第一篇：中级口译教程 课后汉英翻译
1.This is a fantasitic airport, absolutely one of the top-notch international airports.这个机场太美了，绝对是一个顶尖的国际机场。
2.I'm very bad with a jet-lag.But I'll be all right in a couple of days.我倒时差很慢，但两天后自然就恢复了。
3.I'd like to have a 7 o'clock morning call, breakfast sent up to my room, laundry done, some documents photocopied, an express mail sent out, and something like that.我要早上7点钟叫醒，早餐送我房间，衣服要洗烫，文件要复印，邮件要快递，诸如此类的事情需要服务。
4.We all maneuvered successfully to get our job done, so to speak.可以说我们每个人都成功地使我们的使命得以完成。
5.Let's delight ourselves completely in the foods that Mother Nature grants us.让我们尽情享受大自然赐予我们的食物吧
6.You must be Prof.Tallack from London, If I'm not mistaken.我要是没有认错的话，你一定是从伦敦来的泰莱克教授吧？ 7.I'm manager of Human Resources, the Haitong Group.我是海通集团人力资源部经理。
8.We're very grateful that you took time from your busy schedule and came to our company to give us advice.感激您不辞辛苦，从百忙中抽空来我公司指导。
9.We'll hold a reception dinner in your honor this evening.今晚我们设宴为你洗尘
10.I have made a reservation for a double room with your hotel.And here's the confirmation letter.我在你们的酒店预订了一间双人房，有确认函。
11.You will have a good rate of 20% off when you make a reservation 10 days in advance.提前十天预订房间可以享受8折优惠。
12.We have many modern fitness facilities catering to the different needs of our goods.我们有许多现代化的健身设备可满足客人的不同需求。
13.Without Ms.Kelland's last-minute effort, we would still be in the middle of nowhere, probably in the middle of negotiations, I'm afraid.没有凯兰女士的最后努力，现在还不知道怎样呢，恐怕我们还在谈判之中呢。
14.Like all other Chinese regional cuisines, Benbang cuisine takes “color, aroma and taste” as its essential quality elements.It emphasizes in particular the expert use of seasonings, the selection of raw materials with quality texture, and original flavors.同中国其他菜系一样，“本帮菜”具有“色、香、味”三大要素，特点是注意调料的使用、食物的质地和菜的原汁原味。
15.These dishes are absolutely tasters' choice.I bet you will like them.Please help yourself to the dishes.这些菜绝对是首选，你一定喜欢。别客气，请随意。
16.I consider it a great honor to have you all here for this wonderful time of the year.Let us drink to the health, 各位能够赏光来此共度一年中的这个美好时光，我感到非常荣幸。让我们共同举杯，祝各位身体健康、事业有成、阖家幸福。
17.First of all, we'll take a bird's-eye view of the Park.And then we'll look around in the Park and, to ues a Chinese metaphor, we'll cast a passing glance at flowers while riding on the horseback.我们先来鸟瞰一下整个园区吧，然后在园区内各处转悠一下，用我们的话来说是“走马观花”。
18.The High-tech Park is authorized by the state government to approve projects with preferential policies, operating under the management system of international standards.高科技园区享有国家授予的项目审批权和优惠政策，是一个与国际管理体系接轨的经济区域。
19.The Park focuses on the integration of industry, education, and R&D and provides a stream-lined one-stop service for incoming enterprises.园区注重产业、教育和研发的整合，为引入企业提供一条龙服务。
20.To ensure the quality of the environment, we stick steadfastly to our development strategy of “attracting investment with a green environment and maintaining a green enviroment through investment”.As a result, the Park has a green coverage of more than 45%.为了确保环境质量，我们始终坚持“以绿引资、以资养绿”的发展战略，园区绿化率达到45%以上。
21.It's my great pleasure and privilege to have received your gracious invitation and work with a distinguished group of China's automobile specialists.我为自己能够受到贵方的友好邀请，与一组优秀的中国汽车专家合作共事而深感愉快和荣幸。
22.A growing number of American firms have been pouring into China's inland provinces, although coastal cities such as Shanghai and Tianjin are still among their first choices of investment with many foreign investors.虽然上海，天津这些沿海城市仍然是许多外国投资者的首选目标，但越来越多的美国公司纷纷涌入中国的内地省份。
23.I would like to discuss with you the possibilitis of establishing a joint venture with your company to manufacture progressive-scan DVD home theater systems of the latest model.我想同您商讨一下能否与贵公司合资建立一家企业，共同生产最新款式的逐行扫描DVD家庭影院系统。
24.I suggest that we should set up a board of directors for the management of the company and share rights and obligations as equal partners.我建立成立董事会来监管公司的运作，并以平等的伙伴关系分享权利，承担义务。
25.I cannot decide what exactly the phrase indicates.They failed to make any sense to me.我难以断定这个词究竟意味着什么。我未能理解其中的含义。
26.In our school, discussion is given top priority and seminar is the way of class.在我们学校，讨论具有至高无上的地位，讨论就是课堂教学的主旋律。27.The flexible and adaptable capacity makes a popular teacher among students.具有灵活应变才能的教师最受学生欢迎。
28.Confucianism sings high praises for individuals to uplift themselves for the benefit of communal harmony, that is, communal harmony takes precedence over individual freedom.儒家思想强调整体和谐，强调整理和谐高于个体自由。
29.I hope your wife will soon joint you here.The company will pay for all the needed expenses, including her international flight.我希望您太太能早日与你在此团聚，我公司会支付国际机票在内的一切费用。
30.The central government focuses a lot of attention on opening the country up to the outside world in all directions, including coastal cities and interior areas.中央政府很重视对外开放，不仅开放沿海城市，也开放内地，尽可能吸引外资。
31.Because direct foreign investment in China can maximize the strengths of all parties concerned, many overseas institutional and individual investors have found it more profitable to invest directly in China than to do trading business with Chinese companies.由于外国直接在华投资可以最大限度地发挥有关各方的优势，所以许多海外机构与个人投资者认为，他们在中国直接投资比同中国做生意更有利可图。
32.China is known for her massive land, abundant natural resources, cheap labor, low taxation, potential consumer market, stable social environment, attractive investment policies, and high economic returns of investment.中国幅员辽阔，自然资源丰富，劳动力低廉，税收低，消费者市场潜力大，社会环境稳定，投资政策诱人，经济回报率高。
33.There is variety of ways to invest in China.You may establish a joint venture with a Chinese partner or a company solely-funded by yourself, in which case you may manage your business in whatever way you prefer within the boundary of the Chinese laws, of course.在华投资的方式很多，你可以同中方合资办企业，也可以独资办公司，选择自己喜欢的方式经营，但不可超越中国法律。
34.When establishing a joint venture, the foreign partner usually brings into the enterprise capital funds, machinery, advanced technology and management, whild the Chinese partner supplies land, labor, and a portion of the funds for the infrastructure.投资兴办合资企业时，通常外方提供资金、机械设备、先进技术和管理方法，而中方则提供土地、劳动力以及部分用于基础设施建设的资金。
35.Let's get down to the business of establishing a joint venture.May I have some idea of your plan? For instance, how much would be your share of investment in this venture? 我们来讨论一下建立合资企业的事宜吧，您能告诉我您的设想吗？例如，您打算在合资企业中占有多少投资份额？
36.My suggestion for the investment share in this partnership is in the vicinity of 50 to 50, and the same applies to business management and profits share.我们之间的投资份额可以对半开，在经营管理责权和利润分配上也可对半开。
37.Let's say we begin with a 10-year term of a renewable partnership;We can extend our contract for another term before it expires, if both parties intend to.我们的合作期为10年，只要双方愿意，期满后我们还可以续签合同。38.Your idea coincides with mine.我们的想法不谋而合。
39.Shall we hold another round of talk next week focusing on some technical problems? 我们是否可在下周再举行一轮会谈，集中讨论一些技术性的问题？
40.As time is limited, we have to stop here today, but we'll find some other time to continue our talk.由于时间关系，我们今天暂且谈到这里，以后再接着聊吧。
41.This is basically a correct observation, which says something about the American way of life.这种看法基本正确，它反映了美国人的生活方式。
42.Each state has its own traffic laws, and a driver from another state is expected to know and understand the local laws.各州都有自己的交通法规，外州来的开车者应该了解当地的法规。
43.My country has the most developed car rental industry in the world, so you may very well want to reserve a car through your travel agent in your own country if you intend to drive while traveling in my country.我国有世界上最发达的租车业，你若打算在我国开车旅行，完全可以通过自己国家的旅行社办理租车预订事宜。
44.Airfare in this country is not very regulated, and airlines often make special offers in order to attact customers.这个国家没有统一的飞机票价，各航空公司经常以竞相削价的方式来吸引更多的旅客。45.It's actually easier to call a taxi company listed in the Yellow Pages of a telephone directory and ask them to send a cab to pick you up at your doorstep.事实上一种较为便利的做法是按电话簿黄页部分所列的出租车公司的号码打电话叫车，让他们派车上门来接你。
46.In the 25 years since the first reports of what we now know was AIDS, an entire generation has been born and come of age never knowing a world without the edipemic.自从25年前出现了首批有关艾滋病例的报告以来，整整一代人从出生起便生活在一个与艾滋病共存的世界里。
47.A massive educational compaign is the only thing conveivable at the moment that can help;to argue that this compaign is difficult, expensive and therefore impossible would be quite self-defeating.开展大规模的教育运动是目前唯一行之有效的手段，认为这种运动难度大，代价高而无法实施完全是一种自暴自弃的态度。
48.We'll have to convince people that they're better off knowing than not knowing the fact, because they can take whatever action available to treat the problem and control its infection with appropriate drugs.我们应该使人们相信，知情总比蒙在鼓里好，因为了解实情后我们便可以采取一切可以采取的措施来治病，用适当的药物来控制疾病的传播。
49.I think Chinese businesspeople tend to have business negotiations in a rather indirect manner, as opposed to the more direct style of American businesspeople, who are said to work with the get-down-to-business-first mentality.我认为中国人在商务谈判时倾向于使用一种迂回婉转的方式，而那些被认为在工作时具有一种“公务为先”的心态的美国人则往往表现出较为直截了当的作风。
50.he Chinese-type management encourage cooperation among employees, between the labor and the management, and gives employees a joy of participation and fulfillment, as well as a sense of pride in their work.中国式的管理方式鼓励员工之间的合作，也鼓励普通员工与管理人员之间的合作，使员工有一种喜悦的参与感和成就感，使他们对自己的工作产生一种自豪感。
51.I think most Chinese try to find the meaning of life through working in their jobs, and view work as essential for having membership in a community.我认为，大多数中国人想从工作中找到生活的意义，他们将工作视为能使自己成为团体的一份子的必不可缺的条件。
52.Put it in another way, many Chinese people regard as a prerequisite to gain social acceptance in the community.换言之，许多中国人认为工作是使自己得到社会认可的先决条件。
53.Songwriting is an expression of my personal experiences, and if people find that interesting, then that's the icing on the cake.歌曲创作是我自我体验的一种表白。如果人们觉得有意思，那就是锦上添花了。
54.It is said that the public transportation of American cities is not very disirable, isn't it? 听说美国城市的公共交通不尽如人意，有没有这回事？
55.When driving on expressways, the driver must control his or her speed within the range of the posted maximum and minimum speed.司机在高速公路开车时必须将自己的行车速度控制在标牌规定的最高限速和最低限速之间。
56.Surveys show that a majority of the public does not take a serious view of the AIDS epidemic.What do you think would be the best way to bring people to the awareness of the seriousness of the problem.调查结果表明，许多人对艾滋病的传播不以为然。你认为我们应该怎样做才能让人们意识到问题的严重性呢？
57.The American way of business practice often appears to us Chinese to be very aggressive.美式经营之道在我们中国人开来常常显得咄咄逼人。
58.We have to recognize and respect our cultural differences, so as to prevent any possible misunderstanding.我们应该承认我们之间的文化差异，应该尊重这些差异，以免产生误解。
59.I dedicated my debut album to my mother because she had a tremendous impact on my art career.我把首张专辑献给母亲，因为她对我的艺术生涯产生了巨大的影响。
60.Please describe your life in just three words and give some tips to the aspiring singers and songwriters.请你用三个词来总结一下自己走过的人生道路，并给那些想成为恪守和歌曲家的年轻人提些建议。61.Permit me first of all to thank you, our host, for your extraordinary arrangements and hospitality.首先请允许我感谢东道主的精心安排与好客。
62.Tkank you very much for your gracious words of welcome.This is a happy and memorable occasion for mei personally as wekll as for all the members of my delegation.我非常感谢您热情洋溢的欢迎词，对我本人以及代表团所有成员来说，这是愉快而难忘的一刻。
63.To come to China, one of the early cradles of civilization, has long been my dream and therefore, I fell very honored to be your guest.访问中国这一古老文明的摇篮是我梦寐以求的愿望，我为自己能成为贵国的客人而深感荣幸。
64.In accepting Your Excellency's gracious invitation to visit this great country, I have had an excellent opportunity to renew old friendships and extablish new contacts.我接受阁下的盛情邀请访问这个伟大的国家，这使我有良好的机会重温旧情，再交新友。65.I wish to thank you for the incomparable hospitality, for which the Chinese people are justly famous throughout the world.为中国人民所独有的，著称于世的款待，我谨向你们表示感谢。
66.We have acquired a keen sense of the diversity, dynamism, and progress of China under the policies of reform and opening to the outside world.我们都已经强烈感受到，贵国在改革开放政策的引导下，气象万千，充满活力，不断进步。67.I have a special regard and personal friendship for the people of China, in which I never experienced anything other than the utmost courtesy and genuine friendship of your people.我对中国人民怀有一种特殊的敬慕之情和个人友谊，在这里我所感受到的是贵国人民的高度礼貌和诚挚友情。
68.Our friendly and cooperative ties have become extensive, affecting all aspects of our national lives, including industry, agriculture, commerce, culture, public health, education, and scientific and technological exchange.我们友好合作的领域十分广泛，已涉及我们国家生活的方方面面，如工业、农业、商业、文化、卫生、教育，以及科学交流领域。
69.I am looking forward, in the next few days, to the opportunity of learning something from your endeavors and experience in promoting economic and social development in the service of your people.我期待着在今后几天里能有机会向你们学习，从你们为造福贵国人民而促进经济和社会发展的奋斗和经验中学到一些东西。
70.We recognize that our differences are greatly overshadowed by issues which blind us and strengthen our relationship.我们已注意到，那些将我们联系在一起并且强化我们关系的东西已经在很大程度上弱化了我们之间的差异。
71.Our visit to your country is a symbol of the good faith with which we seek to build up the strength of our friendship, our cultural and commercial ties and our important strategic relationship.我们对贵国的访问是一种良好诚意的象征，我们怀着这种良好的诚意，希望能在友谊的基础上建立文化关系和商业关系，建立重要的战略关系。
72.It is obsolutely vital that all nations, big or small, strong or weak, should conduct their relations with each other on the basis of mutual respect, and equality and mutual benefit.所有国家，无论其大小强弱，都应该在相互尊重、平等互利的基础上处理相互间的关系，这一点是至关重要的。
73.We must frankly acknowledge the fundamental differences in ideology and institutions between our two societies.我们必须坦率地承认我们两个社会在意识形态和制度上的根本差异。
74.I have come to China not to hold forth on what divides us, but to build on what binds us, not to dwell on a closed-door past, but to urge us to look to the beautiful future.我来中国不是为了评说那些将我们分隔开来的东西，而是为了强化那些将我们维系在一起的东西，不是为了回顾闭关锁国的过去，而是为了敦促我们去展望前程似锦的未来。
75.I have always believed the heritage of our past is the seed that brings forth the harvest of our future.我一向认为，我们的历史传统孕育着未来的丰收。
76.Today, China's economy crackles with the dynamics of change, and you are beginning to reach out toward new horizons, and we salute your courage.今天，中国经济突飞猛进，日新月异。你们开始迈向新的高度，为此我们向你们表现出的勇气致敬。
77.Let the Pacific tide roll peacefully on, carrying a two-way flow of people and ideas that can break down barriers of suspicious and mistrust, and build up bonds of cooperation and shared optimism.让这股太平洋的浪潮平顺地滚滚向前，促进人民的双向交流，促进思想的双向交流，打破猜忌和不信任这两大障碍，建立合作关系，树立共有的乐观精神。
78.Let us start a long march together along different roads leading to the same goal of building a new world of peach and justice, a world in which all peoples may stand together with equal dignity, and a world in which each nation has the right to determine its own course of development.让我们沿着通往共同目标的不同的道路一起开始新的长征。这个目标就是建设一个和平与正义的新世界，在这个世界里所有人都可以站在一起享有同等的尊严，所有国家都有权选择自己的发展道路。
79.I'd like to take this opportunity to extend to Your Excellency an invitation to visit Canada, so that we will have an opportunity to return the warm welcome and generous hospitality you extended to us.我愿借此机会邀请阁下访问加拿大，以便使我们能有机会来回报你们给予我们的热情欢迎和盛情款待。
80.May I ask all of you present to join me in raising your glasses to the friendship and cooperation of our two peoples!我敬请各位与我一起举杯，为我们的友谊与合作而干杯。
81.On behalf of the general manager, and on behalf of all my colleagues of the company, I wish to thank you all for taking time off your busy schedule to come to our New Year's party.我谨代表总经理以及公司的全体同仁，感谢各位从百忙中拔冗光临我们的新年联欢会。82.I feel very pround tonight to have the attendance of the distinguished guests, who came here all the way from London to joint us in our celebration of the Mid-Autumn Festival.今晚我们请到了从伦敦远道而来的贵宾与我们一起共度中秋佳节，我为此而深感自豪与荣幸。
83.On behalf of all the members of my group, I'd like to thank you, Mr.Chairman, for granting us the gracious invitation to attend sucn an enjoyable Chrismas party.我谨代表我们一行的全体成员，感谢董事长先生的盛情邀请，使我们有幸参加这次精彩的圣诞晚会。
84.I'd like to thank you for your presence at the party, and wish everyone good health and the very best of luck in everything in the new year.我感谢各位嘉宾的光临，并祝各位新年身体健康，万事如意。
85.I hope this party will give us an opportunity to get to know each other better in a less formal way and to increase personal friendships.我希望这次晚会可以使我们有机会无所拘束地了解彼此，增进个人之间的友谊。
86.The party was perfectly organized and I enjoyed every minute of it.And I am very grateful for this nice arrangement.晚会组织得完美无缺，令人尽兴。对于这次美好的安排，我感激不尽。
87.I would like to toast with you to this happy occasion at the close of the year.让我们在这年终岁末之际，共同举杯，祝贺这喜庆佳节。
88.Armed with that faith, we should be able to embark undaunted upon the new year with all its challenges and chances.有了信念，我们将无所畏惧地跨入充满挑战和机遇的新的一年。
89.It has been a great year, a year in which our joint venture had a remarkable sales growth.I hope we will be able to maintain this practical cooperative relationship and make the new year a more fruitful year.今年我们合资企业的销售额显著增长，我希望我们能继续保持这种务实的合作关系，使明年的业绩更加辉煌。
90.May I hereby declare open “Chongqing International Symposium on Urban Construction” 现在我宣布“重庆城市建设国际研讨会”现在开幕。
91.Permit me, on behalf of the organizing committee, to extend a warm welcome to our guests of various circles, from home and abroad.请允许我代表筹委会的全体成员，向海内外各界来宾表示热烈的欢迎。
92.I wish to express our sincere thanks to the perple of the local education community, whose generous help has made possible the successful commencement of this conference.大会所在地的许多教育界人士对本次会议的成功召开给予了很大的帮助，对此我谨致以诚挚的谢意。
93.The conference is one of a pioneering endeavor and historic significance, one that will have a positive impact on the shaping of a new world order.这是一次具有历史意义的开拓性的会议，它对形成一个新的世界格局将产生积极的影响。94.I am certain that this annual meeting will prove to be constructive and significant in promoting the prosperous development of China's community service program as well as China's economic development and social stability.我相信本届年会对于推动中国社区服务事业的蓬勃开展，促进经济发展和社会稳定，具有积极的作用和意义。
95.Some developed countries and regions have accumulated much experience in the field of environmental protection, and their experience certainly merits our reference and study.一些发达国家和地区在环境保护方面积累了不少经验，值得我们借鉴和研究。
96.We will exchange views on cooperation in a wide range of areas and on the building of a new partnership in a friendly manner.我们愿在平等友好的基础上，就广泛领域里的合作以及建立新的伙伴关系交换我们的意见。97.I wish to take this opportunity to express my heartfelt thanks to the host for hosting this conference successfully.我愿借此机会向成功主办了这次会议的东道主表示衷心的感谢。
98.The rapid development of the situation places higher expectations on us, and it is imperative that we adopt a long-term strategy to plan our future cooperation.形势的迅速发展对我们给予了更高的期待，迫切需要我们高瞻远瞩，谋划双方合作的未来发展方向。
99.We should make us more influential in addressing major global issues through expanding dialogue and cooperation.我们要扩大对话与合作，提升我们在处理重大问题上的影响力。
100.I am convinced that China's reform, opening-up and stability will provide the business community of Asian and European countries with tremendous investment and trade opportunities, thus making posivive contributions to peace, stability and prosperity in Asia and the world at large.我相信中国的改革开放和稳定会给亚欧国家的商界带来可观的投资和贸易良机，从而为亚洲乃至全世界的和平、稳定与繁荣做出积极的贡献。
第二篇：上外出版社《口译教程》汉英翻译参考译文
《口译教程》汉英翻译参考译文
Lesson 1 1.3 美国副总统复旦演讲
韩市长，非常感谢您！谢谢您做介绍时的友好言辞。今天我们很高兴来到这里。我和我夫人为有这次机会再次来到中国访问感到荣幸。感谢贵国对我们的欢迎，特别感谢复旦大学的热情接待。我们为此感到不胜荣幸，谢谢你们！我们此行带来了布什总统和美国人民的良好祝愿。
我知道在座的许多人很快就要从这所优秀的大学毕业。我听说贵校有极为严格的标准，得到复旦大学的学位代表着多年的刻苦攻读和自我约束。我祝贺在座各位学业有成。对各位老师坚持复旦大学99年追求卓越的传统我深表钦佩。
1.4 Speech by Wang Guangya at Princeton University Ladies and Gentlemen, Good evening.I am honored to be invited to your seminar tonight.For me, for my colleagues and for many other Chinese, Princeton has long been a familiar name.With a history longer than the country, it has produced many outstanding people, Woodrow Wilson, the 28th US president, Albert Einstein, the great scientist, and T.S.Eliot, the famous poet, to name but a few.As former president Bill Clinton said in 1996 at the celebrations for the 250th anniversary of Princeton, “At every pivotal moment in American history, Princeton, its leadership, faculty and its students have played a crucial role.”
