词汇教学的重点

第一篇：词汇教学的重点

对外汉语词汇教学要点评述(2007-05-14 21:04:01)转载▼

词汇教学是语言教学中不可或缺的有机组成部分。在对外汉语教学中,精读课、阅读课、听力课和口 语课等多数课堂教学都是从词汇教学开始的。事实上,词汇教学不仅是各门语言课程的基础和开端 ,而且还是贯穿始终的教学。

一、重视词汇的文化内涵一般来说,词汇教学主要包括词语展示及释 义、词语辨析、词语讲练等几个方面。词语展示及释义,就是把所要教的词通过领读、板书、听写 等方法将所要讲授的词的意义及用法解释给学生,并让学生跟读、认读,从而使学生对所学词的形、音、义有初步了解。在词语展示及释义的过程中,最常见的问题就是词语不等值。我国出版的对 外汉语教材,大多数附有英文注释与说明。然而,英语注解汉语本身就是一种文化转变的过程,很 难做到理解的准确无误。在我们的教学实践中,曾经遇到外国学生造出这样的句子:小王和小刘嫁 了。/杨教授是个老头子。

造成这种现象的原因归根结底在于文化差异,具体体现在:

一、词语项 的缺位。某种事物为一个民族所独有,比如中国北方,人们居家所用的“炕”,所吃的“馍”,还 有一些地名“万寿山”“、十三陵”等等,而反映这种事物的概念的词语还不能在别的民族的语言 中找到对等的形式,便产生了词语的缺位。对于这些词语,在翻译过程中可采用音译,或者意译加音译的方法译出,同时加上一定的注释。

二、词语的概念分类范畴不同。英语中,marry的主语可以是一个男人,一个女人,或者是男女两人;而汉语中“嫁”特指女子结婚,简单地把“嫁”译为m arry,学生在使用时,难免会选出“小王和小刘嫁了”这样的句子。“老头子”带有轻蔑口吻, 而英译文都没有体现它们的语体风格。如果在译词时加上“用于非正式场合”、“有不尊敬口气” 等做一简要说明,这样的注释才更加适宜。

三、词语的文化背景知识不同。各民族由于其不同的生 存环境、文化传统,往往会形成其独特的文化意象,有的词语象征含义甚至是大相径庭的。例如我 们所熟知的在汉文化饱受鄙视的“狗”在西方文化里却是“人类最好的朋友”。所以在注释时不能 仅满足于传达一般的意义,应将尽最大可能传达原文化中的意象视为自己的责任。

二、强化近义词 的辨析词汇教学的第二阶段就是词语辨析。也就是讲解生词的词性、语体色彩、固定搭配并与以前 学习过的形近及义近词语进行对比分析,进一步加深学生对词语的理解。汉语中的近义词非常丰富 ,常常给学生带来理解和运用上的麻烦。首先,不同语言的语义系统不完全一致,汉语中有的近义 词在英语解释中是同义词。如:生活——住、了解——知道、参观——访问等词语在学生印象中是 相同的,所以使用时就会出现“我在中国住的很愉快。(生活)/妈妈不能知道我。(理解)/我 们访问了这次画展。(参观)”此类的错误。其次,含有共同语素的词很多,如:产生——发生、气候——天气、到达——达到等词语,因为词形比较相近,学生往往出于直观记忆而将其混淆。“ 气候变凉了。(天气)/火车准时达到了。(到达)”另外,汉语中一词多义的现象较为普遍,有 些词在某些意义上与另一些词相同,如:安静——清净、仔细——详细等词语,造成了语义间的混 合交叉。辨析同义词,无非是重在求异。一是区分基本词义。有些近义词在指代范围、程度轻重、侧重点等方面存在明显的差异。如格外

——分外都表示程度上的特别,但是格外表义轻,分外表义 重。二是区分词性。如才——刚才,前者为副词,后者为名词。三是区分词的附属义。如后果—— 成果都指事情的结果,但后果是贬义,成果是褒义。四是区分词的用法。还是——或者都是连词, 而还是用在疑问句中,或者则用于肯定句中。

