。
（2）He unselfish contributed his uncommon talents and indefatigable spirit to the struggle which today brings them(those aims)within the reach of a majority of the human race.他将自己非凡的才智和不倦的精神无私献给了那次奋斗，那次奋斗今天已使人类大多数人实现那些目标。
*They have had to live the rest of their lives under the stigma that he had recklessly precipitated an action which wrecked the Summit Conference and conceivably could have launched a nuclear war.他们现在不得不背着臭名终其余生，这个臭名就是：他曾贸然采取一种行动，该行动破坏了峰会，并且证据确凿地有可能已触发一场核战争。
*The food supply will not increase nearly enough to match the growing population,which means that we are heading into a crisis in the matter of producing and marketing food.食物供应的增加将赶不上人口的增长，这意味着我们在粮食的生产和购销方面正陷入危机。（3）This will be epoch-making revolution in China’s social productive forces which will lay down the material foundation for the socialist and communist mode of production.这将是中国社会生产力方面的一次划时代的革命，将会为社会主义和共产主义的生产方式打下物质基础。
*His wife,Betty,is s Shanghai-born Chinese who left China at the age of eight, and whose book,Eighth Moon,tells of her sister Sansan’s life in China.他的妻子贝蒂是一位出生在上海的华人，8岁时离开中国，写过一本名为《八月》的书，技术了她妹妹姗姗在中国的生活。
（4）This was the period when Einstein began the research which resulted in the creation of his famous Theory of Relativity.就在这期间，爱因斯坦开始了一项研究。这项研究使得他成就了他那著名的相对论。*We have a social and political system which differs in many respects from your own.我们的社会、政治制度在许多方面与你们的不一样。
*It was a beautiful late-June morning,with fair-weather clouds and a light wind going,the grasses
long in the orchard-the kind of morning that always carries for me overtones of summer sadness.那是一个美丽的六月的早晨：天气晴朗，空中有淡淡的浮云，清风徐徐，果园里的草已经长得很高了-那样的早晨对于我来说似乎总有些不吉祥。
（5）Nowhere is the clash between development and environment more visible than in China,where the world’s largest population faces pollution,deforestation and acid rain on a large scale.在中国，发展与环境之间的矛盾表现得最为突出。这个世界上人口最多的国家正面临着环境污染、森林减少以及大范围的酸雨侵袭。
*A gulf had opened between them over which they looked at each other with eyes that were on either side a declaration of the deception suffered.在他们之间产生了一条鸿沟。双方隔着鸿沟相对而视，彼此的目光都在宣告了各自所遭受的对方的欺骗。
（6）I should want not merely to see the outline of her face,so that I could cherish it in my memory,but to study that face and find in it the living evidence of the sympathetic tenderness and patience with which she accomplished the difficult task of my education.我不仅渴望着看到她的脸庞，好让我把它珍藏在记忆中，而且渴望着端详那张脸，并从中找出活生生的证据来窥见她那富于同情心的温柔和耐心，因为她正是运用这种温柔和耐心，完成了教育我的这项艰难任务。
*My assistant,who had carefully read through the instruction before doing his experiment,could not obtain satisfactory results,because he followed them mechanically.我的助手虽然在做实验之前已从头至尾仔细阅读了说明书，但由于生搬硬套，就没有能够得出满意的结果。
（7）We believe that it is a serious responsibility of your government to insure that weapons which you have provided to Cuba are not employed to interfere with this surveillance which is so important to us all in obtaining reliable information on which improvements in the situation can be based.我们相信，贵国政府有重大责任来保护你们提供给古巴的武器不会用于干扰这种侦察行动，因为这种侦察行动对于我们双方获取改善局势所需要的可靠信息都是非常重要的。
第十七章 英语特殊句式的翻译
(1)It is not supposed to be easy for women to rise to the height of taking the large free view of anything-anything that calls for action.人们认为，妇女们对任何事情，尤其是需要采取行动的事情，都胸怀广阔，要达到这个境界是很难的。
*Make it the first object to be able fix and hold your attention upon your studies.要把专心致志于学业并在学业上持之以恒作为首要目标。
*I have heard it remarked by a statesman of high reputation that most great men have died of overeating themselves.我曾听到一位有民望的政治家说过：大多数伟人都是因吃得过多而命归黄泉的。
(2)George Washington was discretion itself in the use of speech,never taking advantage of an opponent,or seeking a short-lived triumph in a debate.乔治.华盛顿措辞十分谨慎，在辩论队中从不欺骗她的对手，也不贪求一时的胜利。*The winner was all smiles as he heard the results of the voting.听到投票结果，获胜者兴高采烈。
*To his superiors,he is humility itself.他对长辈非常谦恭。
（3）They say that he had no university education,but he seems to be something of a scholar.据说他并没有受过大学教育，但他看上去却有点儿学者的派头。
*He is more of a scholar than a teacher.与其说他是教师，不如说他是学者。
（4）So vast and so pervasive is the sea that if the earth’s crust were made level,ocean water would form a blanket over 8000 feet deep.海洋浩瀚无边、分布辽阔，如果将地球表层平整起来，海水就会以8000多英尺的深度覆盖着地球。
*Particularly remarkable,Mr.Holton said in an interview,is the extent to which their interest in physics dominates the correspondence despite their personal difficulties.尤其难能可贵的是，霍尔顿先生在一次会见中说，尽管他们各自都有困难，但他们在通信中队物理学的兴趣竟然站着最重要的位置。
（5）They are all too satisfied to take the opinions of others without the pain of thought for themselves.他们都非常满足于接受别人的意见，而自己懒得动脑筋去思考问题。
*They are too apt to keep their inferiors at a distance.他们对部下总爱抱着高高在上的态度。*English is not too difficult a language to learn as long as you make up your mind to learn it.只要你下定决心学习，英语是很容易学好的一种语言。
（6）Success in life does not depend so much on one’s school record as on one’s honesty and diligence.一个人一生中能否取得成功并不在取决于他在学校时的成绩，而是取决于他是否有诚信，是否勤奋。
*Law, in its true notion,is not so much the limitation as the direction of a free and intelligent man to his proper interest.法律，从真正意义上说，并不是限制一个自由而有智慧的公民的正当权益，而是引导他们享受其正当权益。
（7）In the Middle Age widespread use was made of arguments from analogy, on the belief that the universe formed an ordered structure and that the macrocosmic pattern of the whole is reproduced in the microcosmic pattern of parts so that it is possible to draw inferences by analogy from one to the other.在中世纪，广泛采用类推法的各种论点，这些论点基于下述观念，即宇宙形成一个有次序的结构，整体的宏观格局是部分微观格局的再现，因此，有可能通过类推法做出由此及彼的推断。
汉译英 课件2-4讲 6-7讲 课件2 语境与选词
*If this is true, I’ll challenge my decision.如果真是这样，我将重新考虑我的决定。
*Recent discoveries have challenged the old notion.最近的发现冲击了过去的概念。
*None of them challenged this resolution.他们无人对此决议提出异议/反对这项决议。
*Can you produce any evidences to challenge the fact? 你能拿出证据来否认/推翻这个事实吗？ *He managed to make a living with his pen.他靠写作勉强维生。
*They have their smiles and tears.他们也有自己的欢乐与悲哀。
*I have read Shakespeare, Mark Twain and Tolstoy.我读过莎士比亚、马克·吐温和托尔斯泰的作品。*Ignorance is the mother of fear as well as of superstition.无知是迷信的根源，也是恐惧的根源。
*The presence in China of Coca-cola, Mc-Donald’s and KFC has certainly helped spur the development of the domestic soft-drink and fast-food industries.可口可乐、麦当劳以及肯德基在中国的投资经营当然有助于促进国内的软饮料及快餐业的发展。
*Beware first-class travelers!Passengers sitting in the rear of a plane have the best chance of survival in the event of a crash, an extraordinary and costly aviation experiment ever conducted has revealed.头等舱的乘客要当心了！一项耗资巨大的特别飞行试验揭示，在坠机事故中生还机会最大的是坐在飞机尾部的乘客。
*心有余而力不足
One’s ability falls short of one’s __wishes____.*您的建议我会永远铭记在心。
I will always bear your advice in __mind___.*如果你忘了她的生日，她会很伤心的。
You’ll hurt her _feeling__ if you forget her birthday.*居心叵测
To nurse evil _ intentions____.*得人心者得天下
Those who gain _popularity__ among the people will gain the power.*劳心者治人，劳力者治于人
Those who work with _brain____ rule and those who work with their brawn are ruled.*哀莫大于心死
*The greatest despair comes from a devastated _heart__.*如果你留下来，我也要留下来。If you stay, I will, too.*小马也就是十二三岁，脸上还瘦。
Xiao ma was no more than twelve or thirteen years old, with a very lean face.*她怎么好好的就自杀了？这也怪了！
Why should she have committed suicide for no reason? It’s rather odd.*他对事情的进展情况也还满意。
He is quite satisfied with the way things went.*The aggressive nature of imperialism will never change.帝国主义侵略的本性是不会改变的。
*Jim was an aggressive engineer who did his job quite well.吉姆是个有进取心的工程师，他工作干得非常出色。*I wonder whether he is a Trojan Horse.我不知道他是不是一个内奸。
*He spent a whole month working out a detailed plan for marketing new products, but the marketing managers thought that he was just teaching his grandmother to suck eggs.他花了整整一个月的时间做了一份详细的新产品促销计划，可是市场营销经理们却认为他是在班门弄斧。
*虽说“罗卜、白菜保平安”是个理儿，但顿顿吃白菜，也会受不了的。
Although “some radish and Chinese cabbage everyday keeps the doctor away” is one truth, yet people can’t stand repeatedly eating cabbage at every meal.* 宜昌是巴楚文化的发源地，诞生了屈原、王昭君等千古风流人物。
Yichang City is the birthplace of Chinese Bachu Culture as well as many great personalities through the ages, such as the great poet Qu Yuan and the famous beauty Wang Zhaojun.课件3增词法：
*He is no longer the man he was.他不再是过去的他了。
*But over the last several years, China has been seeking to resume its contracting party status.近几年来，中国一直在寻求恢复其缔约国地位。*The crowd melted away.人群渐渐散开了。*This book is above me.这本书太难，我看不懂。
*Don’t take it seriously,.It’s only a joke.不要认真嘛！这不过是个玩笑而已。