I am more pleased to learn that all of you have a keen interest in China.Though our two countries are geographically far apart, we have a great deal in common in the everyday life.While many Chinese enjoy Hollywood movies and McDonald’s fast food, many Americans find that their clothes and daily necessities are made in China.I hope that today’s seminar will help you gain a better understanding of China and its foreign policy, thus deepening further our friendship and cooperation.1.5 新工厂落成典礼上的讲话
各位尊敬的来宾，女士们，先生们：下午好！
欢迎大家前来参加我们公司在中国的首家新厂房的落成典礼！感谢各位拨冗光临，与我们共同庆祝这一盛大的活动！我谨代表公司对今天来参加典礼的各位供应商、客户嘉宾、各位员工和业务伙伴说声“谢谢！” 公司管理层深深为我们的新工厂感到骄傲，我们能干的员工感到骄傲，他们发展了工厂的业务，使之达到国际水平。新厂房标志着公司对中国业务的重视和承诺。
各位供应商，我们希望与你们携手共进，使我们的业务更上一层楼。
各位经销商，我们将继续向你们提供尖端的高质量产品，以协助你们做好客户支持，改善中国和东南亚许许多多人士的生活。
各位邻居和朋友，我们将成为良好的企业公民，与各位同行一起维护在中国开展业务的规范性。最后，我们承诺给员工们提供一个安全、舒适的工作环境。再次感谢各位与我们共同庆祝今天的典礼！
Lesson 2 2.3 大提琴家马友友
今天将与我们见面的是我们这个时代最杰出的大提琴家马友友先生。作为大提琴演奏家，马友友的职业生涯已经跨越20多年，期间他发行了50多张专辑。他的音乐获得过许多奖项，其中包括令人叹服的14项格莱美大奖。他也曾在许多重要的场合演奏，如格莱美的颁奖仪式和奥运会的开闭幕式。
马友友是出生在法国的华裔，父母都是音乐家，母亲是歌唱家，父亲是作曲家。第一次正式登台演出的时候，马友友年仅5岁。4年后年仅9岁的马友友就在纽约极具声望的卡耐基音乐大厅登台演出，此时他已随家人移居到美国。此后马友友进入茱莉亚音乐学院学习提琴演奏，从那儿他又转入哈佛大学，并获得人类学学位。他在哈佛的求学经历以及多元的文化背景都造就了今天的马友友。
而今，马友友仍在继续他的音乐之旅，积极地与来自世界各地的各种流派的音乐家合作。他的音乐灵感受到人和大自然的激发。在马友友看来，大提琴是他的声带的延伸。他演奏时最重要的一点是自始至终全情投入，努力将音乐的内容传递给现场的观众。
2.4 CNN interview with Jet Li 祝贺《英雄》取得了成功。请问您在《英雄》中扮演的角色是否与你通常演的角色很相似呢？ It’s a very special part and a very special movie.I think it’s one of the most important action films in my life. 为什么你会这样说呢？你演过近30部电影，而《英雄》与其他影片有何不同呢？ Usually action films have a formula: A child whose parents have been murdered by bad guys tries hard to learn martial arts and he grows up into an outstanding Kongfu master.He takes revenge and kills the bad buys.But “Hero” has a much broader them. 就比如象《卧虎藏龙》？ No, it’s totally different.I think Ang Lee is a very very talented director.He uses martial arts to talk about love, you know.But Zhang Yimou tries to tell about Chinese culture, Chinese thinking and their inspirations about the world. 含义的确很深。我们知道你的处女作是1979年拍摄的《少林寺》，那时你还是个十几岁的少年。影片在亚洲引起了轰动，并且还加拍了两部续集。我想问的是，你使如何从一位武术冠军成为一名好莱坞的动作明星的？
I think the most important thing is that when I was young, I learnt martial arts.That is my special key.I can use my unique martial arts skills in the film.I have been thinking about doing something different, like using martial arts to talk about peace and to achieve peace. 这听起来似乎是矛盾的，对吗？你是一位打斗者，却要谈“和平”？
《口译教程》汉英翻译参考译文
That’s right, because Chinese culture is not just martial arts.That’s only the physical part.It’s not true that the Chinese people are all Kongfu masters and can just beat up people;and that they have no brains, no thoughts.As a matter of fact, we have a deep, strong and sophisticated philosophy.I feel I have the responsibility to share this information with the worldwide audience.Lesson 3 3.3 Steve Forbes on Forbes
我祖父二十世纪初来到美国，他离开苏格兰时身上没有什么钱。连他在内有兄弟姐妹10人，不过他自小受到很好的教育。像许多人一样，他也是满怀憧憬和理想来到美国的。** 他创办了《福布斯》杂志，报道那些实干家，那些给商业社会带来变革的人。
我祖父常说，做生意不是为了堆积百万财富，而是为了带来幸福快乐。如今我们讲到公司和经营，文章中会用到许多数字，但是焦点一直放在人上面。**对公司而言，最重要的是人，而不是资产负债表。以前我祖父是这样看的，我们现在也这样看。
** 当前世界信息泛滥，足以将人淹么其中，人们迫切需要一本刊物来解读这些信息，告诉读者哪些重要哪些可以不必理会。这就是《福布斯》的价值所在。我们提供额外的视角和判断。我们从不停留于表面，总想看看公司到底如何经营的，正是当今芜杂繁多的信息使得《福布斯》日益重要。
3.4 Introduction to an arts and crafts company Distinguished guests, dear friends: I feel honored to have this opportunity to introduce our company to you through the platform provided by this conference.Founded 15 years ago, we are a company specializing in the design, manufacture and sales of handicrafts.Fifteen years ago our staff numbered 50;now the figure is 1,700.Fifteen years ago we rented a facility covering a floor space of 4,500 square meters;now our own facility covers a floor space of 24,000 square meters.These figures speak loudly and clearly of our success.Our leading products are various architectural models, including exotic European cathedrals, the Empire State Building, the White House, and the Pentagon in the U.S., along with cartoon animal toys and Christmas gifts with a variety of designs.Our designs have become trend setters in the industry.Today, our products are sold worldwide in more than twenty countries including Japan, Singapore, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, America, the UK, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Sweden, and Germany.They are well received by both local importers and customers.For fifteen years, our output value has maintained an annual growth rate of 30%.3．5 财富500强
45年来，〈财富〉杂志一直给美国的大公司排名，这就是一年一度的“财富500强”，有时也将前面的100名成为“财富100强”。上榜的公司基本上都是头年收入名列前茅的美国本土公司。财富杂志根据上市公司的公开数据来计算收入，未上市的公司没有列入，因为它们的股票没有公开发行。国外公司在美国的分公司也不参与排名。
“财富500强”公司是美国规模最大、利润最多、实力最强的公司。论收入，即使500强排名最后的公司也是才大气粗，如去年排名最末的公司收入也超过30亿美圆。
除了介绍美国公司的“财富500强”之外，〈财富〉杂志还推出了“全球500强”，给各国的上市公司排名。当然，由于美国经济在全球经济中的主导地位，许多“财富500强”的美国公司也高居“全球500强”排行榜。
〈财富〉杂志也推出其他排名，如“100家受雇条件最佳公司”、“100家增长最快的公司”等。比较各种排名看看哪些公司重复上榜，是很有意思的事情。比如，在“100家受雇条件最佳公司”榜上排名第一的公司可能根本不在“财富500强”之列，而排在“财富500强”和“全球500强”前列的公司，却上不了“最受人尊敬的公司”排行榜。也许甲壳虫乐队说得对——爱是不能用金钱买来的。
Lesson 4 4.3 西敏斯特大学介绍
非常感谢你们的盛情款待，我们很高兴来到这里与你们相聚。很遗憾校长先生今天无法前来，我谨代表他介绍一下我们的学校。
西敏斯特大学成立于1838年，是英国第一所工科大学，所以我们学校有着悠久的历史。我们的主校区位于英国首都伦敦市的中心地带。目前我们的学生来自132个不同国家，人数超过22，700。西敏斯特大学是全英最受国际学生欢迎的15所大学之一。
我们有教师700多人，还有来自各国的客座讲师1，000余人。学校的这种国际环境为学生日后将要面临的职业生涯做好了良好的准备，我们的宗旨是提供国内国际环境下高品质的教育和科研。
我们是一所现代大学，在诸多研究领域占据领先地位，其中包括传播、文化与媒体研究、法律、亚洲研究、语言学、艺术设计（含音乐）、电子工程、政治与国际关系等，我们的主要学科均获得高度的专业认可。
我们真诚地希望与贵校建立交流合作项目。
4.4 Preserve core values of the Lunar New Year To people of Chinese descent around the world, the Lunar New Year(also called Spring Festival)is undoubtedly the most important festival of the year.**Dating back 3,000 years, it celebrates the passing of a peaceful year and welcomes the new one.The reunion dinner, eaten on New Year’s Eve, is de rigueur, with members of the extended family gathering for the most
《口译教程》汉英翻译参考译文
significant meal of the year.Even the absent members will endeavor to return home in time for it.It underscores the supreme importance of the family in Chinese culture, and aims at strengthening the sense of togetherness and cohesion.The way people celebrate the New Year embodies two important core values.*The first value is the sense of family togetherness;members of multi-generation families are all there to have a big reunion dinner.Everyone will follow this custom.The female members are usually held responsible for preparing the dinner, and some rich families may take on extra hands.*The second value lies in the happy visits mutually made between friends and relatives, a good way to strengthen kinship and friendship.However, economic development has resulted in some changes in lifestyles.After a busy year, people are tired of preparing for the reunion dinner, and would rather hold it in posh restaurants, despite the exorbitant costs.The festival door-to-door visits have given way to New Year greetings via telephone or text messages.Some families go away for a trip or even go to such extreme as to seek temporary refuge in a hotel so as to avoid being visited.* Some tradition-minded people regard the reunion dinner and visits to relatives and close friends during the New Year as where core values are embodied, without which the holiday would lose much of its significance.Some pessimists contend that, as the popularity of western culture grows, Chinese traditional festivals will gradually lose their original meaning and degenerate into commercial festivals like Christmas.The Spring Festival is an important part of the Chinese cultural heritage, and it will continue to be celebrated.The modes of celebration may change, but the core value should be sustained: that of respect for kinship and friendship.4.5 中英教育交流
Q：My question is about educational exchanges.You mentioned in your speech that there are large numbers of Chinese students studying in Britain.As we know, it is extremely difficult to get a scholarship at a British university.But the tuition fees for international students far exceed these for home students.So we can not help wondering about the motivation of British universities in enrolling Chinese students.Is it to promote educational exchanges with China and to liven up campus life in Britain, or just for a commercial purpose? Thank you.A: 这实际上是出于多种考虑。我不否认有商业考虑，办大学也要花钱，不过教育交流是主要目的。奖学金难申请是因为钱要由政府出，有时候纳税人有意见，说政府应该把奖学金给本国学生而不是外国学生，所以很困难。
但是我们现在已经在扩大奖学金范围。事实上，过去几年，中国学生来英国留学人数大大增加了，这说明奖学金难归难，你们还是有办法来留学的。
我想教育交流在未来会非常重要，我也希望，每一次外国学生来英国学习，回去时就像是一个英国的大使，到他的国家为我们宣传，不管是在中国、俄罗斯还是哪个国家。所以我们在扩大教育规模，吸收更多海外留学生。所以你们继续申请奖学金，我们会尽力帮助的。
Q： Mr.Blair, welcome to Tsinghua University.I was deeply impressed by your support for Sino-British educational exchanges, but I was also sorry to learn that some universities in northeastern Britain have decided to cancel the major of Chinese Culture and Language, among them the University of Durham.Will this affect cultural and educational cooperation between our two countries? If so, what is your solution?
A: 讲到学校的课程，既然我听说了这件事，我打算回去看看究竟，不过大学做出这样的决定原因很多，也许是经济原因，或者是他们面临某种困难，这也是时有的事情。要把想做的事情办成，钱总是不够的。不过我也可以向你保证，我们会一如既往地欢迎中国学生来英国学习，就算杜伦大学没有合适的专业，其他大学也肯定有。
Lesson 5 5．3 温家宝总理在世界旅游组织第15届全体大会上的致词
Mr.Francesco Frangialli, Secretary-General of the World Tourism Organization, Ms.Louise Frechette, Deputy Secretary-General of the United Nations, All Delegates, Ladies and Gentlemen，At this October time when Beijing is offering us its charming autumn scenery in the freshest air and clearest weather, the th15 General Assembly Session of the World Tourism Organization is officially opened here.On behalf of the Chinese government, I would like to extend our sincere welcome to all the guests here and to express our warm congratulations on the convening of this session.Tourism is a nice and pleasant activity that combines sightseeing, recreation and health care.Tourism has been developing with the times.Since the mid of the 20th century, modern tourism has been booming at a fast pace across the world.The number of tourists has been increasing, the scale of tourism industry has kept expanding, and the position of tourism in the economy has been rising.Increasingly, tourism serves as a channel for cultural exchanges, friendship development and varied communication.It exerts more and more extensive influence on human life and social progress.As a country with an ancient civilization and a long history, China is also a big oriental country full of modern vitality, blessed with a rich supply of unique and varied tourism attractions and resources.Besides the picturesque natural scenery，《口译教程》汉英翻译参考译文
profound history and extensive culture, China embodies the different folk customs of 56 nationalities/ethnic groups.Currently, 29 properties have been inscribed onto World Cultural and Natural Heritage List.With the reform and opening-up programs, China’s modern construction is surging ahead, and urban and rural areas are all experiencing daily changes.The ancient glory and modern boom combine most impressively to create favorable conditions for domestic and international tourism in China.The fist 20 years of the 21st century is a strategic period for China to accomplish the all-round construction of a well-off society and to speed up its socialist modernization.It also provides a favorable time for its further development of tourism industry.We shall promote tourism as an important industry in China’s national economy, properly protect and utilize our tourism resources and try to achieve sustainable development.The Chinese government welcomes all international friends to visit China.We shall do our best to protect their health and safety.Meanwhile, we will encourage more Chinese people to go abroad for visits.We are ready to develop extensive cooperation with other countries and contribute to global tourism growth.For many years, the World Tourism Organization has made active and effective efforts to gain tourism prosperity and development around the world.It has become a specialized agency of the UN.Here we would like to offer our sincere congratulations.We believe this WTO General Assembly session will give a major push to tourism in the world for greater prosperity and new development.Finally, I wish the 15th General Assembly Session of the World’s Tourism Organization every success.Thank you!
