第一篇:高口翻译第十讲长句的译法(汉译英)
苏州昂立教育 Suzhou Only
Interpretation
翻译第十讲 长句的译法(汉译英)
1.使用分词
与此同时,香港,新加坡的地产大鳄已经开始在中国如火如荼地做起了时尚广场,而大陆地地产商还在忙着建房子。
靳羽西标志性的一抹红唇,一袭黑衣,与设计师普拉达则偏爱跳跃鲜艳的橘色和紫色,形成了鲜明的对比。
市长号召与会成员一起为城市的发展作出贡献,随后,副市长也号召来宾们一起为城市的发展献计献策。
2.使用同一动词
那次晚会,夏洛特被一名男士迷的神魂颠倒,以至于丢失了一条珍贵的项链。
在实施行动之前,欧盟将查明现存的文化遗迹的数量,指出那些保护力度不够的措施,并说明那些管理条例应该被纳入国家法律。
我们怎能不感叹学院构思者的睿智,怎能不钦佩办学决策者的远见,怎能不感念艰辛创业者的奉献,又怎能不赞美后来者的贡献。
3.使用同位语从句
布诺在欢迎致辞时说,中国有望取代日本,成为全球最大的奢侈品消费国。
王晶利用她在市场信息部学习到的知识,对中国的酒类市场做出分析,这样一来,他得以站在潮流的前沿.Mary高级口译10 到苏州昂立,学优质口译 1 苏州昂立教育 Suzhou Only
Interpretation
当《新闻周刊》杂志电话采访首批赶赴灾区的商场员工刘林时,他作了以上的开场白。
4.使用定语从句
对女性而言,这一时代充满了机遇,社会开始追求多元化,女性领导日益获得认可。
我们游程的最后一站是五彩湾,听朋友说很棒,但需要在晚霞时出现时才能一揽胜景。
在经历48小时的连轴奋战后,赛事进入最高潮,来自全球顶尖大学的19名参赛者,他们的任务是为一家上海公司所面临的公关危机提供一个最佳解决方案。篇章翻译:
Lucrative bonuses and international travel were once the main attractions for prospective employees, but companies no longer mention glitz.Their new selling points are sandwiches with the boss, opportunities for advancement, flexible working hours and more holiday time.Another shift comes from companies’ attempts to reconcile their desire to cut costs now with their need for talent later.One solution, popular in many industries, is to offer deferred start dates to new hires, giving them six months or a year to travel or do public service.Because of the slowdown in recruiting, colleges and business schools are going on the offensive.Some have set up networks to help place students with firms run by alumni.Some schools have come to terms with the idea that finding full-time work for all graduates might be unrealistic and are creating new schemes to find temporary placements for graduating MBAs.The Johnson School of Business at Cornell, for example, has set up a programme that links MBAs with short-term projects over the summer.This way, students can at least get a foot in the door.环保词汇:Mary高级口译10 到苏州昂立,学优质口译 1 苏州昂立教育 Suzhou Only
Interpretation
坚持环境保护基本国策 adhere to the basic state policy of environmental protection污染者负担的政策 “the-polluters-pay” policy强化环境管理的政策 policy of tightening up environmental management环保执法检查 environmental protection law enforcement inspection限期治理 undertake treatment within a prescribed limit of time生态示范区 eco-demonstration region;environment-friendly region国家级生态示范区(珠海)Nationally Designated Eco-Demonstration Region国家级园林城市 Nationally Designated Garden City工业固体废物 industrial solid wastes白色污染 white pollution(by using and littering of non-degradable white plastics)可降解一次性塑料袋 throwaway bio-degradable plastic bags放射性废料积存 accumulation of radioactive waste有机污染物 organic pollutants 三废综合利用 multipurpose use of three types of wastes(waste water, waste gas, solid waste)城市垃圾无害化处理率 decontamination rate of urban refuse垃圾填埋场 refuse landfill垃圾焚化厂 refuse incinerator防止过度利用森林 protect forests from overexploitation森林砍伐率
Mary高级口译10 3
deforestation rate水土流失 water and soil erosion土壤盐碱化 soil alkalization生态农业 environment-friendly agriculture;eco-agriculture水资源保护区 water resource conservation zone海水淡化 sea water desalinization 造林工程 afforestation project绿化面积 afforested areas;greening space森林覆盖率 forest coverage防风林 wind breaks 防沙林 sand breaks速生林 fast-growing trees 降低资源消耗率 slow down the rate of resource degradation开发可再生资源 develop renewable resources环保产品 environment-friendly products自然保护区 nature reserve野生动植物 wild fauna and flora保护生存环境 conserve natural habitats濒危野生动物 endangered wildlife珍稀濒危物种繁育基地 rare and endangered species breeding center美化环境 landscaping design for environmental purposes环境恶化 environmental degradation温饱型农业 subsistence agriculture空气污染浓度 air pollution concentration酸雨、越境空气污染 acid rain and transboundary air pollution工业粉尘排放 industrial dust discharge烟尘排放 soot emissions矿物燃料(煤、石油、天然气)fossil fuels: coal, oil, and
到苏州昂立,学优质口译 苏州昂立教育 Suzhou Only
Interpretation
natural gas清洁能源 clean energy汽车尾气排放 motor vehicle exhaust尾气净化器 exhaust purifier无铅汽油 lead-free gasoline天然气汽车 gas-fueled vehicles电动汽车 cell-driven vehicles;battery cars小排量汽车 small-displacement(engine)vehicles温室效应 greenhouse effect工业废水处理率 treatment rate of industrial effluents城市污水处理率 treatment rate of domestic sewage集中处理厂 centralized treatment plant 工业固体废物 industrial solid wastes 白色污染 white pollution(by using and littering of non-degradable white plastics)可降解一次性塑料袋 throwaway bio-degradable plastic bags 放射性废料积存 accumulation of radioactive waste 有机污染物 organic pollutants 氰化物、砷、汞排放 cyanide, arsenic, mercury discharged 铅、镉、六价铬 lead, cadmium, sexivalent chromium 城市垃圾无害化处理率 decontamination rate of urban refuse 垃圾填埋场 refuse landfill 垃圾焚化厂 refuse incinerator 防止过度利用森林 protect forests from overexploitation Mary高级口译10 4
森林砍伐率 rate of deforestation 水土流失 water and soil erosion 土壤盐碱化 soil alkalization 农药残留 pesticide residue
水土保持 conservation of water and soil 生态农业 environment-friendly agriculture;eco-agriculture 水资源保护区 water resource conservation zone
海水淡化 sea water desalinization 保护珊瑚礁、红树林和渔业资源 protect coral reefs, mangrove and fishing resource
绿化祖国 turn the country green 全民义务植树日 National Tree-Planting Day
造林工程 afforestation project 绿化面积 afforested areas;greening space
森林覆盖率 forest coverage 防风林 wind breaks(防沙林 sand breaks)
速生林 fast-growing trees
降低资源消耗率 slow down the rate of resource degradation
到苏州昂立,学优质口译
第二篇:英语长句的译法
英语长句的译法
