美国外交名词解释问答

第一篇：美国外交名词解释问答

罗斯福推论

罗斯福推论是20世纪初美国第26任总统西奥多·罗斯福对美国第五任总统詹姆斯·门罗宣布的门罗主义的最为重要的一次引申，它的核心是美国可以更具自己的逻辑任意武装干涉拉丁美洲，以实现“美洲是美国人的美洲”的独霸西半球的野心。以“罗斯福推论”为基础的拉美政策知道美国第三十二人总统富兰克林·罗斯福推行针对美洲的“睦邻政策”才宣告结束，时间跨度长达三十年，美国这一时期对拉美国家的外交政策深深打上了“罗斯福推论”的烙印。

大棒政策

美国第二十六届总统西奥多·罗斯福提出和实行的以武力威胁和战争讹诈的外交政策。1903年，他提出了臭名昭著的“大棒政策”即：美国必须在手中握有一根结实的大棒。他说，如果美利坚民族说得温和一些，同事却建立一支训练的海军，则门罗主义可以做更多的事。美国的大棒政策和塔夫脱提出的“金元外交”政策使得拉丁美洲各国在不同程度上成为了美国的附庸国。

金元外交

美国总统塔夫脱提出的美国用经济扩张手段来控制拉美等地区的经济，使各国日益依附于美国外交政策。他宣称美国对外政策的特点就是用美元代替枪弹，利用经济渗透和施加压力，这就是“金元外交”的要义。美国的大棒政策和金元外交的结果就是使拉丁美会走各国不同程度上变成了美国的附庸国。

美西战争

1898~1899年美国为夺取西班牙殖民地而发动的一场重新瓜分西班牙殖民地的帝国主义战争。这是美国垄断资产阶级为了扩大商品销售市场、夺取廉价原料和新的投资场所而发动的一场帝国主义战争。1898年美国以缅因号爆炸沉没为借口对西班牙宣战。1898年12月签订了《巴黎条约》，美国获得了大量西班牙的殖民地，还以2000万取得了菲律宾的宗主权，西班牙承认古巴独立。

通过美西战争，美国加强了它在加勒比海和太平洋远东地区的军事和政治地位，为进一步扩大队拉丁美洲和中国的侵略创造了有利的条件。美国加入了争霸世界的行列。

思考与讨论题

1.孤立主义产生的背景、实质及其在美国历史上的表现。

答： 背景：建国初期的美国面临安定社会发展生产巩固和包围新生国家政权的迫切任务，在无力进行扩张的情况下，它不愿意捐入欧洲事务以免因承担义务而受牵累。另外美国东西分别有大西洋和太平洋两道屏障，南北有威胁较小的加拿大和墨西哥，地缘政治因素为美国孤立主义政策提供了客观条件。另外美国的国民性也是重要的背景原因，捐入欧洲事务将违背美国人的理想，甚至可能危及美国的民主制度，只有避免欧洲权力政治和战争。

实质：中立和不结盟，要求美国避免在军事和政治上卷进欧洲的事务中，保证美国的行动自由。避免承担政治、军事义务的孤立主义，目的就是为了实现利益的最大化，从而为美国的扩张主义、霸权主义服务。

历史上的表现： 如1793年英法战争爆发中，美国联邦政府宁愿以撕毁与法国的签约为代价，也要保持在欧洲战事中的中立。一战后威尔逊提倡建立的国联在美国国会遭到否决；二战初期美国奉行孤立主义外交原则，颁布了防止捐入法西斯战争的《中立法》，孤立主义达到高潮。

2.从门罗主义分析美国如何处理与周边国家的关系。

1.发动战争扩展美国领土和势力范围，1846年美墨战争美国获得今天的亚利桑那、新墨西哥、加利福尼亚等州的大片领土。同英国达成协议，取得俄勒冈、华盛顿、爱达荷等地区。使得古巴成为了美国的保护国。

2.加强对拉美国家的资本的渗透，1913年美国控制了拉美各国对外贸易的百分之二十八，在墨西哥、古巴等国的投资大大超过了英国。

3.比较美国的扩张主义与英法的殖民主义。

1.美国的扩张主义有着所谓美国例外论的美国人的使命感的支撑，他们坚信美国特殊，美国的民主制度最好，美国有拯救他国的义务。

2.美国的扩张主义不仅伴随着对海外的商业扩张，与英法的殖民主义不同，美国扩张还在大陆上进行空间上的扩张，通过购买发动战争等多种手段获得大量领土，大大拓展了美国的疆域。