*The roofs of this pagoda are constructed of colored glazed tiles of yellows and greens.这座宝塔的屋顶是用浓淡不同/深浅不一的黄色和绿色的琉璃瓦盖成的。
*Even today, poor, uneducated blacks do not always receive the same degree of justice that the affluent and better-educated can expect.即使是在今天，没有受过教育的贫困黑人并不总是能得到与受到良好教育的富人同等的公正待遇。
*Despite Kennedy’s assurances, the story started to leak.尽管肯尼迪反复/一再保证，事情还是泄漏了出来。
*We were lucky enough to be alive after the accident.We wouldn’t have the chance to sit here and reflect on that night.真是很幸运，在那次事故之后我们还活着/死里逃生/幸免于难。否则，我们不可能有机会坐在这里回想那天晚上的事。
*Courage in excess becomes foolhardiness, affection weakness, thrift avarice.勇敢过度即成蛮勇，情感过度即成软弱，节俭过度即成贪婪。
*Unemployment in black ghettos remained consistently higher than in white communities.Stable family life was difficult to maintain.黑人聚居区失业率始终高于白人社区，黑人/他们很难维持稳定的家庭生活。
*The purpose of engineering is to create useful goods, to make them better, cheaper, and more abundant.工程的目的是要创造有用的物品，使它们的质量更好/可靠，价格更低/便宜，数量更多/充足 *On the wings of hope, of love, of joy, Miss Meadows sped back to the music hall.美多斯小姐仿佛插上了希望的翅膀，爱情的翅膀，欢乐的翅膀，一路飞奔回到音乐厅。*The world has never seen a nation as big as China rise as far and as fast as China has in the past 20 years.过去20年里，全世界从未见过哪个崛起的国家有中国这样大、崛起的速度有中国这样快、影响有中国这样广。
*The veteran skydiver was in freefall for four minutes and 20 seconds before opening his red and white parachute and floating down to the desert in the US state of New Mexico.“I prepared for this for seven years.” he told ServusTV in Austria in his first interview after the leap.这位资深的跳伞员以自由落体飞行了4分钟20秒，随后打开了红白相间的降落伞，最终降落在了美国新墨西哥州的沙漠里。在跳伞成功后首次接受采访时，他告诉奥地利Servus电视台，“我已经为此准备了七年。” *请把这张表填一下，填完给我。
Please fill in this form, and give it to me when you have finished.*天气寒冷，河水都结冰了。
It was so cold that the river froze.*理论联系实际，这是我们应当牢记的一条原则。
That theory must go hand in hand with practice is a principle we should always keep in mind.*前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。
While the prospects are bright, the road has twists and turns.课件4 减词法
*He shrugged his shoulders, shook his head, cast up his eyes and said nothing.他耸耸肩，摇摇头，双眼朝上，一言不发。
*One must make painstaking efforts before one could succeed in mastering a foreign language.要掌握一门外语，非下苦功夫不可。
*If you give him an inch, he will take a mile.他会得寸进尺的。
*Radioactivity may cause illness that could be passed on to our children and grandchildren.放射会导致疾病发生并遗传给后代。/ 放射可以引起遗传性疾病。
*Doctors finds that a child’s eyes do not reach full development until about twelve years of age.医生发现，儿童的眼睛要到大约12岁才发育完全.*If you know the frequency, you can find the wavelength.（如果）知道频率，就可以求出波长.*It is human nature to love the true, the good, and the beautiful.喜爱真、善、美是人类的天性。
*He gave a great shout and ran out of the room.他大喊一声，从房间里跑了出来。
*Never get on or off the bus before it comes to a standstill.车未停稳,切勿上下.*To learn is not an easy matter and to apply what one has learned is even harder.学习不容易，应用更不易。
*These developing countries cover vast territories, encompass a large population and abound in natural resources.这些发展中国家，幅员辽阔，人口众多，资源丰富
*When your children are grown up they want to live their own lives, and if you continue to be as interested in them as you were when they were young, you are likely to become a burden to them, unless they are usually callous.孩子长大后就希望独立生活，你如果还像年幼时那样关注他们，就会成为他们的负担，除非他们对此麻木不仁。
*You can see a video of First Lady Michelle Obama playing ping-pong in China, hear her talk about the importance of studying abroad and view a picture of her huddling with her daughters with the Great Wall Of China snaking into the distance.What you won’t see, however, is a disclosure of how much her week-long trip in China cost.The White House has a longstanding policy—that stretches back decades—of not commenting on the costs of trips taken by first ladies, vice presidents and presidents.你可以看到美国第一夫人米歇尔·奥巴马在中国打乒乓球的飒爽英姿，可以听到她侃侃而谈出国留学的重要意义，也可以看到她手挽爱女在蜿蜒曲折的长城前合影留念，却无从得知她为期一周的行程花费几何。
多年来，白宫一直坚持不公开披露/评论总统、第一夫人及副总统的出访开支。*人们利用科学去了解自然，改造自然。
People use science to understand and change nature.*这些新型汽车速度快，效率高，行动灵活。These new cars are fast, efficient and handy.*多年来那个国家一直存在严重的失业现象。
For many years there has been serious unemployment in that country.课件 6 肯定与否定
*The proposal was carried by a very narrow margin.这项建议差点通不过。*We believe that the younger generation will prove worthy of our trust.我们相信，年轻一代将不会辜负我们的信任。
他随便看了一眼字条就走了。*He carelessly glanced through the note and *Men only weep when deeply hurt.got away.男儿有泪不轻弹（只因未到伤心时）
*The soldiers should fight to death before they surrendered.战士们宁愿战斗到死，决不投降。
*This machine is far from being complicated.这部机器一点也不复杂。
*The darkness was thinning, but the street was still dimly lighted.天渐渐有些亮了，然而街上还亮着暗淡的灯光。
*The significance of these incidents wasn’t lost on us.这些事件引起了我们的重视。
*Many mistakes in her composition escaped the careless teacher.那位老师很粗心，没有看出她作文中的许多错误。
*John was dying and only strangers stayed around him.约翰快要死了，周围一个亲人也没有。*The song is like nothing on Earth.此曲只应天上有。*Are you a father?
你有孩子吗？
*He dived into the water fully clothed and rescued the children.他衣服没脱就跳入水中，把孩子救了上来。
*Suddenly he heard a sound behind him, and realized that he was not alone in the garage.他突然听见背后有声音，便意识到车库里还有别人。
*No deposit will be refunded unless ticket pre-sented.凭票退还押金
*I have read your article, and I expected to meet an older man.我看过你的文章，没想到你这么年轻。*Western society cannot bring the remaining 5.1 billion people in less developed countries up to the Western consumptive “standard of living” without exhausting the earth’s resources.西方社会要让欠发达国家的51亿人口都达到西方消耗型的”生活标准“，必然将地
球的资源消耗殆尽。
*No one ever gave me directions like this on a golf course before: “Aim at either Microsoft or IBM.”
平生第一次有人在高尔夫球场向我发出这样的指令：“瞄准微软或IBM方向。” *He would do anything he was asked to do but return to his old life.叫他干什么他都愿意，只要不再过以往那种日子就行。
*All the chemical energy of the fuel is not converted into heat.并非燃料中的所有化学能都可转为热能。*She loved him too well not to detect from the deepened line between his eyes that he had received an unexpected blow.她深爱着他，从他眉宇间那加深了的皱纹间，她不会看不出他受到了突如其来的打击。
*那位老人能不停地游泳达三个小时以上。
The old man could swim continuously for more than three hours.*开始学英语时，讲英语不可能不犯错误。
At the beginning of learning English, you can't speak it without making mistakes.*汤姆这次期末考试不及格。
Tom failed in the final examination.*玛丽不愿意去很远的地方工作。
Mary is reluctant to work in the far place.*没有设备，我们就自己制造。
Short of equipment, we make it on our own.* 他的解释不能让人满意。
His explanation is far from satisfactory.*他无权签订这份合同。
It’s beyond his power to sign this contract.*我们的生活条件和他们一样糟。
Our living conditions are no better than theirs.课件 7 英语主语与汉语主题
*When he had to speak ,his confidence *那家饭店菜不错。
They serve good food in that restaurant.*我突然有了一个好主意。
A good idea suddenly strikes me.*下雨了，我们没法来。
The rain prevented us from coming.*她听到这个好消息后不禁流泪了。
suddenly deserted him.不得不说话时，他突然失去了信心。*The beautiful scenery gained the place quite a reputation.这个地方因景色优美而出名。
*His name slips my mind.我一下子想不起他的名字了。
*Dusk heard the boy cry in the street.黄昏的时候，这个小孩在街上哭.*The idea grew with him as he grew into manhood.他成年了，而他的想法也随之成熟了。*Attitudes towards money vary from person to person.人们对于金钱的态度各自不同。*His slowness lost him the chance.由于动作迟缓，他错过了机会。*The motor refused to start.这马达就是发动不起来。
*The thick carpet killed the sound of my footsteps.我走在厚厚的地毯上，一点脚步声也没有。*One step brought us into the family sitting-room, without any passage.未经任何过道，我们一步便迈进了这家人的客厅。
*Her eyes tell me that something must have happened.她的眼神告诉我，一定出了什么事儿了。*处处都有热心人。
There are warm-hearted people everywhere.*在纽约，这段时候可以常常听到圣诞歌声。
Usually at this time of the year, Christmas carols can be heard all over New York.The good news brought tears to her eyes.*当夜幕降临时，他离目的地还有好几英里路。
Nightfall found him many miles short of his destination.*我一看到那棵树，就会想起童年的情景。
The sight of the big tree always reminds me of my childhood.*我疏忽了这个问题。
This issue slipped my attention.*工作之后，我却渐渐对过节不感兴趣了。
After I started my career, my interest in festival-celebrating began to fade.*他两天就抽完一包烟。
a.He finishes a pack of cigarettes in two days.b.A pack of cigarettes lasts him only two days.c.It takes him only two days to finish a pack of cigarettes.*已经有数千人在持续了一年的内战中丧生。
a.Thousands of people have died in the civil war, which broke out a year ago.b.The civil war, which has been going on for a year, has claimed thousands of lives.c.The death toll of the civil war, which broke out a year ago, has amounted to several thousand.