对于每一个英语句子的口译, 并不只是使用一种口译方法, 而是多种口译方法的综合运用, 这在英语长句的口译中表现得尤为突出。长句在科技性的文体中的出现极为频繁, 因此也就成为研究生入学考试的重点, 通过对近年来试题的分析我们可以看出, 所考查的绝大多数划线的部分都是长句。在口译长句时, 首先,不要因为句子太长而产生畏惧心理,因为,无论是多么复杂的句子,它都是由一些基本的成分组成的。其次要弄清英语原文的句法结构, 找出整个句子的中心内容及其各层意思, 然后分析几层意思之间的相互逻辑关系, 再按照汉语的特点和表达方式, 正确地译出原文的意思, 不必拘泥于原文的形式。
一、英语长句的分析
一般来说, 造成长句的原因有三方面:(1)修饰语过多;(2)并列成分多;(3)语言结构层次多。在分析长句时可以采用下面的方法:
(1)找出全句的主语、谓语和宾语, 从整体上把握句子的结构。
(2)找出句中所有的谓语结构、非谓语动词、介词短语和从句的引导词。
(3)分析从句和短语的功能, 例如, 是否为主语从句, 宾语从句, 表语从句等,若是状语, 它是表示时间、原因、结果、还是表示条件等等)。
(4)分析词、短语和从句之间的相互关系, 例如, 定语从句所修饰的先行词是哪一个等。
(5)注意插入语等其他成分。
(6)注意分析句子中是否有固定词组或固定搭配。
下面我们结合一些实例来进行分析:
例1.behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.分析:(1)该句的主语为behaviorists, 谓语为suggest, 宾语为一个从句, 因此整个句子为behaviorist suggest that-clause 结构。
(2)该句共有五个谓语结构, 它们的谓语动词分别为suggest, is raised, are, develop, experience等, 这五个谓语结构之间的关系为: behaviorist suggest that-clause 结构为主句;who is raised in an environment为定语从句, 所修饰的先行词为child;where there are many stimuli为定语从句, 所修饰的先行词为environment;which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses为定语从句, 所修饰的先行词为stimuli;在suggest的宾语从句中, 主语为child, 谓语为experience, 宾语为greater intellectual development.在作了如上的分析之后, 我们就会对该句具有了一个较为透彻的理解, 然后根据我们上面所讲述的各种口译方法, 就可以把该句口译成汉语为:
行为主义者认为, 如果儿童的成长环境里有许多刺激因素, 这些因素又有利于其适当反应能力的发展, 那么, 儿童的智力就会发展到较高的水平。
例2.for a family of four, for example, it is more convenient as well as cheaper to sit comfortably at home, with almost unlimited entertainment available, than to go out in search of amusement elsewhere.分析:(1)该句的骨干结构为it is more … to do sth than to do sth else.是一个比较结构, 而且是在两个不定式之间进行比较。
(2)该句中共有三个谓语结构, 它们之间的关系为: it is more convenient as well as cheaper to … 为主体结构, 但it是形式主语, 真正的主语为第二个谓语结构: to sit comfortably at home, 并与第三个谓语结构to go out in search of amusement elsewhere作比较。
(3)句首的for a family of four作状语, 表示条件。另外, 还有两个介词短语作插入语: for example, with almost unlimited entertainment available,其中第二个介词短语作伴随状语, 修饰to sit comfortably at home.综合上述口译方法,这个句子我们可以口译为:
譬如, 对于一个四口之家来说, 舒舒服服地在家中看电视, 就能看到几乎数不清的娱乐节目, 这比到外面别的地方去消遣又便宜又方便。
二、长句的口译
英语习惯于用长的句子表达比较复杂的概念, 而汉语则不同,常常使用若干短句, 作层次分明的叙述。因此, 在进行英译汉时, 要特别注意英语和汉语之间的差异, 将英语的长句分解, 口译成汉语的短句。在英语长句的口译过程中, 我们一般采取下列的方法。
(1)顺序法。当英语长句的内容的叙述层次与汉语基本一致时, 可以按照英语原文的顺序口译成汉语。例如:
例1.even when we turn off the beside lamp and are fast asleep, electricity is working for us, driving our refrigerators, heating our water, or keeping our rooms air-conditioned.分析: 该句子由一个主句, 三个作伴随状语的现在分词以及位于句首的时间状语从句组成, 共有五层意思: a.既使在我们关掉了床头灯深深地进入梦乡时;b.电仍在为我们工作;c.帮我们开动电冰箱;d.加热水;e.或是室内空调机继续运转。上述五层意思的逻辑关系以及表达的顺序与汉语完全一致, 因此, 我们可以通过顺序法, 把该句口译成:
即使在我们关掉了床头灯深深地进入梦乡时, 电仍在为我们工作: 帮我们开动电冰箱, 把水加热, 或使室内空调机继续运转。
例2.but now it is realized that supplies of some of them are limited, and it is even possible to give a reasonable estimate of their “expectation of life”, the time it will take to exhaust all known sources and reserves of these materials.分析: 该句的骨干结构为“it is realized that…”, it为形式主语, that引导着主语从句以及并列的it is even possible to …结构, 其中, 不定式作主语, the time …是“expectation of life”的同位语, 进一步解释其含义, 而time后面的句子是它的定语从句。五个谓语结构, 表达了四个层次的意义: a.可是现在人们意识到;b.其中有些矿物质的蕴藏量是有限的;c.人们甚至还可以比较合理的估计出这些矿物质“可望存在多少年”;d.将这些已知矿源和储量将消耗殆尽的时间。根据同位语从句的口译方法, 把第四层意义的表达作适当的调整, 整个句子就口译为:
可是现在人们意识到, 其中有些矿物质的蕴藏量是有限的, 人们甚至还可以比较合理的估计出这些矿物质“可望存在多少年”, 也就是说, 经过若干年后, 这些矿物的全部已知矿源和储量将消耗殆尽。
下面我们再列举几个实例:
例3.prior to the twentieth century, women in novels were stereotypes of lacking any features that made them unique individuals and were also subject to numerous restrictions imposed by the male-dominated culture.在20世纪以前, 小说中的妇女像都是一个模式。她们没有任何特点, 因而无法成为具有个性的人;他们还要屈从于由男性主宰的文化传统强加给他们的种种束缚。
例4.this method of using “controls” can be applied to a variety of situations, and can be used to find the answer to questions as widely different as “must moisture be present if iron is to rust?” and “which variety of beans gives the greatest yield in one season?”
这种使用参照物的方法可以应用于许多种情况, 也能用来找到很不相同的各种问题的答案, 从“铁生锈, 是否必须有一定的湿度才行?”到“哪种豆类一季的产量最高?”
例5.it begins as a childlike interest in the grand spectacle and exciting event;it grows as a mature interest in the variety and complexity of the drama, the splendid achievements and terrible failures;it ends as deep sense of the mystery of man`s life of all the dead, great and obscure, who once walked the earth, and of wonderful and awful possibilities of being a human being.我们对历史的爱好起源于我们最初仅对一些历史上的宏伟场面和激动人心的事件感到孩童般的兴趣;其后, 这种爱好变得成熟起来, 我们开始对历史这出“戏剧”的多样性和复杂性, 对历史上的辉煌成就和悲壮失败也感兴趣;对历史的爱好, 最终以我们对人类生命的一种深沉的神秘感而告结束。对死去的, 无论是伟大与平凡, 所有在这个地球上走过而已逝的人,都有能取得伟大奇迹或制造可怕事件的潜力。
例6.if parents were prepared for this adolescent reaction, and realized that it was a sign that the child was growing up and developing valuable powers of observation and independent judgment , they would not be so hurt, and therefore would not drive the child into opposition by resenting and resisting it.如果做父母的对这种青少年的反应有所准备, 而且认为这是一个显示出孩子正在成长, 正在发展珍贵的观察力和独立的判断力的标志, 他们就不会感到如此伤心, 所以也就不会因对此有愤恨和反对的情绪而把孩子推到对立面去。
(2)逆序法。英语有些长句的表达次序与汉语表达习惯不同, 甚至完全相反, 这时必须从原文后面开始口译。例如:
例1.aluminum remained unknown until the nineteenth century, because nowhere in nature is it found free, owing to its always being combined with other elements, most commonly with oxygen, for which it has a strong affinity.分析: 这个句子由一个主句, 两个原因状语和一个定语从句, “铝直到19世纪才被人发现”是主句, 也是全句的中心内容, 全句共有四个谓语结构, 共有五层意思: a.铝直到19世纪才被人发现;b.由于在自然界找不到游离状态的铝;c.由于它总是跟其他元素结合在一起;d.最普遍的是跟氧结合;e.铝跟氧有很强的亲和力。按照汉语的表达习惯通常因在前, 果在后, 这样, 我们可以逆着原文的顺序把该句口译成:
铝总是跟其他元素结合在一起, 最普遍的是跟氧结合;因为铝跟氧有很强的亲和力, 由于这个原因, 在自然界找不到游离状态的铝。所以, 铝直到19世纪才被人发现。