4.列举美国历史上的历次战争。

答：美国独立战争，第二次英美战争，美国内战，美墨战争，美西战争，一战，二战，朝鲜战争，越南战争，海湾战争，阿富汗战争，伊拉克战争。

5.评价美国的早期外交政策。

1.信托暂时结盟，巩固新生政权。建国初期面临强大的英国殖民者，除了团结北美大陆人民、坚持持久作战外，还必须在外交上争取一切可能的国际援助和最大限度地孤立英国。美国利用英法之间的矛盾，联法抗英，将同盟的欧洲国家卷入了反英战争，大大地帮助了美国争取独立的斗争。

2.摆脱结盟，坚持独立自主的外交方针。华盛顿总统发表了著名的告别演说，美国在外交上摆脱了结盟的苦境，获得了在立国之初，摆脱结盟坚持独立自主外交方针的辉煌胜利。

3.美国开始了早期的扩张活动。美国在北美地区获得了大量的领土，提出了门罗主义，加强了对拉美地区的扩张，另外在太平洋地区控制夏威夷，与日本中国签订不平等条约，发动了美西战争，占领了关岛和菲律宾，打开了向亚洲扩张的通道。

第二篇：美国文学史名词解释

It were flourishing from the beginning of 17th to the middle period of 18th.They stressed predestination, original sin, total depravity, and limited atonement from God‟s grace.They went to America to prove that they were God‟s chosen people who would enjoy God‟s blessings on earth and in Heaven.Finally, they built a way of life that stressed hard work, thrift, piety, and sobriety.Both doctrinaire and an opportunist.Its Influence on literary were as follows:（影响）(1)American Literature is based on a myth------the Biblical myth of the Garden of Eden.(2)The American Puritan‟s metaphorical made of perception----symbolism.The representatives were Edwards(The Freedom of the Will), Franklin(On the Art of Self-improvement), Crevecoeur(Letters from an American Farmer).代表作家及代表作：Captain John SmithTrue Relation of Virginia(1608)

Anne Bradstreet“To My Dear and Loving Husband”

Benjamin Franklin:The Autobiography of Benjamin FranklinRomanticism was a complex artistic, literary and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Europe, and gained strength in reaction to the Industrial Revolution.Elements of Romanticism

1.Frontier: vast expanse, freedom, no geographic limitations.2.Optimism: greater than in Europe because of the presence of frontier.不要这么多，我就删掉了3、4、5条。。

Romantic Attitude

1.Appeals to imagination;use of the “willing suspension of disbelief.”

2.Stress on emotion rather than reason;optimism, geniality.3.Subjectivity: in form and meaning.Characteristics of Romanticism:

a.Romanticism was a rebellion against the objectivity of rationalism.(subjectivity)

b.For romantics, the feelings, intuitions and emotions were more important than reason and common sense.c.They emphasized individualism, placing the individual against the group, against authority.d.The affirmed the inner life of the self, and wanted to be free to develop and express his own inner thoughts.e.Typical literary forms of romanticism include ballad, lyric, sentimental comedy, problem novel, historical novel ,gothic romance, metrical romance, sonnet.Representatives:

• New England Poets: William Cullen Bryant;Henry Wadsworth Longfellow;

• Writers: James Fenimaore Cooper, Washington Irving“The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Grayon”

• 浪漫主义的影响： The romantic exaltation of the individual suited the nation‟s revolutionary heritage and its

frontier egalitarianism.As a philosophical and literary movement, transcendentalism flourished in New England from 1830s to the Civil War.Its doctrines found their greatest literary advocates in Emerson who published „Nature‟ in 1836 which represented a new way of intellectual thinking in America and presented„The Universe is composed of Nature and the Soul, Spirit is present everywhere.‟ and romantic idealism on Puritan soil as well as Thoreau.Emerson‟s Nature has been called the “Manifesto of American Transcendentalism”.As a philosophy, transcendentalism was neither logical nor systematical.It exalted feeling over reason, individual expression over the restraints of law and custom.Yet transcendentalism was a powerful expression of the intellectual mood of the age.What is Transcendentalism?