5.4 世界旅游组织简介
世界旅游组织是唯一接纳旅游经营者的政府间组织，它受联合国委托，在各国旅游业的宣传和发展工作中发挥核心作用。世界旅游组织成立于1975年，总部设在西班牙首都马德里。
世界旅游组织的宗旨是促进经济发展、国际了解、和平繁荣和对人权与人的基本自由的普遍尊重，并强调在贯彻这一宗旨时，要特别注意发展中国家在旅游事业方面的利益。
世界旅游组织的成员分为正式成员、联系成员和附属成员三类。正式成员是指所有的主权国家成员。联系成员指的是哪些不必负责外交事务的地区。这些成员需要经过为他们承担外交责任的政府的批准方可成为成员。
附属成员的范围十分广泛，包括直接从事旅游业或与旅游业有关的组织和企业，如：航空公司以及其他运输公司、饭店、餐馆、旅游批发商和零售商、金融机构、保险公司、出版集团等。
到2003年，世界旅游组织有141个正式成员国、7个联系成员和350个附属成员，他们代表着私营部门、教育机构、旅游协会以及地方旅游管理机构。
5.5 现代化与文化遗产的保护
主：Welcome to our studio.My first question is: how many years have you been in China? 宾：三年多了。我是2002年5月底来的。
主：3 years.I bet you have witnessed a lot of changes in China.Could you tell us your deepest impression of urban development in China? 宾：我恐怕只能就我所在的城市谈谈经验，不过从周边城市的所见所闻，我也会有同样的看法。所有的外国人都非常清楚地看到，中国和中国的许多城市都在快速地发展。我想在东部沿海城市更是如此。到处矗立着崭新的高楼大厦，马路变得更加宽敞。
主：What do you think of all these tall buildings and the widened roads? Do you think that these are signs of modernization? Are all these changes good?
宾：这个问题提得好，但是我觉得这是个相当复杂的问题。主：Why is it complicated? 宾：这个问题得从两个不同角度来谈。一方面是我作为一个外国人所期待的…… 我想看的，我感兴趣的和中国人想看的或者想让我看的肯定是不一样的。另一方面就是现代化与旧城文化保护相互冲突的问题。
主：Then let’s see what are the differences between a foreigner’s expectations and what the Chinese would like to see.宾：这个问题看来最好这么来谈，一般情况下，中国朋友带我们参观城市的时候，都是带我们去看现代建筑，比如机场、大桥、会展中心等等城市里最新的东西。但是外国人对老城区、小街小巷、古旧建筑更感兴趣，也就是那些使这个城市有别于我们所看过的其他城市的东西。一个外国人到过的其他地方可能比一般中国人多，所见过的机场和桥梁对他们来说没什么太大的不同，但是西安的庙宇他们就觉得有别于法国的教堂，更重要的是，中国城市的老房子更有别于英国城市里的老房子。
主：That is to say, foreigners are interested in the things unique in China, but there is a contradiction between modernization and preservation, as you mentioned just now from another perspective.The space of a city is limited;the old part of the city should be reconstructed, and in fact the new buildings are symbols of the prosperity of a city.Isn’t this a good thing?
宾：当然，繁荣与发展对你们来说是很重要的，对我们也是很重要（你们认为发展很重要，我也这么看）。问题是当一个国家发展的时候，人民的生活水平也随之提高，甚至可能提高很快。他们需要让别人看到这种变化的事实。你们似乎忽略了，对以前的事物需要加以保护，不止是保护那些庙宇或者宫殿，而且应该保护人们居住的房屋，保护老城区的原貌。
《口译教程》汉英翻译参考译文
文化遗产一旦遭到破坏，你们是无法挽回这种损失的。
主：You are quite right.People nowadays are starting to realize the importance of the preservation of heritage.Some local governments are making great effort to deal with the contradiction between development and preservation.Well, because of the limitation of the time, I’m afraid we have to stop now.Thank you ever so much for your coming to discuss this topic with us.We hope you’ll come again.Lesson 6 6.4.国际烟草控制公约
女士们，先生们：
首先，我要告诉大家一个好消息。一个以降低死亡与疾病主要原因为目的的公约刚刚生效。这个公约就是《烟草控制框架公约》，它是由世界卫生组织主持达成的第一个（具有法律效力的）国际公共卫生条约。
已经有160多个国家在公约上签字，签约国必须在各自国家批准该公约。迄今为止，已有近60个国家批准了该公约，** 然而只需40个国家批准即可生效。该公约在2005年2月27日生效。
各缔约国必须提高香烟和其他烟草制品的价格和税费，必须打击烟草制品的非法交易，必须采取措施减少公共场所被动吸烟等。公约还禁止烟草广告以及烟草商进行其他营销活动，但是这样的限制不能违背相关国家的宪法规定。
公约号召烟草公司公布用以制造香烟的所有材料，此外，健康警告所包含的信息不能使公众误以为某些香烟的危害程度比其他香烟低。专家告诉我们，所有香烟都是不安全的。缔约国还必须支持开展帮助人民戒烟的活动，应该开展告诫人们不要吸烟的教育活动。
世界卫生组织的研究表明，全球目前有烟民约10亿人，其中超过80%的烟民生活在发展中国家。经常吸烟的人有一半死于吸烟，每年世界上有近500万人因吸烟而死亡，专家指出，按照目前的增长速度，到2020年，这个数字将达到1，000万。
吸烟导致并增加患上各种疾病的危险，这些疾病包括癌症和心脏病。吸烟的孕妇可能伤害胎儿。最近研究提供了更多事实，证明孩子从小就吸入烟雾，长大后得肺癌的危险性增大。
《烟草控制框架公约》广受世界人民的欢迎，但是还需要制定补充性协议来增强其效力。比如，发展中国家贯彻公约需要资金的支持。对于那些没有贯彻执行的国家还没有处罚的条例，不过他们的表现记录将在联合国大会接受检查。
我的话完了，谢谢大家！6.5 艾滋病的防治
A：王先生，早上好！非常感谢您抽时间接受我们的采访。请您介绍一下中国目前艾滋病传播情况。
B：Well, in China, HIV/AIDS has become a very serious problem related to social development.There’ve been cases of people being accidentally infected with HIV/AIDS, through accepting contaminated blood from hospitals, babies acquiring the disease from their mothers, having improper sexual relationships.From the time we discovered the first AIDS patient in 1985, our country has entered a period of rapid increase in AIDS infections.Experts estimate that more than 900,000 people had been infected with HIV by the end of last year.If we don’t take some efficient measures, this number will double by 2010.A: 您认为增长这么快的主要原因在哪里？ B：First, because of poverty, people lack education and information about the prevention of HIV/AIDS.Second, ignorance.People do not pay much attention to this problem.Third, they lack proper resources, things like training, money and information.According to reports, we do not yet have an efficient medicine to cure HIV/AIDS.A: 政府已经采取了哪些具体的措施来控制艾滋病在中国的蔓延呢？有什么国际合作吗？
B：We have already got very strong support from the international community, especially on the technical side.And on the domestic front, we’ve recognized that making our people understand and raising their awareness is very important.So, common sense, health education and behavioral changes are the only way for people to avoid HIV infection.A: 贵国政府在发布警报以及增强公众对艾滋病传播危险性的认识方面一直都在怎么做？特别是在农村地区？您认为要解决这个问题还应该进一步做些什么？
《口译教程》汉英翻译参考译文
B: Firstly, I think the government should improve our monitoring system, and secondly, NGOs should try their best to mobilize all the resources we can use to help the people, especially people at the grass roots and the rural areas, to let them know the terrible results of the spreading of the disease and how to prevent HIV/AIDS.I think we should do more advocacy work among the people.A: 非常感谢您回答我们这么多问题。预祝你们在与艾滋病的斗争中取得成功。B：Thank you.Lesson 10 10.3 中与欧盟的关系
女士们、先生们、朋友们：
今天，我很荣幸给大家介绍欧盟的一些情况以及欧盟与中国的关系。
欧盟全称为欧洲联盟，是在欧洲共同体基础上由25个（27）独立的国家组成的，目的是为了加强政治、经济和社会合作。原来称“欧共体”或“欧洲经济共同体”。
目前的25个成员国是奥地利、比利时、丹麦、芬兰、法国、希腊、爱尔兰、意大利、卢森堡、荷兰、葡萄牙、西班牙、瑞典、英国、塞浦路斯（希腊部分）、捷克共和国、爱沙尼亚、匈牙利、拉脱维亚、立陶宛、马耳他、欧兰、斯洛伐克、斯洛文尼亚。
欧盟25国总面积400万平方公里，接近半个中国的面积。总人口数为4.544亿，排行第三，仅次于中国和印度，约占世界总人口的7%。
欧盟统一货币为欧元，2002年1月1日正式启用。到目前为止，已经有12个欧盟成员国用欧元取代其本国货币。统一货币是旅行和价格比较变得容易些，它还为欧洲的商业往来、刺激增长与竞争创造了一个稳定的环境。
到目前为止，欧盟的国内生产总值逾10万亿美元。作为一个整体，这个规模与它的主要竞争对手美国差不多。经济总量和贸易总额分别占全球25%和35%。
欧盟与中国关系十分友好。今年5月欧盟与中国就建交30周年了。去年，欧盟与中国的进出口贸易总额达到2，000亿欧元。德国是中国最大的贸易伙伴，英国、荷兰名列第二和第三。
欧盟正抓住当前这一打好的历史机遇——团结曾经分裂的欧洲大陆，创造一个和平、稳定、民主的欧洲。这次欧盟的扩大还将创造一个几乎拥有5亿消费者的统一市场，这个市场饱含经济增长和不断繁荣的极大潜力。
我的话讲完了，谢谢大家！10.4 中国与东盟的关系
A: Excuse me, could you tell me when ASEAN was established? And how many member countries does it have now? B: 东盟于1967年8月8日成立，目前有10个成员国，它们是：文莱、柬埔寨、印度尼西亚、老挝、马来西亚、缅甸、菲律宾、泰国、新加坡和越南。
A: Besides these 10 member countries, ASEAN also always holds the 10+1, 10+3 meetings.Does it mean that ASEAN has some dialogue partners? B: 是的。东盟有10个对话伙伴，它们是澳大利亚、加拿大、中国、欧盟、印度、日本、俄罗斯、新西兰、韩国和美国。
A：What is the area that ASEAN covers? How many languages are spoken in this region? What is the total population? B: 东盟地区面积大约有450万平方公里，有14中官方语言和7种宗教。人口总数在2000年有5.12亿。
A: 4.5 million square kilometers is about half of China’s territory, such a big regional organization neighboring China.How is the relationship between ASEAN and China now?
B：东盟不仅在区域上面积广大，在经济、政治、科技上也是一个举足轻重的地区。所有的东盟成员国都是中国的友好近邻。自从上世纪90年代以来，中国与东盟的关系一直很好，政治联系日益密切。
A：Can you give some data?
B: 在中国与东盟的关系中，经贸。科技方面的合作是基本的组成部分。1994年的贸易总额从120亿增加到235亿美元，其中中欧广告的出口是109.2亿美元，进口123.6亿美元。双方的相互投资过去几年也不断增加。东盟在劳动力合作和项目开放方面已经成为中国的重要市场。中国和东盟已经同意用8年的时间创建世界人口最密集的自由贸易区。
A：The relationship is very good economically, but how about politically? B：东盟是一个非常活跃的地区性组织，在发展相互了解与互信、捍卫地区国家间的和平与发展起到非常积极的作用。中国与东盟的友好合作证明，国家无论大小，他们可能有不同的历史背景、社会制度、发展水平、文化传统以及价值观念，但是只要他们遵守和平共处五项原则，他们一定会和谐共处，共同发展。
10.5 Diplomatic work for the people
It is true that we have been making every effort to serve the purpose of doing diplomatic work for the people.On the international stage, in order to do good and practical things for the people, we have to rely on our friends.In this regard, Chinese leaders have played an exemplary role.They have made many good friends for China in the world.Last year, President Hu Jingtao, Chairman Wu Bangguo of the National People’s Congress, Premier Wen Jiabao and Chairman Jia Qinglin of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference visited a total of 34 countries.During their short yet tightly scheduled visits, they conducted extensive activities.Last year alone, we received 29 visiting heads of state, 23 heads of government and 42 foreign ministers.《口译教程》汉英翻译参考译文
In addition, different departments and industries across the country have been engaged in other diplomatic activities so as to make friends for the motherland and do practical things for the people.The inter-parliamentary, party-to-party and military-to-military diplomatic activities between China and other countries are fairly active, and a large number of Chinese NGOs are also active players in the international arena, such as the Chinese Youth League, the All China Women’s Federation and the All China Federation of Trade Unions.Many Chinese cities have also established twin-city relations with their foreign counterparts.At present, China has 235 diplomatic missions abroad staffed with over 5600 people, of whom 3200 are from the Foreign Ministry.Ambassador Sun Bian, who was recently named as one of the top 10 figures inspiring China most in 2004, is one of the best representatives of the Foreign Ministry.Recently, I came across a group of figures from a western newspaper.Let’s take a look at them together to see whether the “China threat theory” makes sense or is nothing but ridiculous nonsense.In 2004, the defense expenditure of the US was US$455.9 billion, accounting for 3.9% of its GDP, while that of China in the same year was only RMB 211.7 billion, making up 1.6% of China’s GDP.The US defense expenditure was 17.8 times that of China.In 2004, the per capita defense expenditure in the US was US$1540 while that of China was about US$20, with the US figure being 77 times that of China.In 2003, the US defense expenditure accounted for 47% of the global total, exceeding the total of the other 25 countries in the world with the largest defense expenditures.The figure was also 3.5 times the total sum of the defense expenditure of the other four permanent members of the Security Council.China follows the road of peaceful development.To maintain peace is both the starting point and the purpose of Chinese diplomacy.I believe that all those who respect the truth will see China a staunch force for peace in the world.