例2.it therefore becomes more and more important that, if students are not to waste their opportunities, there will have to be much more detailed information about courses and more advice.分析: 该句由一个主句, 一个条件状语从句和一个宾语从句组成, “……变得越来越重要”是主句, 也是全句的中心内容, 全句共有三个谓语结构, 包含三层含义: a.……变的越来越重要;b.如果要使学生充分利用他们的机会;c.得为他们提供大量更为详尽的信息, 作更多的指导。为了使译文符合汉语的表达习惯, 我们也采用逆序法, 口译成:
因此, 如果要使学生充分利用他们(上大学)的机会, 就得为他们提供大量关于课程的更为详尽的信息, 作更多的指导。这个问题显得越来越重要了。
下面我们再举几个实例:
例3.it is probably easier for teachers than for students to appreciate the reasons why learning english seems to become increasingly difficult once the basic structures and patterns of the language have been understood.一旦了解英语的基本结构和句型, 再往下学似乎就越来越难了, 这其中的原因, 也许教师比学生更容易理解。
例4.they(the poor)are the first to experience technological progress as a curse which destroys the old muscle-power jobs that previous generations used as a means to fight their way out of poverty.对于以往几代人来说, 旧式的体力劳动是一种用以摆脱贫困的手段, 而技术的进步则摧毁了穷人赖以为生的体力劳动, 因此首先体验到技术进步之害的是穷人。
例5.a great number of graduate students were driven into the intellectual slum when in the united states the intellectual poor became the classic poor, the poor under the rather romantic guise of the beat generation, a real phenomenon in the late fifties.50年代后期的美国出现了一个任何人都不可能视而不见的现象, 穷知识分子以“跨掉的一代”这种颇为浪漫的姿态出现而成为美国典型的穷人, 正是这个时候大批大学生被赶进了知识分子的贫民窟。
例6.such is a human nature in the west that a great many people are often willing to sacrifice higher pay for the privilege of becoming white collar workers.许多人宁愿牺牲比较高的工资以换取成为白领工人的社会地位, 这在西方倒是人之常情。
例7.insects would make it impossible for us to live in the world;they would devour all our crops and kill our flocks and herds, if it were not for the protection we get from insect-eating animals.假如没有那些以昆虫为食的动物保护我们, 昆虫将吞噬我们所有的庄稼, 害死我们的牛羊家畜, 使我们不能生存于世。
(3)分句法。有时英语长句中主语或主句与修饰词的关系并不十分密切, 口译时可以按照汉语多用短句的习惯, 把长句的从句或短语化成句子, 分开来叙述,为了使语意连贯, 有时需要适当增加词语。例如:
例1.the number of the young people in the united states who can`t read is incredible about one in four.上句在英语中是一个相对简单的句子, 但是如果我们按照原文的句子结构死译, 就可能被口译成:
没有阅读能力的美国青年人的数目令人难以相信约为1/4。
这样, 就使得译文极为不通顺, 不符合汉语的表达习惯, 因此, 我们应该把它译为:
大约有1/4的美国青年人没有阅读能力, 这简直令人难以置信。
例2.television, it is often said, keeps one informed about current events, allow one to follow the latest developments in science and politics, and offers an endless series of programmes which are both instructive and entertaining.分析: 在此长句中, 有一个插入语“it is often said”, 三个并列的谓语结构, 还有一个定语从句, 这三个并列的谓语结构尽管在结构上同属于同一个句子,但都有独立的意义, 因此在口译时, 可以采用分句法, 按照汉语的习惯把整个句子分解成几个独立的分句, 结果为:
人们常说, 通过电视可以了解时事, 掌握科学和政治的最新动态。从电视里还可以看到层出不穷、既有教育意义又有娱乐性的新节目。
下面我们再举一个例子:
例3.all they have to do is press a button, and they can see plays, films, operas, and shows of every kind, not to mention political discussions and the latest exciting football match.他们所必须做的只是按一下开关。开关一开, 就可以看到电视剧、电影、歌剧, 以及其他各种各样的文艺节目。至于政治问题的辩论、最近的激动人心的足球赛更是不在话下。
例4.although perhaps only 1 per cent of the life that has started somewhere will develop into highly complex and intelligent patterns, so vast is the number of planets that intelligent life is bound to be a natural part of the universe.虽然在某处已经开始的生命中可能仅有百分之一会发展成高度复杂、有智慧的型式, 但是行星的数目如此之多, 以致有智慧的生命一定是宇宙的一个天然组成部分。
(4)综合法。上面我们讲述了英语长句的逆序法、顺序法和分句法, 事实上,在口译一个英语长句时, 并不只是单纯地使用一种口译方法, 而是要求我们把各种方法综合使用, 这在我们上面所举的例子中也有所体现。尤其是在一些情况下, 一些英语长句单纯采用上述任何一种方法都不方便, 这就需要我们的仔细分析, 或按照时间的先后, 或按照逻辑顺序, 顺逆结合, 主次分明地对全句进行综合处理,以便把英语原文口译成通顺忠实的汉语句子。例如:
例1.people were afraid to leave their houses, for although the police had been ordered to stand by in case of emergency, they were just as confused and helpless as anybody else.分析: 该句共有三层含义: a: 人们不敢出门;b: 尽管警察已接到命令, 要作好准备以应付紧急情况;c: 警察也和其他人一样不知所措和无能为力。在这三层含义中, b表示让步, c表示原因, 而a则表示结果, 按照汉语习惯顺序, 我们作如下的安排:
尽管警察已接到命令, 要作好准备以应付紧急情况, 但人们不敢出门, 因为警察也和其他人一样不知所措和无能为力。
下面我们再举几个例子:
例2.modern scientific and technical books, especially textbooks, requires revision at short intervals if their authors wish to keep pace with new ideas, observations and discoveries.对于现代书籍, 特别是教科书来说, 要是作者希望自己书中的内容能与新概念、新观察到的事实和新发现同步发展的话, 那么就应该每隔较短的时间, 将书中的内容重新修改。
例3.taking his cue from ibsen`s a doll`s house, in which the heroine, nora, leaves home because she resents her husband`s treating her like a child, the writer lu xun warned that nora would need money to support herself;she must have economic rights to survive.易卜生的剧作《玩偶之家》中的女主人公娜拉离家出走, 因为她憎恶她的丈夫像对待孩子一样来对待她。作家鲁迅从中得到启示, 从而告诫人们娜拉得需要钱来养活自己, 她要生存就必须有经济上的权利。
例4.up to the present time, throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, this new tendency placed the home in the immediate suburbs, but concentrated manufacturing activity, business relations, government, and pleasure in the centers of the cities.到目前为止, 经历了18和19两个世纪, 这种新的倾向是把住宅安排在城市的近郊, 而把生产活动、商业往来、政府部门以及娱乐场所都集中在城市的中心地区。
第三篇:英语四级翻译辅导:英语长句的译法技巧
英语四级翻译辅导:英语长句的译法技巧
长句在科技性的文体中的出现极为频繁, 因此也就成为研究生入学考试的重点, 通过对近年来试题的分析我们可以看出,所考查的绝大多数划线的部分都是长句。
在翻译长句时,首先,不要因为句子太长而产生畏惧心理,因为,无论是多么复杂的句子,它都是由一些基本的成分组成的。其次要弄清英语原文的句法结构,找出整个句子的中心内容及其各层意思, 然后分析几层意思之间的相互逻辑关系, 再按照汉语的特点和表达方式, 正确地译出原文的意思,不必拘泥于原文的形式。
一、英语长句的分析
一般来说, 造成长句的原因有三方面:(1)修饰语过多;(2)并列成分多;(3)语言结构层次多。在分析长句时可以采用下面的方法:
(1)找出全句的主语、谓语和宾语, 从整体上把握句子的结构。
(2)找出句中所有的谓语结构、非谓语动词、介词短语和从句的引导词。
(3)分析从句和短语的功能, 例如, 是否为主语从句, 宾语从句, 表语从句等,若是状语,它是表示时间、原因、结果、还是表示条件等等)。
(4)分析词、短语和从句之间的相互关系, 例如, 定语从句所修饰的先行词是哪一个等。
(5)注意插入语等其他成分。
(6)注意分析句子中是否有固定词组或固定搭配。
下面我们结合一些实例来进行分析:
例1.Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.分析:(1)该句的主语为behaviorists, 谓语为suggest, 宾语为一个从句, 因此整个句子为Behaviorist suggest that-clause 结构。