In the realm of art and literature it meant the shattering of pseudo-classic rules and forms in favor of a spirit of freedom, the creation of works filled with the new passion for nature and common humanity and incarnating a fresh sense of the wonder, promise, and romance of life.Major Concepts(main ideas)

1, „transcend ere‟: to rise above, to pass beyond the limits

2, Believe people could learn things both from the outside world by means of the 5 senses and from the inner world by intuition.3, It placed spirit first and matter second

4, It took nature as symbolic of spirit or God.5, It emphasized the significance of the individual

6, Religion was an emotional communication between an individual soul and the universal „oversoul‟.Major writers and Literary Works

Ralph Waldo Emerson(1803----1882)Self-Reliance

Henry David Thoreau(1817----1862)Walden

超验主义的影响：it could exercise a healthy and restorative influence on the human mind.The natural implication that things in nature tended to become symbolic, and the physical world was a symbol of the spiritual.This in turn added to the1

tradition of literary symbolism in American literature.the ideas it represented have remained a strong influence on great American writers from the days of Hawthorne and Whitman to the present.——latter half of the nineteenth century

American Realism: In American literature, the Civil War brought the Romantic Period to an end.The Age of Realism came into existence.It came as a reaction against the lie of romanticism and sentimentalism.Realism turned from an emphasis on the strange toward a faithful rendering of the ordinary, a slice of life as it is really lived.It expresses the concern for commonplace and the low, and it offers an objective rather than an idealistic view of human nature and human experience.Major Features:

1）Realism is the theory of writing in which familiar aspects of contemporary life and everyday scenes are represented in a straightforward or mother-of-fact manner.2）Open ending(means real life is complex and cannot be fully understood)

3）Focuses on the lives of the common people

4）Emphasize objectivity

Representatives:

Howells, Henry James

代表作：William Dean HowellsThe Rise of Silas Lapham

Henry James“The American”、“Daisy Miller”、“ in the Portrait of a Lady”

现实主义影响：Realism was a reaction against Romanticism and paved the way to Modernism。

thlocal colorism is a type of writing that was popular in the late 19(1860s—1870s).Local Color Fiction:

Local colorism as a trend became dominant in American literature in the late 1860s and early 1870.The frontier humorists who had been popular with their “tall tales” before the Civil War paved the way for local color fiction.Basic Features

Local color fiction presents a locale which is distinguished form the outside world.Local color fiction describes the exotic and the picturesque.It describes things that are not common in other regions.Local color fiction also attempts to show things as they as they are.Local color fiction glorifies the past.(nostalgic about the past)

Local color fiction stresses the influence of setting on character.Masters：

Mark Twain（笔名）

Samuel Langhorne Clemens

The Adventures of Tom Sawyer

The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn

6.American naturalism

American naturalism was a new and harsher realism, and like realism, it had come from Europe.Naturalism was an outgrowth of realism that responded to theories in science, psychology, human behavior and social thought current in the late nineteenth century.Background:

In the last decade of the nineteenth century, with the development of industry and modern science, intelligent minds began to see that man was no longer a free ethical being in a cold, indifferent and essentially Godless universe.In this chance world he was both helpless and hopeless.Major Features:

Humans are controlled by laws of heredity and environment

The universe is cold, godless, indifferent and hostile to human desires.Representatives:

The pessimism and deterministic ideas of naturalism pervaded the works of such American writers as Stephen Crane,Crane‟s is the first American naturalism work.Norris‟s McTeague is the manifesto of American naturalism.Dreiser‟s is the work in which naturalism attained maturity.These writers‟ detailed description of the lives of the downtrodden and the abnormal, their frank threatment of human passion and sexuality, and their portrayal of men and women overwhelmed by blind forces of nature still exert a powerful influence on modern writers.Influence:

Although naturalist literature described the world with sometimes brutal realism, it sometimes also aimed at bettering the world through social reform.This combination of grim reality and desire for improvements is typical of America as it moved into the twentieth century.A poetic movement of England and the U.S.that flourished from 1909 to 1917.The movement insists on the creation of images in poetry by “the direct treatment of the thing” and the economy of wording.“poetic techniques to record exactly the momentary impressions”

Major features:

---it was one of the most essential technique of writing poetry in modern period.---with a spirit of revolt against conventions, imagism was anti—romantic and anti-victorian