第三篇：新编汉英翻译教程笔记
（新编汉英翻译教程陈宏薇）
第4章 句子的英译
在汉英翻译实践中，我们明确了关键词语的选择后，就要考虑句子的构建了。
如前文所述，句子是较为理想的汉英翻译单位。从“汉英句法对比”中我们得知，由于思维方式的差异，汉语和英语的句子概念不同，句子类型的划分不同，句子组合的机制也不同。
汉语为语义型语言，着力考究“字”与语义及其相关关系，注重内容的意会性。因此，汉语的句法特征是：主语可由诸多不同类别的词语充当，主语隐含不显或无主语句的情况时常可见；谓语的成分非常复杂，且不受主语支配，没有人称、数、时态的变化；句与句之间多无明示逻辑关系的连接词。所以汉语句子看似松散，如流水般无定法可依。
英语为语法型语言，重点研究主谓序列及其相关词类，句子结构受形式逻辑制约，注重形式的严谨。Partridge(1954:9)认为“英语句子十句有九句是按主谓宾配列的”。刘宓庆先生也认为，任何英语语句都可以完形为主谓统携全句的基本态势。因此，英语句法的特征是：主语突出、易于识别，且只能由名词或名词性的词语担任；谓语绝对受主语的支配，在人称和数上面必须和主语保持一致，有时态、语态和语气的变化；句与句之间多以明示逻辑关系的连接词相连。所以英语依法构句，形式完整而严密。
在汉英翻译中，要牢记以上汉英语言之间的差异，记住英语是主语显著语言(subject-prominent language)，英语句子构建在主谓轴(subject-predicate pivot)上。因此，选择确定主谓语，是成功构句，保证译文与原文功能相似、语义相符的关键。
4.1主语的确定
在汉译英的实践中，对主语的确定可采取三种处理方法：（1）以原句主语作译文主语；（2）重新确定主语；（3）增补主语。
4.1.1以原句主语作译文主语
英语句中的主语只能是名词、主格人称代词或名词性的词语。当汉语原文有明确的主语，而且该主语由名词或主格人称代词充当时，我们可以原句主语作为英译文的主语：如：
（1）我们的房子是一百多年前建造的。
Our house was built over a hundred years ago.（2）我是北京人。
I come from Beijing.（3）如果不适当地处理，锅炉及机动车辆排出的废气就会造成城市空气污染。
Exhaust from boilers and vehicles, unless properly treated, causes air pollution in cities.（4）假日里，青年人双双对对漫步在公园里。
The young people in pairs and couples rambled about the park on holidays.（5）然而悲惨的皱纹，却也从他的眉头和嘴角出现了。
Miserable wrinkles began to appear between his eyebrows and round his mouth.（《鲁迅全集》第二卷，杨宪益、戴乃迭等）（6）如果说，词汇是语言的“建筑材料”，那么，句子便是文章的“基本部件”。
If vocabulary is the “building materials” for language, sentences are “fundamental parts” of writings.（朱伯石《写作与语言》，李定坤译）例6中，原文的主语“句子”不带数的标记，英译时，其对应词sentence为可数名词，译者从语境和英语语法规则考虑，选取了复数形式sentences，而不是单数的a sentence或the sentence，作为该句的主语。
（7）邮差先生走到街上来，手里拿着一大把信。在这小城里他兼任邮务员、售票员，但仍旧有许多剩余时间，每天戴上老花镜，埋头在公案上剪裁花样。
Mr.Postman would walk up the street with a bundle of letters in his hand.Working in a small town as postman and stamp seller, he still had lots of spare time.Every day he would sit bending over his desk scissor-cutting flower patterns, wearing a pair of glasses for farsighted old people.（师陀《邮差先生》，张培基译）
《邮差先生》描写了一个善良、敬业的乡村老邮递员，语言浅白平实。原文含两个句子。前一句为开篇句，以“邮差先生”作主语，直点文章主人公；后一句没有重复“邮差先生”，而以代词“他”指代。译文保留原文主语，对应译为Mr.Postman和he。此外，译者将第二句分成两句，均以he作主语。译文信息准确，逻辑清晰，行文简洁明了。
（8）中国有两点是靠得住的，一是讲原则，二是说话算数。（邓小平）
China can be counted on.Among other things, first, it upholds principles and second, it honors its words.原文为一个复句，译者根据英文行文的需要，将其拆译作两句：前一句中保留了原主语China（中国）；第二句含两个并列分句，从形式上看，原文对应部分没有（也无此必要）明示主语，译者根据语义分析，添补了代词it（指代China）作主语，译文连贯、符合逻辑。
（9）人有失错，马有漏蹄。
As a horse may tumble, so a man may make mistakes.译文虽照搬了原主语，但句子结构有变化：语序倒换了。原文意合，译文形合。（10）欢乐的人群宛如大海的波涛，从街道上汹涌而过。
The jubilant crowd surged through the streets like the sea waves.值得提醒的是，由于中国人和英美人的思维方式和语言习惯存在巨大差异，汉语主语并非总能完全对应地转换到英语中。直接将汉语原文主语作为英语译文主语的做法最简洁方便，但它运用的场合是有限的。初学者常犯的毛病是不假思索，照搬原文主语，下笔便译，结果译文虽然在形式上可能与原文相似，意义却相去甚远，行文也生硬，不符合英语的表达习惯。在翻译实践中，我们应根据英美人的思维方式、语言习惯、语境和行文需要，对主语的确定加以慎重考虑。如果保留原主语的做法不妥，我们就要另觅他法了。
4.1.2重新确定主语
在许多情况下，我们需要重新选择和确定主语，以保证译文逻辑通顺、行文流畅、语言自然地道，行使与原文相似的功能。用来替换原主语的，可以是句中其他成分，也可以是句外的词语。如：
（11）他的身材魁梧，生一副大长方脸，嘴巴阔大，肌肤呈着紫檀色。
He was a giant of a man with a long square face, a wide mouth and a complexion suffused with the colour of red sandalwood.（吴强《红日》，A.C.Barnes译）
该例原文充分体现了汉语注重内容的意会性，以意驭形的特点。从形式上看，名词“身材”是句中主语，但从随后三个部分的内容来看，“生一副大长方脸，嘴巴阔大，肌肤呈着紫檀色”的应该是“他”而不是“身材”。译者根据英语语言逻辑严密的特点，将原为定语的“他（的）”改作主语He，随后表语中三个with + a(+ adj.)+ noun的结构排列，内容连贯，形式衔接匀称，读来朗朗上口。（12）①鲁迅的骨头是最硬的，②他没有丝毫的奴颜和媚骨，③这是殖民地半殖民地人民最可宝贵的性格。
Lu Hsun was a man of unyielding integrity, free from all sycophancy or obsequiousness;this quality is invaluable among colonial and semi-colonial peoples.原文由意义上相互联系，结构上却相对独立的三个小句组成复句。主语分别是名词“骨头”、代词“他”和“这”。译者将①②合为一个分句，改原来作定语的“鲁迅”为主语，同时舍弃了“骨头是最硬的”这个在汉语中比喻人的品格“刚正不阿”的形象，以a man of unyielding integrity这一意译的方式取而代之；“性格”（this quality）一词原在句③充当谓语的述宾结构中作宾语，现改作主语，译文曲尽原意，语言自然。如若照搬原文主语，结果会怎样？试比较以下译文：
Lu Hsun's bones were the hardest;he was free from all sycophancy or obsequiousness;this is invaluable among colonial and semi-colonial peoples.死译硬译，典型的中式英语。
（13）幸亏这些青年妇女，白洋淀长大的，她们摇得小船飞快。小船活像开了水皮的一条打跳的梭鱼。It was lucky that all these young wives had grown up by the river: their boat went like the wind.It shot forward like some flying fish, hardly skimming the water.（孙犁《白洋淀》，戴乃迭译）
将their boat替换“她们”作主语，是便于与后一句的It（指“小船”）照应。（14）世纪之交，中国外交空前活跃。
a.The turn of the century finds China most active on the diplomatic arena.b.At the turn of the century, China is very active in its diplomatic activities.有比较就有鉴别。将The turn(of the century)替换原主语“中国”的译文a，比照搬原主语的译文b地道，有韵味。
（15）一九**年十月中国爆炸了第一颗原子弹，使世界大为震惊。a.China's first atomic blast in October, 1964 was a great shock to the rest of the world.b.In October, 1964, China blasted its first atomic bomb, which shocked the rest of the world greatly.此例中，以原来作谓语的“爆炸”(blast)取代原主语“中国”(China)的译文a，亦胜过照搬原主语的译文b。
（16）胎又瘪了。
We've got another flat tire.该例汉语原文和英译文，都是各自语言中的习惯表达方式。两种表达方式的区别，典型地反映了汉英思维方式和语言叙述角度的差异。译文中连主语带谓语（We've got）都是译者增添的。若照原文亦步亦趋，译作The tire turns flat again.语法倒是不错，英美人乍一听，可能会楞上一阵。
（17）树缝里也漏着一两点路灯光，没精打采的，是渴睡人的眼。Here and there a few rays from street-lamps filtered through the trees, listless as the eyes of one who is dozing.（朱自清《荷塘月色》，王椒升译）
（18）人不可貌相，海水不可斗量。a.It is impossible to judge people from their appearance, and impossible to measure the ocean by pints.（刘鹗《老残游记》，杨宪益、戴乃迭译）
b.We can't judge people from their appearance, just as we can't measure the ocean by pints.两个译文均新觅主语，替换了“人”和“海水”。
4.1.3增补主语 本节开头提到，汉语中，主语隐含不显或无主语的情况时常可见。译成英语，则必须依照英语的规则，将主语增补起来。增补主语的原则，一是要推敲语境，二是要考虑英语语法习惯和行文的需要。
（19）到了济南府，进得城来，家家泉水，户户垂杨，比那江南风景，觉得更为有趣。When he reached Jinan and entered the city, there were flowing streams by every house and willow trees by every door, which delighted him even more than the scenery of the south.（刘鹗《老残游记》，杨宪益、戴乃迭译）
原文主语被隐去。从上下文可知，这“到了济南府，进得城来”的是故事主人公老残，所以增添he作从句的主语；主句用There be...句型，加上随后的定语从句(which delighted him)中的him与前面的he照应，译文语法严整。原文意合，译文补出连词When和关系代词which，化意合为形合。
（20）沉默呵，沉默呵！不在沉默中爆发，就在沉默中灭亡。Silence, silence!Unless we burst out, we shall perish in this silence!（鲁迅《纪念刘和珍君》，杨宪益、戴乃迭译）
添补包括作者和读者在内的we作主语，成功地传达了鲁迅对反动派屠杀进步人士的愤慨，对国家及民众前途和命运的担忧，还有他激励人民奋起反抗的呐喊。主语的增补使译文再现了原文的信息功能和表情功能。
（21）起大风了。It's blowing hard.汉语中表自然现象的句子多为无主语句，如“下雨了”、“下雪了”、“打雷了”等。汉译英时，要依照英语的习惯，增添It作主语：“It's raining”、“It's snowing”、“It's thundering”。
（22）用劳动实现自己的理想，用理想指导自己的劳动。
You realize your ideals through labour and you guide your labour by ideals.（陈毅《赠郭沫若同志》）
（23）不懂就是不懂，不要装懂。不要摆官架子。钻进去，几个月，一年两年，三年五年，总可以学会的。
We must not pretend to know when we do not know.We must not put on bureaucratic airs.If we dig into a subject for several months, for a year or two, for three or five years, we shall eventually master it.（毛泽东《论人民民主专政》，北京外文出版社1961年版译文）
（24）出了院门，四顾一望，并无二色，远远的是青松翠竹，自己却似装在玻璃盆内一般。于是走至山坡之下，顺着山脚刚转过去，已闻得一股含香扑鼻，回头一看，却是妙玉那边栊翠庵中有十数株红梅，如胭脂一般，映着雪色，分外显得精神，好不有趣。
Once outside his own gate he gazed round.All was white except for some green pines and emerald bamboos in the distance, so that he had the sensation of being in a crystal bowl.As he rounded the foot of the slope he smelt a cold fragrance and, looking over his shoulder, saw a dozen or so crimson plum trees in Green Lattice Nunnery where Miaoyu lived, their blossom, red as rouge, reflected in the snow and remarkably vivid against it.（曹雪芹《红楼梦》，杨宪益、戴乃迭译）
原文写宝玉踏雪前往芦雪庭赴姐妹们诗会之约一路所见。该例由典型的流水句组成。文章从宝玉的角度，描述了他眼中看到的大观园一夜瑞雪后，银装素裹，青松翠竹，红梅吐蕊的美景。例中各部分的主语几乎全部隐去。译文遵循英语语法要求，将主语话隐为显，根据语境分别增添了he、All、he、he、he担任三个主句和两个状语从句的主语。
4.2谓语的确定与主谓一致问题
汉语句子中谓语成分五花八门，非常复杂，而英语句子中的谓语比较单一，只能由动词或动词短语承担。汉译英时，有时可以选择与原文对应的谓语，但多数情况下，我们往往既不能照搬原文主语，也不能照搬原文谓语，而须作调整，或新觅谓语。
谓语的确定与主语的选择密切相关。从思维步骤来看，主、谓语的确定互为因果。译者根据语义传达和行文构句的需要，在确定译文主语的时候，也在考虑谓语动词的选择，或者反过来，译者可能先想好了谓语动词，再来选择主语。两种确定的顺序，孰先孰后很难分清。
谓语的选择和确定，须兼顾表意和构句的二重需要，即考虑英语语法规范、搭配习惯和逻辑关系等问题。所谓“表意的需要”，指选择谓语时，除考虑该词语本身能否准确传达原文意义外，还要关照其与主语的语义关联，亦即逻辑的关联，以及主谓词语的搭配。
此外，谓语动词和宾语的搭配，连系动词和表语的搭配，以及这两种搭配产生的修辞效果，也都影响和制约谓语的选择。而“构句的需要”，则指谓语的确定必须符合英语句法的需要，必须遵循主谓一致的原则，符合英语语法规范。实际翻译中，“表意”与“构句”问题无法截然分开，但为了方便起见，我们将它们分列在两小节讲述。
4.2.1谓语的确定应该基于表意的需要 1.考虑谓语表意的需要时，首先要看它能否准确传达原意，表意是否贴切。比较以下译文：（1）中央政府不干预香港特别行政区的事务。
a.The Central Government has refrained from intervening in the affairs of the HKSAR.b.The Central Government has never intervened in the affairs of the HKSAR.两个译文以不同的动词短语作谓语。译文a中has refrained from意为“克制自己不去干预”，而译文b中has never intervened in意为“中央政府从不去干预也不想干预香港特别行政区的事务”。从表意的妥帖与准确性来看，我们应该选后者而不是前者。
（2）中国经济将融入世界经济的大潮。
a.The economy of China will merge into the tide of the world economy.b.The economy of China will converge with that of the world.译文a与b各选择merge into和converge with译“融入”一词，充当谓语。前者含“消没在„„之中”之意，而后者含“与„„融合在一起”之意。此处，译文b谓语的选择是恰当的。
（3）这事到了现在，还是时时记起。
a.Even now, this remains fresh in my memory.b.Even now, I still often think about this.就原文“还是时时记起”而言，译文a“remains fresh in my memory”比译文b“still often think about”更贴近原文，表达也更加自然地道。
2.考虑谓语表意的需要时，还必须关照其与主语的语义关联以及主谓词语的搭配。请看下列例句：
（4）世纪之交，中国外交空前活跃。
a.The turn of the century finds China most active on the diplomatic arena.b.At the turn of the century, China is very active in its diplomatic activities.该例句曾在“主语的确定”部分讲解过。两个译文的主、谓语各不相同，句式结构也迥异。译文a以The turn(of the century)为主语，选择了finds（原句中不存在）作谓语与之搭配，生成了一个表意准确而又合乎英语习惯的句子。这是因为，译者熟悉动词find的用法之一：a time or event finds sb.or sth.in a particular situation or doing a particular thing(Collins COBUILD English Dictionary)，安排在此，正好能传达汉语原文的意义。而译文b亦步亦趋地紧随汉语原文，以China为主语，再按照语法要求，选择了连系动词is（原文中亦无对应表达）加表语very active作谓语。译文b虽然也表意忠实且合乎英语语法，但不及译文a自然地道。
（5）（听说你明天开张，）也许用的着，特意给你送来了。
a.(I hear that you're opening tomorrow.)You may have some use for these things, so I took them along.b.(I hear that you're opening tomorrow.)Thought these might come in handy, so I brought them along.（6）现在，连我们也欠饷啊！
a.Nowadays even our monthly pay is often in arrears.b.Nowadays even we aren't always paid on time.例5和例6情况类似。两译文谓语不同，是由于主语选择有别，表意方面没有大的差异，也都合乎语法规则，但译文b似乎更地道简洁，更贴近原文口语体的色彩。
（7）在同新闻界谈话的时候，上海人使用越来越多的最高级形容词。
a.When they talk to the press, the Shanghai citizens use more and more adjectives of the superlative degree.b.You can hear Shanghai people using more and more adjectives of the superlative degree when they talk to the press.译文a紧随原文句子结构，主、谓语的选择与原文完全对应。译文b则不同，其中can hear替代了原谓语“使用”，是因为句中的主语不再是“上海人”，而是泛指人称代词You。两个译文都与原文意义相符，且符合语法规范。不同的是，译文a仅仅陈述事实，语气比较客观；而译文b从旅游观光者的角度表述，带有一定的感情色彩。
（8）（现在上海人的传统形象开始起了变化，）他们的言语和行动都充满了信心和自豪。
a.Their words and actions are filled with confidence and pride.b.They are confident and proud in their speeches and actions.译文a和b谓语迥异，也是因为两者主语选择不同。从语法角度看，两个译文都不错。从表意的效果看，译文b理想可取，而译文a则不然。紧跟原文结构的译文a，以无生命的Their words and actions（他们的言语和行动）为主语，与谓语are filled with confidence and pride组成句子时，不合英语的逻辑习惯，语义搭配不当，因而不可取。初学者受汉语母语思维习惯的影响，容易犯这类忽略表达逻辑性与语义合理性的毛病。
3.考虑谓语的表意需要时，也须考虑其与宾语的搭配，包括连系动词与表语的搭配，以及该搭配的修辞效果。请看以下例句：
（9）我又闲了一个多月啦！
a.I've been idle for another month now.b.Another month now and I've had no work.该例原文中，处于述位的“闲”一词意义关键。译文a选择形容词idle译之，采用“系表结构”作谓语。译文b以to have no work译之，采用“谓语动词+宾语”的句式。从意义的传达来看，两个译文都不错。但就文体色彩而言，译文a偏向中性书面语体，而译文b属非正式口语体，效果与原文更接近。
（10）（颐和园）1900年遭八国联军破坏，（至1903年才得以修复）。
a.The palace was reduced to ruins by the allied forces of the eight foreign powers.b.The palace suffered ravage in the hands of the allied forces of the eight foreign powers.该例句两个译文以不同的谓语动词表达了相同的意义。译文a用短语be reduced to...，选择了被动语态的形式。译文b用动词suffer，与宾语ravage搭配，采取了主动语态的形式。该例句说明，有时我们对谓语的处理可以有多种选择。
（11）她们（指“时装模特”）逐渐地镇定下来，有了自信。a.They gradually calmed down, restored self-confidence, and...b.Gradually, they calmed down and regained self-confidence.两个译文都采用了“谓语动词+宾语”的句式结构。两者运用同一名词self-confidence作宾语，但选用的谓语动词有别。译文a选词不妥，因为restore一词意为give back, bring back into use(LDCE)，与宾语self-confidence搭配不当。而译文b中的谓语regain一词，根据同一词典，意为get or win back，与该宾语搭配恰当，在此是一个合适的选择。
（12）封建社会代替奴隶社会，资本主义代替封建主义，社会主义经历一个过程发展后必然代替资本主义。
Feudal society replaced slave society, capitalism supplanted feudalism, and, after a long time, socialism will necessarily supersede capitalism.（《邓小平选集》第三卷）
原文含三个小句。充当谓语的动词“代替”三次重复，句式工整而对称。译文也由三个简单句组成，都采用动宾结构。译者选择了三个近义词replace、supplant和supersede分别充当三个简单句的谓语，避免了单调重复，使译文衔接紧凑，富于变化，产生了良好的修辞效果。
（13）（一个世纪以来，中国人民在前进道路上经历了三次历史性的巨大变化„„）第一次是辛亥革命，„„第二次是中华人民共和国的成立，„„第三次是改革开放„„
The first change was represented by the Revolution of 1911...The second change was marked by the founding of the People's Republic of China...The third change was featured by the reform, opening up...（江泽民所作十五大报告）
原文也含三个小句，均为“是„„”字句。译者没有机械照搬原文形式，重复运用连系动词was+表语的形式，而将三个对应部分分别译作was represented by，was marked by和was featured by。它们与介词后的宾语搭配和谐，符合英语习惯，且表意妥帖，表达连贯，表现力丰富。
4.2.2谓语的确定应该基于构句的需要
选择谓语时考虑构句的需要，指译文必须遵守英语语法规范，遵循“主谓一致”的原则，保证谓语和主语的人称和数一致，谓语动词时态、语态正确，句式连贯顺畅，表达地道自然。由于汉语的句法特征为意合，其结构比较松散，谓语不受主语支配，且无时态、性、数变化，初学者受汉语母语的干扰，特别容易在这个上出错。有鉴于此，强化语法意识，增强英语句法概念，显得至关重要。
（14）一年年，燕子来了去了 一年年，阶前草绿了黄了
Year after year the swallows come and go;Year after year the grass before the terrace grows green, yellows.（陈敬容《只要是广阔的世界》，庞秉钧）汉语原文中做主语的“燕子”和“（阶前）草”不带性、数的标记，处于述语位置的“来了去了”和“绿了黄了”也不受时态和性、数的限制。英译文中两个主语，一个 the swallows为复数，另一个the grass不可数（uncountable），用作单数。随后的谓语分别为come and go，和第三人称单数加“s”的grows(green), yellows，与各自的主语一致，符合英语习惯。
（15）九斤老太早已做过八十大寿，仍然不平而且康健。六斤的双丫角，已经成为一支大辫子了。
Old Mrs.Ninepounder celebrated her eightieth birthday some time ago and is as full of complaints, as hale and hearty as ever.Sixpounder's twin tufts of hair have changed into a thick braid.（鲁迅《**》，杨宪益、戴乃迭译）
汉语动词无时态变化，时态概念通过词汇手段来表达。如句中“早已”、“仍然”、“已经”等副词分别表达“过去”、“现在”和“现在已经完成”等概念。英译文中，谓语动词相应采用过去时celebrated、现在时is和现在完成体have changed，符合英语语法要求。