(2)该句共有五个谓语结构, 它们的谓语动词分别为suggest, is raised, are, develop, experience等, 这五个谓语结构之间的关系为: Behaviorist suggest that-clause 结构为主句;who is raised in an environment为定语从句, 所修饰的先行词为child;where there are many stimuli为定语从句, 所修饰的先行词为environment;which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses为定语从句, 所修饰的先行词为stimuli;在suggest的宾语从句中, 主语为child, 谓语为experience, 宾语为greater intellectual development.在作了如上的分析之后, 我们就会对该句具有了一个较为透彻的理解, 然后根据我们上面所讲述的各种翻译方法, 就可以把该句翻译成汉语为: 行为主义者认为, 如果儿童的成长环境里有许多刺激因素, 这些因素又有利于其适当反应能力的发展, 那么, 儿童的智力就会发展到较高的水平。
例2.For a family of four, for example, it is more convenient as well as cheaper to sit comfortably at home, with almost unlimited entertainment available, than to go out in search of amusement
elsewhere.(85年考题)
分析:(1)该句的骨干结构为it is more „ to do sth than to do sth else.是一个比较结构, 而且是在两个不定式之间进行比较。
(2)该句中共有三个谓语结构, 它们之间的关系为: it is more convenient as well as cheaper to „ 为主体结构, 但it是形式主语, 真正的主语为第二个谓语结构: to sit comfortably at home, 并与第三个谓语结构to go out in search of amusement elsewhere作比较。
(3)句首的for a family of four作状语, 表示条件。另外, 还有两个介词短语作插入语: for example, with almost unlimited entertainment available,其中第二个介词短语作伴随状语, 修饰to sit comfortably at home.综合上述翻译方法,这个句子我们可以翻译为:
譬如, 对于一个四口之家来说, 舒舒服服地在家中看电视, 就能看到几乎数不清的娱乐节目, 这比到外面别的地方去消遣又便宜又方便。
二、长句的翻译
英语习惯于用长的句子表达比较复杂的概念, 而汉语则不同,常常使用若干短句, 作层次分明的叙述。因此, 在进行英译汉时,要特别注意英语和汉语之间的差异, 将英语的长句分解, 翻译成汉语的短句。在英语长句的翻译过程中, 我们一般采取下列的方法。
(1)顺序法。当英语长句的内容的叙述层次与汉语基本一致时, 可以按照英语原文的顺序翻译成汉语。例如:
例1.Even when we turn off the beside lamp and are fast asleep, electricity is working for us, driving our refrigerators, heating our water, or keeping our rooms air-conditioned.(84年考题)
分析: 该句子由一个主句, 三个作伴随状语的现在分词以及位于句首的时间状语从句组成, 共有五层意思: A.既使在我们关掉了床头灯深深地进入梦乡时;B.电仍在为我们工作;C.帮我们开动电冰箱;D.加热水;E.或是室内空调机继续运转。上述五层意思的逻辑关系以及表达的顺序与汉语完全一致, 因此, 我们可以通过顺序法, 把该句翻译成:即使在我们关掉了床头灯深深地进入梦乡时, 电仍在为我们工作: 帮我们开动电冰箱, 把水加热, 或使室内空调机继续运转。
例2.But now it is realized that supplies of some of them are limited, and it is even possible to give a reasonable estimate of their “expectation of life”, the time it will take to exhaust all known sources and reserves of these materials.(84年考题)
分析: 该句的骨干结构为“It is realized that„”, it为形式主语, that引导着主语从句以及并列的it is even possible to „结构, 其中, 不定式作主语, the time „是“expectation of life”的同位语, 进一步解释其含义, 而time后面的句子是它的定语从句。五个谓语结构, 表达了四个层次的意义: A.可是现在人们意识到;B.其中有些矿物质的蕴藏量是有限的;C.人们甚至还可以比较合理的估计出这些矿物质“可望存在多少年”;D.将这些已知矿源和储量将消耗殆尽的时间。根据同位语从句的翻译方法, 把第四层意义的表达作适当的调整, 整个句子就翻译为:可是现在人们意识到, 其中有些矿物质的蕴藏量是有限的, 人们甚至还可以比较合理的估计出这些矿物质“可望存在多少年”, 也就是说,经过若干年后, 这些矿物的全部已知矿源和储量将消耗殆尽。
下面我们再列举几个实例:
例3.Prior to the twentieth century, women in novels were stereotypes of lacking any features that made them unique individuals and were also subject to numerous restrictions imposed by the male-dominated culture.在20世纪以前, 小说中的妇女像都是一个模式。她们没有任何特点, 因而无法成为具有个性的人;他们还要屈从于由男性主宰的文化传统强加给他们的种种束缚。
例4.This method of using “controls” can be applied to a variety of situations, and can be used to find the answer to questions as widely different as “Must moisture be present if iron is to rust?” and “Which variety of beans gives the greatest yield in one season?”
这种使用参照物的方法可以应用于许多种情况, 也能用来找到很不相同的各种问题的答案, 从“铁生锈, 是否必须有一定的湿度才行?”到“哪种豆类一季的产量最高?”
例5.It begins as a childlike interest in the grand spectacle and exciting event;it grows as a mature interest in the variety and complexity of the drama, the splendid achievements and terrible failures;it ends as deep sense of the mystery of man's life of all the dead, great and obscure, who once walked the earth, and of wonderful and awful possibilities of being a human being.我们对历史的爱好起源于我们最初仅对一些历史上的宏伟场面和激动人心的事件感到孩童般的兴趣;其后, 这种爱好变得成熟起来, 我们开始对历史这出“戏剧”的多样性和复杂性, 对历史上的辉煌成就和悲壮失败也感兴趣;对历史的爱好,最终以我们对人类生命的一种深沉的神秘感而告结束。对死去的, 无论是伟大与平凡, 所有在这个地球上走过而已逝的人,都有能取得伟大奇迹或制造可怕事件的潜力。
例6.If parents were prepared for this adolescent reaction, and realized that it was a sign that the child was growing up and developing valuable powers of observation and independent judgment , they would not be so hurt, and therefore would not drive the child into opposition by resenting and resisting it.如果做父母的对这种青少年的反应有所准备, 而且认为这是一个显示出孩子正在成长, 正在发展珍贵的观察力和独立的判断力的标志,他们就不会感到如此伤心, 所以也就不会因对此有愤恨和反对的情绪而把孩子推到对立面去。
(2)逆序法。英语有些长句的表达次序与汉语表达习惯不同, 甚至完全相反, 这时必须从原文后面开始翻译。例如:
例1.Aluminum remained unknown until the nineteenth century, because nowhere in nature is it found free, owing to its always being combined with other elements, most commonly with oxygen, for which it has a strong affinity.分析: 这个句子由一个主句, 两个原因状语和一个定语从句, “铝直到19世纪才被人发现”是主句, 也是全句的中心内容,全句共有四个谓语结构, 共有五层意思: A.铝直到19世纪才被人发现;B.由于在自然界找不到游离状态的铝;C.由于它总是跟其他元素结合在一起;D.最普遍的是跟氧结合;E.铝跟氧有很强的亲和力。按照汉语的表达习惯通常因在前, 果在后,这样, 我们可以逆着原文的顺序把该句翻译成:
铝总是跟其他元素结合在一起, 最普遍的是跟氧结合;因为铝跟氧有很强的亲和力, 由于这个原因, 在自然界找不到游离状态的铝。所以,铝直到19世纪才被人发现。
例2.It therefore becomes more and more important that, if students are not to waste their opportunities, there will have to be much more detailed information about courses and more advice.分析: 该句由一个主句, 一个条件状语从句和一个宾语从句组成, “„„变得越来越重要”是主句, 也是全句的中心内容, 全句共有三个谓语结构, 包含三层含义: A.„„变的越来越重要;B.如果要使学生充分利用他们的机会;C.得为他们提供大量更为详尽的信息, 作更多的指导。为了使译文符合汉语的表达习惯, 我们也采用逆序法, 翻译成:
因此, 如果要使学生充分利用他们(上大学)的机会, 就得为他们提供大量关于课程的更为详尽的信息,作更多的指导。这个问题显得越来越重要了。
下面我们再举几个实例:
例3.It is probably easier for teachers than for students to appreciate the reasons why learning English seems to become increasingly difficult once the basic structures and patterns of the language have been understood.一旦了解英语的基本结构和句型, 再往下学似乎就越来越难了, 这其中的原因, 也许教师比学生更容易理解。