三、注重虚词的讲练事实上,词语讲解和辨析只是课 堂教学的一部分,学生想要真正掌握该词,还应在此基础上做有关的大量练习,反复记,反复用。从理论和教学实践上看,词语的习得一般遵守以下顺序:实词的意义比虚词的意义容易习得;具体 的意义比抽象的意义容易习得;词汇意义比语法意义容易习得。由此看来,在练习过程中更应注重 虚词的讲练。现代汉语的大部分虚词都是由动词虚化而来的。比如动态助词“了、着、过”。还有 绝大多数的介词,常见的有:把、被、将、比、叫、让、由、给、沿、照、和、跟、同、与、往、连、趁、距、离、替、依、据、按、为、除、随、用、拿、向、朝、在、通过。还有一些动词丧失 了实在的语义内容,就会逐渐发展成为一个词缀。汉语里有些结果补语、程度补语就属于这种情况。常见的有:掉、住、光、开、坏、死、来、去。这样一来,一个虚词往往有好几个义项,在初级 阶段教师讲解的时候不必同时把几个义项都教给学生,课文中是什么义项就教什么。在讲解一个新 的义项时,最好复习一下学过的义项,把虚词和实词组成词组,反复地练习,使他们形成语感。我 们应该通过举不同例句把时态划分得再细一点,或者从另一个角度用另外的标准来概括汉语动态语 法范畴,以便外国人学习时较容易掌握。介词的运用比较容易混淆,练习时应就用法相近可互换、不可互换的情况分别举例,并对病句进行分析。连词主要进行固定搭配的训练,即“有此即彼、非 此无彼”,使学生形成迅速、准确的语法条件反射,从而轻松掌握句法规律。

■对外汉语词汇教学 要点评述@邵彤$沈阳工业大学对外汉语教学;;词语;;文化;;近义词;;虚词词汇教学是语 言教学的基础之一,也是对外汉语课堂教学的重要组成部分。词汇教学主要包括词语展示及释义、词语辨析、词语讲练等几个方面。而词语的文化内涵、近义词的辨析、虚词的讲练是词语教学的重中之重。

1.黄伯荣,廖序东.《现代汉语》.北京:高等教育出版社,1997 2.刘乃叔,敖桂华.《近义词使用区别》.北京:北京语言大学出版社，对外汉语课堂教学重点之汉语词语教学

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在实用方面，汉语词语的教学是最重要的一个部分，句子的基础是词语，拥有词语的基础那么学生就可以进行一些简单的交流。对外汉语教学中,词语教学是贯穿始终的教学,是语言教学不可缺少的有机组成部分。对外汉语教学,从教学内容上说,词汇教学,应属于重点教学内容,特别是初级阶段;一个外国学生要学好汉语,重要的是掌握大量的词汇,要有足够的词汇量。因此 ,运用词汇教学技巧,提高课堂教学效果和学生语言能力具有重要意义。本文就词语释义方法作些探讨。

一 用实物及图片或者身势语解释这是最简单明了,又可以加快建立语音和概念的直接联系的方法。如“桌子”、“书”、“电视机”等,就可以用实物;如具体动作“拿”“背”“提”“ 微笑”等可以用身势语表示。这样不仅可以加深学生的印象,而且对学生全面理解、牢固记忆词义都有好处。

二 利用语素释义语素释义主要是讲清楚某个语素的形、音、义和用它构成词的方式。比如:“操场”的“场”,告诉学生“场”的意思相当于ground,place,它常常跟别的语素或词搭,一般放在别的词后边,有时在前边。以后学生遇到“广场”、“市场”、“机场”、“战场”、“体育场”、“运动场”、“场地”等等,只要讲清楚另一个语素的意思,学生就能猜出整个词的意思。用这样的方法还可以训练学生用汉语思维。三 对比法

(一)汉外对比法即把汉语的词义与相对的外语词义进行对比,指出词义的异同,让学生注意区别, 减少语言之间的干扰。汉语的大量词语与某一外语在词义和用法上不完全对应,如汉语里“做游戏 ,打球,拉提琴,弹钢琴”,在英语中都可以用“Play”表示。“Playgameplay ballplaytheviolinplaythepiano”。如“胖”“肥”英语都是“ fat”但是汉语里“胖”用于人,而“肥”用于动物、肉、衣服。所以说“你很肥”是不礼貌的。再如汉语里的“穿”和“戴”英语里只有“wear”相对应,所以教学时要讲解清楚其中的异同。(二)同义词、近义词对比对词义相近的词进行比较、分析,帮助学生找出共性与个性。如“ 参观”和“访问”课文生词表对译的英语单词都是“visit”,如果不进行对比,学生难以分辨清楚。出现“参观一位老朋友”、“访问故宫”等错误,可采用近义词辨析法,让学生明白“参观”的对象是地方、单位、名胜古迹,而不能是人;“访问”的对象可以是地方(国家、城市), 也可以是人,然后再举一些搭配的例子让学生体会一下。

