第一篇：中级口译第四章 词类转换1
Exercise 1: 1.绝对不许违反这个原则。(v—n)2.他们不满足于现有的成就。3．我们全体赞成他的建议。
4.我们对待世界大战这个问题的态度是，第一，反对；第二，不怕。5.他们不顾一切困难、挫折，坚持战斗。6.政府正在开展一场反对铺张浪费的运动。（Verb—Prep）7.他热爱科学研究，但对升职不感兴趣。（Verb –Adj）8.街中的一切逐渐消逝在灰暗的暮色里。(adj.– n.)Key: 1.No violation of this principle can be tolerated.2.We are not content with our present achievements.3.We are all for / in favor of his suggestion.4.Our attitude towards the question of world war is, first, we are against it;second, we are not afraid of it.5.They kept on fighting in spite of all difficulties and setbacks.6.The government is waging a campaign against waste and extravagance.7.He is keen on scientific researches but indifferent to promotion.8.Everything in the street was gradually disappearing into a pall of gray.Exercise 2: 1.With the passage of time, her admiration for him grew more and more.2.We are enemies of all wars.3.My suggestion is that he should quit smoking at once.4.The thief made a trembling confession of his wrongdoing.5.Observers have commented favorably on the achievement you have made.6.He is a lover of Chinese paintings.7.Most students behave respectfully towards their teacher.8.At the sight and sound of our jet planes filled me with special longing.9.He is a perfect stranger in the city.10.They gave him a hearty welcome.11.Please give an accurate translation of this sentence.12.He came to me with a luggage.13.She came to my home for help.14.These chemical engineers don’t guarantee anything.15.Originally he was from Sweden.16.Mr.White with great cheerfulness told her that he had good news to communicate.17.Numerous abstentions marked the French elections.18.These handicrafts are very popular with foreign friends.19.The old hunter is a good skier.20.Animals become indifferent to their young as soon as they can look after themselves.21.The victory of justice over arbitrary acts, of reason over decadence and blindness, of democracy over imperialism, of good over evil, our victory of 25 of October will represent one of the glorious pages of our history, and we shall be able to leave it to our heirs.Key: 1.随着时间的消逝，她对他越来越敬慕（钦佩）。(n.→v.)2.我们反对一切战争。(n.→v.)3.我建议他立刻戒烟。(n.→v.)
4.小偷颤抖着交代了自己干的坏事。(adj.→adv.;n.→v.)
5.观察家们对你取得的成就给予了很好的评价。(v.→n.;adv.→adj.)6.他热爱中国画。(n.→v.)
7.大部分学生对老师态度很恭敬。(v.→n.;adv.→adj.)
8.看到我们的喷气式飞机，听到隆隆的声音，真令人特别神往。(n.→v.)9.他对这城市完全陌生。(n.→adj.)10.他们很热忱地欢迎他。(adj.→adv.)
11.请把这句话确切地翻译出来。(adj.→adv.)12.他拿着行李向我走来。(prep.→v.)13.她来到我家，请求帮助。(prep.→v.)14.这些化学工程师不做任何保证。(v.→n.)15.他的原籍是瑞典。(adv.→n.)
16.怀特先生兴高采烈地说，他带来了很好的消息。(n.→adv.)17.无数的弃权是法国竞选的特点。(v.→n.)18.外国朋友很喜欢这些手工艺品。(adj.→v.)19.这位老猎人滑雪滑得很好。(n.→v.)
20.动物，一旦它们的后代能够自己照料自己，它们就不管了。(adj.→v.)21.正义战胜了专断行为，理智战胜了堕落和盲目，民主战胜了帝国主义，善良战胜了邪恶，我们在10月25日取得的胜利将作为光辉的一页（篇章）载如史册，我们将把它传给子孙后代。
Passage: 女人发号施令的手段很高明，用的都是口气柔和的祈使句。但不管怎样，事无巨细都要男人效劳总是不应该的。他对妻子总是百依百顺，我从未听到过他有什么不耐烦的表示，而且，我听得出来，他极其恭顺而温存，仿佛这么奴仆般地被老婆支使得团团转是一种享受似的。于是我猜测：他的妻子很漂亮，因为大凡漂亮的女人都颇有些自命不凡，总把自己当作个高贵的公主。(摘自傅晓玲《英汉互译高级教程》383 Reference: The woman was very good at commanding: her orders were all couched in soft-toned imperative sentences.However, it simply wasn’t right, I thought, for her to ask her husband to do everything.But to these orders of hers, he never said a word of ―No‖, nor did he reveal any sign of impatience.On the contrary, his response showed that he was as meek as a lamb, seeming to regard it as a great pleasure to be busy his head off for his slave master.Therefore I came to the conclusion that his wife must be a great beauty, for beautiful women without exception are stuck up, imaging themselves to be noble princesses.