例4.They(the poor)are the first to experience technological progress as a curse which destroys the old muscle-power jobs that previous generations used as a means to fight their way out of poverty.对于以往几代人来说, 旧式的体力劳动是一种用以摆脱贫困的手段, 而技术的进步则摧毁了穷人赖以为生的体力劳动,因此首先体验到技术进步之害的是穷人。
例5.A great number of graduate students were driven into the intellectual slum when in the United States the intellectual poor became the classic poor, the poor under the rather romantic guise of the Beat Generation, a real phenomenon in the late fifties.50年代后期的美国出现了一个任何人都不可能视而不见的现象, 穷知识分子以“跨掉的一代”这种颇为浪漫的姿态出现而成为美国典型的穷人,正是这个时候大批大学生被赶进了知识分子的贫民窟。
例6.Such is a human nature in the West that a great many people are often willing to sacrifice higher pay for the privilege of becoming white collar workers.许多人宁愿牺牲比较高的工资以换取成为白领工人的社会地位, 这在西方倒是人之常情。
例7.Insects would make it impossible for us to live in the world;they would devour all our crops and kill our flocks and herds, if it were not for the protection we get from insect-eating animals.假如没有那些以昆虫为食的动物保护我们, 昆虫将吞噬我们所有的庄稼, 害死我们的牛羊家畜, 使我们不能生存于世。
(3)分句法。有时英语长句中主语或主句与修饰词的关系并不十分密切, 翻译时可以按照汉语多用短句的习惯, 把长句的从句或短语化成句子,分开来叙述,为了使语意连贯, 有时需要适当增加词语。例如:
例1.The number of the young people in the United States who can't read is incredible about one in four.上句在英语中是一个相对简单的句子, 但是如果我们按照原文的句子结构死译, 就可能被翻译成:
没有阅读能力的美国青年人的数目令人难以相信约为1/4。
这样, 就使得译文极为不通顺, 不符合汉语的表达习惯, 因此, 我们应该把它译为:
大约有1/4的美国青年人没有阅读能力, 这简直令人难以置信。
例2.Television, it is often said, keeps one informed about current events, allow one to follow the latest developments in science and politics, and offers an endless series of programmes which are both instructive and entertaining.(85年考题)
分析: 在此长句中, 有一个插入语“it is often said”, 三个并列的谓语结构, 还有一个定语从句,这三个并列的谓语结构尽管在结构上同属于同一个句子,但都有独立的意义, 因此在翻译时, 可以采用分句法,按照汉语的习惯把整个句子分解成几个独立的分句, 结果为:人们常说, 通过电视可以了解时事, 掌握科学和政治的最新动态。从电视里还可以看到层出不穷、既有教育意义又有娱乐性的新节目。
下面我们再举一个例子:
例3.All they have to do is press a button, and they can see plays, films, operas, and shows of every kind, not to mention political discussions and the latest exciting football match.(85年考题)
他们所必须做的只是按一下开关。开关一开, 就可以看到电视剧、电影、歌剧,以及其他各种各样的文艺节目。至于政治问题的辩论、最近的激动人心的足球赛更是不在话下。
例4.Although perhaps only 1 per cent of the life that has started somewhere will develop into highly complex and intelligent patterns, so vast is the number of planets that intelligent life is bound to be a natural part of the universe.虽然在某处已经开始的生命中可能仅有百分之一会发展成高度复杂、有智慧的型式, 但是行星的数目如此之多,以致有智慧的生命一定是宇宙的一个天然组成部分。
(4)综合法。上面我们讲述了英语长句的逆序法、顺序法和分句法, 事实上,在翻译一个英语长句时, 并不只是单纯地使用一种翻译方法,而是要求我们把各种方法综合使用, 这在我们上面所举的例子中也有所体现。尤其是在一些情况下,一些英语长句单纯采用上述任何一种方法都不方便, 这就需要我们的仔细分析, 或按照时间的先后, 或按照逻辑顺序, 顺逆结合,主次分明地对全句进行综合处理,以便把英语原文翻译成通顺忠实的汉语句子。例如:
例1.People were afraid to leave their houses, for although the police had been ordered to stand by in case of emergency, they were just as confused and helpless as anybody else.分析: 该句共有三层含义: A: 人们不敢出门;B: 尽管警察已接到命令, 要作好准备以应付紧急情况;C:警察也和其他人一样不知所措和无能为力。在这三层含义中, B表示让步, C表示原因, 而A则表示结果, 按照汉语习惯顺序,我们作如下的安排:尽管警察已接到命令, 要作好准备以应付紧急情况, 但人们不敢出门, 因为警察也和其他人一样不知所措和无能为力。
下面我们再举几个例子:
例2.Modern scientific and technical books, especially textbooks, requires revision at short intervals if their authors wish to keep pace with new ideas, observations and discoveries.对于现代书籍, 特别是教科书来说, 要是作者希望自己书中的内容能与新概念、新观察到的事实和新发现同步发展的话, 那么就应该每隔较短的时间, 将书中的内容重新修改。
例3.Taking his cue from Ibsen's A Doll's House, in which the heroine, Nora, leaves home because she resents her husband's treating her like a child, the writer Lu Xun warned that Nora would need money to support herself;she must have economic rights to survive.易卜生的剧作《玩偶之家》中的女主人公娜拉离家出走, 因为她憎恶她的丈夫像对待孩子一样来对待她。作家鲁迅从中得到启示,从而告诫人们娜拉得需要钱来养活自己, 她要生存就必须有经济上的权利。
例4.Up to the present time, throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, this new tendency placed the home in the immediate suburbs, but concentrated manufacturing activity, business relations, government, and pleasure in the centers of the cities.到目前为止, 经历了18和19两个世纪, 这种新的倾向是把住宅安排在城市的近郊,而把生产活动、商业往来、政府部门以及娱乐场所都集中在城市的中心地区。
第四篇:关于汉译英的译法总结
关于汉译英的译法总结
英译汉与汉译英有两个重要的问题:增词/减词;词性转换。我们知道学习英语翻译首先要搞清英语与汉语的语言差异,这与中西方文化的差异有很大的关系,我们没有太多时间去完全掌握西方的文化背景,在这里总结了一下在汉译英时所 翻译出来的英语应具备的特点:
1、句式结构为:废话+主语+主要的话+废话,所以在汉译英时,当多个分句进行组合时需要找出主要矛盾,次要矛盾;
2、善用长句,不用标点。在进行汉译英是多为合译,中文短句通过一定的介词连词进行句子组合;
3、善用连词,英语为形合式语言,句与句之间善用连词连接,句子多为长句;
4、善用名词、形容词。英文属弱势语言,善用弱势动词,因此汉译英的关键点在于找出最重要的动词,将中文中的强势动词进行弱势动词的过渡,一个地道的英文句子中动词越少越好;
5、善用代词。中文中善用名词或者名词省略,而英文中多用代词指代;
6、常用标点符号:“;:-”
7、评论性语句顺序为先评论再事实;
8、语言结构为先总后分;
9、善用表语从句、主语从句、同位语从句,而中文善用宾语从句。如,我记得:the memory of….(表语从句);what I remembered is that…(主语从句)汉译英翻译步骤:
1、断句。中文句子较短,首先判断哪些句子应该放在一起翻译。
2、找动词(核心谓语动词)。判断句子中哪个动词重要,哪个不重要。
3、找连词(在多个分句同时存在时使用);
4、翻译;
5、重读。
英文句式特点:
1.主谓搭配问题(平衡)
中文由于强调句子中的某个成分主语较长,谓语、宾语较短,而英文的主谓宾分配比较均匀,没有固定的强调结构。我们也称中文为“非平衡性语言”,英文为“平衡性语言”。
如,中国的海洋资源十分丰富。译为:China is rich in marine resource.而不是译为:China’s marine resource are very rich.2.评论与事实(先评论后事实)翻译时,英文是先评论后事实。
如,中国要在短时间内达到粮食高产国家的水平难度较大。其中难度较大是评论,前面是事实。翻译时应为:it will be difficult for China to reach the level of countries with high grain yield in the short period of time.如何找核心谓语动词? 谓语动词的层次性。如,我进去看了。1找核心谓语动词:进 2找非谓语或从句:看 3介词:去
4还有动词则不译 翻译为:I came in to have a look.如,我只记得门警是瑞士的兵士,穿着黄色的制服。1核心谓语动词:记得 2非谓语或从句:是 3介词:穿着
翻译为:I remembered that the guards at the gate were swiss solder in yellow unionforms.如何判断主次?