---In a sense, imagism was equivalent to naturalism in fiction

---it produced free verse without imposing a rhythmical pattern.---Imagism tried to record objective observations of an object or a situation without interpretation or comment by the poet.---it produced free verse without imposing a rhythmical pattern.---Imagism tried to record objective observations of an object or a situation without interpretation or comment by the poet.The most outstanding figures:

Ezra Pound Amy Lowell Hilda Doolittle

The form of free verse(Ezra Loomis Pound)

影响：.its influence

1)the imagist theories call for brief language, describing the precise picture in as few words as possible.This new way of poetry composition has a lasting influence in the 20th century poetry.2)the second lasting influence of Imagism is the form of free verse.There are no metrical rules.There are apparent indiscriminate line breaks, which reflects the discontinuity of life itself.That is art of the poem.The poet uses the length of the lines and the strange groupings of words to show how life itself can be broken up into somehow meaningless clustersFree verse was originated by a group of French poets of the late 19th century.Poetry that is based on the irregular rhythmic cadence(韵律)of the recurrence, with variations, of phrases, images, and syntactical(依照句法的)patterns rather than the conventional use of meter（音步）.Rhyme may or may not be present in it, but when it is , it is used with great freedom.Their purpose was to free themselves from the restrictions of formal metrical patterns and to recreate instead the free rhymes of nature period.Walt Whitman„s leaves of grass is perhaps the most notable example.thIt has since been used Ezra Pound, T.S.Eliot and other major American poets of the 20 century.Walt Whiteman‟s Leaves of Grass is, perhaps , the most notable example.9.The Lost Generation is a group of expatriate American writers residing primarily in Paris during the 1920s and 1930s.The group was given its name by the American writer Gertrude Stein, who used “a lost generation” to refer to expatriate Americans bitter about their World War I experiences and disillusioned with American society.Hemingway later used the phrase as an epigraph for his novel The Sun Also Rises.It consisted of many influential American writers, including Ernest Hemingway, F.Scott Fitzgerald, William Carlos Williams and Archibald MacLeish.The lost generation is a term first used by Stein to describe the post-war I generation of American writers: men and women haunted by a sense of betrayal and emptiness brought about by the destructiveness of the war.2>full of youthful idealism, these individuals sought the meaning of life, drank excessively, had love affairs and created some of the finest American literature to date.3>the three best-known representatives of lost generation are F.Scott Fitzgerald, Hemingway and John dos Passos.10.The Hemingway hero is an average man of decidedly masculine tastes, sensitive and intelligent, a man of action, and one of few words.That is an individualist keeping emotions under control, stoic and self-disciplined in a dreadful place.These people are usually spiritual strong, people of certain skills, and most of them encounter death many times.The heroes in his book are all have something in common which Hemingway values: they have seen the cold world and for one cause or another, they boldly and courageously face the reality;whatever the result is, they are ready to live with grace under pressure.The Hemingway code hero has an indestructible spirit for his optimistic view of life, though he is pessimistic that is Hemingway.Ernest Hemingway‟s “iceberg theory” suggests that the writer include in the text only a small portion of what he knows, leaving about ninety percent of the content a mystery that grows beneath the surface of the writing.If a writer of prose knows enough about what he is writing about he may omit things that will have a feeling of those things as strongly as though the writer had stated them.The dignity of movement of an iceberg is due to only one-eighth of it being above water.A good writer does not need to reveal every detail of a character or action

The Jazz Age describes the period of the 1920s and 1930s, the years between World War I and World War II.Particularly in North America.With the rise of the great depression, the values of this age saw much decline.Perhapsthe most representative literary work of the age is American writer Fitzgerald‟s The Great Gatsby.Highlighting what some describe as the decadence and hedonism, as well as the growth of individualism.Fitzgerald is largely credited with coining the term” Jazz Age”.