第二篇：英语翻译中的词类转换
英语翻译中的词类转换—转译成形容词
转译成形容词
（一）形容词派生的名词往往可以转译成形容词。
1.The pallor of her face indicated clearly how she was feeling at the moment.她苍白的脸色清楚地表明了她那时的情绪。
2.The security and warmth of the destroyer's sick bay were wonderful.驱逐舰的病室很安全也很温暖，好极了。
3.He talked for some time with Bundy, and his questions reflected the enormity of his doubts.他同邦迪谈了一会，他提出的问题反映出他有很大的怀疑。
（二）有些名词加不定冠词作表语时，往往可以转译成形容词。如：
1）The blockade was a success.封锁很成功。
2）As he is a perfect stranger in the city, I hope you will give him the necessary help.他对这城市完全陌生，所以我希望你能给他必要的帮助。
3）Independent thinking is an absolute necessity in study.独立思考对学习是绝对必需的。其他词类转译
（一）形容词与副词的互相转译
1.英语名词译成汉语动词时，修饰该名词的形容词往往转译成汉语副词。如：
1）Occasionally a drizzle came down, and the intermittent flashes of lightening made us turn apprehensive glances toward Zero.偶尔下一点毛毛雨，断断续续的闪电使得我们不时忧虑地朝着零区方向望去。
2）It was a clear and unemotional exposition of the President's reasons for willing to begin a Chinese-American dialogue.这篇发言清楚明白、心平气和地说明了总统希望开始中美对话的原因。
2.英语动词译成汉语名词时，修饰该动词的副词往往转译成形容词。如：
1）He routinely radioed another agent on the ground.他跟另一个地勤人员进行了例行的无线电联络。
2）The President had prepared meticulously for his journey.总统为这次出访作了十分周密的准备。
3.由于英汉两种语言表达方式不同，还有一些英语形容词可译为汉语副词。如：
1）This is sheer nonsense.（这完全是胡说。）
2）Buckley was in a clear minority.（巴克利显然属于少数。）
3）By dialing the right number, you may be able to select a play, golf lesson or lecture in physics, from a pretaped library in a remote city, for showing on your home screen.只要拨对了号码，你就可以在家里电视机上选看到有远方城市一座图书馆发出的预先录制的一出戏、一堂打高尔夫球的讲课，或者一次物理学演讲。
（二）名词与副词的互相转译
1.名词转译成副词
1）When he catches a glimpse of a potential antagonist, his instinct is to win him over with charm and humor.只要一发现有可能反对他的人，他就本能地要用他的魅力和风趣将这人争取过来。
2）The new mayor earned some appreciation by the courtesy of coming to visit the city poor.新市长有礼貌地前来访问城市贫民，获得了他们的一些好感。
2.副词转译成名词
1）They have not done so well ideologically, however, as organizationally.但是，他们的思想工作没有他们的组织工作做得好。
2）He is physically weak but mentally sound.他身体虽弱，但思想健康。转译成名词
（一）英语中很多由名词派生的动词，以及由名词转用的动词，在汉语中往往不易找到相应的动词，这时可将其转译成汉语名词。
1.名词派生的动词
1）Formality has always characterized their relationship.他们之间的关系，有一个特点，就是以礼相待。
2）To them, he personified the absolute power.在他们看来，他就是绝对权威的化身。
2.名词转用的动词
1）Most U.S.spy satellites are designed to burn up in the earth's atmosphere after completing their missions.美国绝大多数间谍卫星，按其设计，是在完成使命后，在大气层中焚毁。
（二）有些英语被动式句子中的动词，可以译成“受（遭）到……+名词”、“予（加）以+名词”这类结构。如：
Satellites, however, must be closely watched, for they are constantly being tugged at by the gravitational attraction of the sun, moon and earth.（由于经常受到太阳、月亮以及地球引力的影响，卫星活动必须加以密切的观察。）
（三）形容词转译成名词
1.英语中有些形容词加上定冠词表示某一类的人，汉译时常译成名词。如：
1）They did their best to help the sick and the wounded.他们尽了最大的努力帮助病号和伤员。
2）Robin Hood and his merry men hated the rich and loved and protected the poor.罗宾汉和他的伙伴们痛恨阔人，热爱并保护穷人。
2.此外，根据情况还有些形容词可以译成名词。如：
1）Stevenson was eloquent and elegant——but soft.史蒂文森有口才、有风度，但很软弱。
2）They were considered insincere.他们被人认为是伪君子。
在英译汉过程中，有些句子可以逐词对译，有些句子则由于英汉两种语言的表达方式不同，就不能用“一个萝卜一个坑”的方法来逐词对译。原文中有些词在译文中需要转换词类，才能使汉语译文通顺自然。词类转译的情况归纳起来有以下四种。
一、转译成动词
英语和汉语比较起来，汉语中动词用得比较多，这是一个特点，往往在英语句子中只用一个谓语动词，而在汉语中却可以几个动词或动词性结构连用。例如，在He admires the President's stated decision to fight for the job.（他对总统声明为保住其职位而决心奋斗表示钦佩）中，英语的谓语动词只有admires一个词，其他用的是过去分词（stated）、动词派生名词（decision）、不定式（to fight）和介词（for）等。汉语没有词形变化，但可以几个动词连用。因此，英语中不少词类（尤其是名词、介词、形容词和副词）在汉译时往往可以转译成动词。
（一）名词转译成动词
1.由动词派生的名词转译成动词，在政论文体中出现比较多。如：
1）The 1967 UN document calls for the settlement of the Middle East conflict on the basis of Israeli withdrawal from occupied territories and Arab acknowledgement of Israeli's right to exist.（1967年联合国文件要求在以色列撤出所占的土地以及阿拉伯承认以色列的生存权利的基础上来解决中东冲突。）
2）Rockets have found application for the exploration of the universe.（火箭已经用来探索宇宙。）
2.含有动作意味的名词（在记叙、描写文体中出现较多）往往可以转译成动词。如：
1）The sight and sound of our jet planes filled me with special longing.（看到我们的喷气式飞机，听见隆隆的机声，令我特别神往。）
2）A glance through his office window offers a panoramic view of the Washington Monument and the Lincoln Memorial.（从他的办公室窗口可以一眼看到华盛顿纪念碑和林肯纪念馆的全景。）
3.英语中有些加后缀-er的名词，如teacher教师，thinker思想家等等，有时在句中并不指其身份和职业，而是含有较强的动作意味，在汉语中没有恰当的对应名词时，往往可以译成动词。如：
1）I am afraid I can't teach you swimming.I think my little brother is a better teacher than I.（我未必会教你游泳。我想我的小弟弟比我教得好。）
2）Talking with his son, the old man was the forgiver of the young man's past wrong doings.（在和儿子谈话时，老人宽恕了年轻人过去所干的坏事。）
4.作为习语主体的名词往往可以转译成动词，如：
1）They took a final look at Iron Mike, still intact in the darkness.他们最后看了铁麦克一眼——它依旧安然无恙地耸立在黑暗中。
2）The next news bulletin, shorter than usual, made no mention of the demonstration.下一个新闻节目比通常短，没有提到游行。
（二）介词转译成动词
1）“Coming!“Away she skimmed over the lawn, up the path, up the steps, across the veranda, and into the porch.”来啦！"她转身蹦着跳着地跑了，越过草地，跑上小径，跨上台阶，穿过凉台，进了门廊。
2）I barreled straight ahead, across the harbor and out over the sea.我笔直向前高速飞行，越过港口，飞临海面。
（三）形容词转译成动词
英语中表示知觉、情欲、欲望等心理状态的形容词，在系动词后作表语用时，往往可转译成动词。如：confident, certain, careful, cautious, angry, sure, ignorant, afraid, doubtful, aware, concerned, glad, delighted, sorry, ashamed, thankful, anxious等。
1）Doctors have said that they are not sure they can save his life.医生们说他们不敢肯定能否救得了他的命。
2）The fact that she was able to send a message was a hint.But I had to be cautious.她能够给我带个信儿这件事就是个暗示。但是我必须小心谨慎。