答:一般来说,先发生的动词更加重要,而后发生的动作不是那么重要,可以把前面的动词翻译为核心谓语,后面的翻译为非谓语动词。我们把句子中最主要的动词作为句子的“核心谓语”,其次重要的是“非谓语动词或从句”,再次重要的是“介词”,最不重要的“不翻译”。一.连词的使用:
1、句与句没关系用and
2、句与句并列用while。
二.动词的使用原则(动词的过渡):
中文中的强势动词在英文中常找一个弱势动词进行过渡。如,谓语动词的过渡。
我支持你:I give you a support.我买了一辆车:I made a purchase of a car.如,中国政府愿借此机会介绍中国海洋事业的发展。“介绍”的直接翻译为“introduce”,而我们在翻译时,翻译为“make an introduction of”,用弱势动词“make”来过渡,把强势动词introduce变成了抽象名词。三.代词/物主代词: 中文善用省略代词,而英文的每个名词前都需要有代词或冠词,所以汉译英时一定不要忘记名词前代词的存在。如,出口产品可由合营企业直接或与其有关的委托机构向国外市场出售,也可通过中国的外资机构出售。译为:An equity joint venture sells its foreign products to foreign markets directly through associated agency or foreign trade agency of China.其its不要忘记。四.定语的处理原则:
中文中几乎所有定语都是前置的,只有一种是后置的是由“之”引起的定语后置。英语句式:
1、词+词的情况下,前置多,后置少。后置的情况有:
1形容词+不定代词:something important;
2过去分词作定语可以后置:a children adopted; 3以“a”开头的形容词作定语时后置:a cat alive。
2、词组或句子修饰词时后置。五.译人名、代词原则
1、译英文姓与名之间要有.2、英文名出现第一次译全称,第二次只译姓。
3、总体来说,一般先使用全称,第二次使用半称,第三次使用代词,第四次不译,第五次用全称。
六.专有名词:
笔译中即使有专有名词,我们也要用全称,而不是缩写。如,联合国,the United Nations.中国政府,the Chinese Government.七.古文的翻译
古文的翻译不可直接使用中文拼音,要用解释的方法来阐述。如,亲仁善邻,国之宝也。意思是热爱自己的人民和对待自己的邻居很好,这些对一个国家来说是非常珍贵的。所以翻译为:loving people and treating neighbors kindly are most valuable to a country.方法: 一.定主语
1、中文主语过长时,同时出现偏正短语,则取偏作主语。如,合营企业的形式为有限责任公司。
An equity joint venture takes the forms of a limited liability company.而如果译为:the form of an equity joint venture is a limited liability company.则主宾过长而谓语过短。
汉译英时,将中文的句子变成“中文的英文句式”,然后字对字翻译。如,合营企业的资本如果转让必须经过各方同意。
转变成:如果合营者转让注册资本,那么这件事情必须经过合营各方同意。
译为:if one side wishes to assign its registered capital, it must obtain the consent of each party to the venture.wishes to 是动词的过渡。
如,合营企业的有关外汇事宜应遵照中华人民共和国外汇管理条例办理。译为:…holds its foregin exchange transactions, according to …
如,合营企业的一切活动应遵守中华人民共和国法律法令和条例的规定。
译为:an equity joint venture engages in all activities according to the provisions of laws, decrees and pertinent regulations of the People’s Republic of China.2、无主语句用被动语态(或增主语)/隐形被动语态。
如,鼓励合营企业向中国境外销售产品(离动词最近的名词作主语)译为:…is encouraged to sell its products outside China.如,19981年时联合国确定的国际海洋年。是。。确定的,即为被动语态。如。。,但是经过努力是完全可以实现的。是。。可以实现的。属于隐形被动语态。译为:but the goal can be achieved through earnest efforts.3、寻找隐藏主语。
如,合营企业的总经理副总经理(的职务)分别由合营各方分别担任:the positions of …are assumed by …
找主语方法:由谓语来决定主语是谁。
4、句首主语过多。
句首如果出现很多名词而判断不出主语时,可根据谓语来判断主语。
如,合营各方发生纠纷,董事会不能解决时,由中国的仲裁机构进行调解或仲裁,也可由合营各方协议在其他仲裁机构仲裁。由“调解或仲裁”以及“仲裁”可知主语为“纠纷”。
译为:Disputes arising from each party to the venture, which board of directors cannot settle may be settled through arbitration or conciliation by China’s arbitration agency or through arbitration by another arbitration agency agreed upon by each party to the venture.本句将“合营各方发生的”译为现在分词。将时间状语从句“董事会不能解决时”译为非限定性定语从句。“调节和仲裁”进行了动词的过渡,译为“may be settled through arbitration or conciliation”.5、就近原则(把离动词最近的作为主语)
如,鼓励合营企业向中国境外销售产品。译为:An equity joint venture is encouraged to sell its products outside China.将合营企业作为主语。如,鼓励外国合营者将可汇出的外汇存入中国银行。译为:A foreign side is encouraged to deposit its foreign exchange which was entitled to remit abroad in Bank of China.其中将外国合营者作为主语。“可汇出的”译为定语从句。二.增词与减词(一般来说汉译英常减词)1增减对象词或范围词。
如,我国先秦思想家:our Chinese thinkers in Pre-Qin days about 2000 years ago.2增减范畴词。如,中国陆地自然资源人均占有量低于世界平均水平:China’s land resources percapita is lower than world average.将范畴词“水平”减掉。
如,我有五百元钱。译为:I have five hundred yuan.如,在播种面积相对稳定的前提下。译为:given the relatively stable sowing area.范畴词“前提”不译。
附六个经典范畴词:方式、方法、水平、问题、情况、途径。3增减动词。
三.本位词与外位语的译法
1、用…, which…
2、用the fact that…was…。。这一切。。:前面省略部分为外位语,后面省略部分为本位词,中间用非限定性定语从句翻译。
四.条件状语从句
句子长可以放在句末翻译。
如,只要1996年到2010年粮食单产年均递增1%,2011年到2030年年均递增0.7%,就可以达到预期的粮食总产量目标。译为:the predicted total output target of grain can be reached, if the annual average increase rate of per unit area yield of grain is 1% from 1996 to 2010 and 0.7% from 2011 to 2030.五.倍数表达法
倍数+as+原级+as+比较对象 倍数+比较级+than+比较对象
第五篇:翻译技巧 反译法
第八节反译法
由于讲英语国家的历史、地理、社会文化背景和生活习性与我国不同,因此 这些国家人们的思维方式和生活习性亦与我国不同。这种差别体现在语言习惯 七,便产生了两种语言各自不同的表达形式。在表示否定意义时,这种差异显得 尤为突出。有的英语句子形式上是否定的而实质上是肯定的,有的形式上是肯定 的而实质上是否定的。在翻译某些英文句子时,应当特别注意两点:一是英语里 有些从正面表达的词语或句子,汉译时可以从反面来表达,即正说反译法;二是 英语里有些从反面表达的词语或句子,汉译时可从正面来表达,即反说正译法。例如:
(1)The kind of machine is far from being complicated.
这种机器一点也不复杂。
这个句子如果译成“这种机器离复杂甚远”就使人感到不知所云。
(2)He wrote three books in the first two years,a record never reached before.
他头两年写了3本书,打破了以往的记录。
原文从反面表达,译文从正面表达。如译成“这是他从前从未达到的记录” 则显得很别扭。
(3)I have read your articles,but,expect to meet an older woman.
我读过你的文章,但没料到你这样年轻。
本句如译成“我读过你文章,但我料想会见到一个年纪更大的女人”则不符 合汉语表达习惯。
从以上例中可以看出,有些句子从正面译不顺,不妨从反面译;反面译不 顺,则不妨从正面译,因为同一个概念,一个民族正着说,以为是合乎表达习惯 的,而另一个民族则认为反着说才顺口。因此,在恰当的场合灵活运用反译法不 失为确保译文语义明晰、文从字顺的有效手段。
一、正说反译法
英语中有些否定概念是通过含有否定意义或近似否定意义的词来表达的。一 些语言学家称这些词为“含蓄否定词”,另一些语言学家则称之为“暗指否定 词”。英语中的含蓄否定词或含蓄否定短语一般都要译成汉语的否定词组。
(一)名词
(1、Shortness of time has required the omission of some countries.
由于时间不够,没能访问某些国家。
(2)All international disputes should be settled through negotiations and avoidance
of any armed conflicts.
一切国际争端应通过谈判,而不是武装冲突来解决。
(3 1 There was complete absence of information on t11e oil deposit in that country.