（16）他给我的印象是，态度非常呆板僵硬，仿佛肚子里吞下了一根拨火棒似的。
He had given me the impression of absolute rigidity, as though he had swallowed a poker.（17）河边枯柳树下的几株瘦削的一丈红，该是村女种的吧。
The few sparse hollyhocks beneath the withered willows by the stream must have been planted by the country girls.（鲁迅《野草•好的故事》，杨宪益、戴乃迭译）
汉语中表示“推测”的概念通过词汇手段实现，如例16中“仿佛„„似的”和例17中“该是„„的吧”。英文中，相应的概念均以谓语动词虚拟语气(as though he)had swallowed和must have been planted的形式来表现。
（18）农业搞好了，农民能自给，五亿人口就稳定了。
a.If agriculture is in good shape and the peasants self-supporting, then the 500 million people will feel secure.b.If agriculture is in good shape and the peasants are self-supporting, then the 500 million people will feel secure.两种译文句式完全相同：原文第一、二小句并列在条件状语从句中，第三小句译作了主句。英语中有一个表达习惯，结构排比的语言单位中，一般都省略其词语相同的部分。译文a基于此，将peasants后的连系动词略去。这样处理就有了问题：第一部分If agriculture is in...中，主语agriculture为第三人称单数，其后的连系动词为is。根据英语用法，peasants后省略的也应该是连系动词is，可这里作主语的peasants为复数，所以省略is的译文a违背了主谓一致的原则，不符合英语规范。译文b在peasants后增加与其数一致的连系动词are，避免了错误。
（19）思想„„ 是炉火，炉火是墙上的树影，是冬夜的声音。Thoughts...Are the fire in a stove, The fire in a stove is the tree's shadow on the wall.And the sound in the winter night.（冯文炳《十二月十九夜》，李定坤译）
该例与例18情况类似。译文遵照英文主谓一致的原则，第一行复数主语Thoughts后跟连系动词Are。第三行结构与第一、二行完全相同，但由于主语The fire(in a stove)是不可数单数名词，后面的连系动词改为is。第四行与第三行并列且共主语，结构也完全相同，主语The fire in a stove（汉语原文中已省去）连同其后的系动词is一同省略。
（20）关于如何改进市民的居住条件问题市政府给予了充分重视。
a.Full attention has been paid by the municipal government to the improvement of the housing conditions of the urban inhabitants.b.The municipal government has paid full attention to the housing conditions of the urban inhabitants.两个译文选词相同，而且都运用了短语pay attention to，但在主语的选择和语序的安排上有区别。根据英语语法规范，选择attention做主语的译文a采用了被动语态，而选择The municipal government做主语的译文b采用了主动语态。由于英语是主语显著语言，做主语的词语往往代表句中最重要的信息，因此，相比之下，译文b语气较平淡，译文a语气较强，所以它更贴近原文。值得注意的是，有些学生将pay attention to短语用于被动语态时，常常会错误地构句为：The housing conditions of the urban inhabitants has been paid full attention to by the municipal government.此类错误应该避免。
（21）液体的形状总是随着容器的变化而变化，因为液体没有自己的固定形状。换言之，无论你把它放在什么样的容器中，它的形状总是和容器内壁的形状完全一样。
Since a liquid has no definition shape of its own, it varies in shape from container to container.In other words, in whatever container it is poured, the liquid will take exactly the interior shape of the container.译文和原文一样含两个主从复合句。遵照英语句法对主谓一致和动词时态、语态的要求，谓语分别译为第三人称单数一般现在时的has和varies、一般现在时被动语态的is poured和将来时态的will take。另外值得一提的是，原文的主句和从句中，主语分别为“形状”、“液体”、“你”和“形状”。译者没有死抠原文，译文中统统以a liquid、the liquid及其代词it作主语。结果，译文逻辑清晰明了，语篇衔接连贯，句子自然顺畅，效果良好。
4.3语序的调整
语序指句子成分的排列次序，它是词语和句子成分之间关系的体现，反映语言使用者的逻辑思维和心理结构模式（陈宏薇，1998）。中国人和以英语为母语的民族思维模式有共性也有个性，表现在语序上，汉语和英语的表达模式有同也有异。
相同之处表现在两者都以“主语+谓语+宾语”（SVO）或“施事+行为+受事”为基本语序。如汉语中老子的名句：“道生一，一生二，二生三，三生万物”，英语中Francis Bacon的“Crafty men condemn studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them.”都是这种基本语序的典型。
相异之处则表现在语言句内和句间语序的灵活性以及定、状语等次要成分位置的差异。由于差异存在，汉译英时常常需要调整语序。下面，我们根据不同类型的语序差异来讨论语序的调整。
4.3.1句内的语序调整
一、句内主要成分位置的调整
就句子内SVO的语序，如施事、行为、受事的位置而言，汉语语序的排列显得比英语更灵活（杨自俭，2000:64）。换言之，施事、行为、受事的位置在汉语中比较自由，在英语中则通常比较固定。汉译英时，需要根据英语习惯进行调整。
（1）中国的批评界怎样的趋势，我却不大了然，也不很注意。
I am not too clear, not too interested, either, regarding current trends in China's literary criticism.原文受事在前，施事、行为在后。译文按照英语语序习惯，将施事，即主语“I”，和表语am not too clear, not too interested的位置提到了前面。
（2）沙发上坐着一个人。A man was sitting on a couch.（3）马可•波罗的中国之行，给他留下最深刻印象的是杭州西湖之秀美。
The beauty of the West Lake in Hangzhou was what impressed Marco Polo most during his trip to China.例2中“一个人”为施事，“坐着”为行为；例3中“杭州西湖之秀美”为施事，“给他留下”为行为。两者皆行为在前，施事在后。译文中都调整为施事在前，行为在后的顺序。
（4）早晨的公园里，遛鸟者时常可见。
a.Early in the parks we often see people walk with caged birds in hand.b.Taking a walk in parks with caged birds in hand is a common scene in the early morning.原文省略施事，处在主语位置的“遛鸟者”实际上是受事，“时常可见”是行为。也就是说，原文受事在前，行为在后。两个译文都作了语序调整：译文a增添了人称代词We作主语，按照英文习惯，句子以“施事+行为+受事”的语序排列；译文b的调整更大，有生命的受事“遛鸟者”转化为无生命的现象Taking a walk...with caged birds in hand充当译文的主语，行为动词“（时常可）见”被转化为名词a common scene跟随连系动词is之后，句子以“主语+连系动词+表语”的语序排列。就效果而言，译文b的表达更地道，英语的韵味更足。
（5）生日是自己长大以后听家里人说的，„„
I was told about my birthday by my foster-parents when I grew up.（侯宝林《我可能是天津人》，刘士聪译）
原文中，受事“生日”在前，施事“自己”和行为“听„„说的”在后。译文根据英语表达习惯作了调整，语序排列为“主语（I）+谓语（was told about）（被动语态）+介词宾语（my birthday）+状语从句（when I grew up）”。
二、状语位置的调整
汉语状语的位置一般在主语和谓语之间，呈“主语→状语→谓语→宾语”模式，有时为了强调，也放在主语之前；英语状语一般出现在宾语后的句尾，呈“主语→谓语→宾语→状语”模式，但也常常也出现在句首、句中或句尾。前面提到，施事、行为、受事的位置在汉语中比较灵活，在英语中比较固定。可作为次要成分的状语的位置，情况正好相反。它在汉语中的位置比较固定，在英语中的位置则比较灵活。有鉴于此，语序的调整也不可避免。
（5）我们明天上午九时动身。
We are going to start at nine tomorrow morning.（6）这本书是三天前买的。
The book was bought three days ago.（7）他每晚都要看电视。
He watches TV every morning.（8）武当山终年云雾缭绕。
Seas of clouds enshroud the peaks of Mt.Wudang throughout the year.以上四例，状语的位置由原来主、谓之间移到了宾语后的句尾。（10）在机器中很多能量是由于部件之间的摩擦而损失的。
In a machine a great deal of energy is lost because of the friction between its parts.原文含两个状语，一个在句首，一个在句中。译成英文后，一个仍在句首，另一个，根据英语习惯，被移到了句尾。
（11）他们很细心地观察化学变化。
a.They observed the chemical reaction with great care.b.They observed with great care the chemical reaction.原文的状语放在主谓之间，译成英语时可以置于句尾（如译文a），也可以置于谓语和宾语之间（如译文b）。
（12）他们肩并肩地以疯狂速度向那座石塔奔去。
a.They ran side by side at a fantastic speed towards the stone pagoda.b.Side by side and at a fantastic speed they ran towards the stone pagoda.c.Side by side they ran at a fantastic speed towards the stone pagoda.同一个汉语句子，可用三个语序不同的英文句子来表达，这是因为英语状语的位置更灵活。三个译文仅在状态的侧重点上有些差别。三、一系列表示时间、地点、方式状语位置的调整
表示时间、地点、方式的状语同时使用时，在汉语中通常排列为“时间→地点→方式→动词”的顺序，而在英语中则通常排列为“动词→方式→地点→时间”的顺序。
（13）大会将于①今年九月②在北京③隆重开幕。
The meeting will begin ③ceremoniously ②in Beijing ①the following September.（14）他①每晚②都在图书馆③用心读书。He reads ③hard ②in the library ①every evening.两例原文状语的顺序都是“时间→地点→方式”，译文遵照英语习惯，都颠倒为“方式→地点→时间”。
使用一系列表示时间或地点的状语时，汉语中的顺序通常是由大到小、由远到近，而英语则大体与汉语相反。
（15）他①一九三五年②八月③二十二日④早晨⑤六点三十分诞生在(1)湖南的(2)一个小县城。
He was born(2)in a small town(1)of Hunan Province ⑤at six thirty ④on the morning of ②August ③22, ①1935.（16）设在位于①纽约市②中心③一座摩天大楼④第四十层楼里的⑤那间办公室，就是他工作的小天地。
⑤The office ④on the fortieth floor ③of a skyscraper ②in the center ①of New York is the world he works in.四、定语位置的调整
汉语的定语总是放在中心词前面。英语定语的位置较汉语灵活。单词作定语时，除少数情况外一般放在中心词之前。较长的定语，如词组或介词短语作定语，则一般放在中心词之后。
（17）浩瀚的大海 the vast sea（18）古老的中原文化
The time-honoured Central Plain culture（19）举世闻名的万里长城 the world-famous Great Wall 原文定语前置，译文也一样。
（20）一九四九年解放以前，中国人民曾经遭受①世界罕见的②恶性通货膨胀的灾祸。Before liberation in 1949 the Chinese people suffered from ②some of the worst inflation ①the world had ever known.原文两个定语都放在中心词“灾祸”之前。译文省略了作宾语的“灾祸”一词，由inflation（通货膨胀）取而代之。两个定语调整为一前一后的位置。
（21）正月十五元宵夜，街上挂着①各式各样②精巧的灯笼。
On the evening of the Lantern Festival, the 15th of the first lunar month, ②exquisite lanterns ①of diverse designs are hung along the streets.原文两个前置定语在译文中被调整为一前一后的位置，顺序也作了颠倒。汉语中，一系列表示大小不等的事物的词语作定语时，同样是按照从大到小的顺序排列，而英语正好相反。（22）①避暑山庄和北京的故宫、山东曲阜的孔庙一样，②是中国保存最完好的古代建筑群，③也是中国现存规模最大的古典皇家园林。
The Summer Palace of Chengde is one of the three best-preserved magnificent ancient architectural complexes in China, the other two being the forbidden City in Beijing and the Confucian Temple in Qufu of Shandong Province.汉语中的地点“山东曲阜”是先大后小，英语中Qufu of Shandong Province，是先小后大。此外，原文句①中位于主语和谓语中间作状语的“和北京的故宫、山东曲阜的孔庙一样”，在译文中被移到了主句结尾的逗号后面，符合英语表达习惯。
（23）卢沟桥位于北京广安门外约10公里处的丰台区永定河口。
Lugou Bridge spans the Yongding River mouth at Fengtai District, about ten kilometers from Guanganmenwai Street of Beijing.就定语“北京广安门外约10公里处”而言，汉语由大到小，英语则恰好相反。汉语中不同类型的词语作定语修饰一个名词时，往往将表明事物本质属性的词语排列在前，将描写性的词语排列在后。而英语相反，越是表明事物本质属性的定语，越是在后紧靠被修饰的中心词。
（24）①中国现存②规模最大、③保存最完好的古代建筑群
③the best-preserved ②magnificent ancient architectural complexes ③in China（25）山东曲阜是①中国②古代③著名的思想家、教育家孔子的故乡。
Qufu, Shandong Province, is the birthplace of Confucius, a ③well-renowned ②ancient ①Chinese thinker and teacher.4.3.2句间的语序调整
就分句间的相对位置而言，汉语的顺序相对比较固定，一般按照先因后果、语序与时序相一致的顺序排列。而英语则比较灵活，语序与时序常常不相一致。这也是汉译英时需要调整语序的重要原因。
（26）①我走过地板时，②一块板子吱吱作响。A board creaked as I crossed the floor.原文按照先因后果顺序排列，译文正好颠倒过来。它也可以译作When I crossed the floor, a board creaked.（27）①佗用刀刮骨，②悉悉有声。
②The knife made a thin, ①grating sound as it scraped the surface.（罗贯中《三国演义》，Moss Roberts译）
原文语序与时序一致。译文颠倒了语序，并以The knife（刀）替换了原主语“（华）佗”。译文符合英语习惯，行文也更加连贯。
（28）①如果说白天广州像座翡翠城，②那么当太阳沉没，③广州就成了一颗夜明珠，④灯光如海，⑤千街闪烁。
①If Guangzhou is like a city of jadeite in the daytime, ③it becomes a luminous pearl, ④with a sea of lights twinkling ⑤in the streets ②after the sun sets in the west.（碧野《广州抒情》，李定坤译）
原文含5个小句，完全依照时间先后顺序排列。译文重新调整了语序，表达流畅自然。（29）①女主人已经离开人世，②再没有人喂它了。③它好像已经意识到这一点。
③He must have been aware ②that nobody was going to feed him ①after the death of his mistress.（季羡林《加德满都的狗》，张培基译）
原文是典型的汉语语序。译文将原文的三个小句并成了一句，语序恰好相反，符合英语表达习惯。
4.4否定句的英译
“对事物作出否定判断的句子，叫否定句。”（黄伯荣、廖序东，1985：499）汉语中的否定概念通过词汇手段表达，否定句带有否定字词的标记，如“不、无、否、非、没、莫、勿、未、毋、弗”等，以及由这些字组成的词语，如“决不、毫无、否则、并非、没有、未尝”等等。例如：
我不喜欢这本书。你这样说毫无道理。
你得赶紧走，否则会迟到。
汉语否定句一般分两类：一类是单重否定句，句中只用一个否定词，以上三个例句都属此类。另一类是双重否定句，句中先后连用两个否定词，例如：
你别不知好歹。
连我都听说了，你不会还不知道吧！
你不能不让人乐于为你而生，勇于为你而死，为了你而奋发前进！
英语表达否定概念通常有两种手段。一种如同汉语，采用词汇手段，借助no、not、never、nor、neither等否定词，和具有否定意义的词语，如hardly、rarely、seldom、barely、scarcely、narrowly、few、little等，以及由前缀no-、non-、in-、dis-、un-、im-和后缀-less等组成的词语。英语中含否定意义的词汇，还包括其他各类词语和词组：
动词，诸如lack、fail、deny、miss、exclude、run short / out(of)、keep / stop / refrain / prevent(from)、(get)rid of、want、overlook、deny 名词，诸如absence、exclusion、lack、want、failure、ignorance、denial 形容词，诸如absent、missing、ignorant、gone、free / far / safe from、short of、exclusive of 介词，诸如beyond、without、above、except、save、but、in vain 连词，诸如before、unless、(other)than、or、二是采用句法手段，如运用比较结构more(„)than „、other than „、rather than „、would rather than „、know better than „等。在这类结构中，连词than引出意义否定的部分。其他结构，如too „ to „、too „ for „以及由连词if引导的表示赌咒、发誓、感叹的句型等，也可用来表示否定意义。例如：
He’s too young to take care of himself.（他年龄太小，照顾不了自己。）He said he’d be dammed if he’d stop.（他说他要放手就不是人。）Catch me doing that.（我才不会干那种事呢。）
汉语否定句的翻译，通常可以采取以下几种方法。
4.4.1译成英语的否定句
中国人和以英语为母语的英美人在否定的思维方式上有许多共同之处，所以汉语否定句翻译成英语时，多半仍以否定形式表达。
（1）我认为他不够格。I don’t think he is qualified.注意汉语和英语句中否定范围的区别。英文中应将否定词not移到主句ud谓语动词前面。如果译成I think he is not qualified，就不符合英语表达习惯了。
（2）这房子尽管富丽堂皇，但是住起来一点也不舒服。
With all its magnificence, the house is not at all comfortable to live in.（3）液体没有固定的形状，气体也没有。Liquids have no definite shape;nor have gases.第二分句中，否定连词nor置于句首，句子的语序要倒装。（4）如果没有摩擦，运动的物体永远不会停止。
A moving object would never come to a stop if there were no friction.（5）水淀里没有一个人影，只有一团白绸子样的水鸟，也躲开鬼子往北飞去，落到大荷叶下面歇凉去了。
No one else was in sight.Only a flock of silky white water-fowl flew off to the north away from the Japanese soldiers, alighting to rest in the shade of big lotus leaves.（孙犁《芦花荡》，戴乃迭译）
（6）（与此同时，上海人也清醒地认识到，）不能沾沾自喜以“老大”自居。In now way should they become complacent and pose as No.1 in the country.译文否定状语部分，且置于句首，语气更强。
4.4.2译成英语的肯定句
汉语否定概念也常常用英语肯定句式来表达，这是由于两个民族思维方式的差异所致。而与此有关的英语肯定句有两种：一种是意义和形式都肯定；而另一类，则是意义否定、形式上肯定的，即不带否定标记的表达方式。前面列举了不少具有否定意义的动词、名词、形容词、介词、连词和相关词组，还提到了一些句法结构，都属于这一类。
（7）那位老人能在大风大浪中不停地游泳达三个小时以上。
The old man could swim continuously in great storms for more than three hours.Continuous意为going on without stopping or being interrupted，其副词与它同义，与原文中“不停地”语义完全相符。
（8）人民军队离不开人民，就像鱼儿离不开水一样。
The people is to the people's army what water is to fish.（9）密云水库„„远山叠翠，绿波万顷，和我记忆中的太湖不相上下。
The Miyun Reservoir...With its vast area of green waves and row upon row of verdant mountains in the distance can be equally matched with the Taihu lake in my memory.（冰心《塞北变江南》，李定坤译）
汉语否定，译文从形式到意义都肯定。两个例句十分典型，说明对相同的概念，汉语和英语表达的角度有时正好相反。
（10）他无可指责。
He is above blame.（11）他化学测验不及格。
He failed the test in chemistry.（12）我们不能让孩子们上河里游泳。
We must keep the kids from swimming in the river.（13）这尊雕像历经大地震后毫发未损，仍然矗立。
The statue survived the great earthquake, remained intact and was still standing there.以上4例汉语原文的否定概念，在译文中都是通过无否定标记、却含有否定意义的词语表达的。也就是说，英译文形式肯定，意义否定。
（14）谅你不敢这么干。
Do that again if you dare.译文通过肯定的if句型，恰当地传达了原文威胁、发狠的意味和强烈的感情色彩。（15）你借钱给那个无赖，不啻把钱丢在海里。You might as well throw your money into the sea as lend it to that rascal.译文通过虚拟语气might as well表达“不啻”这一否定概念。（16）女孩儿未出嫁，是颗无价宝珠；„„
A girl before marriage is a precious pearl.4.4.3将汉语的双重否定译成英语的双重否定
“双重否定就是在一个句子中同时使用两个否定词，或者使用一个否定词和一个含有否定意义的词或短语。”（陈宏薇，1998:223）双重否定的句子，实际上表达肯定的意义。与一般肯定句不同的是，双重否定句感情色彩更加浓厚，肯定的语势更加强烈。汉译英时，我们往往保留双重否定的形式。
（17）子曰：“不患人之不己知，患不知人也。”
The Master said,(the good man)does not grieve that other people do not recognize his merits.His only anxiety is lest he should fail to recognize theirs.（孔子《论语》，Arthur Waley译）
（18）名不正则言不顺，言不顺则事不成，„„
If language is incorrect, then what is said does not concord with what was meant;and if what is said does not concord with what was meant, what is to be done cannot be effected.（孔子《论语》，Arthur Waley译）
（19）我想：希望本无所谓有，无所谓无。
I thought: hope cannot be said to exist, nor can it be said not to exist.以上例句的原文含双重否定，译文也同样采用双重否定的句式。（20）不看秦始皇兵马俑，不算真正到过中国。
a.A traveler who has not seen the Qin Dynasty terra cotta figures cannot claim to have visited China.b.No one who has not seen the Qin Dynasty terra cotta figures can claim to have visited China.两个译文都保留了双重否定的形式。译文a中的第一层否定放在定语从句的谓语部分（has not seen），而译文b的第一层否定放在了主语部分（No one who...）。两个译文都不错，但译文b的语势似乎更强。
4.4.4将汉语的肯定句译成英语的否定句
由于中国人和英美人在思维方式上的差异，汉语的肯定句译成英语时也常用否定句式来表达。
（21）他在这上面费了很多力。
He took no little pain over it.（22）我对你万分感激。
I couldn't thank you enough.（23）完全同意。
I couldn't agree more.（24）直到喷气发动机发明以后，飞机才能以超音速的速度飞行。