（四）副词转译成动词
1）That day he was up before sunrise.那天他在日出以前就起来了。
2）She opened the window to let fresh air in.她把窗子打开，让新鲜空气进来
第三篇：中级口译讲义
中级口译讲义
口试“政治类”：
We established our friendly and cooperative relations on the understanding that we would develop our friendship on the basis of mutual respect and equality,and mutual benefit.//We believe that it is absolutely important that all nations ,big or small,strong or weak,should establish and maintain their relations on these principles.//We appreciate the interest and understanding that China has shown regarding the problems of small and developing countries.//We also appreciate China’s firm support in our economic development.//I look forward,in the next few days,to the opportunity of learning something from your experience on promoting economic and social development in the interest of your people.// 我们建立友好合作关系时是基于这样一种认识，即我们要在相互尊重和平等互利的基础上发展我们的友谊。//我们认为，所有国家，无论大小强弱，都应该在这些原则 的基础上建立和维持相互间的关系，这是至关重要的。//我们赞赏中国关注和理解小国和发展中国家所遇到的问题，我们赞赏中国对我们经济发展的有力支持。//我期待在今后的几天里有机会向你们请教，学习你们为造福贵国人民而促进经济和社会发展的经验。// 2.(26)Mr.President,I wish to thank you for your very gracious and eloquent remarks.At this very moment through the wonder of telecommunications,many people are hearing what we say today.//Yes,right now the whole world is watching us.Though what we say here ill soon be forgoten,what we do here will change the world.//We have a social and political system which differs in many respects from your own.It is the result of different experiences and a different tradition.//Given our distinct histories,geographies and cultures,it is inconceivable that we could seee eye to eye on all issues.However,we do agree on the fundamental need for world peace.// 主席先生，我要感谢您那热情洋溢、雄辩无比的演讲。此时此刻，许多人正在通过神奇的电讯设备倾听着我们的讲话。//是的，此时此刻整个世界都在关注着我们。虽然我们在此所作的演讲很快便会被人们遗忘，但是我们在此的作为却能改变世界。//我国的社会制度和政治制度在许多方面都与贵国的社会制度和政治制度不同。这源于我们不同的经历和不同的传统。//鉴于我们有着截然不同的历史、地理和文化，很难想象我们会对所有问题都有一致的看法。但是对世界和平的基本需求，我们的看法是一致的。// 3.(33)I have come to China for the beautiful future of our two countries.I am firmly convinced that ,together,we two peoples can and will make tomorrow a better day.//We may be distinctly different in language,customs,and political beliefs,but on many vital questions of our time there is little distance between the American and Chinese people.//China’s economy advances with the dynamics of change.Unlike some governments,which fear change and fear the future,China is beginning to scale new 总部地址：工农路111号华辰大厦A座604 邮编：226000 电话：8522-0400 网址：www.xiexiebang.com
heights.//On behalf of all the members of my delegation,I’d like to express our highest respect for your courage and welcome the opportunity to walk by your side.// 我来中国是为了我们两国美好的未来。我坚信我们两国人民能够，也一定会共同建设美好的未来。//我们可以有两种截然不同的语言、习俗和政治信仰，但在我们这个时代的许多至关重要的问题上，我们两国人民之间几乎没有距离。//中国经济突飞猛进，日新月异。与一切惧怕变革，惧怕未来的国家不同，中国开始迈向新的高度。//我谨代表本代表团成员向你们所表现出的勇气致敬，并欢迎有此机会与你们并肩前进。// “旅游类”：
1.Bristol is a truly beautiful,interesting and fascinating city.Beautiful parks and gardens leak onto interesting lanes and footpaths,while houses and buildings of old times stand magnificently on the hills of the city.//But Bristol is much more than this;it is a modern city where the latest works in contemporary arts can be found and where the night-life is interesting and varied.//Bristol is surrounded by beautiful countryside,rolling hills,and top class holiday resorts.Some of the country’s most fascinating tourist attractions-castles and palaces-are only a short drive away.//Bristol has always envouraged the tourist industry and welcomed tourist from all parts of the world.There is a superb choice of acommodation available and the city is proud of its many restaurants and cafes.// 布里斯托尔的确是一座非常美丽、有趣和迷人的城市。美丽的公园和花园里到处是趣味盎然的路径，旧时代的房屋和建筑昂然挺立在城市的山坡上。//然而，布里斯托尔并非仅仅如此；那还是座现代化的城市，有当代艺术的最新作品，也有有趣和丰富多样的夜生活。//布里斯托尔的四周有美丽的乡村，起伏不断的山地，以及一流的度假胜地。从这里出发到一些全国最迷人的旅游景点，如城堡和宫殿，只有短短的一段车程。//布里斯托尔一向重视旅游业，欢迎来自世界各地的游客。当地有一流的住宿可供选择，还有其引以为豪的众多餐馆和咖啡馆。// 2.上海既是一座历史文化名城，也是当今中国最为繁荣的经济中心之一，成为人们向往的观光胜地。//上海为旅游者在各方面提供了良好的基础设施。在上海旅游，不仅方便愉快，而且安全舒适。//上海要长久吸引旅游者，就应该切实做好各项旅游服务工作，让游客获得宾至如归的服务。//我们希望而且相信，上海会使每一位旅游者流连忘返，“乐不思蜀”，给每一位旅游者留下了美好的回忆。// Shanghai,a famous historical and cultural city,and one of the most prosperous economic centers in China,has become a famous scenic spot that people look forward to visiting.//Shanghai provides tourists with a good infrastructure in every aspect.Touring in Shanghai is not only convenient and pleasant,but also safe and comfortable.//To maintain a lasting charm for tourists,Shanghai should earnestly do a good job in all kinds of tourist services to make them feel at home.//We hope and believe that Shanghai will make every tourist stay a longer time and become too 总部地址：工农路111号华辰大厦A座604 邮编：226000 电话：8522-0400 网址：www.xiexiebang.com