(三)反义词对比用一个已经学过的绝对反义词帮助学生理解词义。如“具体”,指出“具体”的反义词是“抽象”“概括”,如“具体劳动”和“抽象劳动”,“他具体介绍了这个学校的情况”、“他概括地介绍了这个学校的情况”等语句,学生理解和接受得就比较快。

四 情境释义法母语学习离不开语境,第二语言的学习更离不开语境,因此,著名的直接法、视听法、认知法、暗示法以及功能法等教学流派都把依赖语境作为第二语言教学的重要手段之一。

(一)例句释义教师针对学生的错误准备一些例句,这些例句是他们熟悉的场景、事情和生活,让学生通过例句来体会词义。“干脆”一词,生词表中对译的英语单词是“simple”。有的学生以为“干脆”就是“简单”的意思,而做出“今天的作业很干脆”等句子。虽然“simple”有“简单地、简明地”、“坦白地、直率地”等义项,却表现不出“干脆”的确切含义与口语特色,只有用较多的例句,让学生借助新增的言语信息才能正确理解和掌握这个词。如:(1)食堂可能关门了,我们干脆去外面吃吧。(2)她做起事来,非常干脆麻利。(3)他说话很干脆 ,从不拐弯抹角。(4)你干脆点儿,去还是不去。通过以上例句,让学生明白,“干脆”是汉语口语中比较常用的一个形容词,它可以表示动作快捷不缓慢,也可以表示说话直接不罗嗦或态度坚决不含糊。这种通过例句增加言语信息来认知语言的方法,认知语言学认为“语言获得的过程是一种假设的过程”,这个过程的第三步就是“通过表达句子或聆听例句检验假设”<2>。由于我们的教学对象已经是成人,他们已具有概括、推理的思想能力,所以从听或看的例句信息中推知出词语的意义和用法。因此在初级阶段用较多的例句增加词语信息来促进初学者推知和识记汉语的词义是一种非常有效的办法。<3>(二)语境释义用学生熟悉的或亲身经历的事例来设定具体的语言环境,让学生从中去体会理解词义。如教“凑合”可设置若干情境:(1)下第四节课已十二点了 ,你喜欢吃的菜食堂已经都卖完了,又不想去别的地方吃,怎么办„„你只好凑合吃吧。(2)你最喜欢看足球比赛,打开电视不太清楚,怎么办„„凑合看吧。教学实践表明,语境的阐释功能在第二语言的词义教学中具有不可替代的重要作用。“随便”、“来不及”、“下台阶”、“白头偕老”、“没完没了”等词语都可通过具体的语境让学生掌握。

五 从语用的角度释义对于留学生来说,他们对所学的语言知识最注重实际运用,但在学习过程中,往往可能只知道意思而不知道语用条件,使用时不分褒贬而滥用。如使用频率非常高的“拍马屁”,学生只知道意思是“说别人的好话”而不知道这是“阿谀、奉承”的话,所以

在课堂上老师表扬学生学习不错时,学生却客气地回答:“谢谢老师拍马屁”。所以在教学中必须要强调词语感情色彩与语用环境,否则在交际中就难以避免语用失误而产生适得其反的效果<4>。再看“怪”、“很”都是程度副词,但用法有区别。“很”只表示程度,不带感情色彩。而“怪”却带有喜爱的感情色彩。再者,“怪”常与“的” 相配,如“这样的天气怪舒适的”。“羡慕”“妒忌”这组词语的区别就体现在语用上,说“羡慕 ”别人可以,“妒忌”别人不好。总之,我们既要根据所讲生词的特点选择适当的方法,又要灵活地将这些方法有机的结合起来使用,以提高词汇教学的效率。对外汉语词语教学方法探讨@钱少青 $中南林学院外国语学院!湖南株洲412006对外汉语;;词语教学;;释义方法词汇教学是对外汉语教学的基础之一,也是课堂教学的重要组成部分。因此,运用词汇教学技巧,对提高课堂教学效果和学生语言能力具有重要意义,从五个方面对词语释义方法进行了探讨。