关于该国的石油储量情况,人们毫无所知。
(4)Politeness is not always the sign of wisdom,but the want of it always leaves
room for.the suspicion of folly.
尽管有礼貌并不一定标志着此人有智慧,但是无礼貌却总是使人怀疑其
愚蠢。
(5)A lack of awareness of cultural differences or local customs Can create
problems.
不注意文化差异或当地风俗可能会产生问题。
作为名词用的含蓄否定词还有:defiance(不顾,无视),denial(否认,否 定),exclusion(排除),freedom(不,免除),refusal(不愿,不允许)和loss(失去)等。(二)动词或动词短语
(1)Scientists reject authority as an ultimate basis for truth·
科学家不承认权威是真理的最终根据。
(2)Water is a good lubricant, if you can devise a way to keep it from leaking out or evaporating.如果能设法使水不漏出来或蒸发掉,那么水就是一种很好的润滑剂。
(3)English differ from French in having no gender for nouns.英语和法语不同,英语名词没有性的变化。
(4)To preserve the fiction,he refrained from scolding his son until the guests left.为了不漏破绽,他强忍着不责骂自己的儿子,直到客人们离去。
(5)An investment in the money market fund has tied up the money until the end
of the term of the investment.
投资于货币市场的资金在投资期满之前是不能动用的。
类似的动词还有refuse(不愿,不肯,无法),lack(缺乏,没有),defy(不
服从,不遵守,不让),forbid(不许),stop(不准)和ignore(不理,不肯考虑)等。
(三)形容词或形容词短语
(1)My younger brother would be the last man to say such things.
我弟弟决不可能说这种话。
(2)They were watching the fluid situation with concern.
他们关切地注视着动荡不安的局面。(3)It is said that it is only a marginal agreement.
据说.那只不过是一个无关宏旨的协议。
(4)These official documents shall form an integral part of this contract.
这些正式文件是合同不可分割的组成部分。
(5)These elements are shielded SO that they are free from the influence of
magnetic field.
这些元件已加屏蔽,因此不受磁场的影响。
类似的形容词及其短语还有:absent(不在,不到),awkward(不熟练,不 灵活,使用起来不方便),bad(令人不愉快的,不受欢迎的,不舒服的),blind(看不到,不注意),dead(无生命的,无感觉的,不毛的),difficult(不容易 的),:foreign to(不适合的,与„„无关),short of(不够)和poor(不好的,不幸的)等。
(四)介词或介词词组
(1)That kind of thing is very extraordinary.It seems against nature.不过那种事情很不寻常,似乎不符合自然规律。
(2)These planes were held back to protect our home inlands instead of being used
where they were badly needed.
这些飞机被留在后方保卫后方本岛,未用于其他急需的地方。(3)It was beyond your power to sign such a contract.
你无权签订这种合同。
(4)It is generally believed that the men who are habitually behind time are as
habitually behind success.
人们普遍相信,习惯不准时的人通常也不会成功。
(5)Only one of us has ever gone to live in the village and he was back in town
within five months.
我们中只有一个人真正在乡村生活过,不过这个人待了不到5个月就返回了城里。(五)副词
(1)Slowly the old man pulled the letter out of the envelope,and unfolded it.
这位老人不慌不忙地从信封里抽出信纸,然后打了开来。
(2)The officers and soldiers blazed away until they had no ammunition left.
官兵们连续不断地射击,直到用尽所有的子弹。
(3)The subversion attempts of the enemy proved predictably futile.
不出所料,敌人的颠覆活动证明毫无效果。
(4)Time is what we want most,but what many use worst·
时间是我们最缺少的,但许多人却最不善于利用时间。
(5)So far,experts have had about the same degree of success as stock—market
forecasters,which is to say they do badly.
到目前为止,汇率预测专家的成功率与股票市场上的预测者大体一样,这就是说他们做得不好。(六)连接词及其短语
(1)He is too careful not to have noticed it.
他那么小心,不会不注意到这一点的。
(2)Unless English team improves their game,they are going to lose the match.如果英格兰队不改进打法,就会榆掉这场比赛。
(3)The old lady would rather be buried with her money under a mountain of rock
than trust another bank.
老太太宁可和她的钱一起被葬入石山下,也不再相信任何一家银行了。(4)Until he spoke I had not realized he was foreign.
他要是不说话,我还一直不知道他是外国人。(七)某些固定短语
(1)The restaurant was anything but satisfactory.
这家餐馆太不让人满意了。
(2)Both sides thought that the peace proposal was one they could accept with
dignity.
双方认为,那个和平建议他们可以接受,而又不失体面。(3)1 was at a loss to understand what she alluded to.
我无法领会她谈话中的所指。(4)The escaped criminal is still at large.
逃犯仍未捉拿归案。
(5)The islanders in this small country found themselves far from ready to fight the war.
这个小国的岛民们发现自己远远没有做好作战准备。
(6)There are many energy sources in store.The problem has been to use the
energy at a reasonable cost.
有许多能源尚未开发。问题在于要以一个合理的代价利用这些能源。(八)句子
(1)Let me watch you at it again.
再让我逮着,可饶不了你。
(2)If it worked once,it Can work twice.
一次得手,再次不愁。
(3)It’S human nature to want something better.
人总是不满足于现状。
(4)We are wiser than to believe such stories.
我们还不至于蠢到竟然相信这种谎言。
(5)Her grandfather is already 80,but he carries his years lightly
她祖父已80岁了,可是并不显老。
(九)某些含有否定意义的谚语和警句
英语中有些谚语和警句翻成汉语时,也可采用正说反译法,尽可能用简练的 汉语或相应的汉语成语来表达。例如:
(1)Seeing is believing.
百闻不如一见。
(2)Better to reign in hell than serve in heaven.
宁为鸡头,不为牛后。
(3)Let sleeping dog lie.
莫惹事生非。
(4)Bite off more than one Can chew·
贪多嚼不烂。
(5)Call a spade a spade.
直言不讳。
(6)A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush
双鸟在林不如一鸟在手。
二、反说正译法
反说正译法指的是将英语中有些与not等否定词连用的词语或带有否定词缀 的词语译成汉语的肯定形式。这样做有时是为了将原文中某些否定形式所具有的 肯定含义清楚地表达出来;在另外一些时候也许是为了将译文组织得更加自然流 畅。当然,也常常可能两种目的兼而有之。(一)名词
(1)It was said that someone had sown discord among us.据说有人在我们中间挑拨离间。
(2)The dishonesty of the government officials was exposed by the newspaper.政府官员们的欺诈行为在报纸上披露了出来。(3)A look of disbelief replaced the smile on her face.
怀疑的神色取代了她脸上的微笑。
(4)He manifested a strong dislike for his mother’s job.
他对他母亲的工作表示出强烈的厌恶情绪。(5)These slums ale a disgrace to the city government.这些贫民窟是市政府的耻辱。
(6)They were puzzled by the sudden disappearance of their guide.他们向导的突然失踪使他们感到困惑不解。
(7)There has been serious disagreement between the two countries over this
question.
关于这个问题两个国家之间存在着严重分歧。(二)动词
(1)T}le employer could dismiss any employee who had ever displeased him·
雇主可以解雇任何曾得罪过他的雇员。(2)How he longed to unsay his tactless words!
他多么希望收回他那些不得体的话啊!(3)The mother gently disengaged her hand from that of her sleeping daughter·
母亲小心翼翼地从熟睡的女儿手里抽出自己的手。
(4)We are now unprovided with the techniques necessary for the manufactoring of
rags into paper.
我们目前缺乏用破布造纸所需的技术。
(5)The thief jumped over a neighboring garden wail and disappeared among the crowds.
这个小偷从邻居的花园墙头上翻了出去,在人群中消失了。(三)形容词
(1)This kind of bird is unusual winter visitors to America.这种鸟冬季很少到美国来。
(2)It was inconsiderate of her to mention the matter in his hearing.她实在轻率,竞当着他的面谈论此事。(3)All the articles are untouchable in the museum.博物馆内一切展品禁止触摸。
(4)APEC will have to be non-discriminatory and it will have to seek to be open
rather than closed in its approach.