delighted to be homesick.A nice memory of the city will linger in the heart of every tourist.// 3.阳朔是个小镇，人口不足三万。它极富盛名，每年有成千上万的游客趋之若骛，从世界各地涌来。//1998年美国前总统比尔.克林顿来到这里，面对美不胜收的景致，不忍匆匆离去，以致推迟其香港之行。//阳朔最吸引人的地方就是板石街，又名“西洋街”。该街总长一千米，有一千四百一十年历史。//街道两旁有数百家商店，主要出售外国人喜欢的仿古制品和纪念品。徜徉小街，游人会惊喜地发现在这里东西方文明是如此的水乳交融。// Yangshuo is a small country of less than 30,000 people.Nevertheless,it is so famous that it woos thousands of tourists worldwide all the year round.//In 1998,former US president Bill Clinton came here and delayed his trip to Hong Kong because he was reluctant to leave such a lovely place too soon.//The most tempting place in Yanghuo is the Slabstone Street,which has gained a new name as “The Western Street”.The street,with a total length of 1,000 meters,spans a history of 1,410 years.//On both sides of the street are a few hundred shops,selling mainly souvenirs and antiques to(cater for)the foreigners’ tastes.Strolling on the street,tourists will be amazed to find that Eastern and Western culture blend so well here.// 口试“教育类”：
1.Some universities,like Oxford and Cambridge in Britain,are residential,which means students live and study on campus.Other universities are non-residential,which means students have to spend a lot of time to travel daily to their lectures.//There are also part-time students who have to do their work during the day,and they study in the evening.Other part-time students have to study by correspondence.//”The Open Universities”can also help students to gain university degrees.Here,lectures are mainly given on radio or television.However,for a few weeks each year,students can attend vacation courses at universities.//For admission to any university degree course,a student has to pass qualifying examinations.In Britain,there are not enough places for asll secondary school students,so these qualifying examinations are highly competitive.// 英国有些大学，如牛津和剑桥提供学生住宿，这就是说学生在校园里学习和生活。其他一些学校则不提供住宿，也就是说学生每天要花不少时间到学校去听讲座。//还有一些利用业余时间学习的学生，他们白天必须工作，晚上学习。还有些业余学生则不得不通过函授学习。//“开放大学”也能帮助学生取得大学学位，大学主要通过广播或电视播出讲座。但是每年有几个星期，学生能在大学里参加假期班的学习。//要想攻读任何大学学位课程，学生必须通过入学资格考试。由于在英国没有足够的名额让所有中学生进入大学，因此，这些入学考试具有很强的竞争性。// 2.Last year a research was carried out on the skills of university students.The findings confirm the worry of employers about the lack of basic skills in some university graduates.//The research showed that less than 20% of all university students achieves 总部地址：工农路111号华辰大厦A座604 邮编：226000 电话：8522-0400 网址：www.xiexiebang.com
the levels expected of them in the three key skills,that is,communication,the application of number and information technology.//Some teachers and experts have argued that there are two other key skills which the university students might be expected to show.These skills are to improve their own learning and to work with others.//If we add in these skills,the research showed that only about a dozen university students among nearly two hundred who were tested scored top marks,which is,of course,a very disappointing and uncomfortable figure.// 去掉开展了一次对大学生技能的调查研究。调查结果证实了雇主们对某些大学生缺乏基本技能这一现象的担忧。//调查显示只有不到20%的大学生在三项基本技能方面达到了预期的标准。这三项技能包括交际、数学以及(处理)信息技术。//有些老师和专家认为大学生还应该具备另外两项基本技能，那就是如何提高自己的学习能力和同他人共事的能力。//如果我们加上这两项技能，调查研究显示在接受测试的近200名大学生中，只有12名左右取得了高分，这个数字理所当然是令人十分失望和不安的。// 3.大多数人认为，书本和课本基本上是一回事，其实这种想法是完全错误的。//书本并不仅仅是指课本。如果我们仅仅通过课本去学习，这就意味着我们把自己局限于生活中很狭小的一个方面。//大多数教育专家都强调“终身学习”的重要性，认为继续教育的一个重要途径就是阅读各种书籍和报纸杂志。//他们指出，学习永无止境，是个连续不断的过程。每一个人都可以，也完全可以做到：活到老学到老。// It is a view held by most people that books and textbooks mean almost the same thing,which ,actually,is all wrong.//Books are not just textbooks,and if we only read textbooks,it means that we are concentrating only on one small aspect of life.//Most education experts stress the importance of life-long learning,thinking that an important way of continuing one’s education is by reading books,magazines,and newspapers on every subject.//They point out that education never ends.It is a continuous process.All of us may,and are entirely able to ,accomplish this kind of life-long education.The day we stop learning is the day when we die.4.松江大学城作为本市最大的大学社区，于昨日正式启用，迎接来自上海外国语大学、上海外贸学院及立信会计学院三所高校的5500名新生。//该大学城占地306公顷，其中240公顷用于教室等各类教学设施，其他用于寝室食堂和商店。整座大学城的建成将耗资25亿人民币。//松江大学城的建立，旨在使大学生得到全面、健康的发展，即每个学生都得以在德、智、体、美各个方面 有所提高。//按计划，今年年底松江大学城将完成一批大型体育综合设施-包括运动场和体育馆。据市教育部门的官员说，这些设施能承担国际性的比赛。// Songjiang College Town,Shanghai’s first planned university community,officially opened yesterday,welcoming 5,500 freshmen from the three institutions of higher learning,that is,Shanghai International Studies University,Shanghai Institute of Foreign Trade and Lixin Accounting College.//The college town has an area of 306 hectares,of which 240 hectares will be developed for educational facilities such as the classrooms and rest for 总部地址：工农路111号华辰大厦A座604 邮编：226000 电话：8522-0400 网址：www.xiexiebang.com
dorms,cafeterias and stores.//The(setting-up of the)college town is to met the ducational objective that every student has an overall healthy development while studying in the town.That is,every student is given the best opportunity to grow morally,intellectually,physically and aesthetically.//Scheduled for completion at year’s end is a massive sports complex-with stadiums and gymnasium that can be used for international competitions,according to city education officials.// 口试“礼仪发言类”：
1.Your Honor Mr.Mayor,thank you very much for your extraordinary arrangements and hospitality.In the short period of the two week study tour,we have travelled much of your country.// Those were indeed exciting and unforgettable days.We have experienced the warm reception,the utmost courtesy and genuine friendship of the Chinese people.//