表扬学生学习不错时,学生却客气地回答:“谢谢老师拍马屁”。所以在教学中必须要强调词语感情色彩与语用环境,否则在交际中就难以避免语用失误而产生适得其反的效果<4>。再看“怪”、“很”都是程度副词,但用法有区别。“很”只表示程度,不带感情色彩。而“怪”却带有喜爱的感情色彩。再者,“怪”常与“的”相配,如“这样的天气怪舒适的”。“羡慕”“妒忌”这组词语的区别就体现在语用上,说“羡慕”别人可以,“妒忌”别人不好。总之,我们既要根据所讲生词的特点选择适当的方法,又要灵活地将这些方法有机的结合起来使用,以提高词汇教学的效率。对外汉语词语教学方法探讨@钱少青$中南林学院外国语学院!湖南株洲412006对外汉语;;词语教学;;释义方法词汇教学是对外汉语教学的基础之一,也是课堂教学的重要组成部分。因此,运用词汇教学技巧,对提高课堂教学效果和学生语言能力具有重要意义,从五个方面对词语释义方法进行了探讨。

第二篇：3-7重点词汇

1.linger:

1)spend a long time doing sth.磨蹭，e.g.My daughter used to linger long over her meal.There will be no time to linger —

the press conference will begin in a few minutes.2)stay for a long time, esp.because one does not want to leave 留恋，徘徊

e.g.This a dreary（沉闷的，枯燥的）little town

where few people would choose to linger.He was still lingering around the stadium long after the game was over.2.scar: a mark left on the skin by a wound, burn, etc.after it has healed 伤疤

e.g.It is easy to recognized the little boy because he has a scar on his left arm.The witness told the police that the criminal had a scar on his forehead.vt.leave a scar on给…留下疤痕

e.g.The burns were so severe that he will be scarred for life.His face was scarred by smallpox.（牛痘）

3.So, too, do the voices of those who …: The voices of those who … also echo in his soul.4.dignity: the quality of being worthy of honor or respect 尊严

e.g.A physician shall be dedicated to providing competent medical service

with compassion and respect for human dignity.Some think that cloned human beings will be deprived of

freedom or dignity or personal identity.They hold on to the faith that the value of life depends on its dignity and not its success.5.cripple:

1)cause to become unable to move or walk properly 使跛，使受伤致残

e.g.At the beginning of the year 2000 crippled children were on state lists to receive care.Peter’s father was crippled by a stroke.（中风）

2)damage or harm(sb./sth.)seriously 损坏；严重削弱

e.g.Shootings and robberies of tourists over the past several years

had crippled the tourist industry in Miami.The terrorists’ attacks has not crippled the US economy.6.betray: show a lack of loyalty to;give or show sb./sth.to an enemy 背叛，出卖 e.g.According to the Gospels of Matthew and Mark,（马修和马太福音）

greed made Judas betray Jesus to the chief priest for 30 pieces of silver.He was accused of betraying his country during the war.7.gain on: come closer to, esp.a rival or sth.pursued 逼近，接近

e.g.Hurry up — they are gaining on us!

She was gaining on he opponents throughout the race,but only overtook them at the very end.8.tremble: shake from cold, fear, weakness, etc.颤抖

e.g.Her hands grew very cold and trembled so that she could hardly hold the flag.Madison was extremely pale and trembled excessively

as he began his inaugural address.（就职演讲，开幕词）

For much of the day the pavements tremble from the weight of passing traffic.9.kick up:(cause to)rise 踢起，扬起；升高

e.g.The horse kicked up a cloud of dust.The boys kicked up the leaves

that lay thick upon the ground with the coming of autumn.10.tilt:(cause to)move into a sloping position（使）倾斜

e.g.The pilot can tilt the helicopter forward, backward or to either side.In the northern hemisphere(半球), the sun climbs high in the sky

and the days are long in summer,where the northern end of the earth’s axis（轴）is tilted toward the sun.n.倾斜 The amount of daylight in a day varies throughout the year,based on the tilt of Earth’s axis.11.lean:(cause to)be in a sloping position;bend 倾斜；倚靠 v

e.g.He leaned his bike against the wall.She leaned over the bridge to look at the boats passing beneath it.a.producing little of value;containing little or no fat 收益少的；瘦的e.g.The company has apparently recovered from several lean years.The recession（不景气）and lean state budgets continue to trouble school officials.We like to eat lean and tender meat.（嫩的）

12.delivery:

1)the process of birth 分娩

体力活

In the end, it was an easy delivery: a fine baby boy.2)the delivering of letters, goods, etc.投递；运送

letters, and other shipments within the United States and worldwide.联邦快递公司

Most newspapers offer home delivery.13.section: any of the parts into which sth.is divided 部分

e.g.This article consists of ten major sections.Newspapers typically have sections for local news,sports, arts and entertainment, business, and classified advertising.14.disorder: disturbance of the normal working of the body or mind;

lack of order（机能）失调；混乱

e.g.Severe vitamin and mineral deficiencies can lead to mental disorders.that treats disorders by inserting needles under the skin.The school authorities took immediate action to stop campus violence and disorder.15.transfer: move from one place to another 调动，转移

transfer sth./ sb.(from … to)

e.g.Transferring Peter from Tokyo to Boston office was a smart idea.Power was transferred from President to the Vice President

while the President received medical treatment.Commercial airports are designed to transfer passengers and freight货运 to and from aircraft.Credits earned at junior colleges could be transferred to another institution

where students could complete their final years of college.16.limitation: lack of ability 缺陷；局限 due to the limitations of battery technology.As a student he recognized his limitations, but did little to improve himself.17.apply for: make a formal request for 申请

e.g.I applied for five jobs before I was offered this one.According to the school regulations students will have to apply for permission to study abroad.18.representative: a person who represents others 代表

e.g.Egypt, Israel, and the representatives of the Palestinian people

will participate in negotiations on the resolution of the Palestinian problem.巴勒斯坦问题的决议

汇聚巴黎参加地球峰会（最高级会谈）

19.literature:

1)printed material used to advertise or promote a product 宣传资料

e.g.My friend is sending me literature from two other companies

that provide a similar service.2)writings that are valued as works of art 文献；文学作品

e.g.Many readers consider the novel the most flexible type of literature.offers master’s or doctoral degree programs 研究生院 人文学科

as history, chemistry, physics, and literature.20.pledge: a solemn promise 保证；许诺

e.g.The boy made a pledge to get straight A’s at the end of the semester.They made a pledge to accomplish the task.vt.pledge to do sth.e.g.Member nations of the UN pledge to settle their disputes peacefully

（克制）有害垃圾

21.retail: the practice of selling goods in small quantities to the general public 零售

e.g.Wal-mart is a company that operates a variety of retail chain stores.Department stores refer to large retail stores selling many商品，货物

22.transit: passage through or across;a system of urban public transportation

通行，过境；公共交通运输系统

e.g.Our fleet made the transit through Panama Canal without any difficulty.The president wants to improve the nation’s highways and mass transit systems.23.strain: injure(the body or the part of it)or make it weak by too much effort 损伤；使劳损 e.g.Swimming does not strain joints and connective tissue 结缔组织

as much as many other forms of exercises.He strained his back when he removed the piano with his friends.n.a severe damage on mental or physical strength, resources, abilities, etc.(followed by on)重负，压力

e.g.Some young white collar workers are complaining about their job strain.She has been under terrible strain since her company was bankrupted.The vast expansion膨胀，扩充 in college education

is putting an enormous strain on the system.24.useless: not fulfilling the intended purpose 无用的，无效的e.g.Preventing the country from purchasing oil crippled its army

and made its navy and air force completely useless.of formerly fertile land into barren and economically useless wasteland.耕作过度

25.limb: a leg or an arm;a large branch of tree 肢；腿；臂；树枝

e.g.The small size and weight of dogs’ feet and limbs require less energy to move.No attempt should be made to move broken limbs until medical help arrives.The flag was hanging from the limb of a big tree.26.off balance: in as unsteady position or about to fall 不平衡

e.g.The motorcycle knocked him off balance and he fell down on the ground.The sudden pull threw me off balance.27.territory: land a country controls or owns 领土

e.g.The government denied that any of its territory is under rebel control.A country’s embassy in a foreign country is considered its own territory.28.on the phone: be talking to sb.using the phone 在打电话

e.g.Please wait outside for a moment;the manager is on the phone.She is always on the phone, wanting to know her husband has been up to.29.register: 1)be recognized or noted mentally 被注意到

e.g.On occasions what I said didn’t register in my daughter’s brain.The professor’s name didn’t register with the students.2)record a name, an event, etc.for official purposes 登记，注册

e.g.The new student were told that they must register with the University批准

The newly purchased apartment is registered in her name, not her husband’s.30.laundry: clothes or sheets, etc.that have been or need to be washed洗好（或待洗）的衣服e.g.The new model washing machine offers numerous settings

for washing different types and quantities of laundry.A good deal of laundry had accumulated during the past two weeks,as our washing machine didn’t work.31.profitable: bringing profit or advantage 有利可图的；有益的 有价证券 when profitable opportunities arise.The trade of opium, a highly profitable product for British merchants

and eventually an illegal import into China, led to the opium Wars.I didn’t find the talk very profitable.On the contrary, I thought it was nonsense.32.off one’s feet: no longer standing 躺着；坐着

e.g.After the operation the old man had to stay off his feet.The doctor checked his left foot carefully and said

he would have to stay off his feet for about two weeks.33.commission: money paid to sb.for selling goods which increases with the quantity of goods

sold 佣金，回扣

e.g.If a salesperson is paid on commission,the amount they receive depends on the amount they sell.影印机，复印机