亚太经济合作组织必须一视同仁,而且态度上必须是开放的,而不是封闭的。(5)Peter was an indecisive sort of person and could not be a good leader.彼得这人优柔寡断,当不了好领导。(四)副词
(1)The show was,unfortunately,one of the dullest we have ever seen.可惜的是,这次演出是我们所看过的最乏味的演出。(2)She carelessly glanced through the note and got away.她马马虎虎地看了看那张便条就走了。(3)All things invariably divide into two.
事物都是一分为二的。
(4)“I don't know if I ought to have come,”he said breathlessly,grasping Sandy’s arm.
“我不知道我该不该来”,他气喘吁吁地说,一把抓住了桑迪的胳膊。(5)Johnson believed that the Minister of Education had in fact dishonorably
resigned from office.
约翰逊认为该教育部长辞职实际上是很丢面子的。(五)短语
(1)His escape was nothing short of being miraculous·
他的脱险可以说是个奇迹。
(2)The examination left no doubt that the patient had died of lung cancer.调查结果清清楚楚地说明,人死于肺癌。
(3)It would be foolish,not to say mad,to sell your house.你要卖房子真蠢,简直是疯了。(4)There is nothing like mineral water to quench one’s thirst.
矿泉水是解渴的最好饮料。
(5)She meant to help,no doubt,but in fact she has been a hindrance.
她的的确确是想帮忙的,可实际上却成了累赘。(6)The enemy’s spies were not going to lose sight of us.
敌人的密探一直在监视我们的行踪。
(7)A11 men between 18 and 45 without exception are expected to serve in the
army during the War.
所有18岁至45岁的男子统统要在战时服役。(六)句子
(1)For many years there was no closeness between the two countries.
两国关系曾疏远了很多年。
(2)The significance of these incidents wasn’t lost on us.
这些事件引起了我们的注意。
(3)The United Nations Organization has not,so far,justified the hopes which the
people of the world set on it.
到目前为止,联合国辜负了世界人民寄予的希望。
(4)A book may be compared to your neighbor;if it be good,it cannot last too
long;if bad,you cannot get rid of it too early.
书好比邻居,如果是本好书,相伴得越久越好;如果是本坏书,越早摆脱掉越好。(5)Knowledge about the most powerful computers man has ever developed is too
valuable not to share.
人类已经开发出功率极大的计算机,这方面的知识极为宝贵,应为人类共享。
三、英语中的双重否定旬
英语中的双重否定句,除了有时可以译成汉语的双重否定句外,一般说来应 译成肯定句。不过,它是一种特殊的强调句式。以have to(不得不)为例,两个 “不”字去掉以后意思不变,但语气强度就差多了。例如:
(1)There is no evil without compensation.
恶有恶报。
(2)There is not any advantage without disadvantage.
有一利必有一弊。
(3)There is no grammatical rule than has no exception.
条条语法规则都有例外。(也可译为“世上没有不例外的语法规则”。)
(4)It never rains but pours.
不雨则已.雨必倾盆。
(5)The charging of a condenser from a battery is not unlike the filling of a tank
from all oil reservoir.
电池给电容器充电就像油罐给油箱加油一样。
(6)We can’t be too careful in doing this kind of experiment.
我们在做这类实验时应尽可能小心。(也可译为“我们在做这类试验时
无论怎样小心也不过分”。)(7)I 8nl not reluctant to accept your proposal.
我非常愿意接受你的建议。(也可译为“你的建议我并非不愿接受”。)当然,有的英语双重否定句译为汉语的双重否定句更为通顺。(1)There is no story without coincidence.
无巧不成书。
(2)The significance of this report and importance Can never be overemphasized.
这个报告的意义和重要性,不管怎样强调,也不算过分。
四、委婉式肯定
英语中的这种句子是一种迂回的表示肯定的方式,字面上看似否定,实际上 是委婉的肯定。例如:
(1)I couldn’t feel better·
我感觉好极了。
(2)He can’t see you quickly enough-
他很想尽快和你见面。
(3)I couldn’t agree with you more-
我太赞成你的看法了。
f41 He didn’t half like the girl-
他非常喜欢那姑娘。
五、否定的陷阱
英语中的一些否定结构如果按字面意义理解很容易出错,这些结构我们称之 为“否定的陷阱”。下面就是一些有代表性的结构。(一)cannot„too(怎么„„也不)(1)You cannot be too careful in proofreading.校对时,越仔细越好。
(2)We shall never be able to stress too much for his kindness.不管我们怎么感谢他,都不足以报恩于万一。
(3)The importance of this conference cannot be overestimated 这次大会的重要性无论怎么强调也不过分。(二)not„because(并非因为„„而)(1)Don’t scamp your work because you are pressed for time.
不要因为时间紧而敷衍搪塞。
(2)This project is not placed last because it is difficult to be put into practice
此方案并非因为它不好实施而被放在最后。
(3)The engine didn’t stop because the fuel was finished.
发动机并不是因为燃料耗尽而停止运转的。(三)for all„(尽管„„,不,说不定)(1)You may leave at once for all I care.
你尽可立即离去,我才不管呢。
(2)For all we knew,the files we were supposed to fetch were already on
their way.
说不定该由我们去取的文件已在途中。
(3)She seemed as fresh as ever,for all that I never saw her drink or eat.
尽管我从未见到她喝点什么或吃点什么,她似乎仍然精神饱满。(四)both„not(并非两者„„都)(1)Both the instruments are not precision ones.这两件东西不都是精密仪器。(2)But you see,we both cannot go together.
但是我告诉你,我们俩不能同时都走。(五)all/every„not(并非„„都)(1)All towns did not look like as they do today.
在过去,城镇并不都像今天这样个个千篇一律。(2)All that glitters is not gold.
发光的并一定都是金子。
(六)It be+a.+n.+that„(再„„也难免)(1)It is all ill wind that blows nobody good.
坏事未必对人人都有害处。(也可译为“再坏的事也不是对人人都有害处”。)(2)It is a good workman that never blunders.
智者千虑,必有一失。(也可译为“再聪明的工匠也难免出错”。)(3)It is a long lane that had no end.
路必有弯。(也可译为“再长的胡同也有尽头”。)最后值得一提的是,在英汉翻译过程中,反译法的使用必须要针对具体情况 灵活掌握,切不可一概而论,机械套用。有些英语词语或句子正译、反译皆可,两者并无实质性差别,究竟采用何种译法主要依据个人行文习惯或视具体的上下文而定。
(1)We have found your terms and conditions agreeable.
译文l:我们同意你方条款。
译文2:我们对你方条款没有异议。
(2)Much to our regret,the packing of the landed goods is quite different from
that you have promised.
译文l:十分遗憾,到货的包装与贵方承诺的相差很大。
译文2.十分遗憾,到货的包装与贵方承诺的大不相同。
(3)The works of art were left intact,the money gone·
译文l:艺术品还在,钱却不翼而飞。
译文2:艺术品原封未动,钱却不翼而飞。
1.将下列句子译成汉语,并注意将斜体部分反说正译。(1)The doubt was still unsolved after our repeated explanations·
(2)We are not completely satisfied with your manner of doing business·
(3)After the ship unloads at the dock,the goods will go to the container freight(4)Students,with no exception,are to hand in their papers tomorrow afternoon.(5)The thought of returning to our native land never deserted us at that time.
(6)It is generally believed that there is nothing like jogging as a means of exercise.(7)The system of gas supply in the city leaves nothing to be desired.(8)The significance of these incidents wasn't lost on them.
(9)Their undisguised effort to persecute the leaders of opposition party met with
nationwide condemnation.
(10)Suddenly she heard a sound behind her,and realized she was not alone in the room.2.将下列句子译成汉语,并注意将斜体部分正说反译。
(1)While trade is good in my company,money is very tight at present.(2)The Foreign Minister doubted the desirability of a negotiation to be held at that time.
(3)Charles dived into the water fully clothed and rescued the 0ld man.
(4)In your eagerness to secure profits,you have failed to give due consideration to the sellers’ standpoints.
(5)If the weather holds a few days,the team of the explorers will set off.
(6)While I liked his work,I pointed out areas where improvement was possible.(7)In the event of any contingencies beyond our control,we shall not be held
responsible for the late delivery of the goods.
(8)In the absence of a settlement through negotiation,the case under dispute call be
submitted to arbitration.
(9)Cowards die many times before their death;the valiant never taste of death but
0nce.
(10)One of the advantages of the fibre-optic communications is freedom from direct
effect of interfering radio transmission.