We have been deeply impressed by the diversity,dynamism,and progress of China under the policies of reform and opening up to the outside world.// We are glad that we are part of the dramatic process of your change from the planned economy to the market-oriented economy.The cooperative relations between our two countries have become so extensive that they have affected almost all areas of economy.//(2000,3)尊敬的市长先生，感谢您的精心安排与好客。在短暂的两周考察中，我们曾到过贵国的许多地方。// 那些日子确实别人激动，令人难忘。我们感觉到的总是中国人民的热情接待，彬彬有礼和诚挚友情。// 中国在改革开放政策引导下，气象万千，充满活力，不断进步，这些给我们留下了极为深刻的印象。// 贵国正处于一个由计划经济向市场经济转轨的过程，我们很高兴能参加与这个富有戏剧性的转轨过程。我们的合作关系领域广阔，几乎已涉及所有的经济领域。// 2.主席先生，女士们，先生们，我宣布英特网服务国际研讨会开幕，在此我向参加开幕式的各界来宾表示热烈的欢迎。// 英国和澳大利亚的有关公司与专家对本次研讨会的成功召开给予了很大的帮助，对此我谨致以诚挚的谢意。// 总部地址：工农路111号华辰大厦A座604 邮编：226000 电话：8522-0400 网址：www.xiexiebang.com
海外一些发达国家在推动英特网服务事业方面积累了不少经验，值得我们借鉴和学习，通过交流，我们可以得到更多的信息与体会。// 我相信，本次研讨会对于推动英特网在中国的广泛使用具有积极的作用和深远的意义。我预祝研讨会圆满成功。// Mr.Chairman,ladies and gentlemen,I declare open the International Symposium on Internet Service.I’d like to extend a warm welcome to our guests from various circles.// I wish to express our sincere thanks to the British and Australian companies and their specialists whose generous help has made possible the successful commencement of this symposium.// Some overseas developed countries have accumulated much experience in promoting Internet service.And their experience deserves our reference and study.Through exchange,we will be able to acquire more information and knowledge.// I believe the symposium will be constructive and significant in popularizing the use of Internet service in China.I wish the symposium a complete success.//
3.我谨代表我们一行的全体成员，感谢董事长先生的盛情邀请，参加你们的圣诞晚会。// 圣诞节确实是一年中的一段美好时光。圣诞团圆晚会是人类热情，团结，以及奉献的象征。// 今年庆祝圣诞节对我们所有人来说更有意义，因为今年我们的合资企业的销售有了显著增长。// 我希望我们能保持这种务实的合作关系，使明年的业绩更加辉煌。让我们共同举杯，为明年再创佳绩干杯。// On behalf of all the members of my group,I’d like to thank you,Mr.Chairman,for your gracious invitation for us to attend such an enjoyable Christmas party.// Christmas is really a wonderful time of a year.The christmas get-together party is symbolic of the warmth,union,and decication of mankind.// The celebration of Christmas this year is more meaningful to all of us,because our joint venture has had a remarkable sales growth this year.// 总部地址：工农路111号华辰大厦A座604 邮编：226000 电话：8522-0400 网址：www.xiexiebang.com
I hope we will be able to maintain this practical cooperative relationship and make the coming new year a more fruitful year.May I ask you to make a toast with me to a better business in the coming year.4.今晚，我们很高兴在北京大学两次接待我们的老朋友格林博士和夫人。//我代表学校的全体师生员工向格林博士和夫人以及其他新西兰贵宾表示热烈欢迎。//我相信格林博士这次对我校的访问，必将为进一步加强两校的友好合作关系作出重要的贡献。//明天，贵宾们将要赴南京和上海访问，我预祝大家一路旅途愉快。// It gives us great pleasure to play host tonight to our old friends,Dr.and Mrs.Green in Beijing University once again.//On behalf of the faculty ,students and staff of the university ,I wish to extend our warm welcome to Dr.and Mrs.Green and other distinguished New Zealand guests.//I am convinced that Dr.Green’s current visit to our university will surely make an important contribution to further strengthening the friendly relations and cooperation between our two countries.//Our distinguished guests will leave for Nanjing and Shanghai tomorrow.I wish you all a pleasant journey.// 要翻促进发展，一律promote development；要翻许多，通通many。诸如此类的词汇，被笔者称之为“滥词”，即被用到泛滥的词汇。
如果是追求反应速度和效率的口译部分，这样的译文当然没有问题。可是在时间充裕的笔译部分，这样的简单词汇无疑会令译文质量打上折扣。至少，无法让阅卷人眼前一亮，难获高分。
出于对以上问题的考虑，笔者总结了中高级口译考试汉英翻译题中出现频率最高的30个常用单词/词组的替换方案，以期帮助同学在短时间内积累一定的亮点词汇。
需要提醒同学们注意的有两点。一是各个亮点词汇绝不是被替换词的同义词，不可胡乱使用，其具体用法请自行查阅词典。如waste的替换词中，squander是动词，luxurious是形容词，用法完全不同。二是建议同学在此基础上继续自行积累，多多益善，方能在考场上厚积薄发。（1）give给，提供
offer，supply，provide，furnish，distribute，allocate（2）get得到
receive/accept，gain，acquire，obtain，attain，earn（3）many/much/a lot of/lots of许多 a large number of，a multitude of，plenty of an enormous amount/huge amounts of，a great/good deal of（4）poor贫穷的
poverty-stricken，destitute，impoverished（5）rich富有的
wealthy，well off，affluent，prosperous（6）certainly一定
inevitable，unavoidable，be doomed to，be bound to 总部地址：工农路111号华辰大厦A座604 邮编：226000 电话：8522-0400 网址：www.xiexiebang.com
（7）all所有，全部
universal，widespread，prevalent，whole，entire（8）enough足够
ample，sufficient，adequate（9）show显示，展现
indicate，demonstrate，illustrate，suggest，display，showcase（10）risk/danger危险
hazard，peril，jeopardize，endanger，menace（11）way方法，办法，手段
measure，method，means，approach（12）catch，attractive吸引，有吸引力的 obsess，immerse，fascinate，enchant charming，inviting，alluring，appealing（13）harm/damage破坏（的），有害（的）
destructive，devastating，detrimental，undermine（14）useful/helpful有用的
effective，practical，valuable，invaluable，conducive（15）great/wonderful伟大的
incredible，amazing，sublime，extraordinary，magnificent，glorious（16）try，effort努力
endeavor，strive to do sth/for sth（17）famous著名的
well-known，celebrated，noted，eminent，renowned（18）difficulty困难，困境
adversity，hardship，plight，predicament setback，hurdle，obstacle（19）focus on集中 center on，concentrate on（20）so所以
consequently，therefore，as a result（21）because因为
as a result of；attribute/ascribe A to B（22）press(ure)压力
place/put a(heavy)burden on；strain（23）about大约