34.surgery: treatment of injuries or diseases by cutting or removing parts of the body 外科手术e.g.People practiced surgery since ancient times,but it did not become a respected science until 19th century.Surgery is the fastest and most effective treatment for tumors that are detected early.35.be laid up(with): stay in bed, be unable to work（因…）卧床休养；无法工作 重感冒

The football player was laid up with a twisted knee.36.signature: a person’s name written by herself or himself 签名

e.g.In law, signatures are put at the end of a legal instrument to show that it is valid.有效的立遗嘱者

and such a mark is considered a valid signature.37.in time: punctually, not too lat;eventually 及时；最终

e.g.The couple have just arrived in time for lunch.She set the alarm so she would wake up in time to go to school.38.go off:(of electric power, a light, etc.)stop functioning or operating 停止；熄灭 e.g.All the lights suddenly went off and the stadium was plunged into darkness.I didn’t sleep well last night as all the heating went off.

第三篇：英语重点词汇介绍

prove用法

prove是个常用动词,也是一个多义动词.由于它的用法比较复杂,现归纳如下

一、prove作“证明;证实”解时,用法如下:

1.prove+名词/代词

He has proved his courage in the battle.他已在作战中证明了他的勇气.This further proved the strength of our economy.这进一步证明了我们的经济实力.Can you prove that?你能证实那一点吗?

2.prove+直接宾语(sth.)+to+间接宾语(sb.)

The difficulty was how he could prove his ideas to other scientists.困难在于他怎样向其他科学家证实他的想法.Can you prove your theory to us?你能向我们证实你的理论吗?

3.prove+宾语+宾语补足语

(1)形容词作宾语补足语

They proved themselves wise and brave.他们证实自己机智、勇敢.Facts have proved these worries groundless.事实证明,这些忧虑是没有理由的.(2)名词作宾语补足语

She proved herself an able secretary.她证实自己是个能干的秘书.He has proved himself a success.他已证明了自己是个成功者.(3)动词不定式作宾语补足语

All this proved him to be an honest man.这一切都证明他是一个诚实的人.The experiment proved his theory to be important to our research.实验证明他的理论对我们的研究是重要的.4.prove+宾语从句

Galileo proved that the earth and all other planets move around the sun.伽利略证实地球和所有其它的行星都是绕太阳运转的.But Einstein was able to prove that light coming from the stars was bent as it passed the sun.然而爱因斯坦却能证明从恒星来的光线当其经过太阳时变弯曲了.Can you prove where you were on May 10th?你能证实五月十日你在什么地方吗?

二、prove作“证明是;结果是;事实说明”解时,用作连系动词,无被动语态，可用于以下句型:

1.prove+形容词

The handbook proved most useful.这本手册证明很有用.The medicine proved satisfactory.结果证明这药疗效令人满意.2.prove+名词

She proved a very strict teacher.结果证明她是一位非常严格的老师.His efforts, however, proved a failure.但他的努力结果都失败了.3.prove+介词短语或副词

Perhaps this book will prove of some use to you in your studies.也许这本书会对你的研究有用处.The power station was completed and proved up to standard.这座发电站建成了,证明质量符合标准.4.prove+动词不定式

As time went on, Einstein's theory proved to be correct.随着时间的推移,爱因斯坦的理论证明是正确的.She may prove to be the most suitable person for the job.结果她可能是最适合干这项工作的人.Lack 的用法

n.（名词）“不足”。通常用 “lack+of＋名词”。

a lack of money.缺乏金钱

Her only problem is lack of confidence.Lack of sleep had made him irritable.If he fails it won't be for/through lack of effort(= he has certainly tried).We won't be going on holiday this year-lack of funds, I'm afraid.He can’t endure the lack of food.没有食物，他再也坚持不下去了。

vt.（及物动词）缺乏；不足；没有

①To be entirely without or have very little of.缺乏：根本就没有或仅有一点

②To be in need of.需要

He just lacks a little confidence.What we lack in this house is space to store things.She lacks patience in dealing with children.（与孩子打交道她缺少耐心。）