Not until the invention of the jet engine could airplanes travel at supersonic speeds.汉语“直到„„才„„”的句型译成英语时，往往要用not...Until...的否定句式来表达。（25）智者千虑必有一失。
Even the wise are not always free from errors.汉语以肯定句从正面表达，英语以否定句从反面表达，该例句典型地反映了汉英两种语言叙述角度的差异。
4.5句子功能的再现
句子的功能，指句子的交际功能，即句子的用途。不同类型的句子具有不同的交际功能。“语法学对句子的分类有两个角度，一是根据句子的结构，将句子分为单句和复句，这种分类的结果通常称为句型；二是根据句子的语气或用途，通常将句子分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句以及感叹句四种，这种分类的结果通常称为句类。”（张斌，2000:222）我们在汉英翻译中，所遇到的句类都离不开以上四种。“句类是根据语气来分的”（同上），“语气”，在吕叔湘先生看来，有“广狭”二解。“广义的‘语气’包括‘语意’和‘语势’。所谓‘语意’指正和反，定和不定，虚和实等等的区别。所谓‘语势’，指说话的轻或重，缓或急。”狭义的“语气”指“概念内容相同的语句，因使用的目的不同所产生的分别”（同上）。
以上四种句类具有不同的交际功能。一般情况下，陈述句传达信息而具有信息功能；疑问句、祈使句使信息反馈——“祈使句要求用行动反馈，疑问句要求用语言反馈”（同上）——而且具有呼唤功能；感叹句表达说话人的感情和态度而具有表情功能。
必须指出，语气虽然与交际功能或用途等有关，“但是句子的语气与用途并不完全一致。同一种语气可能具有不同的交际用途，不同的语气则可能具有相同的交际用途。”（同上）例如，在特定语言环境中，“你讲得太快了”这一语气或句类可以用来陈述信息而具有信息功能，可以用来表达说话人的感叹而具有表情功能，也可以用来请求对方放慢语速而具有呼唤功能。而反过来，以下不同语气的句子：
你讲得太快了。（陈述句）你能讲慢一点吗？（疑问句）请讲慢一点。（祈使句）你讲得真快！（感叹句）分属“陈述”、“疑问”、“祈使”、“感叹”四种类型，但是在特定的语言环境中，它们具有同一种交际功能，即请求对方将发言的速度放慢的呼唤功能。
在1.3节中，我们将翻译的标准定为“功能相似、语义相符”。根据这一标准，我们在翻译中应该再现原文的功能，使译文的语义与原文相符，而不是一味追求与原文形式对等的句型和句类。这也意味着，我们应该根据语境，仔细分析句子的内在关系，理清句内和句际
间的逻辑联系，明确其交际功能，将其准确地传达到译文中，以保证翻译的效果。我们依照“陈述句”、“疑问句”、“祈使句”和“感叹句”四种句类的划分来讲述句子功能的再现问题。
4.5.1陈述句功能的再现
“陈述句是最常见、使用范围最广的一种句类。”（张斌，2000:222）人们通常用陈述句来传达信息，翻译这类句子时，一方面要使译文与原文信息功能相似、语义相符，一方面要使其遵循英语语法和表达习惯。
（1）窗前有棵老榆树，榆钱儿正密，一串串在枝上垂着，有几只刚出巢的蜜蜂，围着榆枝乱飞，不住的嗡嗡的叫着。
An old elm before the house was hung with thick clusters of seeds and some bees just out of the hive were flying round it, keeping up a continuous hum.（梁斌《红旗谱》，北京外文出版社译文）
该陈述句描写景物，语言平实，是典型的汉语句式。6个小句以5个逗号隔开，两层意义并列：一写窗前的榆树，一写围着榆树嗡嗡飞舞的蜜蜂。译文将6个小句合成一个并列句，增加连词and并列表达两层意义。两个分句各以An old elm...was hung和some bees...were flying充当主、谓语，另以keeping up a continuous hum作定语和状语。译文与原文信息相符，功能相似，结构完整紧凑，符合英语表达习惯。
（2）①广东省阳春县境内多是石灰岩地质，②由于长期的江水浸渍和风化作用，③形成了大量峥嵘挺拔的山峰和幽深莫测的溶洞。
Calcareous structure, water erosion and weathering contributed to many lofty peaks and deep secluded karst caves in Yangchun County, Guangdong Province.该陈述句讲述广东阳春县地质地貌，句式为复式，由3个小句组成。深入分析其中逻辑关系时我们发现：句②含有介词“由于”的标记，明确表示“原因”；句①虽不含任何标记，其实也暗表“原因”；句③则表示“结果”。译文构句灵活巧妙：将与“石灰岩地质”、“江水浸渍”和“风化”对应的三个名词短语Calcareous structure、water erosion和weathering作主语，以动词短语contributed to作谓语，名词短语many lofty peaks and deep secluded karst caves作宾语，这种不拘泥于原文句式的“主谓宾”搭配干净明了地表达了原文明暗交织的“因果”关系。其中谓语动词短语的选择，是达到这一理想效果的关键。
（3）①我家门前有些摆摊儿的，都是生意人。②大凡生意人都懂得“一步差三市”的道理。③就是说，别看你的店只和人家差了三步，但景气的程度要差了很多，也许人家的铺子红火热闹，你的铺子却开不了张。
①In front of my house there are a few stalls run by street vendors.②Street vendors all know the popular saying: “Locations make a difference in business.”③That is to say, even if your stall stands side by side with someone else’s in the neighbourhood, your neighbour may attract a constant stream of shoppers, but yours, unfortunately, is visited by few.（星竹“位置的道理”，王琼译，刘士聪改译）
该陈述句群是一篇小杂文的开篇语。这篇名为“位置的道理”的杂文议论世间各种位置被人占上，其后其实各有道理和玄机，总是受到某种看不见的事物的平衡、约束和管辖。
原文包含三个句子：②为单句，①、③为复句。由于议论文之故，与写景的例1松散的句式相比，该例构句比较紧密，句际逻辑关系交待得比较明确。句①中，“都是生意人”与前面“摆摊儿的”信息重复，似为赘句。然而从修辞效果看，它并非多余：一是遵从汉语句子阴阳两分、“同义衬托”的习惯（杨自俭，2000）；而更重要的，是承上启下，与“大凡生意人都懂得„„”的下句衔接过渡。句③实际上是句②中“一步差三市”的说法的解释，其中“也许人家的铺子红火热闹，你的铺子却开不了张”又是对前面“景气”一词的进一步解释。句③中出现了“就是说”、“但”、“„„却„„”等几个关联词，将语意关系一一明示。
译文与原文信息相符，句式也大致相当。少许的区别在于：句①中以过去分词短语run by street vendors作定语修饰stallls，将原文两个小句合成了一个简单句。句③中，按照英语表达需要增添了unfortunately一词，使逻辑关系更加显豁，同时省去了若保留反嫌累赘的“景气的程度要差了很多”一句。
（4）①大概是物以稀为贵罢。②北京的白菜运往浙江，便用红头绳系住菜根，倒挂在水果店头，尊为“胶菜”；福建野生着的芦荟，一到北京就进温室，且美其名曰“龙舌兰”。③我到仙台也颇受了这样的优待，不但不收学费，几个职员还为我的食宿操心。
No doubt the rarer a thing the higher the value.When Beijing Cabbage is shipped to Zhejiang, it is hung upside-down in the green grocer’s by a red string tied to the root, and given the grand title “Shandong Vegetable”.When the aloe which grows wild in Fujian comes to Beijing, it is ushered into a hothouse and given the beautiful name “Dragon Tongue Orchid”.In Sendai I too enjoyed such preferential treatment;not only did the school not ask for fees, but several members of the staff even showed great concern over my board and lodging.（鲁迅《藤野先生》，杨宪益、戴乃迭译）该例中几个陈述句组成一个完整的语意群。句①“物以稀为贵”是论点，句②、③白菜和芦荟来到异地以及“我”留学日本的经历是论据。译文再现了原文的信息功能，且语义相符。首先需要提出的是段首“大概”一词。“大概”这一“表示有很大可能性”的副词在此并非对“物以稀为贵”概念的推断，而是对句②、③叙述的经历当属“物以稀为贵”情况的推断。译者透彻理解原文，不用Probably(the rarer a thing...)机械照译句①开头的“大概”，而是用No doubt取代，准确传达了原文信息。原文句②含两个复合句，句式基本为意合，译文均处理为形式严整的When..., it is...and...的主从复合句。句③则译成带分号的两个并列句，语义与原文相符，句式也大致相同。
4.5.2疑问句功能的再现
“疑问句带有疑问语气，有些还带有特定的疑问语气词。”（张斌，2000:223）也就是说，疑问句带有疑问语气词以及问号的标记。从类别上看，根据是否要求对方回答，可以分为有疑而问的疑问句和无疑而问的反问句及设问句。从功能上看，有疑而问的疑问句要求对方反馈信息，具有呼唤功能；无疑而问的反问和设问句多用来加强语气，渲染气氛，或抒发感慨，具有表情功能。下面我们分别讲述这两大类别疑问句的翻译及其功能的再现。
一、有疑而问的疑问句功能的再现
就该类疑问句式及其功能而言，汉语和英语之间共性大于异性，翻译时一般无须作大的调整。
（1）记者问：“2008年奥运会点燃圣火的时候，您会在开幕式现场吗？”何振梁回答说：“只要我身体还行，我一定会去开幕式的。”
When the holy fire of the Olympic Games of 2008 is lit, will you be at the scene of the opening ceremony?“ asked a reporter.”If my physical condition permits, I will definitely be there.“（“此生无憾——记国际奥委会执委何振梁”）（2）子贡曰：“贫而无谄，富而无骄，何如？”子曰：“可也。未若贫而乐道，富而好礼者也。”
Tzu-kung said, ”Poor without cadging, rich without swagger.What of that?“ The Master said, ”Not bad.But better still, 'Poor, yet delighting in the Way, rich, yet a student of ritual.'“（孔子《论语》，Arthur Waley译）
译文和原文语义相符，一样有疑而问，有问有答，同样具有呼唤功能。（1）那天，他挑着担子来到我们村，见到我就乐，说：“娃呀，你要给我做媳妇吗？” “对呀！”
他张着大嘴笑了，露出了一嘴的黄牙。他那长在半个葫芦样的头上的白发，也随着笑声一起抖动着。
“你为啥要给我做媳妇呀？” “我要天天吃灶糖呢。”
One day, he came to our village with his goods.He saw me and smiled: ”And so, you want to be my bride?“ ”Yes.“ He laughed, exposing his yellowing broken teeth.The few strands of white hair at the back of his gourd-like pate also quivered.”Now why do you want to be my bride?“ ”I want to eat sticky candy.“（张洁“拣麦穗”，朱虹译）原文中的“我”是一个年幼天真、不谙世事的小姑娘。大人戏谑地问她为啥跟在姐姐身后拣麦穗时，她天真地答道要备嫁妆，嫁给那个挑担卖灶糖的老汉。于是就有了以上的问和答。
（4）余曰：“唐以诗取士，而诗之宗匠必推李杜。卿爱宗何人？” 芸发议曰：“杜诗锤炼精纯，李诗潇洒落拓；与其学杜之森严，不如学李之活泼。”
”Poetry was used,“ I said, ”as a literary test in the imperial examinations of the T'ang Dynasty, and people acknowledge Li Po and Tu Fu as the master poets.Which of the two do you like better?“ ”Tu's poems,“ she said, ”are known for their workmanship and artistic refinement, while Li's poems are known for their freedom and naturalness of expression.I prefer the vivacity of Li Po to the severity of Tu Fu.“（沈复《浮生六记》，林语堂译）原文中的“余”（我）和“芸”是一对幸福的新婚夫妻。两人议论诗仙李白和诗圣杜甫及其诗风，夫问妇答，其乐融融。林语堂先生根据英语对话的书面表达习惯，在译文中将直接引语拆分到I said和she said的两边，并对句子结构作了调整。
二、无疑而问的反问句和设问句功能的再现
反问和设问都是无疑而问，多用作修辞手法。反问，又叫反诘，它是明知故问，用疑问的形式表示肯定或否定的意思。反问大都表达气愤或不满的情绪，所以它总是采取毋庸置疑的语气来表达确定的内容，使重要的内容得到强调和突出。设问，是故意从正面或反面提出问题，接着自己做出解答，或者问而不答以引起别人的注意，使语言气势强烈，生动活泼，富有变化。由于这类疑问句并不要求反馈信息，而是表达说话人的主观情感，因而主要具有表情功能。汉语和英语都有反问句和设问句，功能也相似。
（5）①这个上帝不是别人，就是全中国的人民大众。②全国人民大众一齐起来和我们一道挖这两座山，有什么挖不平呢？
Our God is none other than the masses of the Chinese people.If they stand up and dig together with us, why can't these two mountains be cleared away?（毛泽东《愚公移山》，北京外文出版社1965年版译文）原文“有什么挖不平呢？”是以否定反问表达肯定的结论，意思是“一定挖得平”。译文（why can't...）保留了否定反问的形式。原文句②意合，两个分句间实为条件和结果的关系。译文增加表示条件的连词if，变意合为形合。从表意和构句的双重效果来看，句①中none other than词组的选择是非常精当的。
（6）大抵世上无难为的事，只胡乱做将去，自有水到渠成日子。如子髯之才，天下事何不可为？
All in all, nothing in this world is that hard to do--just charge ahead and do it!A day will inevitably come when ”the ditch will be dug and the waters flow through.“ For a man with talent like yours, there is nothing in the world that is impossible.（袁宏道《致李子髯》，Jonathan Chaves译）
该例“天下事何不可为？”也是以否定反问表达“天下事无不可为”的肯定结论。译文舍弃了疑问句形式，代之以双重否定there is nothing...impossible的陈述句式，主要是出于构句的考虑。语义方面两者区别不大，但就表情功能而言，陈述句的效果不及疑问句。
（7）“把女儿当东西卖！”这句话是那样刺伤了她的心，又是那样地熟悉！是谁在女儿一样的年纪含着女儿一样的激情喊过？是谁？——唉唉！不是别人，正是她自己呀！„„
Selling your daughter like some merchandise!” These words that had deeply wounded her were, nevertheless, familiar to her.Who was it who at around Huangmei's age, and wiht the same outraged vehemence had uttered those very words? Who was it?--Who!None other than herself!...（张弦《被爱情遗忘的角落》，Hu Zhihui译）该例中接连两次设问“是谁„„喊过？”“是谁？”极其强烈地表达了小说女主人公存妮和荒妹内心的辛酸苦辣和无限感慨。译文同样采用两个设问句，与原文语义相符，表情功能也相当。
4.5.3祈使句功能的再现
祈使句是表示命令、请求、劝告等意义的句子，主要由表示动作、行为的充当谓语的词语构成，主语往往是第二人称代词“你、你们、您”或第一人称代词的复数形式“我们、咱们”等。由于交际对象是明确的，祈使句的主语通常可以不出现。（张斌，2000）祈使句要求对方用行为反馈，因而具有呼唤功能。汉语祈使句英译时，多半译为祈使句，有时也译作语义相符、具有同样呼唤功能的其他句式。
（1）母亲在盛饺子的时候，把这个大钱饺子盛在一个碗里，又偷偷把它拨在紧上边，然后把这碗饺子推到我面前：“①吃吧，②多吃，③趁热吃。”
When Mother scooped up the dumplings, she deliberately put the good-luck dumpling on top of the others in the bowl and pushed the bowl to me, saying, “Help yourself.Take as many as you like while they are hot.”（张林《大钱饺子》，夏乙琥译）
母亲希望儿子能吃到带来好运的大钱饺子，对儿子一连说了三个祈使句。译文句①与原文对应，②、③两句并成了一个主从复合的祈使句，与原文功能相同，符合英语表达习惯。
（2）“我知道了。——瑜儿，可怜他们坑了你，他们将来总有报应，天都知道；①你闭了眼就是了。——你如果真在这里，听到我的话，——②便叫这乌鸦飞上你的坟顶，给我看罢。”
“I know,” she continued.“They murdered you.But a day of reckoning will come, Heaven will see to it.①Close your eyes in peace....If you are really here, and can hear me, ②make that crow fly on to your grave as a sign.”（鲁迅《药》，杨宪益、戴乃迭译）
该例是一位母亲对含冤九泉的儿子的谈话。原文含两个祈使句，译文句式与原文大体对应。值得注意的是，两个祈使句的译文都作了少许必要的调整。句①根据语境增添了介词短语in peace；句②调换了叙述角度，将“给我看罢”转换成as a sign。这两处的处理都很见功力。
（3）奏国歌，请全体起立。
a.Now it's time for the National Anthem.Please all stand up.b.Please rise for the National Anthem.该例可以有译文a和b两种处理方法。译文a含两个对应的简单句，译文b合二为一。“奏国歌”一句以译文a的方式处理时具有一定的典型意义，即，有一类汉语祈使句译成英语时，不再以祈使句式，而是以“It's time...”的句式来表达。如“该出发了”It's time to start off，“上课了”It's time to begin our class.（4）二十日，晓钟初动，即闻江口唤渡声。余惊起，呼曹同济。曹曰：“勿急。宜饱食登舟。”
On the twentieth, as soon as the morning temple bell had struck, I already heard the ferry-man crying at the bank for passengers to come aboard.I got up in a hurry and asked Ts'ao to go together.“No hurry.We must eat something before going down to the boat,” said Ts'ao.（沈复《浮生六记》，林语堂译）该例中的祈使句“勿急”可作多种处理，如There's no hurry about it、Don't be in such a hurry、No need to hurry，但都不及本译文No hurry来得干脆简洁。这其中，There's no hurry about it和No hurry都不是祈使句，但具备相同的“呼唤”（vocative）这一交际功能。
4.5.4感叹句功能的再现
感叹句表达感叹语气，往往带有感叹词和感叹号，„„
（3）我更爱躺在洁净轻柔的细沙上，静听着海潮的倾诉；当微风轻轻地从我的身边掠过，那种清凉又轻松的感觉，真是舒适极了，甜美极了！
I'm even more inclined to lie on the clean and soft sandy beach and listen quietly to the sea unbosoming itself.How comfortable and refreshed I will be to feel the cool gentle sea breeze brushing past me!（谢冰莹《海恋》，张培基译）
（4）三月里刘熏宇君来信，说互生病了，而且是没有希望的病，医生说只好等日子了。四月底在《时事新报》上见到立达学校的通告，想不到这么快互生就殁了！
In March I heard from Mr.Liu Xunyu that Husheng was sick and hopelessly sick at that.The doctor said there was nothing he could do but to wait for the day to arrive.Toward the end of April, I came across an obituary issued by Lida School in the newspaper Current Affairs.How quickly the day had arrived!（朱自清《哀互生》，刘士聪译）
以上四例的感叹句分别译为英语中常见的“what + adj....”、“...such a + noun...”、“How + adj....”和“How + adv....”的感叹句式，其表情功能与原文相当。
（5）但我不能放歌，悄悄是别离的笙箫；
夏虫也为我沉默，沉默是今晚的康桥！
But I cannot sing aloud: Quietness is my farewell music;Even summer insects keep silence for me: Silent is Cambridge tonight!（徐志摩《再别康桥》，胡士光译）该例中“沉默是今晚的康桥！”不是严格语法意义上的感叹句，而是以倒装语序和感叹号表达诗人深挚情感的修辞意义上的感叹句。译文的句式与原文相当，语义和交际功能也和原文相当。
4.5.5语气与交际功能不一致的句子的翻译
前面提到句子的语气或句类与句子的交际功能可能不一致的情况。陈述句通常具备信息功能，但有些陈述句可能蕴含一个命令或请求，因而具备呼唤功能；它也可能蕴含某种感叹，因而具备表情功能。其他三种句类也有类似情况。在汉英翻译时，除了把握语义外，还应该根据语境对句子的功能做出判断，将两者准确传达到译文中来。一味拘泥于句类的语言形式，则有可能导致功能错位。
（1）别出声！
Silence!（2）别做梦了！
You're daydreaming!（3）你在做梦吧？
You're daydreaming!例1为祈使句，具备呼唤功能，语气和交际用途一致，译文也一样。例2句式貌似例1，形似祈使句，实为感叹句，具备表情功能，语气和交际用途不一致。译文以感叹句替换祈使句类，保证了与原文相同的功能。例3取疑问之形，表感叹之实，具备表情功能，语气和交际用途也不一致。译文以感叹句替换疑问句，也准确再现了原文的功能。
（4）冲：不，哥哥，母亲说好久不见你。你不愿意一起坐一坐，谈谈么？
蘩：你看，你让哥哥歇一歇，他愿意一个人坐着的。
萍（有些烦）：那也不见得，我总怕父亲回来，您很忙，所以——（曹禺《雷雨》，王佐良、巴恩斯译）
Chong: Oh no, you don't.Mother says she hasn't seen you for a long time.Why not sit down with us and have a chat? Fan: Don't stop him, Chong.Let him go and have a rest if he wants to.I expect he wants to be let alone.Ping(somewhat nettled): Not at all.It's just that I thought you'd be very busy now that Father's at home, and I--“你不愿意一起坐一坐，谈一谈么？”形式上为疑问句，实际上是以否定问句表请求，要求对方以行为反馈，具备类似祈使句的呼唤功能。译文取否定反问句式（Why not...），实际上亦表请求，与原文具有同样的呼唤功能。
（5）（宋恩子：）“民国好几年了，怎么还请安？你们不会鞠躬吗！”
We've set up a republic for several years.No need to bend the knee.Don't you know how to bow in a new style?（老舍《茶馆》）
“怎么还请安？”形为疑问句，实为否定祈使，意思是“别再请安了”。译作否定陈述句No need to bend the knee，与原文具有相同的呼唤功能。“你们不会鞠躬吗！”形为感叹，实际也是祈使，要求对方以鞠躬的方式行礼。译作否定反问句Don't you know how...，也与原文一样具有祈使句意味，呼唤功能也相当。
第四篇：中级口译教程 部分原文翻译 听力范文
合资企业 Establishing a Joint Venture__________________________________________________ A ：I'm so happy to see you again, Mr.Roberts.May l help you in any way? B：您好，陈先生，离开中国已有10个月了。我打算同您商谈一下能否与贵公司合资兴办企业，共同生产无绳电话和移动电话。
A: That's great.Your investment proposal is a very wise decision.Our company is also seeking foreign investment in a manufacturing company for cordless and mobile phones.Your initiative is most welcome.I remember talking to you about the matter of foreign investment in China a year ago, Mr.Roberts.B：是的，那次您谈得很好。其结果是触发了我同贵公司合资办企业的念头。您所作的回答坦率，您所作的解释诚恳，很有说服力。现在我想搭乘中国经济快车，分享你们的经济成果好吗? A: Of course.Welcome aboard, Mr.Roberts!Let's get down to the business of this joint venture.May I have some idea of your proposal? B：最近我对电信设备的市场做了一番调查。中国乃至全世界的无绳电话和移动电话的市场潜力很大。在合资企业的起步阶段，我希望有一个稳妥的速度和规模。我建议投资总额在800万美元之间，我想中国人喜欢这个吉利的数字。
A: Very good.Eight million is more than a lucky number;it's the right number for the initiation of this joint venture, as I under-stand it.But how much would your share of investment be in this partnership? B：我愿提供投资总额50%的资金，其中包括建设资金、全部进口设备的费用以及来自我国内公司的工程师、技工和管理人员的费用。