approximately，roughly（24）cooperate合作
Collaborate，join hands in doing sth（25）waste浪费（的）Squander，fritter，luxurious（26）save/economical节约（的）Thrifty，conserve 总部地址：工农路111号华辰大厦A座604 邮编：226000 电话：8522-0400 网址：www.xiexiebang.com
（27）develop发展
Thrive，evolve，burgeon（28）promote促进
Boost，give a boost to，accelerate（29）delay，postpone暂缓，延期 shelve（30）deal with应对，处理
Cope w ith，grapple with，address，tackle 需要提醒同学们注意的有两点。一是各个亮点词汇绝不是被替换词的同义词，不可胡乱使用，其具体用法请自行查阅词典。如choose/choice的替换词中，opt是动词，alternative是名词，用法完全不同。
二是建议同学在此基础上继续自行积累，多多益善，方能在考场上厚积薄发。
31、Increase增加
Hike，soar；multiply
32、Reduce减少
Lower，Shrink，slash，trim
33、brave勇敢的，大胆的Audacious，bold
34、careful谨慎的，仔细的Cautious；meticulous；vigilant
35、interest兴趣
intrigue
36、sad悲伤，哀痛
lament for/over，mourn
37、happy，glad高兴，快乐
delighted
38、replace代替
Substitute，supplant
39、want想要
be eager/keen/anxious to do，long/yearn for sth/to do sth，desire for，aspire to do sth 40、ability能力，才能
Capacity，capability；flair，talent
41、ease减轻，减缓，减弱
Alleviate；relieve；wane
42、plan计划
strategy，program，scheme，work/figure out
43、understand理解
Fathom，grasp
44、people人民
citizen，general public，average/ordinary people
45、cause导致，引起
lead to；result in；lead to；give rise to；trigger；contribute to sth 总部地址：工农路111号华辰大厦A座604 邮编：226000 电话：8522-0400 网址：www.xiexiebang.com
arouse，inspire，spur
46、come from源自于
originate/stem/spring/derive from
47、choose/choice选择
Opt for/to do；alternative
48、fight against打击，斗争
Counter，Battle against；Crack down on；clamp down(hard)on
49、suffer from遭受
Endure，be plagued by，be subject to；be vulnerable to 50、face面对
Confront；be confronted with；brave
51、Different不同，差异
Distinct，separate；at odds with
52、same相同，相等，一致
Identical，equivalent，be consistent with，tally with
53、criticize批评
Lambast；slam sb for doing sth
54、strength加强，强化
Intensify；cement
55、change改变，变化，改动
Alter，vary；adjust
56、organization组织，单位
Outfit
57、prevent/stop阻止，禁止
forbid，prohibit，hinder，curb
58、begin/start开始，着手
embark on；launch，initiate
59、finish/complete完成
accomplish，fulfill，achieve，complete 60、completely/fully完全，十足，彻底
Entirely，thoroughly，utterly，outright
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电话：8522-0400
www.xiexiebang.com 网址：
第四篇：中级口译词汇
第二单元接待口译 Interpreting for Reception Service 2-1 机场迎宾 Greeting at the Airport
人力资源部经理：manager of Human Resources.Top-notch: 顶尖的 能够成行：make it
不辞辛苦：in spite of the tiring trip 百忙中抽空：take time from busy schedule
run into a storm:下暴雨 Be held up: 耽搁
clear up:天气转好
Attending service：服务倒时差：get over the jet-lag 行李齐了：get all the luggage
下榻宾馆：take sb.to the hotel 设宴洗尘：host a reception in one’s honor
总裁：chairman 杂技表演：acrobatic show 2-2 宾馆入住 Hotel Accommodation
Check-in: 登记住宿预定房间：have a reservation with 确认函：confirmation letter
travel agency：旅行社 Itinerary：行程表
accommodation：住宿双人间：double room
豪华套房：a deluxe suite 8折优惠价：have a good rate with 20% off
morning cal：:叫醒 Photo-copy：复印
express mail：快递邮件总台：Front desk
餐饮部：Catering Service 洗熨部：Laundry Service
楼层服务台：Floor Service Desk Fitness exercise：健身教练：coach 2-3 宴会招待 Banquet Service 敬业（的专家）：dedicated（experts）
contribute one’s share：尽了…责任 Maneuver ：机动，演习，策略，调遣大自然所赐予的：Mother Nature grant us Cuisine：菜系色，香，味，形：color，aroma,taste,appearance食物的质地：raw materials with quality texture
调料：seasonings
原汁原味：original flavor
appetizing：引起食欲的
特色点心：special snack
酸甜适口：a sweet and sour sauce 皮薄汁醇：with thin and translucent wrappers and rish tasty soup.皮脆肉嫩：(with a)crispy skin and tender meat
figure out：想出好戏还在后头：have more surprises to expect
祝酒：drink to(the health)of sb.干杯：cheers 2-4 参观访问 Getting Around
高科技园区：High-Tech Park
业务经理：operation manager 鸟瞰：take a bird’s eye view of
言归正传：come back to story 走马观花：cast a passing glance at flowers while riding on horsehack 显目审批权：be authorized to approve projects(with)优惠政策：preferential policies 与国际管理体制接轨：operate under the management system of international standards
跨国公司：multinationals
骨干企业：enterprises of pillar industries 生物技术：biotechnology
高技术产业链：high-tech industry chains 一条龙服务：a stream –lined one-stop service
生态型开发：ecological conservation 可持续发展：sustainable development
绿草成茵：boasts stretches of green grass 流水潺潺：streams murmuring
鸟儿啁啾：birds chirping 四季花香：fragrant flowers blossoming all year round 安保服务：security service 第三单元会谈口译 Interpreting Conversations 3-1 欢迎光临 Welcome
邮电：post and telecommunications
感到骄傲和荣幸：be proud and honored 海外部主任：directory of the company’s Overseas Department Gracious invitation：友好邀请
distinguished group；杰出的人士寄托：high expectation
外宾专用别墅：villas for overseas visitors Look over the seas：面向大海字面意思：means literally 国际机票：international flights
school break：假期
3-2 投资意向 A Wish to Invest
Share my thoughts with you：我想告诉你我的想法
foreign firm：外国公司 Investment destination：投资目的地翻了两番：has quadrupled 投资热：investment boom
沿海地区：coastal city
全面对外开放：open the whole country up to the outside world
内地：country’s interior areas
有利可图：find it more profitable(to)I’m all ears to…我愿闻其详最大限度：maximizes the strengths of 发挥有关双方的优势：both parties concerned
幅员辽阔：massive land
税收：taxation
消费者市场：consumer marker 诱人的投资政策：attractive investment policies
基础设施：infrastructure
资金：fund
管理知识：managerial expertise 研究资料：literature（research data）
enlightening：茅塞顿开
合资/独资企业：joint venture/establish a business independently
Consultant：顾问
3-3 合资企业 Establishing a Joint Venture