第三篇：美国文学名词解释

1.Naturalism:American naturalism was a new and harsher realism.America’s literary naturalists dismissed the validity of comforting moral truths.They attempted to achieve extreme objectivity and frankness, presenting characters of low social and economic classes who were determined by their environment and heredity.Puritanism:Puritanism is the practices and beliefs of the Puritans.They accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace form God.3.Realism: Realism emphasizes on a faithful rendering of the ordinary, a slice of life as it is really lived.It expresses the concern for commonplace and the low, and it offers an objective rather than an idealistic view of human nature and human experience.4.Romanticism: romantics frequently shared certain general characteristics: moral enthusiasm, faith in value of individualism and intuitive perception, and a presumption that the natural world was a source of goodness and man’s societies a source of corruption.Transcendentalism:They spoke for cultural rejuvenation and stressed the importance of the individual.They offered a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the Spirit or God.Nature was, to them, alive, filled with God’s overwhelming presence.6.Imagism意象主义: It’s a poetic movement of England and the U.S.flourished from 1909 to 1917.The movement insists on the creation of images in poetry by “the direct treatment of the thing” and the economy of wording.7.Local Colorism: fiction or poetry that focuses on specific features – including characters, dialects, customs, history, and landscape – of a particular region.8.Lost Generation: It describes the Americans who remained in Paris as a colony of “expatriates” or exiles.It describes the writers like Hemingway who lived in semi poverty.It describes the Americans who returned to their native land with an intense awareness of living in an unfamiliar changing world.9.Beat Generation: It was a group of American post-World War IIwho came to prominence in the 1950s.They rejected conventional social and moral values;expressed their alienation in their works from conventional “square” society by adopting a life style which featured sex, drugs, jazz and the freedom of the open road.10.Symbolism: Symbolism is the writing technique of using symbols.It enables poets to compress a very complex idea or set of ideas into one image or even one word.It’s one of the most powerful devices that poets employ in creation.11.Modernism：is loosely a synonym of anything contemporary.Strictly, Modernism began in the late 19th century and regarded the theory of psycho-analysis as its theoretical base.They pay more attention to the psychic time than the chronological one.12.A Jazz age(爵士时代):The Jazz Age describes the period of the 1920s and 1930s.With the rise of the great depression, the values of this age saw much decline.Highlighting what some describe as the decadence and hedonism, as well as the growth of individualism.

第四篇：美国文学名词解释

1.AmericanTranscendentalism:①transcendentalism has been defined philosophically as “ the recognition in man of the capability of knowing truth intuitively, or of attaining knowledge transcending the reach of the senses.②transcendentalists stress the importance of the Over-soul, the Individual and Nature.Other concepts that accompanied transcendentalism include the idea that nature is enabling and the idea that the individual is divine and, therefore, self-reliant.New England transcendentalism is the product of a combination of Native American Puritanism and European romanticism.③some prominent representatives include Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau.2.Free verse

free verse means the rhymed or unrhymed poetry composed without paying attention to conversational rules of meter.Free verse was originated by a group of French poets of the late 19th century.Their purpose was to free themselves from the restrictions of formal metrical patterns and to recreate instead the free rhymes of nature period.Walt Whitman„s leaves of grass is perhaps the most notable example.3.American Puritanism: Puritanism is the practices and beliefs of the puritans.The Puritans were originally members of a division of the protestant church who wanted to purify their religious beliefs and practices.They accepted the doctrines of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace from God.American literature in the 17th century mostly consisted of Puritan literature.Puritanism had an enduring influence on American literature.It had become, to some extent, so much a state of mind, so much a part of national cultural atmosphere, rather than a set of tenets.it comes from the American puritans, who were the first immigrants moved to American continent in the 17th century.Original sin, predestination（预言）and salvation（拯救）were the basic ideas of American Puritanism.And, hard-working, piousness（虔诚,尽职），thrift and sobriety（清醒）were praised.4.American Dream: American dream means the belief that everyone can succeed as long as he/she works hard enough.It usually implies a successful and satisfying life.It usually framed in terms of American capitalism（资本主义）, its associated purported meritocracy,（知识界精华）and the freedoms guaranteed by the U.S.Bill of Rights.5.Imagism: the 1920s saw a vigorous literary activity in America.In poetry there appeared a strong reaction against Victorian poetry.Imagists placed primary reliance on the use of precise, sharp images as a means of poetic expression and stressed precision in the choice of words, freedom in the choice of subject matter and form, and

the use of colloquial language.Most of the imagist poets wrote in free verse, using such devices as assonance and alliteration rather than formal metrical schemes to give structure to their poetry..The movement which had these as its aims is known in literary history as Imagism.Its prime mover was Ezra Pound.6.American romanticism

①it is one of the most important periods in the history of American literature that stretches from the 18th century to the outbreak of the civil war.It started with the publication of Washington Irving‟s The Sketch Book and ended with Walt Whitman‟s Leaves of Grass.②being a period of the great flowering of American literature, it is also called “the American Renaissance ”.③American romantic works emphasize the imaginative and emotional qualities of nature literature.The strong tendency to eulogize the individual and common man was typical of this period.Most importantly, the writings of American Romanticism are typically American.Works concentrate on unique

characteristics of the American land.④New England Transcendentalism is the summit of American Romanticism.⑤Romanticists include such literary figures as Washington Irving, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, William Cullen Bryant, Henry Wordsworth Longfellow, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Edgar Allan Poe, Herman Melville, Walt Whitman and some others.