第二篇：英汉对比翻译
英汉对比与翻译
被动与主动
英语多用被动句，而汉语少用被动句，多采用主动的表达方式。
英语常用被动句，主要有以下几方面的原因：
1.施事的原因。
A 施事未知而难以言明。
B 施事从上下文中可以不言自明。
C 施事不如受事重要，或受事需要强调。
D 由于特殊的原因而不要指明施事，如为了使叙述显得圆通，得体，或为了表达某种微妙的情绪。
Some things have been said here tonight that ought not to have been spoken.今晚有人在此讲了些不该讲的话。
2.句法的要求。
A 为了使句子承上启下，前后连贯，便于衔接。
Some kinds of plastics can be forced through machines which separate them into long, thin things, called “fibres”, and these fibres can be made into cloth.B 为了保持句子平衡。
I was astounded that he was prepared to give me a job
3.修辞的考虑。
英语修辞学主张不要过分使用被动句，但适当使用被动句可以使表达方法灵活多变，避免句型单调，达到一定的修辞效果。
4.文体的需要。
某些文体较多使用被动句，以迎合其表达的需要。例如科技文体，新闻文体，公文文体等，以显客观，正式。
It‟s traditional among technical writers to keep themselves in the background, to exclude personal pronouns and emphasize their work instead.由于铝总是和其他元素结合在一起的，所以，在自然界找不到处于游离状态的铝。
原译: Since aluminium is always combined with other elements in nature, we can never find it.Since aluminium is always combined with other elements in nature, it is never found free.我们将理论设想与模拟实验结果进行比较，发现该理论设想完全可以应用于电力系统。
The theoretical prediction was compared to the results from simulated tests and was found to be applicable to power system.汉语少用被动句
汉语的被动语态有较明显的消极情态色彩，历史上曾经被称为 “不幸语态”(the Inflictive-Voice)。
汉语中实际存在两种被动句：
一是有形态标志的被动句。
形态标志主要指的是“被，受，遭”等词语，又称为结构被动句。
The aged should be respected everywhere.老人应到处受到尊敬。
She was caught in the downpour.她叫大雨淋着了。
The dictionaries have been affected with damp.字典受潮了。
Two-thirds of the area are covered with immense forests of pine, spruce and birch.面积的三分之二由广阔的松林,云杉林和白桦林所覆盖。
If this suggestion is accepted, it should not be considered as a precedent.如果此建议被接受,以后不得引以为例。
We were received with great honor and kindness in your great country.我们在贵国受到过隆重和盛情的接待。
另一种被动句是无形态标志的被动句，又称为意义被动句。
杯子打了。
这个座位占了。
新产品总是好卖。
那个技术性难题很难解决。
Only objects struck by the light are visible.只有被光照到的东西才能被看见。
光照到的物体是可见的。
汉译英
A 汉语的“意义被动句”译为英语的被动语态。
军备竞赛必须制止。
The arms race must be stopped.我们的团结进一步加强了。
Our unity has been further strengthened.B.汉语的无主句往往转换成英语被动句。
必须保证8小时睡眠。
Eight hours‟ sleep must be guaranteed.发现了错误，一定要改正。
Wrongs must be righted when they are discovered.C.有时将主动句转移为英语被动句是为了上下文的连贯，使句子之间的衔接紧密自然。
那个孩子在街上玩，一辆摩托车把他撞伤了。
The boy playing in the street was injured by a motorcycle.他出现在舞台上，观众给予热烈鼓掌。
He appeared on the stage and was warmly applauded by the audience.英译汉中的一个普遍而又可理解的现象:不适当的乱用”被”。
Unless something is moved, no work is done.除非某种东西被移动，否则功就不会被完成。
除非某种东西发生了移动，否则就没有功。
英译汉
A
转换成汉语的意义被动句。
Solution to the problem was ultimately found.这个问题的解决办法终于找到了。
On their domestic stations events in the Middle East were dismissed briefly.在他们国内电台的广播中，中东事件只轻描淡写地报导了一下。
B 变状语或其他成分为主语，把原主语转换成宾语。
Friction can be reduced and the life of the machine prolonged by lubrication.润滑能减少摩擦,延长机器寿命。
C 如原句无表施动者的状语，考虑到汉语的表达习惯，可适当填词，如 “人, 人们,大家,我们”。
The lecture is considered very important for beginners.大家认为这个讲座对初学者来说很重要。
Although the first synthetic materials were created little more than a hundred years ago, they can now be found almost everywhere.虽然首批合成材料仅在一百多年前才研制出来，但现在人们几乎都到处能见到它们。
D 转换成汉语无主句。
A force is needed to stop a moving body.要使运动的物体停下来，就需要施加力。
E 有些英语被动句被动意义很弱，侧重强调或肯定某一事实或行为的存在，可按原句语序译成汉语“是„.的”判断句。
History is made by the people.历史是人民创造的。
The credit system in America was first adopted by Harvard University in 1872.美国的学分制是一八七二年在哈佛大学首先实施的。
F 用“加以”，“予以”等字眼。
These problems should be resolved at an appropriate time with an appropriate means.这些问题应当在适当的时候，以适当的方式加以解决。
Our prisoners of war must be repaired without further delay.我们的战俘必须毫不延迟地予以遣返。
英语被动语态有其独到的修辞功能.比较:
The games of the 29th Olympiad in 2008 are awarded to the city of Beijing.Beijing has been awarded the games of the 29th Olympiad.在翻译被动语态时,句尾信息核心原则(the Principle of Endfocus)不可遗忘。
应用文翻译
应用文就体裁而言，几乎涵盖当今政治，经济，社会，文化生活的各个领域，包括政府文件，告示，科技论文，新闻报道，法律文书，商贸信函，产品说明书，使用手册，广告，技术文本，科普读物，旅游指南（tourist guidebook）等各类文本。
应用文翻译有别于文学翻译。
按照功能翻译学派的理论：翻译是一种有目的的交际活动。在这一过程中，译者应该根据客户或委托人的要求，结合翻译的目的和译语读者的具体情况，来决定原语文本信息的选择，翻译策略的运用及译文的表现形式，以满足不同文本的功能。
文本类型分类
按照文本功能，文本可分为三种：
表达型文本(expressive texts)
信息型文本(informative texts)
呼唤型文本(vocative texts)
表达型文本的核心是作者的思想，其在文本中的地位是神圣的，因而作者的个性成分构成了表达型文本的表达要素，包括他所要传递的思想，信息以及表达思想的方式。
Question: 哪些体裁属于表达型文本？
文学作品，私人书信等
信息型文本中，信息传达的“真实性”是这类文本的“核心”，而作者在文本中只是处于一种“匿名”的地位，作者的个人写作手法，风格或者个人成分不再重要。
Question: 哪些体裁属于信息型文本？
科技报告，法律文书，合同，商品说明书等。
对于信息型文本（科技，法律，新闻）的翻译来说，其侧重点在于信息的准确传递。在这些文体当中，引起读者的晦涩，曲解是大忌。因此，与一般的翻译文本不同，在形式与内容的关系上，它往往注重内容而轻形式，为突出信息传递的效果不惜改变原文形式。它不像文学作品那样追求对文学形象的审美体验。
The contract was declared null and void by the competent authority.主管部门宣布合同无效。
We are looking forward with interest to your reply.盼复。
Hijacked Jets Destroy Twin Towers and Hit Pentagon.恐怖分子劫持客机撞向世贸双塔，美国国防部五角大楼也遭突袭。
呼唤型文本中，由于文本的“核心”是“读者层”，是需要呼唤读者去感受，反应，行动，因而文本作者的身份并不重要，包括他在文本中体现的个人成分：思想，风格。
Question: 哪些体裁属于呼唤型文本？
广告，包括商品，旅游广告等
对于呼唤型文本的翻译来说，其目的在于诱导。非常注重读者的反应。意在唤起读者去体验去行动，它更看重的是译文的效果而不是原文。
在翻译策略上，基本以“归化”为主流。
以目的语读者为中心，顺从译文读者的欣赏习惯和心理感受，尽量使用他们所熟悉的语言表达形式，减少信息交流与文化交流的障碍，去获取译文预期的效果。甚至原文的信息都可以考虑增删，改动，以配合读者的需要。这是它大大不同于文学翻译的地方。
M＆M’ melts in your mouth, not in your hands.只溶于口,不溶于手。
Where there is a way for car, there is a Toyota.车到山前必有路，有路必有丰田车。
Not all cars are created equal.古有千里马,今有三菱车。
总而言之，在具体的操作中，很少有文本是只有单纯一种功能的，大部分文本都是以一种功能为主而其他二者兼而有之。因此，译者必须首先确定一种文本的主要功能，或在同一文本不同部分确定每一部分的语言功能，从而有针对性地采用相应的翻译策略和手法，或忠实传递原文信息，或顾及译文读者，注重译文效果。
英汉旅游文本对比与翻译
旅游文本包括旅游景点介绍，旅游宣传广告，旅游告示标牌，民俗风情画册等。
旅游资料是一种大众化的，喜闻乐见的通俗读物，它的目的就是要让普通游客读懂看懂并能从中获取相关的自然，地理，文化，风俗等方面的知识，并有到此一游的愿望。
旅游资料主要有两个功能：一是传递信息；二是诱导行动。其功能更像商品广告，目的是要吸引游客，最大限度地取得旅游产品的预期功能。
英汉旅游文本的差异
满树金花，芳香四溢的金桂；花白如雪，香气扑鼻的银桂；红里透黄，花多味浓的紫砂桂；花色似银，季季有花的四季桂，竟相开放，争妍媲美。进入桂花公园，阵阵桂花花香扑鼻而来。
The Park of Sweet Osmanthus is noted for its profusion of osmanthus.Flowers from these trees in different colors are in full bloom, which pervade the whole garden with the fragrance of their blossoms.Tiny islands are strung around the edge of the peninsula like a pearl necklace: hunks of coral reef, coconut palms and fine white sand.座座岛屿玲珑小巧，紧密相连，像一串珍珠缀成的项链，环绕着半岛边缘。岛上椰树成片，沙滩如银，四周满是红色的珊瑚礁，景色如诗如画。
英文旅游文体大多简洁，明了，客观力求忠实再现自然。最忌罗嗦堆砌，失其自然流畅之美。
汉语讲究四言八句，言辞华美，声情并茂，诗情画意盎然，情景相融，虚实相生，充满了意境美，色彩美，音韵美，情感美，极大地迎合了中华民族的审美心理和欣赏习惯。
英汉互译
汉译英------修辞性减译
英译汉------修辞性增译
Venice invites idleness and strolling.Its silence is restful and its sundials are inscribed with the words: Horas non mumero nisi serenas(I count only the happy hours).威尼斯是人们休闲解闷，闲庭信步的好去处，她宁静从容，闲适悠然，连城中的日就上都刻着这样的铭文：“只记幸福时光”。
阿坝州风光秀丽，山河壮美。座座雪峰耸入云霄，原始森林遮天盖地，莽莽草原花团锦簇，叠溪遗迹神秘奥妙，瀑布溪流蜿蜒跌宕，高山湖泊灿若明珠，藏羌村寨别具一格，肥沃河谷瓜果飘乡。