We are lacking three members of staff due to illness.(注：说lack不用于进行时是站不住脚的)

vi.（不及物动词）还可作“缺乏，短少；不足；需要。常用进行时

①To be wanting or deficient:缺乏：处于匮乏或不足状态：

You will not be lacking in support from me.你将得到我的帮助

（注：这里把lacking处理为vi.，并没有作为adj.来得简单）

②To be in need of something:需要：需要某物：

I lacked for nothing.我不需要任何东西

She does not lack for friends.They lacked for nothing.他们无所需求（应有尽有）。

[用法拓展]

lack 构成的短语有：

be lacking:欠缺、缺：

be lacking in缺乏（某种品质、特点等）,不够

lack for 缺（多用于否定句）Lack+of＋名词： The plants died for lack of water.Lack+名词： We lack the strength to walk any further.lacking adj.be lacking If something that you need is lacking, you do not have enough of it:

Enthusiasm has been sadly lacking these past months at work.Money was lacking to complete the building.He is lacking in courage.他缺乏勇气。

Nothing is lacking but the will.什么都不缺，就缺意志。be lacking in sth to not have a quality:

He's totally lacking in charm.He is not lacking in intelligence.Philip was not lacking in ability.（菲力普并不缺少能力。）

His reception of us was lacking in warmth.（他对我们的接待缺少热情。）

Since she is young, she is lacking in experience.由于年轻，她缺乏经验。

[练习]

1.Many of our young workers ___ proper training.?

A.are lacking inB.are lackingC.lack forD.lack in[A]

2.We tried to settle the problem with them as soon as possible, but they seemed to____ sincerity.A.lack ofB.be lack ofC.lack inD.be lacking in(D)

3.Though________ money, his parents managed to send him to university.A.lackedB.lacking ofC.lackingD.lacked in

<解答> Though lacking money是Though they are lacking money的省略句，其中lack是vt.。

4.Keep him at arm's length, as he is a guy being lacking ______ honesty.A.ofB.onC.inD.about(C)

5.That was another example of _____ experience.A.a lack ofB.lack fromC.their lack forD.their lack of

<解答>.D lack作及物动词时，后面直接用名词或代词做宾语；作不及物动词时常和for连用；作名词时常和of搭配使用。

6.--What caused the failure of the experiment?

--_____.(C)

A.Because of shortage of fundB.For lack of fundC.Lack of fundD.Due to lack of fund

7.The boss praised the young man for his hard work, though he ____ experience.A.is lack ofB.is lacking inC.lacks ofD.is lacking of

此题答案选B，be lacking in是习语，意为“缺乏”，其后通常接experience, frankness, courage等抽象名词。选A是错误的，因为lack可用做名词和动词，但不用做形容词；选C是错误的，因为lack用做动词时，它是及物动词，其后不用介词(注：用做名词的 lack后可接介词of)；选D是错误的，因为没有be lacking of这个搭配。

8.I'm sorry, We're ________that kind of trousers.Would you come back next week?

A.shortB.lackingC.in needD.short of（D）

[案例1.]

1.He can’t endure the lack of food.2.He can’t endure a lack of food.3.He can’t endure lack of food.Are they all correct?

Yes, they are, but number 3 would not be heard very often, simply because it's not so easy to say

smoothly.You need a hard stop between “endure” and “lack,” so even if you mean to say that, it tends to come out as “endure-uh lack.”

[案例2.]

The authorities declared that because of the war petrol was _____ and had to be rationed(定量供应).A.inadequateB.rareC.lackedD.scarce

[答] D.scarce.汽油供不应求，因此必须定量配给。

Scarce(=not available in sufficient quantity, not equal to the demand)不充足的，缺乏的，供不应求的。Inadequate 不适应的，不充分的。

lackvt./vi.(=be without;not have;have less than enough of)缺乏；没有；缺少，例如：

1）He lacks perseverance.(他缺乏坚定性。)

2)Money is lacking for the plan.(此计划尚缺钱。)

3)He is lacking in courage.(他缺乏勇气。)

be lacking in 常指缺乏某种品质、特点等。

lack作及物动词时，一般不用被动语态，故不能选C.lacked.4)They lacked for nothing.(他们什么也不缺。)有人认为，lack for是美国英语。

[案例3.]