第五篇：读《美国外交思想史》有感

读《美国外交思想史》有感

——美国一战后的外交思想及其现代外交

在这两年时间内，无论是叙利亚内部政策问题还是中国与日本的钓鱼岛争端问题，在国际事务中美国都积极参与，在国际事务中发挥着举足轻重的作用。美国自第一次世界大战之后开始步入帝国主义时期，逐渐上升为世界性的扩张大国，国际地位不断提升。总结美国的外交思想和政策，不仅仅是为了见证它的发展壮大，还是为了借鉴经验以激励中国本国发展壮大的一个重要途径。与我们所理解的不同，外交不仅仅表现为谈判桌前的较量，不仅仅反映在国际条约的表面，也不仅仅是身穿礼服举止得体的职业外交家们的公开或秘密的表演。外交是国家同外部世界互相沟通的渠道，是国家在国际社会中生存发展的阶段，外交是一种划分为不同层面的综合体。

一战爆发后，威尔逊政府奉行中立政策，这说明了威尔逊在外交方面实际上具有现实商业利益的考虑的。在协约国和同盟国激战之时，美国通过兜售武器，大发了一笔战争横财，这位它的战后繁荣奠定了一定的物质基础。虽然，美国于1917年也参与了战争，但是他的参战也是有现实商业利益的考虑，正是这些商业利益将美国同协约国集团紧紧地绑在一起。威尔逊政府的外交政策体现的是一种理想主义的外交，他的理想主义内涵是世界主义，是追求更为积极地干预世界事务，是美国成为世界领袖以及世界和平的缔造者。由此我们也可以看出，“十四点计划”的提出并不是一个偶然，其真正原因则是为积极地介入世界事务、更多的承担世界责任、充当世界的领袖和霸主。

1921年—1932年间，美国共和党连续执政12年，而在这期间，美国经历了从空繁荣到毁灭定经济危机的悲剧性转变。国内工业的兼并仍然无情地进行，大企业的吞并和垄断活动受到共和党政府的保护，逐渐成为美国经济、政治生活的主宰。有人认为这一时期是美国历史上孤立主义的一次高潮期，这一论断并不确切。这一时期无论如何是不能定位为孤立主义时期的。断送威尔逊外交的并非外交主义，而是以洛奇为代表的过会力量以及现实主义外交思想。所以，在共和党主政的12年期间，共和党虽然以反对威尔逊外交的姿态上台，但美国比以往任何时期都更多地参与了国际事务。这一时期，过会挟否决威尔逊国联的余威，在外交上发挥着重大的作用，行政部门的权力相对缩小。当时美国力争在国联之外灵活自如地参与世界事务，最大限度地扩展美国的海外利益。因此可以说，共和党的外交思想基本上和世界主义合拍，这体现出美国两个主要的资产阶级大党在外交决策方面具有突出的共同性和连续性。唯一的区别是，如果说民主党的外交还能蕴含有理想主义的世界普世性的成分的话，那么，支配三届共和党政府外交政策的主导思想是彻头彻尾的一种充满极端现实主义的世界主义，即不择手段地为美国的大企业扩张海外利而争夺世界霸权。这一时期唯一的一个带有理想主义色彩的闪光点是20年代兴起的和平主义思潮和运动，以及凯洛格倡导的非战主义。