The beautiful landscapes of Aba Prefecture feature towering snow-clad mountains, crisscrossing rivers, and boundless forests and grassland.On this fertile land are peculiar geological ruins, fantastic streams and waterfalls, alpine lakes, and Tibetan and Qiang villages.注释性增译或改译
The earliest recorded eruption of Vesuvius occurred in 79 A.D.and destroyed Pompeii.有记录记载的最早的维苏威火山喷发是在公元79年，摧毁了庞贝古城。
归化
As one of the Four Tigers in Asia, Hong Kong is also known as the Oriental Pearl and the Shopping Paradise.作为亚洲四小龙之一的香港，同样被誉为“东方之珠”和“购物天堂”。
Singapore, the smallest nation in Asia, occupies a 225 square mile expanse of swamping, tropical islands---an area about the size of Trenton, New Jersay.亚洲最小的国家新加坡是一个热带国家，原是一片洼地，面积为225平方英里，远不如香港的一半大。
英汉企业推介文本的差异与翻译
企业推介文本是对外宣传企事业单位形象的一个主要途径，用最直接有效的方式让国外读者或消费者了解自己，以促成购买的欲望与行为。
企业推介文本属于呼唤型文本，其翻译的核心是传递信息，感染受众。
英汉企业推介文本的差异
内容
语言
内容
我国企业在推介自己时，多在炫耀自己是成功者，竭力为读者树立一个强大而可靠的形象，以博取消费者的信赖。
我国的简介在内容上常常千篇一律，一般都是包括企业的经营性质，注册资金，从业人员，厂房占地面积，产品介绍，获奖情况等。
英文的推介显得灵活轻松，以人为本，客观具体，突出信息功能，把功夫放在给读者留下切实可行的印象上。
语言
汉语修辞讲究词句整齐对仗，声韵和谐。重视凝练概括，辞藻华丽。大量渲染烘托，夸大煽情。常常用响亮的口号作为结尾。
英语
不示人以其艺术性的艺术是最高的艺术。
这一修辞传统造成西方话语推崇质朴自然，在平实中显生动，重客观表述事实，不提倡文字表达重过分张扬，空洞无物，重复堆砌。因此，英语企业推介文本行文简洁直接，信息明确，逻辑条理清楚，一目了然。
精制老北京二锅头”为北京特产。已具百年历史，因具独特风格而蜚声华夏。该酒以红高粱为原料，采用传统工艺精制而成。本品清香纯正，醇甜绵柔，爽净协调，余味悠长，实为宴朋赠友之上品---精制老北京二锅头。
西凤酒是久负盛誉的名酒之一，远在唐代就被列为珍品，北宋末年，苏东坡任职凤翔，酷爱此酒，随之盛名益彰。1910年西凤酒参加南洋赛酒会获奖，随获世界声誉。
西凤酒清澈透明，香气浓郁，醇厚圆润，回味悠长，别具一格。饮后令人神声清爽，有通胃祛劳之功，历为广大群众所喜爱。---西凤酒
绵竹“剑南春”酒，久负盛名，曾多次荣获各种奖励，1989年荣获国家优质金奖，为中外人士赞赏。
“剑南春”历史悠久，唐人李肇《国史补》一书已有记载。
它是用高粱，大米，糯米，小麦，玉米酿造，具有芳香浓郁，醇和甘甜，清冽净爽，余味悠长的特点，是宴席馈赠之佳品。---剑南春
中铁XXX局集团有限公司是一支修建铁路，公路，承担市政建设，工业与民用建筑，设备安装，火电，水利水电，机场，港口，矿山建筑与安装的大型专业施工队伍。现有员工XXX名，拥有各类专业技术干部XXX名。
企业资产总值XXX亿多元，年施工能力XXX亿元以上，拥有各类大中型施工机械设备XXX台（套），拥有世界先进，国内一流的隧道，桥梁，铺架高等级公路和大型图示方机械化施工生产线，在全国500家最大经营规模建筑企业排序中名列第XXX位。
1999年通过ISO9002质量体系认证，获得英国UKAS证书，并取得国家对外开展经济合作业务的资格。2002年取得“铁路工程施工总承包特级”主项资质，进入全国99家特级企业行列。2003年通过GB/T28001职业安全健康管理体系和ISO14001环境管理体系认可。
公司先后被授予“全国工程建设管理先进单位”，“全国先进建筑施工企业”，“全国思想政治工作优秀企业”荣誉称号，连年被辽宁省信誉评级委员会评定为特级（AAA）信誉企业。
China Railway XXX Bureau Group Corporation is a builder comprehensively engaged in the construction for railways, highways and airports, civil engineering, water conservancy, thermalpower/ hydropower projects, mine building and equipment installations.The corporation has XXX employees among whom xxx are professional technicians.Well equipped with xxx large-and-medium-sized construction equipment and a world-advanced productive line in the mechanized construction for tunnels, bridges, expressways and large-scale earthworks, it possesses a total capital of more than RMB xxx billion with an annual productive capacity of over RMB x billion, ranking xx among the 500 largest construction enterprises in China.Entitled to be a superfine contractor in railway construction by the state in 2002, it was authorized as one of the 99 superfine enterprises in China.处在世纪之交的XXX 铁路车辆（集团）有限责任公司，正在奋力实现“再现国家队雄风，再造新世纪辉煌，再为社会主义增光”的宏伟愿望，朝着“发展规模集团化，产品品种系列化，市场营销国际化，经营格局多元化，企业规模现代化”的目标迈进。公司将一如既往地坚持“信誉第一，用户至上”的宗旨，不仅以更多的高质量，高品位，高档次的新产品满足市场，而且以良好的作风，为广大用户提供一流的全过程的服务。
At the turn of the century, XXX Railway Rolling Stock(Group)Co.Ltd, is now striving hard in confidence and well on the way towards a global-market-oriented enterprise group to be well developed in management, marketing and product series.Focusing on our clients, we will continue with our credit to provide our customers with high quality and advanced products as well as our cover-all services.天津师范大学是一所综合性的重点高等师范院校，诞生于1958年，随着共和国的成长，她也历经磨砺，走过了三十多年的风风雨雨。三十多年来，一批批德才兼备的教学，科研和管理人员汇集在这里，怀着振兴天津，振兴教育的希冀，在这块土地上默默地耕耘。春华秋实，硕果累累，两万多名教育教学人才走出学校大门，足迹遍及全国，桃李满天下。他们献身教育，殚思竭虑，为撑起教育的脊梁，托起明天的太阳。
Founded in 1958,the University has entered its fourth decade with a remarkable record of both hardship and achievements.It is now ranked as one of the key institutions of teacher training in China.In the past thirty years, hundreds of talented teachers, researchers and administrators have gathered and worked here in a continuous endeavor to meet the ever-increasing demands for educators both in Tianjin and the rest of the country.More than 20 thousand students have graduated from the University and are now teaching nationwide.They have dedicated their wisdom and energy to the educational needs of the country in the firm conviction that future of China lies in the education of the younger generation.国内外受众的思维共性，心理习惯，信息需求和言语表现方式等都有相当大的差异。
因此，在翻译企业推介文本时，应充分考虑译本受众的接受倾向，采取恰当的翻译策略。
文化差异与翻译
征婚广告
男，未婚，36岁，身高172米，北京市某公司总经理，大学毕业，朴实自信。当过军人，记者，城市有私人豪华住宅（带泳池）及轿车。觅25岁以下，漂亮纯情，中专文化的女性，凭照片简历试缘。
女，48岁，身高1.58，有婚史，独居，初中文化，体健貌端，气质高雅，在某市工作，觅60岁以下（大中城市），65岁以下（海外），身高1.65以上，开朗大方，经济条件优裕的男士为伴。
S/W/M, 5‟10‟‟,165.Ibs., blonde hair, blue eyes, seeking attractive, slim lady between 28&40, who likes to go dancing and have a good time.I am social drinker.Enjoy 50‟s and 80‟s and country music, dancing, dining out, cookouts, sports.Great sense of humor but also a serious side.Please send photo and phone number.Thank you.S/W/F, 31, 5‟6‟‟, blonde and tan!Seeking sun loving male, 26-42.Must be affectionate, honest, caring.But also can get wild and crazy!Interests: Romantic weekends, beaches, fishing, camping, cuddling, auto races, barbecues, flea markets.Loving for friendship or relationship? Enjoy summer activities? Pick up that pen and write！Photo and phone number.文化是一种复杂体，它包括知识，信仰，艺术，道德，法律，风俗，以及其余社会上习得的能力与习惯。
语言，文化与翻译
如同在做心脏手术时人们不能忽略心脏以外的身体其他部分一样，我们在翻译时也不能冒险将翻译的言语内容和文化分开来处理。
------Susan Bassnett
To do translation, you have to be both a bilingual and a bicultural.（1）ecological culture
（2）material culture
（3）social culture
（4）religious culture
（5）linguistic culture
ecological culture
挥金如土 ；瑞雪兆丰年；
揠苗助长；解甲归田；瓜熟蒂落；
俯首甘为孺子牛 ；
黔驴技穷；人心齐，泰山移；
不到黄河心不死，不到长城非好汉。
福如东海，寿比南山。
all at sea
burn one‟s boats
sail before the wind
keep one‟s head above water
to sink or swim
to go with the stream
to clear the decks
all at sea
plain sailing
to rest on one‟s oars
to spend money like water
How many winter days have I seen him, standing blue-nosed in the snow and east wind.Shall I compare thee to a summer‟s day Thou art more lovely and more temperate.力大如牛---------as strong as a horse
老黄牛--------work like a horse
狐朋狗党
狗急跳墙 狼心狗肺 狗腿子
狗嘴里吐不出象牙
lucky dog
Every dog has his day.Love me, love my dog.Barking dogs never bite.2.物质文化对比
巧媳妇做不出没米的饭，叫我怎么样呢？
Even the cleverest housewife can‟t cook a meal without rice.What do you expect me to do?