A: I like the idea of a 50 to 50 investment partnership, in which case there will be a 50 to 50 distribution in business management and profits share.B：完全正确。
A: The problem then involves the marketing of the manufactured products.Cordless phones are in high demand in China, but we can't guarantee a 50% domestic marketing of mobile phones.Be sides, we need to increase our foreign exchange reserve for the rainy day.May I suggest that you market at least 65% of the to-tal number of mobile phones internationally? I believe you need more foreign currency than our renminbi.B：我很喜欢人民币。我听说中国的人民币不久便可成为一种可兑换的货币。不过我接受您的建议，我们负责在国际市场上推销三分之二的移动电话。A: That's beautiful.B：还有两个问题需要解决。一个问题是有关我们的合作期限，另一个问题涉及企业管理人员的结构。A: As for the term of the partnership, let's start with a 15 year term for this joint venture, and extend the contract later if both parties wish to continue the partnership.What do you say to this？ B：非常合理。我建议成立董事会来监管公司的业务，我们以平等的伙伴关系分享权利和义务。
A: That coincides with our usual practice.Shall we hold another round of discussion next week on some technical problems in a more detailed way? B：好的。如同以往一样，我乐意与您合作。今天的收获很大。A: Yes, indeed.Have a nice weekend, Mr.Roberts!B：我也祝您周末愉快。
欧亚合作 Euro-Asian Cooperation—————————————————————————————— 尊敬的主席先生，女士们、先生们： 【1】欧洲联盟采纳了一项新的亚洲战略。我们在此要求欧盟成员国同亚洲国家进行有效的合作，以期在欧亚两大洲之间建立一种积极、稳定与和平等的伙伴关系。
【2】历史已证明了扩大两大洲之间合作关系的必要性。欧洲和亚洲这两个人类文明的主要发源地，对人类进步做出了贡献。
【3】自从20世纪80年代起，亚洲，尤其是东亚，迅速成长繁荣。作为世界上最有活力的经济区域，东亚在过去数十年里以其显著的成就引起了全球的瞩目。
【6】在欧洲，50年的结盟使现在的欧盟成了世界上最大的贸易集团，欧盟的国内生产总值和外贸总额都已超过了美国的国内生产总值和外贸总额。
【7】此外，欧盟各国有统一的关税，建立了共同的外贸、农业和渔业政策。欧盟正初步建立经济和货币联盟。换言之，欧盟已成为一个政治和经济一体化程度最高的地区。
【8】近年来，欧洲与东亚之间的贸易关系迅速发展。有意义的是，东亚已取代美国成为欧盟最大的出口市场，欧盟国家出口产品的l8％销往该地区。
【4】然而，欧盟对东亚市场的占有率仍然继续落后于美国和Et本。我们意识到，目前欧亚经贸交往已远远不能满足需要。
【5】女士们，先生们，欧洲、北美和东亚已成为世界三大经济中心。由于历史缘故，欧洲和北美早已建立了密切的联系。东亚和北美通过亚太经济合作论坛也建立了联系。相对而言，欧盟与东亚的联系仍然比较弱。因此，女士们，先生们，欧洲和东亚通过对话和相互信任以消除分歧，增强我们的合作关系，从两大洲人民的利益出发建立新的伙伴关系，这是我们的共同愿望。
【9】女士们，先生们，面对这一历史性的机遇，让我们共同努力，牢固建立这种伙伴关系，为世界和平、稳定与繁荣而作出贡献。谢谢主席先生。
应试之灾 The Examination-oriented Education—————————————————————— 主席先生，女士们、先生们：
对于每一个富有爱心与负责精神的社会，其最大的愿望莫过于为改善儿童的生活而做重要的、有意义的事。将这种愿望付诸实践的最显然的做法便是去除儿童的考试与选拔负担，这种负担源于我们的教育制度，令人难以接受。
年仅十三四岁的孩子被选进将要决定他们前途的应试班学习。尔后，就在他们中间的大部分人处于一生中的学习接受能力最糟糕的时候，却被迫参加考试，而对考试失败者的惩罚如同死刑一般，使人永世不得翻身。
在我们这个国家，中学生的命运受到这些考试的摆布。虽然一些学校确实也开设了大批有趣的课程，然而这些课程只是为那些早被定为失败者的学生开设的。所以家长不停地采用强推、硬拉、威胁、强迫等手段将他们的孩子推上考场，或者急不可耐地寻找“高水平"的学校代为行使督战之责，因为这样做符合我们大学的要求。
但这样做有无必要呢?我们为什么要在人脑处于接受能力最低的生理发育阶段对我们的年幼者施加这种压力呢?而且我们也知道，如果孩子在14岁时选错了路子，那么他们的一生可能会毁掉。既然如此，我们为何要选择在他们一生中的这个时期试图造就他们或压垮他们呢? 如果孩子在16岁时所面临的选拔压力能予以免除的话，那么中学教育可能会完全改观。从13岁起，孩子可以自由选择是否学习，或者可以选择半日制的学习。他们可以完全按照自己的意愿，想学多久就学多久。如果他们想在美术课或戏剧课花上半天时间，他们自己可以自行决定这么做。
孩子们抱怨课程乏味、课本乏味、教师乏味。然而，他们的诉说声却几乎无人听见。当他们不得不写些东西时，他们只是迎合教师的口味，写一些教师想看的Fl容，这种情况已是司空见惯的了。
我深信，在强制性程度较低的制度下，孩子实际学到的东西会更多，他们通常能更好地同成人和领导合作。我敢肯定，他们会更加幸福，更富有创造力，因而对社会的作用也就更大。我们不应该花那么多的时间对十三四岁的孩子大加威胁，对他们说要是不整天学习、不每天学习的话，他们的结果只能是一辈子失败。
因此，女士们，先生们，我相信你们也会认为除了赞同今天的提议之外，已别无选择。现行的教育制度肯定对我们的孩子有害，所以必须予以改变。
谢谢各位。为了就价格达成一致，您能不能通融一下
For they agreed on the price, can you give me a second 这是首付款，剩下的我会在年底还清的
This is the head, and the rest I will pay off in the end 我为自己能受到你们的友好邀请 I myself for by your gracious invitation
今天晚上六点有个招待晚宴，我会派人在5点半接你
At six this evening hosted a dinner, I'll send someone to pick you up at five thirty 中国政府重视对外开放，不仅开放了沿海城市，也开放了内地,尽可能吸引外资。
The Chinese government focuses a lot of attention on opening the country up to the outside in all directions,including coastal cities and interior areas.我现在无权对您的要求做出答复，我得和公司总部联系一下
Now I have no right to your request made answer, I'll have to contact and corporate headquarters 今晚我们在这里举行晚宴，欢迎我们来自大洋彼岸的朋友
Tonight we held here dinner, welcome our friends from ocean the other shore
尽管我个人和MR MEYER接触时间不长，但他的接人待物给我留下了深刻的印象。所以，从这一点上说，我们双方的合作从开始就有一个良好的开端
Even though I personally and MR MEYER contact time is not long, but his pick up person treat people left a deep impression on me.So, from this point said, our cooperation from the start there is a good beginning
现在我举杯祝愿，为了远道而来的朋友，为了我们之间合作的进步发展，为了在座各位的健康干杯 Now I traveled to wish to friends, for our cooperation between progress development, in order to a toast to the health of everyone in here 我希望能尽快与大家在东京相遇
I hope to meet with you as soon as possible in Tokyo 我代表大连市政府、大连人民欢迎你参加大连服装节
I represent the dalian municipal government, dalian people welcome you to dalian garments festival 毫无疑问，马克吐温是美国文学史上最著名的小说家
No doubt, Mark Twain is the history of American literature's most famous novelist HALEN KALER客服了失明失聪的双重障碍，成为美国......The stricken blind and deaf HALEN KALER customer service of dual obstacle, become the United States......今晚为您举行招待晚宴，7点我派人接你
Have a reception dinner for you tonight, 7 o 'clock I'll send someone to pick you up 我代表中国国际广播电台和在北京的全体同仁，祝大家新年快乐
I represent China Radio International and all of my colleagues in Beijing, I wish you all happy new year.人们担心大量物资将从这个国家流向恐怖组织手里
People feared massive supplies to from this country flow terrorist organizations hand 想成为一名优秀的运动员，你必须有好的身体 Want to become a good player, you must have a good body
本校和绝大多数其他学校相比，其不同点在于我们这儿的教育是针对不同学生的
The school and most other schools, compared to its differentia depends on our education here is aimed at different students 细菌，有的有害，有的有益
Bacteria, some harmful, some beneficial
在亚洲西南部，气温升到50度，在北部地区，温度会下降到零下40度
In southwest Asia, and the temperature rises to 50 degrees, in northern areas, the temperature will drop to the low 40s
就我个人来说，我希望你们在上海的浦东地区投资。这倒不是因为浦东是我的家乡，而是因为浦东的确是投资者的理想场所。
Personally,I like you to invest in the Pudong Area of Shanghai.Not becasue it's my hometown,but it really is an ideal place for investment.30年前，一旦女人结了婚，就成为家庭主妇了
Thirty years ago, once a woman is married, become housewives 基本情况是这样的，外国在华投资......所有这些优势很难再其他国家找到
Basic situation is such, foreign investment in China......all these advantages is hard to find in other countries
第五篇：中级口译翻译总结
几千年来我们中国人一直视筷子为一种可以将饭从碗中逐口送入口中的最简单同时也是最有效的工具。早在周朝时期，筷子便被人们用来夹取荤、蔬菜，而米饭在那时则用手来取食。//全国各地的筷子大小基本一样，而所用的材料的种类则各有不同，所选材料有竹子、木材、漆器、玉石、象牙、塑料、吕、银、金等。特长的竹筷通常用于厨房中。//中国人使用筷子的方法很有艺术性，各人有各人的方法，就好像签名一样，不尽一致。中国人一般都能随心所欲的用筷子夹起一粒米饭，一粒豌豆，一只滑溜溜的蘑菇或海参。// 使用筷子时，要把一双筷子夹在大拇指和食指之间。要点是让其中的一根筷子保持不动，活动另一根筷子，以便能像钳子一样夹取食物。//
For thousands of years we Chinese have always regarded chopsticks the simplest possible and the most efficient tool for transporting bite-sized morsels of food form a bowl to the mouth.As early as in the Zhou Dynasty, chopsticks were used for picking up meat and vegetables, while hands were used for rice.// Chopsticks, which are roughly uniform in size throughout China, can be made of a variety of materials, including bamboo, wood, lacquer, jade, ivory, plastic, aluminum, silver and gold.Special long bamboo chopsticks are generally used in the kitchen.// The way we Chinese handle our chopsticks is quite artistic and varied from person to person like one，s signature.An average Chinese can very easily pick up a single tiny grain of rice, or a tiny piece of peas, or a slippery button mushroom or sea cucumber.// When using chopsticks, one should place both sticks between the thumb and forefinger.The point is to keep one stick still and move the other so as to make them wok like pincers.//
我们都知道信息存储、传输和处理是提高社会整体发展水平的最重要的保障条件之一，也是世界各国高技术竞争的焦点之一。但并非每一个人都知道，世界上最重要的信息是人类基因组提供的信息。//人类基因组蕴含着人类生、老、病、死的绝大多数遗传信息，破译这些信息将会在疾病的诊断、新药物的研制、新疗法的探索等领域引发一场革命。//一些科学家认为，破译人类遗传密码的重要性不亚于人类登月的“阿波罗计划”。人类基因组图谱及初步分析结果的公布，对生物科学和生物技术的发展起着重要的推动作用。// 我们确信的是，35 亿年前高度复杂的分子 DNA 就出现了。DNA 是地球上所有生命的基础，它有着像螺旋式楼梯一样的双螺旋结构。//
We all know that information storage, transmission and processing constitute some of the most important guarantee conditions for enhancing the level of overall social development, as well as a focal point in the competition of high technologies between various countries.But not everyone realizes that the most significant information reservoir is no other than the human genome.// The human genome contains most of the hereditary information related to the birth, aging, diseases and death of humankind.Its decoding will bring about a revolution to the diagnosis of diseases, to the development of new medicines and to the exploration of new therapies.// Some scientists believe the work to decipher the human genetic code is no less important than the Apollo moon landing program.The publication of the map and preliminary conclusion of the human genome played an important role in promoting the development of life science and biotechnology.// What we do know is that by three and a half billion years ago the highly complicated molecule DNA had emerged.DNA is the basis of all life on earth.It has a double helix structure, like a spiral staircase.//
汉语常被认为是一种非常古老的语言。从某种意义上说，这种说法不免失之偏颇。人类所有的语言都可追溯到朦胧的史前时期，但目前我们还无法确定这些语言是否都同宗同源。//五千年前华夏祖先说汉语的方法同英语人士的祖先说英语的方式大致相似。而从另一种意义上说，汉语确实也是一种很古老的语言。今天所存留下来的最早的汉字已有近四千年的历史。// 这些文字均为甲骨雕文。大部分铭文为神谕圣旨，内容大都与政治事件和宗教活动有关，有些则是关于天气和战争的记录。// 汉语有丰富的古代文字作品，源远流长，远非其他一种语言的文字可与之媲美。一些最古老的文字属象形文字。//
Chinese is often termed a very old language.In a sense such a statement is misleading.All human languages go back to the dim uncertainty of prehistory, and at present we have no way of knowing for sure whether or not they can all be traced back to the same root.// Five thousand years ago the ancestors of Chinese people spoke an early form of Chinese language in much the same way that the ancestors of English-speaking people were using an early form of the English language.In a sense, however, Chinese is indeed a very old language.The earliest written forms of Chinese in existence today date back nearly 4,000 years.// These writings are incisions on bones and tortoise shell.Most of the inscriptions are oracular, dealing mostly with political and religious events, or with weather or warfare.// Chinese has an abundance of ancient writings that reach back continuously in time further than the writings of any other language in the world.Some of the earliest written Chinese characters were quite pictographic.// 国际贸易的基本原则是平等互利，各国追求各自的利益是正常的，出现一些摩擦和纠纷也是不可避免的。关键要以冷静而明智的态度正确对待和处理摩擦和纠纷。// 就中美贸易而言，互利共赢的经贸关系给两国人民带来了实实在在的经济利益。今天，美国在华投资设立的企业已超过 4 万家，投资额达 450 亿美元。// 美国 500 强企业有 400 多家进入中国，大多数企业获利丰厚。与此同时，在美国市场上，许多中国商品受到美国消费者的青睐。中国在美国投资设立的企业已超过 1000 家。// 我们可以预见，中美贸易摩擦将随着经贸关系的深化而凸显，但是中美经贸合作的总体发展是不可逆转的。主要有两个原因，其一：中美贸易具有很大互补性。其二：中国产品具有明显的劳动力成本优势。//
Equality and mutual benefit is the fundamental principle of international trade.Therefore, it is normal that countries will seek to protect their own interests, which may lead to trade frictions and disputes.The key lies in how to cope with these issues correctly in a cool and wise manner.// As for China-US trade, mutually beneficial and win-win trade and economic ties have delivered tangible economic benefits to the two peoples.Now, with over 40,000 U.S.-invested enterprises, the total investment in china stands at $45 billion.// Of the top 500 U.S companies, more than 400 have their business in china, and most of them are making handsome profit.At the same time, many Chinese commodities have become favored choices of American consumers.Meanwhile, the number of Chinese-invested enterprises in the United Sates has surpassed 1,000.// We predict that trade disputes between china and the United States will become more acute along with the further development in bilateral trade and economic cooperation.The overall development in bilateral trade and economic cooperation is, however, irreversible.There are two factors contribute to this trend.Firstly, the Sino-U.S.economic and trade relations enjoy complementarities in vast fields.Secondly, china has an outstanding labor cost advantage.// 我赞同许多东亚学者的观点，东方文明可以医治盛行于西方世界的一些顽疾。西方世界个人自由主义泛滥导致了极端个人主义、性关系混乱以及过度暴力行为，对此我们不能视而不见。// 相反，东方社会的自我约束力，集体责任感以及温厚儒雅的传统倒可以消除西方社会的许多恶疾。// 在这个信息时代，世界已缩小成一个地球村。这个地球村里，不再有什么泾渭分明的东方世界和西方世界，我们是生活在同一个社区里的邻里。// 因此，我们彼此之间无须冲突。我们之间的关系应该是一种友好合作，平等互补的关系。我们应该相互理解，相互学习，和睦共处。//
I share the same view with many East Asian scholars that the Oriental civilization can heal some of the prevailing, stubborn Western ills.We should not turn a blind eye to the fact that individual freedom has gone overboard in the West, resulting in extreme individualism, sexual promiscuity and excessive use of violence.// By contrast, self-discipline, corporate responsibility and the pacific tradition of East Asia can offset many Western vices.// At this age of information, the world has shrunk as a global village in which there will be no clear-cut worlds of the East and the West any more, but a world of one community with neighboring families.// Therefore, we do not necessarily have to come into clash with each other.Our relationship is one of friendly cooperation, equality and mutual complementarity and therefore, we should understand and learn from each other, and live in harmony.//
武术在我国源远流长，是中华民族传统文化的瑰宝。我们知道，一个民族的优秀文化遗产，不仅仅属于一个民族，它会逐渐传播到世界而成为人类的共同财富。// 为了更好的推广武术运动，使其与奥运项目接轨，中国武协和国际武联做了大量的艰苦卓绝的工作。现在武术运动已被列为一种具有与保龄球运动和国际标准舞同等地位的奥运表演项目。//武术的蓬勃发展，除得益于其项目本身的吸引力之外，早期移居海外的一代武术大师功不可没。//老一代武术家在海外播种下了武术的种子，使武术这门既可以自卫又可以健身的运动很快就在新的土地上扎下了根。今天高超的武术大师已遍布世界各地，武术爱好者也与日俱增。//