Cordless/mobile phones：无绳电话/移动电话投资意向：investment proposal
明智的：wise
制造公司：manufacturing company Persuasive：有说服力的express train：快车 Potential market：潜力市场
initially：起初阶段 Embark on：开始，从事
in the vicinity of：左右 at a moderate rate and a safe scale：一个稳定的速度和规模投资比重：how much would be your share of investment
利润分配：distribution in profit share
权益关系：investment partnership 营销：marketing of
外汇储备：foreign exchange reserve(for)天晴还需防雨天：for the rainy day
convertible currency：可兑换的货币 The term of our partnership：合作期限
the boarding of directors：董事会正合吾意:that coincides with our unsual practice
the rewarding day：收获很大的一天 3-4 文化差异 Cultural Differences
Settle down：定居
for good ：永久
奥斯卡最佳影片奖：the Oscar for the best picture
first and foremost：首先 Long-stemmed rose：长茎的玫瑰
vigor and vitality：勃勃生机 Film poster：电影海报
make sense：理解举例说明：offer sb.Some examples
originality：独创性
Give priority to：放在首位
altruistic dedication：无私奉献
Seminar：研讨会
respond instantaneously：随时回答 Be obsessed with：喜欢做…
working ethic：工作理念 Individual-oriented：个人主义
moral autonomy：道德自治观 Confucianism：儒家学说
sing high praises：高度赞扬 Uplift：优良品德
communal harmony：整体和谐 Take precedence over：高于
global integration：全球一体化 Go bowling：打保龄球
the Peony Pavilion:牡丹亭Broadway：百老汇 第四单元访谈口译 Interpreting Interviews 4-1 行在美国 Travel in America
由汽车驱动的国家：a country driven by automoblies据说：it is said that
夸张的说法：an exaggergation
correct observation：正确的说法 Way of life：生活方式
drive-in bank：免下车银行
International driver’s license ：国际驾车执照行车限速：speed limit Federal expressway：州际高速公路
minimum/maximum speed：最大/最小限速出公差：visit on a business trip
租车服务业：car rental service 付款方式：pay for my rental service
credit card：信用卡 MasterCard：万事达
Visa：威萨
American Express：美国运通
deposit：押金
Special offer：优惠价
passenger rail service：客运火车 Greyhound：灰狗长途汽车公司
monthly pass：月票
Long distance coach：长途汽车
regulate price：统一的票价 Lower rates：更低的价格不尽人意：be not desirable shuttle/commuter flight:穿梭班段/短程定期往返飞机 subway：地铁 cab/cabby：出租车
Yellow Pages：黄页 telephone directory：电话号码薄 4-2 艾滋哀之 The AIDS Epodemic Nobel Prize winner：诺贝尔获得者
microbiology：微生物学家 AIDS epidenmic：艾滋病流行
plague：瘟疫
On an international acale：从国际范围
leading cause：致命病因 HIV-positive：HIV阳性
imperil：威胁，危及 Be infected with：感染
orphan：孤儿
Significant impact：重大影响
put in place：推出 homosexually transmitted disease：同性恋传播疾病 ultimate solution：最终解决方法 massive educational campaign：大规模教育活动
self-defeating：自暴自弃 the only thing conceivable：唯一行之有效的手段调查结果：survey 隔离：quarantine
virus：病毒
Totally futile：竹篮打水一场空强制性化验：mandatory testing Better off doing sth.：最好做…
interpret symptoms：了解症状 Reveals its presence through：经由…而发病 4-3 经营之道 Business Management
Business communication style：商务沟通方式
work ethic：职业伦理
Prospective business contact：与之打交道的商人
time-consuming：耗时冗长的
第五篇：中级口译练习题
新东方口译：http://edu.21cn.com/kcnet440/
中级口译练习题
SECTION 3: TRANSLATION TEST(1)(30 minutes)
Directions: Translate the following passage into Chinese and write your version in the corresponding space in your ANSWER BOOKLET.A majority of the world’s climate scientists have convinced themselves, and also a lot of laymen, some of whom have political power, that the Earth’s climate is changing;that the change, from humanity’s point of view, is for the worse;and that the cause is human activity, in the form of excessive emissions of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide.世界上大多数气候科学家不但自己确信，也说服了很多外行人士（其中包括一些政界人士）--地球的气候正在改变；这种改变，从人类角度来看，是消极的；这种改变的始作俑者是人类，是由于排放超量的诸如二氧化碳等温室气体而造成的。
A minority, though, are sceptical.Some think that recent data suggesting the Earth’s average temperature is rising are explained by natural variations in solar radiation, and that this trend may be coming to an end.Others argue that there is no conclusive evidence that modern temperatures are higher than they used to be.少数人对此表示怀疑。一些人认为，最近有充分的数据表明地球平均气温上升是由于太阳辐射的自然波动，而且这种变化已接近尾声。另一些人认为并没有决定性证据表明近现代的地球温度高于古代。
We believe that global warming is a serious threat, and that the world needs to take steps to try to avert it.That is the job of the politicians.But we do not believe that climate change is a certainty.There are no certainties in science.Prevailing theories must be constantly tested against evidence, and more evidence collected, and the theories tested again.That is the job of the scientists.我们深信，全球气候变暖是一个严峻的威胁，全人类都需要采取行动改变这种状况--这是政治家的职责。但是我们并不认为气候变化已成定局。科学无绝对。流行的理论必须反复经过验证，才能下定论—这是科学家的工作。【解析】
本次中口英译汉的文章节选自《经济学人》（The Economist）网站2009年11月26日的文章A heated debate，配合当时的哥本哈根气候大会，属于事实热点，文字难度偏低。
第一段里的laymen是一个难点，这里的laymen是指不具有专业科学知识的外行，其中还包括政治家。另外，后文的“for the worse”表示“事情在向坏的方面发展”。
第二段，有第一句统摄，后面分述两种情况，并列关系需要发出来，没有太多难点。
第三段给出了报刊自己的观点，分别对政治家和科学家提出了期望。倒数第二段翻译被动语态时，需要注意，表达时要符合汉语习惯。SECTION 4: TRANSLATION TEST(2)(30 minutes)
Directions: Translate the following passage into English and write your version in the corresponding space in your ANSWER BOOKLET.1 新东方口译：http://edu.21cn.com/kcnet440/
豫园是上海著名的古典园林，已有400多年的历史。花园设计独特，具有明清两代南方的建筑艺术的风格。园内共有40余景，景色自然迷人，亭台楼阁、假山池塘和谐对称、协调均衡，其布局之精致自古闻名江南。
Renowned as a classical garden in Shanghai, the Yuyuan Garden dates back over 400 years.Its unique design is characterized by the styles of both the Ming and Qing Dynasties, which features the ancient southern architectures.The garden is dotted with 40 attractive scenic spots fascinating the tourists with its pavilions, pagodas, ponds and rockeries.The layout of the garden, which is harmoniously coordinated, has been earning the fame in South China for its delicacy since ancient times.豫园原为明代一位大官的私家花园，始建于1559年，直到20年后才建成。此后曾几经变迁，屡遭摧残。所幸的是，从1949年上海解放时，园内的主要景点尚完好无损。从1956年开始，豫园经过多次修缮，重现其昔日光彩。