其后，美国外交虽经历了胡佛政府时期，但是并没有什么重大的成就，因此我们直接来看在他之后的富兰克林·罗斯福。罗斯福与国内孤立主义势力和弥漫整个社会的孤立主义思潮进行了长期艰苦的较量，显示出了惊人的政治智慧和才干，最终使美国成为世界反法西斯联盟的重要领袖，从而开创了称为“美国世纪”的新时代。实际上，上世纪30年代至40年代上半期的美国外交，可以看做是罗斯福一个人的外交。谈起这位赫赫有名的美国总统，大家的第一印象大概就是他为应对1929~1933年经济大危机而推行的新政了。大危机是他发挥其政治才能的一次机遇，而与此同时呢，大危机也使他进一步滑向民族主义，这种民族主义的实质是以邻为壑，向资本主义世界的其他国家转嫁危机的现实主义，为此当然要放弃建立在国际合作基础上的国际主义立场。罗斯福的外交思想和外交筹划师建立在国际合作的基础之上的，国际合作是他的出发点，也是他实现“美国世纪”、建立美国领导下的世界和平的主要途径，为此，他宁可在一些问题上向其他大国做出妥协，不惜以牺牲其开放原则作为代价。尽管，战后国际实力对比的现实和人们对国家关系结构的理念认识同罗斯福的带有理

想主义色彩的外交战略规划不太合拍。

第二次世界大战后的国际体系中仍然存在着实力政治的主导因素，两种意识形态的对立和较量仍然在国际关系中发挥至关重要的作用，使人类进入了以两个超级大国为核心的两极对抗的冷战时代。美苏间的冷战不仅仅表现在军事对比上，还表现在各自的外交政策上。美国在冷战期间的外交策略主要就是遏制战略，遏制战略是主张美国在战后国际社会主义运动高涨和西方国家受到严重削弱的情况下，以军事包围、经济封锁、政治颠覆，特别是局部性的武装干涉和持续不断的政治冷战，遏制社会主义国家和国际共产主义运动的发展，加强对西欧及其他国家和地区的控制，为建立美国的世界霸权创造条件。遏制战略的目标：阻止苏联势力的进一步扩张；揭穿苏联意图的虚伪；敦促克里姆林宫收缩其控制和影响；在苏联内部培育破坏性种子，使克里姆林宫至少改变其行为以符合普遍接受的国际准则。

美国是一个注重思想建设的国家，体现在外交领域，美国外交从始至终都贯穿着一种完备的思想体系，几乎每位总统都能抛出一个“主义”来作为其外交的纲领指南。为此，美国建国以来二百多年的外交，较少有盲目的、即时的、权宜性的、一时冲动的决策，更多的是一种深思熟虑的、周密谋划的、具有长远目标的决策和行为。美国外交有着广阔和深厚的思想渊源，尽管在一代又一代政治精英头脑中对外交决策有着自己的创造和发挥，但是潜藏在外交思想中的带有根本性的东西是想当稳定的。总的来说，美国的外交思想中有两个最为核心的主题，即“利益”和“责任”。二者有时是相互关联的，有时又是互为悖论的。

作为世界大国，在国际社会中享有某些特殊权利，比如联合国安理会总的否决权、国际争端的仲裁权、代表联合国等国际组织行使维护世界和平及安全的权利等等，而这些权利是较小国家不能享有或是不能完全享有的从一定意义上讲，世界大国的形象和地位是在其履行国际义务的过程中凸显出来的，大国只有不断地和越来越深地介入和干预国际事务，才能体现在其大国的存在价值和作用，因此，世界大国也乐于和需要通过承担世界责任来表现自己。从近期发生的诸多国际事务中，我们可以发现美国参与国际事务的能力依然强大，通过这些干预，体现了美国的超级大国地位，也向世界展示了它的权威性和霸权主义，尽管对于中国和一些其他国家而言，美国有时的干预是干涉国家内政和野蛮霸权的表现。

同时，对于我们来说，美国有很多值得我们学习的东西。我们不仅要学习美国先进科学技术和管理体系，还要学习美国人在荒野中创建强大国家的历史经验，更要学习美国是如何进行思想建设和精神塑造的，因为只有物质财富而没有思想和精神力量的民族只能是一个只有肌肉骨骼而没有大脑和灵魂的民族。在外交领域，我们在抵制和反对美国的霸权外交的同时，还要看到，美国无外交中，特别是美国的外交思想中，也有值得我们学习的东西。国家利益无意识外交政策的出发点，但是，国家利益绝不是外交的唯一指导原则。世界上毕竟还有比国家利益更具价值的东西，一个国家在追逐自身利益的同时，不能忘记所承担的世界责任和义务，又是为了世界的整体利益，需要冒牺牲自身利益的风险，这就是大国风范。而这种责任和义务的承担应是中美两国的外交行为的准则，也应当是理解对方、衡量对方、判断对方的标尺。