Wushu, or Chinese martial art, can be traced back to ancient times.It is a gem of Chinese traditional culture.As we all know, the fine culture of a nation doesn’t belong to the nation alone and it will be spread to the rest of the world and shared by all humanity.// The Chinese Wushu Association and International Wushu Federation(IWUF)have been working very hard to popularize wushu and make the Chinese martial art closer to the Olympic Movement.Wushu was accepted to join bowling and international standard dance as an Olympic demonstration event.// The booming of wushu is attributed not only to the attractiveness of the sport but also to emigrant Chinese wushu masters over the years.// Martial artists of the older generations have sown wushu seeds in foreign countries.Weshu, which can be used as self defense and can keep practitioners fit and strong, soom became popular on new lands.Today sperb wushu masters are active all over the world, and amateurs are on the increase with each passing day.为了切实保护儿童权益，中国的立法、司法、政府各有关部门以及社会团体都建立了相应的机制，以监督、实施和促进保护儿童事业的健康发展。// 中国政府动员社会采取多种方式关心和帮助残疾儿童的成长，大力弘扬残疾儿童自强不息的精神，倡导团结、友爱、互助的道德风尚。// 中华民族素有“携幼”，“爱幼”的传统美德，中国古语“有无有以及人之幼”了流传至今。// 我们要在全社会倡导树立“爱护儿童、教育儿童、为儿童做表率、为儿童办实事”的公民意识，并努力为儿童事业的发展创造良好的社会条件。//
To effectively protect children’s rights and interests, china’s legislation, judicial and government departments concerned as well as non-governmental organizations have set up corresponding mechanisms to supervise, facilitate and promote the healthy development of the work on protecting children.// The Chinese government has done a great deal to mobilize various circles in society to care for, in various manners , the development of disabled children, to greatly encourage the spirit of unceasing self-improvement among physically disadvantaged children and to advocate the valued social virtues of unity, friendship and mutual aid.// The Chinese nation has long cultivated the traditional virtues of “ bring up the young” and caring for the young”.An old Chinese saying that “love our children and love others’ children in the same manner” is still very popular.// We should urge the society at large to raise the awareness of importance of “protecting and educating children, and setting a good example and doing practical thing for children”.We will spare no efforts to create favorable social conditions for the progress of child development programs.//
过去 10年，海平面升高和森林看法的速度都是前所未有的；生态恶化、物种灭绝、臭氧层被破坏、温室效应、酸雨等一系列环境问题已经严重影响到人类的生存环境。// 环境恶化造成的问题之一就是缺水。目前全世界 40%以上的人口，即 20 多亿人，面临缺水问题。据预测，未来 25 年全球人口将有 60 亿增长到 80 亿，环境保护面临更大的压力。// 中国作为一个发展中国家，面临着发展经济和保护环境的双重任务。从国情出发，中国在全面推进现代化的过程中，将环境保护视为一项基本国策。// 众所周知，对生态环境和生物多样性的保护是环保工作的重点。我国野生动植物物种丰富，仅脊椎动物就有 6000 多种左右，高等植物 3 万多种。//
Sea level rose and forest were destroyed at an unprecedented rate during the last decade.A series of environmental problems such s the deterioration of ecosystem, the extinction of bio-species, damage to the ozone layer, the green-house effect, acid rain, have posed a serious threat to human living conditions.// Environmental crisis leads to one of the serious problems, namely, water shortage.Presently, more than 40% of the world’s population, more than 2 billion people, now face water shortage.It is predicted hat with the global population expected to increase from six billion to eight billion over the next 25 years, more pressure on environmental protection stress is expected.// As a developing country, china is confronted with the dual task of developing the economy and protecting the environment.Proceeding from its national conditions, china has, in the process of promoting its overall modernization program, made environmental protection one of its basic state policies.// It is known to all that protection of the ecological environment and biodiversity is the focal point of environmental protection work.China is rich in wildlife species.There are about 6,000 vertebrates alone and 30,000 species of higher plants.//
改革开放 30 年来，随着中国逐渐崛起成为政治经济强国，海外人士学习汉语的现象与日俱增，海外孔子学院也成了人们学习中国语言和中国文化的首选之地。// 通过学习汉语，他们对这个和自己文化大相径庭的古老文明产生了浓厚的兴趣，而且有机会了解中国的哲学、艺术、医学、饮食文化，亲身体验这个文明古国的风采。// 作为第二文化，中国文化也丰富了他们的生活和世界观。可以说，这个潮流方兴未艾。越来越多的学习汉语的美国人除了对中国菜肴赞不绝口之外，也在尝试针灸，草药和武术。//他们也看功夫电影，学习东方时装潮流和手工艺，不知不觉的在日常生活中谈及中国的点心，人参、银杏，乌龙茶等。目前在美国最热门的中国文化是道家学说和有着神秘色彩的风水学。
As china is rising as a political and economic world power, thanks to its three-decade reform and opening up, more and more people in overseas countries start to learn Chinese and turn to a Confucius Institute in their own countries as their first choice learning Chinese language and Chinese culture.// During the learning process, the learners concurrently develop their interest in this ancient land, whose civilization is so vastly different from theirs.And the learners have opportunities to learn about Chinese philosophy, art, architecture, medicine and catering culture and experience first-hand the splendors of this venerable civilization.// As the second culture, Chinese culture has enriched the life and world outlook of the learners.This trend, so to speak, is gathering momentum and is there to stay.Apart from their love for Chinese cuisine, more and more American learners of Chinese language are turning to Chinese acupuncture, herbal medicines, martial arts.// They are also interested in kongfu films, fashions and crafts.Seemingly outlandish words such as dimsum, ginseng, gingko, oolong cha have crept into their everyday language.The latest Chinese cultural icons to make its impact there are Taoism, and ancient school of thought, and fengshui, an ancient art of placement.// 中国国际出版集团是中国最大的、最权威的外语出版发行单位，其前身是中央人民政府新闻出版署国际新闻局。// 我集团坚持“让中国走向世界，让世界了解中国”的出版原则，全心致力于中国外语教育与研究事业的发展，全心致力于中外文化交流事业的拓展。// 为了加强对出版人才队伍的建设，为了满足日益增长的特殊出版业务的需要，我集团每年都要选派一些青年员工到国内外知名高等学府和研究机构进修，// 根据我们的发展战略，我们会将前进的步伐迈出国界走向世界，瞄准海外读者群，这一战略已取得了良好的开局。//
The China International Publishing Group is the largest and the most authoritative foreign language publishing and distribution establishment, its predecessor being the International Press Bureau of the Central People,s Government Press and Publication Administration.// Adhering to the publishing philosophy of “assisting China’s march to the world and facilitating world’s understanding of China”, the Group commits itself entirely to promoting foreign language education and research in China and advancing cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries.// In order to build up a strong team of publishing staff, as well as to meet the growing need of more technically demanding business, the Group makes it a rule that young staff be selected and sent to noted universities and research institutions, both domestic and overseas, for further studies.// As is clearly spelled out in our new development strategy, we will go beyond our national boundaries and wedge ourselves into the world circulation market, aiming at the international readership.Our initial efforts have been very rewarding.//
香港中文大学，简称“中大”，成立于1963年。中大是一所研究型综合大学，以“结合传统与现代，融汇中国与西方”为创校使命。//40多年来，中大一直致力于弘扬中华传统文化，坚持双语教育，并推行独特的书院制度，在香港教育界卓然而立。中大校园占地 134 公顷，是世界上最美丽的校园之一。//中大的师生来自世界各地。有教职员工 5200多人，近万名本科生、约2000多名研究生，其中约2500多人来自45个不同的国家和地区。//中大实行灵活的学分制，不仅有助于培养有专有博的人才，而且还赋予学生更大的学习自主权。中大的多元教育有助于充分发挥每一个学生的潜能。//
The Chinese University of Hong Kong, CUHK for short, was founded in 1963.It is a research-oriented comprehensive university with a mission to combine tradition with modernity and bring together China and the West.//For more than 40 years, we have been distinguished from other local universities by virtue of our rich Chinese cultural heritage, bilingual education, and our unique college system.CUHK’s 134-hectare campus is one of the most beautiful campuses in the world.//CUHK’ s faculty and students come from all corners of the world.It has more than 5200 staff members,approximately 10,000 undergraduates, and 2000 postgraduate students.Of these students, some 2,500 are from 45 countries and regions outside Hong Kong.//The flexible credit unit system allows a balance between depth with breadth, and a high degree of free choice of students in designing their own learning.The multi-faceted education at CUHK helps to bring out the best in every student.//
春节期间的娱乐活动多种多样，丰富多彩。耍龙灯和舞狮子是春节期间的传统项目。还有一种至今仍受人欢迎的传统表演活动，叫踩高跷。//现在，随着生活水平的不断提高，人们采用了新的方式庆祝新年。但不管庆祝方式怎么变，春节的精华不会变，那就是为了祈求新年吉祥如意。//家家户户都会打扫的干干净净，门上都会贴上对联，人人都会穿上新衣裳，拿出最精美的食物，团聚在一起，互道吉利，表示祝贺。//最重要的是，春节是一个合家欢聚的日子，出门在外的人总要想方设法在除夕夜到来之前赶回家，吃上一年中最重要的一段饭——“团圆饭”。//
The recreational activities during the Spring Festival are varied and colorful.The Dagon Dance and Lion Dance are traditionally performed during the festival.Walking on stilts is another traditional performance event popular in china.//Nowadays, with the improvement of living standards, people have taken up new ways to celebrate the New Year.No matter what change there might be, the highlights of the Spring Festival will remain the same: hoping for a propitious and happy new year.//Each family will clean up the house and put up an antithetical couplet on each side of the door.Dressed up in their best, people will get together, treat each other to the most delicious foods and exchange auspicious greetings.//Most important of all, the Spring Festival is the occasion for a family reunion.People away from home for various reasons will always try their best to come back before the New Year’s Eve for the family reunion dinner, the most important meal of the year.//
我们社会主义市场经济体制的建立和发展，要求我们改革和完善社会福利保障体制，从而对社会服务提出了更高的要求。//随着政府职能的转变，原来由政府包揽的许多社会服务工作，有相当一部分将逐步转移到社会团体和民间组织。//一方面，政府的宏观管理责任将会变得更加重大。另一方面，社会团体和民间组织有必要参与更多的社区服务工作。//这样就提出一个课题：政府和社会团体如何密切合作，如何分工协作，更好地推进社区服务事业。//
The establishment and development of china’s socialist market economy requires the reform and improvement in our soial welfare and security system, which in turn places higher expectations on the work of community service.//With the transformation of governmental functions, much of the work involving social services that was initially undertaken by the government will have to be transferred gradually to social groups and non-governmental organizations.// On the one hand, the government will shoulder great responsibilities in its macro-management;and on the other hand, social groups and non-governmental organizations will need to involve themselves more in community service.// Consequently, there has emerged an issue which concerns the way of a close collaboration and the division of responsibilities between the government and social groups, in order to further the development of community service 美国人强调效率、竞争和独创性，而中国人则将严谨规划放在首位，鼓励团队成员之间的密切合作和无私奉献。//在美国学校，讨论享有至高无上的地位，讨论是课堂教学的主旋律；而中国教师喜欢讲课，喜欢考试，编写千篇一律的标准教案，培养整齐划一的高材生。//美国人的政治观，经济观以及社会观的核心是个人道德自治观。中国传统的思想体系是以儒家学说为基础的，这种思想强调整体和谐。//现在，中美联系比以往更加紧密，中国人学英语，玩保龄球，吃肯德基，美国人学汉语，练功夫，吃北京烤鸭，《泰坦尼克》驶进中国，《牡丹亭》也在百老汇上演。//
American people emphasize efficiency, competition and originality while Chinese people give priority to careful planning and encourage close cooperation and altruistic dedication among team members.//In American schools, discussion is given top priority while Chinese teachers like to lecture in class,and a lot of them are obsessed with examinations.They write consistent and standardized teaching plans, and are happy with bringing up identical and standardized talents.//Central to American political, economic and social thought is the concept of individual moral autonomy.Traditional Chinese philosophical systems are based on Confucianism, which sings high praises for communal harmony.//Nowadays, the relation of China and America become closer than ever.Chinese learn English, play bowling, enjoy KFC, while Americans learn Chinese, exercise Kung Fu, like Peking Duck.And Titanic sailed into China, while The Peony Pavilion has been performed on Broadway.// 上海菜系是中国最年轻的地方菜系，通常被成为“本帮菜”，有着400多年的历史。同中国其他菜系一样，“本帮菜”具有“色，香，味”三大要素。//上海菜的特点是注重调料的使用，食物的质地和菜的原汁原味。其中最著名的有特色点心“南翔小笼”和特色菜“松鼠鲑鱼”。//“南翔小笼”是猪肉馅，个小味美，皮薄汁醇。“松鼠鲑鱼”色泽黄亮，形如松鼠，外皮脆而内肉嫩，汤汁酸甜适口。//在品尝过“松鼠鲑鱼”之后，我们常常惊讶于“松鼠”的形状，觉得在三大评价标准上在添加“形”这个标准才更合适。//
译文：
Shanghai cuisine, usually called Benbang cuisine, is the youngest among the major regional cuisines in China, with a history of more than 400 years.Like all other Chinese regional cuisines, Benbang cuisines takes “ color, aroma and taste” as its essential quality elements.//Shanghai cuisine emphasizes in particular the expert use of seasonings, the selection of raw materials with quality texture, and original flavors.Shanghai cuisine is famous for a special snack known as Nanxiang Steamed Meat Dumplings and a special dish called “Squirrel-Shaped Mandarin Fish”.//Nanxiang Steamed Meat Dumplings are small in size, with thin and translucent wrappers, filled inside with ground pork and rich tasty soup.Squirrel-Shaped Mandarin Fish is yellow-colored and squirrel-shaped, with a crispy skin and tender meat, all covered with a sweet and sour source.//After tasting Squirrel-Shaped Mandarin Fish, we are always amazed by the squirrel shape and think that it is more appropriate to plus “appearance” as the fourth element.
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