The garden used to be the private garden of a prestigious government official in the Ming Dynasty.Founded in 1559, its construction was not completed until 20 years later.The vicissitudes and ravages ensued.Fortunately, the major scenic spots in the garden remained intact when Shanghai was liberated in 1949.The Yuyuan Garden managed to attain its rejuvenation after several renovations.【解析】
本段是典型的对外宣传材料，文章以短句为主，很有汉语的音律美。面对这类文章，我们应从意群出发，摆脱句式结构的限制。这样才能写出符合英文习惯的译文。
例如：“园内共有40余景，景色自然迷人，亭台楼阁、假山池塘、和谐对称、协调均衡，其布局之精致自古闻名江南。”，这里的四字短语，如果逐字逐句翻译的话，就不太好处理了。译文将其处理成两个句子，利用英语的句子成分使语义丰满，这种翻译技法，大家可以借鉴学习。2011年3月中级口译英译汉原文和参考答案
A majority of the world’s climate scientists have convinced themselves, and also a lot of laymen, some of whom have political power, that the Earth’s climate is changing;that the change, from humanity’s point of view, is for the worse;and that the cause is human activity, in the form of excessive emissions of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide.世界上大部分气候学家已经使他们自己及许多普通民众（包括一些政界人士）确信，地球的气候正处于变化之中；对人类而言，这一变化正日趋严重；罪魁祸首是人类活动，其表现形式为过量排放二氧化碳之类的温室气体。
A minority, though, are sceptical.Some think that recent data suggesting the Earth’s average temperature is rising are explained by natural variations in solar radiation, and that this trend may be coming to an end.Others argue that there is no conclusive evidence that modern temperatures are higher than they used to be.但是，仍有一小部分人对此持怀疑态度。一些人表示，虽然近期的数据表明地球的平均气温正在升高，但其原因是太阳辐射的自然波动，这一趋势可能临近结束。另一些人认为并没有决定性证据表明近现代的地球温度高于古代。
新东方口译：http://edu.21cn.com/kcnet440/
we believe that global warming is a serious threat, and that the world needs to take steps to try to avert it.That is the job of the politicians.But we do not believe that climate change is a certainty.There are no certainties in science.Prevailing theories must be constantly tested against evidence, and more evidence collected, and the theories tested again.That is the job of the scientists.我们认为，全球变暖是人类面临的严重威胁，世界各国需要采取措施，竭力避免这一问题。这是政治家的职责。但是我们也相信气候变化并不是必然的。科学无绝对。盛行的理论必须不断得到实际证据的检验。一旦搜集到了新的证据，就需要进行再次验证。这是科学家的任务。
SECTION 1: LISTENING TEST(45 minutes)Part A: Spot Dictation
Directions: In this part of the test, you will hear a passage and read the same passage with blanks in it.Fill in each of the blanks with the word or words you have heard on the tape.Write your answer in the corresponding space in your ANSWER BOOKLET.Remember you will hear the passage ONLY ONCE.My topic for today’s lecture is communication, culture and work.When most people use the word culture, they think of people from different national backgrounds.National cultures certainly do exist and they play an important role in shaping the way people communicate, but there are other dimensions of culture too.Within a nation, regional differences can exert a powerful influence on communication.New Yorkers and Alaskans may find one another’s styles of behaving so different that they might as well be from different countries.Race and ethnicity can also shape behavior.So can age.The customs, values and attitudes of a twenty-year-old girl may vary radically from those of her parents who were raised in the 1960s or her grandparents who lived through the Great Depression and World War Ⅱ.Still, other differences can create distinctive cultures.Gender, sexual orientation, physical disabilities, religion and socio-economic background are just a few.All of these factors lead to a definition of culture as a set of values, beliefs, norms, customs, rules and codes that lead people to define themselves as a distinct group, giving them a sense of commonality.It’s important to realize that culture is learned, not innate.A Korean-born infant adopted soon after her birth by American parents and raised in the United States will think and act differently than his or her cousins who grew up in Seoul.An African American who grew up in the inner city will view the world differently than he or she would if raised in the suburbs or in a country like France where African heritage has different significance than it does in the United States.The norms and values we learn as part of our cultural conditioning shape the way we view the world and the way we interact with one another.In short, culture has such an overwhelming influence on communication that famous anthropologist Edward Hall once remarked, ‘culture is communication and communication is culture.’ 【解析】
作为中口笔试听力第一题Spot Dictation，考试选用了文化题材的内容，考生对此类型题材应该并不陌生，但若不集中注意力，也会比较难把握文章的层次。
全文围绕关键信息“other dimensions of culture”，字面意思是其他的文化维度，指的是除国籍外其他造成文化差异的因素。
文章首先给出纽约人和阿拉斯加人在交流过程中行事风格不同的例子，提出了地域性差异造成文化差异的概念。而后补充道不同人种和种族同样是形成文化交流差异的因素，紧接着文章便通过老中青三代人不同的思想意识观念的例子抛出了另外一个关键隐私——年龄。新东方口译：http://edu.21cn.com/kcnet440/
文章还提出了一个较传统观念所不同的观点，It’s important to realize that culture is learned, not innate，即文化差异并非与生俱来，而是通过后天环境的影响逐渐形成的。韩裔和非裔美国人的例子说明了这一点。
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