I don‟t see what I am supposed to do without any capital.Even the cleverest housewife can‟t make bread without flour.3.社会文化对比
天下真有这样标致的人物，我今儿才算见了！况且这通身的气派，竟不像老祖宗的外孙女儿，竟是个嫡亲的孙女，怨不得老祖宗天天口头心头一时不忘，只可怜我这妹妹这样命苦，怎么姑妈偏就去世了！
4.宗教文化对比
谋事在人，成事在天。
Man proposes, Heaven disposes.Man proposes, God disposes.周瑞家的听了笑道：“阿弥陀佛，真坑死人的事儿！等十年都未必这样巧的呢。”
Gracious Buddha!” Mrs.Zhou chuckled.“How terrible chancy!You might wait for ten years without such a run of luck.”
God bless my soul!” Zhou Rui‟s wife exclaimed.“You would certainly need some patience!Why, you might wait ten years before getting all those things at the proper times.”
5.语言文化对比
宝钗笑道：“我说你得陇望蜀呢。我劝你且缓一缓。”
她有沉鱼落雁之容，闭月羞花之貌。
不要失了你的时了！你自己只觉得中了一个相公，就‘癞蛤蟆想吃起天鹅肉’来！
难道这也是个痴丫头，又像颦儿来葬花不成？” 因又自笑道：“若真也葬花，可谓东施效颦；不但不为新奇，而且更是可厌。
文化的差异给翻译带来的困难
词汇空缺
词义冲突
联想意义不同
词汇空缺
我属鸡。我从来不吃鸡。鸡年是我的本命年。
钱先生周岁时“抓周”，抓了一本书，因此得名“钟书”。
文化空缺不仅体现在词汇层面，还体现在语言层面。
表现在：语言韵律，修辞格，句子的长短，句子结构的紧凑或松散，篇章的层次，段落的排列组合，衔接等。
嘴上无毛,说话不牢。
Downy lips make thoughtless slips.哼!你别看我耳朵聋---可我的心并不聋啊!
Hem!Although my ears are dull of hearing, my mind is not dull of apprehension.长相思
白居易
汴水流，泗水流，流到瓜洲古渡头，吴山点点愁。
思悠悠，恨悠悠，恨到归时方始休，月明人倚楼。
Everlasting Longing Bai Juyi See the Bian River flow, And the Si River flow!By Ancient Ferry, mingling waves, they go, The Southern Hills reflect my woe.My thought stretches endlessly, My grief wretches endlessly, So thus my husband comes to me，Alone on moon---lit balcony.鲁大海：放开我，你们这群强盗！
周 萍： 把他拉下去！
鲁侍萍：这真是一群强盗！
（走到周萍面前）你是萍，„„凭---凭什么打我儿子？
Hai:
Let go of me, you hooligans!
Ping: Hustle him outside!
Ma:
You are hooligans, too!(going across to Zhou Ping)You‟re my---mighty free with your fists!What right have you to hit my son?
词义冲突
联想意义不同
等我性子上来，把这‘醋罐子’打个稀烂，他才认的我呢！
人家是醋罐子，他是醋缸，醋瓮！
“这断子绝孙的阿Q！”远远地听到小尼姑的带哭的声音。
一见面是寒暄，寒暄之后说我“胖了”，说我“胖了”之后即大骂其新党。（鲁迅《祝福》）
语言的融合鳄鱼的眼泪------crocodile tears
橄榄枝------olive branch
特洛伊木马------Trojan horse
酸葡萄------sour grapes
白色污染------white pollution
语言的融合 绿色食品------green food
网上购物------on-line shopping
快餐------fast food
网址------website
民主；科学；逻辑；雷达；维他命；超市
翻译方法
1.直译法
直译指在一定程度上保留原文的语言表现形式，但前提条件是译文必须为译语读者所理解与接受------通顺易解。
奈达：最好的翻译应该读起来不像翻译。
又要马儿好，又要马儿不吃草。
You want the horse to run fast and you don‟t let it graze.叫一声请，一起举箸，却如风卷残云一般，遭去了一半。看那周先生时，一箸也不曾下。
At the signal to begin, they fell to with their chopsticks, like a whirlwind scattering wisps of cloud.And half the food had gone before they noticed that Chou Chin had not eaten a bite.她有沉鱼落雁之容，闭月羞花之貌。
Her beauty would make the fish sink, the wild goose fall down, the moon hide herself, and put the flowers to shame.2.套用法
在保留原有意义的前提下，套用或借用译语表达方式来代替原语的表达。
壮得像头牛---as strong as a horse
聪明无比---as wise as an owl
胆小如鼠---as timid as a hare
急得像热锅上的蚂蚁---as nervous as a cat on a hot tin roof
海底捞针---to look for a needle in a haystack
想是翟家这奴才，走下乡狐假虎威着实恐吓了他一场。
It‟s all the fault of this rascal Chai.He goes down to the villages like a donkey in a lion‟s hide, and he must have scared this painter fellow out of his wits.宝玉忙道：“只是这姑娘可好，你们大爷怎么就中意了？”香菱笑道：“一则是天缘，二来是‘情人眼里出西施’。
---What‟s the girl like? How did he come to take a fancy to her?
---It‟s partly fate, and partly a case of “Beauty is in the eyes of the beholder.”
不要失了你的时了！你自己只觉得中了一个相公，就‘癞蛤蟆想吃起天鹅肉’来！
“Don‟t be a fool!” he roared.“Just passing one examination has turned your head completely---you‟re like a toad trying to swallow a swan!”
宝钗笑道：“我说你得陇望蜀呢。我劝你且缓一缓。”
Bao-chai laughed.“You‟re like the famous general, „one conquest breeds appetite for another‟.I advise you to take things more gently.”
需注意：尽量避免使用译语中的具有典型民族文化特征的词语------不要给洋 人穿上长袍马褂。
as wise as Solomon 智如诸葛
to teach one‟s grandmother to suck eggs.夫子庙前卖文章，关公面前耍大刀。
Two heads are better than one.三个臭皮匠，胜过一个诸葛亮。
3.直译加注法
这种方法既保留了原文的文化与语言色彩，又能为译语读者所理解。
人家是醋罐子，他是醋缸，醋瓮！
They call jealous people “vinegar bottles”, don‟t they? Well, she‟s not just a bottle full of vinegar;she‟s a storage jar---a whole cistern---full of it!
一见面是寒暄，寒暄之后说我“胖了”，说我“胖了”之后即大骂其新党。（鲁迅《祝福》）
After exchanging a few polite remarks when we met, he observed that I looked fat, and having made that complimentary remark he started a violent attack on the revolutionaries.“难道这也是个痴丫头，又像颦儿来葬花不成？” 因又自笑道：“若真也葬花，可谓东施效颦；不但不为新奇，而且更是可厌。”
Can this be some silly maid coming here to bury flowers like Frowner?” he wondered.He was reminded of Zhuang-zi‟s story of the beautiful Xi-shi‟s ugly neighbor, whose endeavor to imitate the little frown that made Xi-shi captivating produced an effect so hideous that people ran from her in terror.The recollection of it made him smile.“This is „imitating the Frowner‟ with a vengeance,‟” he thought, “---if that is really what she is doing, not merely unoriginal, but downright disgusting!
“这断子绝孙的阿Q！”远远地听到小尼姑的带哭的声音。
“Ah Q, may you die sonless!” sounded the little nun‟s voice tearfully in the distance.(---a curse intolerable to hear in China)
我属鸡。我从来不吃鸡。鸡年是我的本命年。
I was born in the Year of the Rooster.I never eat chicken.The Year of the Rooster will bring me good luck or bad luck.Note: Chinese people traditionally use 12 animals, representing the 12 Earthly Branches, to symbolize the year in which a person is born.Spring Festival 1993, for example, is the first day of the Year of the Rooster.People born in this year have the rooster as their life symbol.All other years of the rooster, according to an old Chinese saying, become either good-or-bad-luck years for them.钱先生周岁时“抓周”，抓了一本书，因此得名“钟书”。
When Qian was just one year old, he was told by his parents to choose one thing among many others, he picked up a book of all things.Thereupon his father very gladly gave him the name: Zhongshu(=book lover).意译法
由于英汉两种语言存在巨大差异，意译是不可避免的。意译的好处是译文易懂，但失去了原文的文化与语言色彩。
Free translation is the last resort.等我性子上来，把这‘醋罐子’打个稀烂，他才认的我呢！
Y:
“One of these days when I really lose my temper, I‟m going to give that vinegary bitch a good beating to show her who‟s master here.”
H: One of these days when I get my temper up I‟m going to lay into that jealous bitch and break every bone in her body.Then perhaps she‟ll know who‟s master round here.宝钗笑道：“我说你得陇望蜀呢。我劝你且缓一缓。”
Bao-chai laughed.“You‟re like the famous general, „one conquest breeds appetite for another‟.I advise you to take things more gently.”
“The more you get, the more you want!” Chuckled Pao-Chai.天下真有这样标致的人物，我今儿才算见了！况且这通身的气派，竟不像老祖宗的外孙女儿，竟是个嫡亲的孙女，怨不得老祖宗天天口头心头一时不忘，只可怜我这妹妹这样命苦，怎么姑妈偏就去世了！
This is the first time I‟ve set eyes on such a ravishing beauty.Her whole air is so distinguished!She doesn‟t take after her father, son-in-law of our Old-Ancestress, but looks more like a Jia.No wonder our Old Ancestress couldn‟t put you out of her mind and was for ever talking or thinking about you.But poor ill-fated little cousin, losing your mother so young!
人家是醋罐子，他是醋缸，醋瓮！
They call jealous people „vinegar bottles‟, don‟t they? Well, she‟s not just a bottle full of vinegar;she‟s a storage jar---a whole cistern---full of it!
If other women are jealous, she‟s a hundred times.她有沉鱼落雁之容，闭月羞花之貌。
Her beauty would make the fish sink, the wild goose fall down and the moon hide herself, and put the flowers to shame.Her beauty is beyond description.除了我这间房,大院里还有二十多间呢。一共住着多少家子，谁说得清？住两间房的就不多，又搭上今儿个搬来，明儿个又搬走。我没那么好的记性。大家见面，招呼声“吃了吗?”透着和气。
Besides the room we occupy there are twenty more rooms in the same compound.How many families live there, only God knows.Those who occupy two rooms are very few.Besides, they are always on the go，moving in today and moving out tomorrow.I haven‟t got such a good memory as to remember all that.When people meet, they greet with each other with a Hi, just to show their good neighborly feelings.
第三篇：英汉口译教程单词总结
英汉口译教程（词汇部分）
Unit2:礼仪祝词
开幕/闭幕式 opening/closing ceremony
开幕词 opening speech/address
致开幕词 make an opening speech
友好访问 goodwill visit
阁下 Your/His/Her Honor/Excellency
贵宾 distinguished guest
尊敬的市长先生 Respected Mr.Mayor
远道而来/来自大洋彼岸的朋友 friends coming from a distant land/the other side of the Pacific
东道国 host country
宣布„„开幕 declare„„open
值此之际 on the occasion of
借此机会 take this opportunity to
以„„名义 in the name of
本着„„精神 in the spirit of
代表 on the behalf of
由衷的谢意 heartfelt thanks
友好款待 gracious hospitality
正式邀请 official invitation 回顾过去 look back on
展望未来 look ahead/look into the future
最后 in closing
圆满成功 a complete success
提议祝酒 propose a toast
第二部分词语扩展
一、政治词汇
亚太地区 Asian-Pacific region
建交 establishment of diplomatic relations between
互访 exchange of visit
外交政策 foreign policy
一贯奉行 in persistent pursuit of
平等互利 equality and mutual benefit
双边关系 bilateral relations
持久和平lasting peace
二、政治词汇
贸易额 trade volume
商业界 business community
跨国公司 transnational corporation
经济强国/经济大国/经济列强（视具体情况翻译）economic power
纪念
in commemoration of;to commemorate;to observe 庆祝
in celebration of;to celebrate;to observe 司仪 MC(Master of Ceremony)签字仪式 signing ceremony
致欢迎词 to give /deliver a welcoming speech/address;Speech of welcome
告别辞
farewell speech/address;Valediction(an act of saying goodbye, esp.on very important or formal occasions)
出席宴会的贵宾有 it is my pleasure to introduce / I have the honor to introduce / I would like to introduce the honored guests attending the banquet „
6女士们、先生们、朋友们Dear friends, ladies and gentlemen
7各位领导贵宾们女士们、先生们同志们、朋友们 Honorable leaders, distinguished guests, dear comrades and friends, ladies and gentlemen，阁下 Your/His/Her Excellency 殿下 Your/His/Her Royal Highness
皇帝陛下 Your/His/Her Imperial Majesty
尊敬的首相„„亲王殿下
Respected Mr.Prime Minister, your Highness Prince „ 敬爱的„„阁下
Your Excellency Respected and Dear „ 尊敬的阁下
Your Excellency Respected „„„
总理阁下及夫人
Mr.Prime Minister and Mrs.„„„ 国王和王后殿下 Their Majestie 值此„„之际
on the occasion of „ 第三部分例句
1.我愿借此机会，代表我们代表团的全体成员，对我们东道主的诚挚邀请，表示真诚的谢意。
On the behalf of all the members of my mission, I would like to take this opportunity to express our sincere thanks to our host for their earnest invitation.2.现在，我愉快地宣布第二十二届万国邮政联盟大会开幕。
Now, I have the pleasure to declare the 22nd Universal Postal Congress open.3.我很荣幸地代表中国政府和人民向来自联合王国的代表团表示热烈的欢迎。
I have the honor to express this warm welcome on behalf of the Chinese Government and people to the delegation from the United Kingdom.4.我谨向各位表示最热烈的欢迎。
I would like to extend my warmest welocme to all of you.5.我预祝大会圆满成功！
I wish the conference a complete success!8我代表中国政府和人民并以我个人的名义向贵国人民致以亲切的问候和良好的祝愿I would like/wish to extend, on behalf of the Chinese government and people and in my own name, our cordial greetings and best wishes to your people.9中国有句古话说有朋自远方来不亦乐乎 There is an old saying in Chinese which goes: “Isn’t it a great pleasure /joy to have fiends coming from afar?”
/
As a Chinese saying goes, “Nothing is more delightful than meeting friends from far away.”
我非常愉快地„„
It is with great pleasure that I „;I have the great pleasure to „ 我为能„„而深感愉快
It gives me great pleasure to „
10我很荣幸地代表中国政府和人民向„„代表团表示热烈的欢迎 I have the honor to extend, on behalf of the Chinese government and people, our warm welcome to the „ delegation.11请允许我向远道而来的贵宾们表示热烈的欢迎和亲切的问候 Allow me to express our warm welcome and gracious greetings to our distinguished guests from afar
12我们为能接待„„而深感骄傲和荣幸 We are very proud and honored to receive „(such a group of distinguished political leaders)
13对我本人来说这是一个非常愉快和令人难忘的机会This is also a very happy and memorable occasion for me personally.s King „and the Qu 14这使我有极好的机会来拜访老朋友结识新朋友
It provides me with an excellent opportunity to meet old friends and make new ones.15今天我们能够在北京接待以„„为首的„„感到格外的愉快和高兴 Today we are especially pleased and happy to receive in Beijing „led by „
16今天晚上我能够参加„„为„„举行的宴会感到十分高兴和荣幸 I’m very happy and honored this evening to attend this banquet given by „ in honor of „
17今天我们怀着极为兴奋的心情在这里集会欢迎„„ We assemble/are gathered here today with great elation to welcome „
18今天晚上我们在这里设宴欢迎应„„邀请前来我国访问的„„阁下和„„的其他贵宾感到十分荣幸和快慰。
We are very much honored and pleased to give a banquet this evening in honor if His Excellency …and the other distinguished guests from … who have come to visit China at the invitation of … 请允许我邀请各位与我一起举杯为我们两国的友谊和合作干杯 May I ask you to join me a toast to the friendship and cooperation between our two countries.为„„的健康干杯 to the health of „
20我愿借此机会感谢„„的热情好客和周到安排
I’d like to take this opportunity to thank … for the warm hospitality and thoughtful arrangements
Unit3：体育
国际奥委会
The International Olympic Committee /IOC 奥委会主席 The chairman of the International Olympic Committee 伦敦奥组委
London Organizing Committee 远离兴奋剂 Reject doping 可持续发展
Sustainable development 国家体育场 the National Stadium 国家游泳中心 the National Aquatics 兴奋剂 doping 世界纪录保持者 world-record holder 奖牌榜 medal standings、metal tally 会徽Emblem 顽强的意志和拼搏的精神 fortitude and perseverance 以压倒性优势胜出 secret ballot 电视直播 live broadcast 吉祥物mascot 健身keep fit 爆发出雷鸣般的欢呼声和掌声burst into thunderous cheers and applause 全运会运动项目： 1足球 Football 2篮球 Basketball 3排球 Volleyball
4自行车 Bicycle
5.现代五项(击剑、游泳、马术、跑射)Modern Pentathlon(fencing, swimming, equestrian, run shot)6.田径Track and field
7.铁人三项Triathlon 8.武术套路Wushu Routine 9.艺术体操
Rhythmic Gymnastics 10举重.Weightlifting
11.击剑 Fencing
12游泳 swim 13.跳水Diving
14.Wrestling摔跤 1 5Archery射箭 16.射击Shooting 17.Judo柔道
18.Taekwondo
跆拳道 19.Horsemanship 马术 20.Golf 高尔夫球 21.Rugby 橄榄球 22.Marathon马拉松 23.Tennis 网球 24.Gymnastics体操
25.花样游泳Synchronized Swimming
26.Baseball棒球
27.field hockey曲棍球 28.Softball垒球 29.Kayaking皮划艇 0.Rowing赛艇
31激流回旋Slalom 32.Windsurfing帆板
33、Sailboat帆船
34、Water polo 水球 35.Handball 手球
36、Table tennis 乒乓球
37、Game Open Waters 公开水域 38.Boxing拳击
39.Beach Volleyball沙滩排球 40.Wushu Sanda武术散打 41.蹦床Trampoline 42.羽毛球Badminton
Unit4：旅游
WTO
World Tourism Organization 世界旅游组织
WATA
World Association of Travel Agencies 世界旅行社协会 ISOT
World Office of Social Tourism国际社会旅游局
WTTC
World Tourist and Travel Council 世界旅游及旅行理事会
时差反应 jet lag 旅游收入 tourism receipts/earnings/revenue 观光旅游 sighting tour 民俗旅游 folk customs tour 生态旅游 ecological tour 出入境游客 inbound and outbound tourist 民风民俗 folk custom 名胜古迹 scenic spots and historical sites 文化古迹 cultural relics 世界奇迹 world wonder 奇峰 grotesque peak 圣地sacred peak
人间天堂 paradise on earth 淡季Low season 旺季Peak season 平季Shoulder season
往返机票Round-trip ticket 单程机票One-way ticket
海关申报处Customs service area
行李领取处Luggage/baggage claim area 避暑胜地Summer resorts
出土文物Unearthed cultural relics
古建筑群Ancient architectural complex 徒步旅行Trekking holiday 高原反应Altitude stress 奇珍异宝Rare treasure
青山绿水green hills and clear waters
绿色葱葱lush green /luxuriant vegetation
百花竞放Hundreds of flowers contend to blossom
奇峰罗列rows of perilous peaks exhibiting a great variety of shapes 拔地而起to rise abruptly from the ground
光怪陆离grouped into grotesque and colorful forms
赏心悦目 pleasing to the eye /a feast to the eye
园林建筑 garden architecture
佛教名山 famous Buddhist mountains
顶礼膜拜 to worship /to pay homage to
人如潮涌with throngs of people milling around
空前绝后 to be unprecedented /to have no parallel in history 姿态逼真 lifelike /vivid as if alive
光彩夺目 emitting radiant sparkles
绵延山峦 rolling ranges
湖光山色 landscape of lakes and hills 景色如画 Picturesque
诱人景色 inviting views
景色宜人soothing vista
自然景观 natural scenery/attraction 人文景观 places of historic figures and cultural heritage 名山大川 famous mountains and great rivers 名胜古迹 scenic spots and historical sites 佛教名山 famous Buddhist mountain 五岳 five great mountains 避暑山庄 mountain resort 度假胜地 holiday resort 避暑胜地 summer resort 自然保护区 nature reserve 国家公园 national park 旅游景点 tourist attraction 古建筑群 ancient architectural complex
河湖交错river 田园村舍field and village 气势磅礴magnificent 无边无际boundless 如诗如画painting 姹紫嫣红a blaze of bright colors
四通八达extend in all directions
崇山峻岭steep mountain
焕然一新take on an entirely new look
惟妙惟肖
remarkable true to life
Unit5：教育
学前教育pre-school education 初等教育 elementary education 中等教育secondary education 高等教育higher/tertiary education 成人教育adult education 基础教育basic education
扫盲教育education for illiterates 职业技术教育vocational and technical education 文盲率illiteracy rate 师范大学normal/teacher’s university/college 助学金tuition assistance 直属教育部directly under the Ministry of Education 尊师重教respect teachers and value education 人才强国战略the strategy of making China stronger by producing more outstanding personnel 弘扬~~的良好风气foster an environment of„ 国家教育委员会State Education Commission 强强合并 merger of the strong 揭牌仪式 unveiling ceremony，inauguration 科教兴国 to rejuvenate the country through science and education 教育方针 education policy
实现高等教育大众化 to strive for providing higher education to a majority of people 全面推进素质教育 to provide an education with all-round development in schools and higher-learning institutions 教师资格认定 teacher qualification accreditation 教学方法创新 innovation in pedagogy 考评 evaluation of one’s professional work 教师教学质量评估 instruction performance quality assessment scheme 应试教育 exam-oriented education system 因材施教原则 principle of individualized instruction 招生简章 prospectus 择优录取 merit-based enrollment 准考证 exam admission card 品学兼优 intellectual and moral excellence 基本框架 basic framework
办学效益 efficiency in school management
协调发展 coordinated and balanced program of development 教育投入 input in education
优化教师队伍 optimize the teaching staff 实行分区规划 practice regional planning 社会参与 communal participation 新增劳动力 incoming labor force 基础科学 the fundamentals 学分制 the credit system
三学期制 the trimester system
双学士制 a double BA degree system
主副修制 a system of a major field of specialization plus a minor field 师范学院 teachers' college
工业大学 polytechnic university 工业学院 engineering institute 农业大学 agricultural university 农学院 agricultural college 医科大学 medical university 医学院 medical college/school
中医院 institute of traditional Chinese medicine 音乐学院 conservatory of music 美术学院 academy of fine arts 体育学院 physical culture institute 分校 branch school 重点学校 key school
业余学校 spare-time school
Unit6：科学技术
Tidal power
潮汐能 Geothermal power
地热能 Fossil fuel
化石燃料 W/㎡瓦特/平方米
Solar constant
太阳常数 Ultraviolet
紫外线
Wind turbine
风力涡轮机 Ferocious
猛烈的 Implication
影响 Utility plant
民用电站 Nuclear weapons proliferation
核武器扩散 Uranium
铀
stem cells
干细胞 genetic engineering
基因工程 Clone
克隆
genetically modified foods(GM foods)
转基因食品 immune system
免疫系统 plastic surgery
Orthodontics
Human Genome Project
Mutation
nervous system
物理：
1.功率 power 2.稳定性 stability 3.载荷 load 4.概率 probability 5.势能 potential energy 6.动量 momentum 7.电流 current 8.直流电 direct current 9.交流电alternating current 10.电压 voltage 11.变压器transformer 12.静态的 static 13.动态的 dynamic 14.薄膜 thin film 15.量子理论quantum theory 16.黑洞 black hole 17.参数parameter 18.变量 variable 19.因子factor 20.乘法、繁殖multiply
21.光学optics 22.合金alloy 23.陶瓷ceramics 24.不对称 asymmetry 25.摩擦 friction 26.流体力学 fluid mechanics 27.重力，地心引力gravity 28.work 做功
整形手术 牙齿矫正
人类基因组织计划突变
神经系统
29.辐射radiation 30.杠杆作用，杠杆效率leverage 31.声纳sonar 32.分贝decibel 33.漂白bleach 34.锅炉boiler 35.沸点boiling point 36.晶体管transistor 37.容量capacity 38.离心力centrifugal force 39.向心力centripetal force 40.电荷charge 41.带电粒子charged particle 42.公式formula 43.等式equation 44.净化器cleaner 45.系数coefficient 46.生化biochemistry 47.压缩compression 48.传导性conductivity 49.导体conductor 50.常数constant 51.含量content 52.转化conversion 53.冷却器cooler
54.自动化automation 55.临界点critical point 56.晶化crystallize 57.纹理 texture 58.电磁辐射 electromagnetic radiation 59.中子neutron 60.统计学statistics 61.等离子plasma 62.奇点 singularity 63.湿度humidity 64.频率frequency
65.频谱frequency spectrum 66.动力学dynamics 67.力学 mechanics 68.重心center of gravity 69.撞击，冲击impact 70.电力系统power system 71.绝缘insulation 72.磁场magnetic field 73.放电discharge
74.断电，停电blackout 75.放射性的radioactive 76.分子 molecule 77.金属metal
78.钙calcium 79.二氧化硫sulfur dioxide
80.氢弹H-bomb 81.原子 atom
82.核 nucleus
83.暗物质 dark matter 84.零点能 zero energy 85.发动机motor 86.磁暴 magnetic storm 87.超新星 Supernova 88.相对论 theory of relativity 89.大爆炸理论 Big Bang Theory 100.光年 light year 101.紫外光 UV(ultraviolet)radiation 102.红外线 infrared ray 103.可见光 visible light 104.混沌 chaos 105.波长 wavelength 106.电极electrode 107.保险丝，熔丝fuse 108.波谱，光谱spectrum 109.泵 pump 110.属性property 111.特征 characteristic 112．负极 negative pole.113.正极 positive pole 114.定理theorem 115.计算 calculation 116.运算 operation 117.假设 hypothesis, hypotheses(pl.)118.命题 proposition 119.统计statistics 120.平均数 average 121.加权平均数 weighted average 122.方差 variance 123.标准差standard deviation 124.比例propotion 125.百分比 percent 126.百分点 percentage 127.百分位数 percentile 128.排列 permutation 129.组合 combination 130.图表 graph 131.条形统计图 bar graph 132.柱形统计图 histogram 133.曲线统计图 curve diagram 134.扇形统计图 pie diagram 135.常量 constant 136.变量 variable 137.算术 arithmetic 138.和 sum
环境资源：
1.京都议定书 Kyoto Protocol 2.太阳电池solar cell 3.酸雨 acid rain 4.太阳能 solar energy 5.温室效应greenhouse effect 6.水资源 Water Resources 7.核能nuclear energy 8.循环经济 Recycling Economy 9.气压计barometer 10.臭氧层 ozone layer 11.煤气coal gas 12.玷污contamination 13.可替代能源alternative energy 14.生物多样性bio-diversity 15.动物栖息地habitat 16.除草剂herbicide 17.热岛效应 heat island effect 18.不降解的 non-degradable 19.绿党green party 20.燃料fuel 21.能源危机energy crisis 22.废气exhaust gas 23.垃圾掩埋地 landfill 24.误用，滥用misuse 25.可再生资源renewable energy sources 26.天然资源，自然资源 natural resources 27.濒危物种 endangered species 28.寿命 life expectancy, life span 29.可持续发展sustainable development 30.气候变化climate change 31.温室气体greenhouse gases 32.有毒的 poisonous, toxic 33.侵蚀erosion 34.处理掉（废品等）dispose 35.污染物pollutant 36.信风trade wind 37.热带的tropical 38.海啸tsunami 39.毛毛雨drizzle 40.雨夹雪sleet 41.冰雹hail 42.冻雨ice rain 43.气流air current
44.气流侵袭air intrusion 45.气团air mass 46.酸雾acid mist
47.大气化学air chemistry
48.航空气候学aeronautical climatology 49.余震aftershock
50.绿化，造林afforestation
UNIT 7：社会与家庭
Cramped
狭小的
Anonymous
默默无闻的 Apartment mortgage
房屋按揭 Immediate pressure
瞬时压力 Fiancee未婚妻
Post-industry society
后工业社会
Informal General Assemble
联合国大会关于两性平等和增 debate on gender equality and the
强妇女能力的 Empowerment of women Unabated
有增无减 Toll
伤害 Cover up
遮盖 Tacitly condone
默许 Follow-up
后续工作 UN resolution
联合国决议
Peacebuilding Commission
建设和评委员会 Human Rights Council
人权理事会 家庭类型单词（胡明明）
DINK
丁客家庭 nuclear family
核心家庭 Stem family
主干家庭 joint family
联合家庭 single parent family
单亲家庭 reconstituted family
重组家庭 儿童问题词汇
儿童维权者
child advocate
素质教育
quality-oriented education / education for all-round development 寓教于乐
edutainment / to combine education with entertainment 农村留守儿童
left-behind children in rural area 救助失学儿童
儿童权益
参议院农业委员会
卢旺达儿童问题词汇（钱嫣荷）
genocide
reconciliation
orphan
Agahozo-Shalom
Mass killings
Anne Herman
Kinyarwanda
Hebrew
Provide assistance to dropouts
rights of children
Senate Agriculture Committee 种族灭绝；灭绝整个种族的大屠杀 和解；调和；和谐；甘愿
孤儿
青年村的名字 大规模屠杀
安妮海曼 卢旺达语
希伯来语
第四篇：英汉实用翻译教学大纲
《英汉实用翻译》教学大纲
课程名称：英汉实用翻译课程代码：
课程类别：专业必修课
教学时数： ３６节（每学期）／2学时每周；总学时：７２节 学分：４学分
适用范围：中英文秘／经贸英语／英语新闻／英语教育等专业 考核方式：闭卷笔试制订日期：２００６年３月
前言
我国的改革开放、经济建设以及社会发展均需要大量高素质实用型专业人才，本着“授人以鱼，不如授人以渔”的指导思想，我国高等教育越来越重视大学生实用专业技能的培养，英汉实用翻译正是为此目的而开设的专业实用技能课程，在简单介绍英汉翻译常识和理论的基础上，本课程拟通过大量引自国际贸易文书、单证和实务中实例的翻译和译法的讨论，简略地归纳和总结一些最为常用和实用的英汉翻译技巧，然后依据所学技巧，广泛练习，与各类国际贸易实用文体的学习相结合，融会贯通，培养学生正确翻译各类实用文体的能力，以便在较短的时间里初步适应社会的要求，正确运用技巧，独立应对用人单位的英汉笔头翻译任务。
课程性质、教学目标与要求：
本课程是为我校英语系所有专业方向学生开设专业技能必修课程，开设时间以第四、五学期为宜，可避免和减少不必要的外界冲击。教学目标是向同学们传授英汉翻译的初步思维策略和处理各类实用涉外文书翻译的基本技巧，并在此基础上，引导同学们识别和了解不同涉外文书文体特色。课程要求同学们在大量实践的基础上不断提高英汉翻译技能并增强双语的表达能力，以便本段学业完成之后能够进一步自学或深造，并能初步适应和完成可能接手的涉外文秘和英汉翻译工作。
教学内容：
第一部分、英译汉基本思维策略
１、对翻译工作者的要求
（１）良好的英语语言和文化修养
（２）扎实的母语语言文化基本功
（３）跨文化意识的培养和形成（４）初步了解翻译的基本理论和技巧
（５）养成良好的职业操守和工作习惯
（６）正确有效的利用工具和传媒
２、英汉翻译理论和常识简介
（１）翻译的定义
（２）翻译的种类
（３）翻译的过程
（４）翻译的标准
（５）涉外文书翻译的基本原则：总则和细则
文体之分，标准之异
格式、语体、措辞、行文等
第二部分、翻译的基本技巧
（１）注意词义的精当再现
一词多义和词义的判断与选择
语境和词义的引申
如何再现源语的语体色彩
如何发挥译文语言的优势
（２）活用及形式、视点转换技巧
合度增益与减省
词类的转换
反面着笔
语态的转译技巧
（３）翻译基本表达手段的运用
直译法、意译法及二者之间的相互关系以及如何选择运用的问题，其他辅助性的变通和补偿手段简介
第三部分、各类涉外文书的翻译
（１）外贸信函的特点与翻译
格式问题
称呼与结尾礼辞
措辞问题
摘译问题
（２）涉外广告的特点与翻译
涉外广告标题、口号的句法与修辞特点
涉外广告标题、口号的翻译
涉外广告标题、口号的翻译中应注意的问题
广告正文的特点与翻译
广告正文翻译中存在的主要问题
商标与品名的特点及翻译
（３）涉外合同的特点与翻译
条理性
规范性
严谨性
（４）涉外文书常用词语的翻译
be interested in
appreciate
(be)subject to
responsible for/ responsibility 与 liable for/ liability
abide by / comply with;according to / in accordance
with / in line with
against
offer, quote / quotation, bid
if, in case 及其它
shall及其它
（５）企业名称的翻译
英语公司及企业名称的汉译
汉语公司及企业名称的英译
技法小结
主导教材：刘季春《实用翻译教程》，中山大学出版社，１９９６年
辅助教材：冯庆华，《实用翻译教程》，上海外语教育出版社，１９９５年；张培基等，《英汉翻译教程》，上海外语教育出版社，１９８２年； 华先发等，《新编大学英译汉教程》，上海外语教育出版社，２００４年
自编讲义
考核方式：闭卷笔试
平时表现与作业（３0%）； 期末考试（７0%）
学时分配计划
第一部分：１０节
第二部分：２６节（第一、二部分在第一学期完成）第三部分：３６节（第三部分在第二学期完成）
第五篇：英汉习语文化翻译论文
关键字：意义 表面 差异 表达 形象 文化 历史 研究 翻译 作用 弯曲 压电 隐含 字面 下的 金属电极 屈曲
习语是某一语言在使用过程中形成的独特的固定的表达方式。本文所要讨论的习语是广义的、包括成语、谚语、歇后语、典故等。英汉两种语言历史悠久，包含着大量的习语，它们或含蓄、幽默、或严肃、典雅，不仅言简意赅，而且形象生动，妙趣横和，给人一种美的享受。由于地理、历史、宗教信仰、生活习俗等方面的差异，英汉习语承载着不民的民族文化特色和文化信息，它们与文化传统紧密相连，不可分割。习语中的文化因素往往是翻译中的难点。本文试图借助语用学的理论，对英汉习语的翻译作一些探索。
美车哲学教授H.p.Grice在他的Meaning一书中把话语的意义分为自然意义（natural meaning）和非自然意义（non-natural
meaning）两种。话语的非自然意义指人们意欲表达的意义，即在特定的场合下表达出交际者意图的语用隐含意义。这就是Grice的会话含意（conversational
implicature）理论的基础。那么，由于英汉两种语言的文化背景的差异，同样字面意义、形象意义的话语文章可能具有完全不同的隐含意义。隐含意义才是说话人或作者所要表达的意义。根据我们的观察，英汉习语之间的多方面差异可归为两类：一是形象意义的差异，一是隐含意义（包括褒贬义）的差异，而它们都是字面以外的意义，是文化差异的具体反映。由此出发，本文提出了英汉习语文化意义翻译的具体原则和方法。
一、英汉习语中所反映的文化差异
朱光潜先生在《谈翻译》一文中说：“外国文学最难了解和翻译的第一是联想的意义……”，“它带有特殊的情感氛围，甚深广而微妙，在字典中无从找出，对文学却极要紧。如果我们不熟悉一国的人情风俗和文化历史背景，对于文字的这种意义就茫然，尤其是在翻译时这种字义最不易应付。”英国文化人类学家爱德华·泰勒在《原始文化》（1871）一书中，首次把文化作为一个概念提了出来，并表述为：“文化是一种复杂，它包括知识、信仰、艺术、道德、法律、风俗以及其作社会上习得的能力与习惯。”可见文化的覆盖面很广，它是一个复要的系统。语言作为文化的一个组成部分，反映一个民族丰富多彩的方化现象。我们经过归纳总结认为，英汉习语所反是非曲直的文化差异主要表现在以下几个方面：
1、生存环境的差异
习语的产生与人们的劳动和生活密切相关。英国是一个岛国，历史上航海业曾一度领先世界；而汉民族在亚洲大陆生活繁衍，人们的生活离不开土地。比喻花钱浪费，大手大脚，英语是spend
money like water，而汉语是“挥金如土”。英语中有许多关于船和水的习语，在汉语中没有完全相同的对应习语，如to rest on
one’s oars（暂时歇一歇），to keep one’s head above water（奋力图存），all at sea（不知所措）等等。
在汉语的文化氛围中，“东风”即是“春天的风”，夏天常与酷署炎热联系在一起，“赤日炎炎似火烧”、“骄阳似火”是常被用来描述夏天的词语。而英国地处西半球，北温带，海洋性气候，报告春天消息的却是西风，英国著名诗人雪莱的《西风颂》正是对春的讴歌。英国的夏季正是温馨宜人的季节，常与
“可爱”、“温和”、“美好”相连。莎士比亚在他的一首十四行诗中把爱人比作夏天，Shall I compare thee to a summer’s
day?/Thou art more lovely and more temperate。
2、习俗差异
英汉习俗差异是多方面的，最典型的莫过于在对狗这种动物的态度上。狗在汉语中是一种卑微的动物。汉语中与狗有关的习语大都含有贬意：“狐朋狗党”、“狗急跳墙”、“狼心狗肺”、“狗腿子”等，尽管近些年来养庞物狗的人数大大增加，狗的“地位”似乎有所改变，但狗的贬义形象却深深地留在汉语言文化中。而在西方英语国家，狗被认为是人类最忠诚的朋友。英语中有关狗的习语除了一部分因受其他语言的影响而含有贬义外，大部分都没有贬义。在英语习语中，常以狗的形象来比喻人的行为。如You
are a lucky dog（你是一个幸运儿），Every dog has his day（凡人皆有得意日），Old dog will mot
learn mew tricks（老人学不了新东西）等等。形容人“病得厉害”用sick as a dog，“累极了”是dog-tired。与此相反，中国人十分喜爱猫，用“馋猫”比喻人贪嘴，常有亲呢的成份，而在西方文化中，“猫”被用来比喻“包藏祸心的女人”。
3、宗教信仰方面
与宗教信仰有关的习语也大量地出在在英汉语言中。佛教传入中国已有一千多年的历史，人们相信有“佛主”在左右着人世间的一切，与此有关的习语很多，如“借花献佛”、“闲时不烧香，临时抱佛脚”等。在西方许多国家，特别是在英美，人们信奉基督教，相关的习语如Good
helps those who help themselves（上帝帮助自助的人），也有Go to hell（下地狱去）这样的诅咒。
4、历史典故
英汉两种语言中还有大量由历史典故形成的习语，这些习语结构简单，意义深远，往往是不能单从字面意义去理解和翻译的。如“东施效颦”、“名落孙山”、“叶公好龙”等等。英语典故习语多来自《圣经》和希腊罗马神话，如Achilles’heel（唯一致命弱点）、meet
one’s waterloo（一败涂地）、penelope’s web（永远完不成的工作）、a pandora’s box（潘多拉之盒棗灾难、麻烦、祸害的根源）等。
二、英汉习语翻译的具体原则和方法
关于翻译标准，中外翻译理论家们提出了不同的主张。从严复的“信、达、雅”，傅雷的“重神似不重形似”，到张培基先生提出的“忠实通顺”；从瞿秋白的“等同概念”，到美国著名的翻译理论家Eugene
A·Nidar的“功能对等（functional equivalence）”或“动态对等（dynamic equivalence）”，我们可以看出，这些主张是相互影响、互为补充、不断完善的，虽然侧重点有所不同，但中心要结晶都是译文要忠实准确地表达原文的意义，保持原作的风格，忠实反是非曲直原作的面貌。所谓忠实表达原文的意义，应指忠实表达原文的字面意义、形象意义和隐含意义三个方面。但是，并不是原文的每句话、每个习语、词汇都同时具备三种意义，有的可能只有字面意义，没有形象意义；有的可能兼有字面意义和形象意义，但没有隐含意义。尤其是，任何两处语言文化都不可能完相同。
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