I am lacking of practice or I am lacking practice.BE：正常表达的方式是:

“I haven't given a massage for a long time.I'm out of practice.”

If you want to use the verb “to lack”:

“I lack practice” or I'm lacking in practice“.[案例4.]

1.Lacking money, he couldn't spend his holiday in Shanghai this summer.2.Lacking in money, he couldn't spend his holiday in Shanghai this summer.Q：这两句是否都对？

答：１句对(lack sth.)；２句错（但语法结构并不错be lacking in sth.）.句２类似结构的关键是 be lacking in + quality

Lacking in courage, he would never leave home.Totally lacking in charm, he could not attract the audience.注：However, this is still not very idiomatic.I would expect:

Because he was lacking in courage, he never left home.[注意事项]

1．There is no lack of … 总用is/was单数形式

2．For lack of 里没有the

【问题探究】He is lack of money.问：lack 是名词，这里似乎是不能放be动词后的吧？

答：That’s water.名词有时也能用在be动词后。这似乎有些题外了。当然本题句是错误的，下面的都对：

1.He lacks money [lacks = verb]

2.He has a lack of money [lack = noun]

3.He is lacking in money [lacking = adjective]

”He is lack of money.“（X）

”He suffers from a lack of money/confidence /personality/etc.“(”Lack“ = noun.)（V）

”I can't meet you today for lack of time.“(”Lack“ = noun.)（V）

”Lacking“ 可以是adjective, 常用于be lacking in sth.结构。且那sth.应该是抽象的事物，故上面的句3也错误了。

题目句是错的。可以说: ”He is lacking money“ 或 ”he lacks money“.如果说 ”He is...“(如 ”He is a teacher“)那么就是在描述他什么, 也就是他自己不能是(a lack)< he cannot himself be 'a lack'>

有时人们把lack用与这样的句子，如 ”He lacks common sense/initiative“.'To lack' 是个很华丽的古英语动词, 但现在人们也许更可能用 ”He has no...".

第四篇：初中英语重点词汇总结

1.kinds of 各种各样的either…or…或者……或者……，不是……就是……

neither…nor…既不……也不……Chinese tea without, anything in it 中国清茶

take a seat 就坐2.home cooking 家常做法

be famous for 因……而著名on ones'way to在……途中

be sick/ill in hospital生病住院at the end of在……的尽头，在……的末尾3.wait for 等待in time 及时

make one’s way to… 往……（艰难地）走去just then 正在那时

first of all 首先，第一4.go wrong 走错路be/get lost 迷路

make a noise 吵闹，喧哗get on 上车get off 下车5.stand in line 站队

waiting room 候诊室，候车室at the head of……在……的前头laugh at 嘲笑

throw about 乱丢，抛散 6.in fact 实际上

at midnight 在半夜

have a good time=enjoy oneself 玩得愉快

quarrel with sb.和某人吵架take one’s temperature给某人体温

7.have/get a pain in…某处疼痛have a headache 头痛

as soon as… 一……就……feel like doing sth.想要干某事

stop…from doing sth.阻止……干某事8.fall asleep 入睡

again and again再三地，反复地wake up 醒来，叫醒instead of 代替look over 检查 9.take exercise运动

had better(not)do sth.最好（不要）干某事at the weekend 在周末on time 按时

out of从……向外10.all by oneself 独立，单独lots of=a lot of 许多no longer/more=not…any longer/more 不再get back 回来，取回sooner or later迟早 11.run away 逃跑eat up 吃光，吃完run after 追赶

take sth.with sb.某人随身带着某物

take(good)care of…=look after…(well)（好好）照顾，照料 12.think of 考虑到，想起keep a diary 坚持写日记leave one by oneself某人单独留下

harder and harder 越来越厉害turn on

打开（电灯、收音机、煤气等）turn off 关

第五篇：电子商务英语重点词汇

商务英语翻译

II.请翻译下列标识语。（1）

（1）

Left Baggage

行李寄存

（2）

Photography and video are not permitted inside the building 楼内禁止拍照、录像

（3）

Foreign Exchange(Services)外币兑换（服务

（4）

Particulars Of Membership 仅限会员（入内/使用）

（5）

Customers Lounges

旅客休息室

标识的语言特点

1.大量使用名词短语、动词短语或动名词http://www.xiexiebang.com/

具有指示、说明性质的标识往往使用名词短语，以直接、准确无误地传达特定信息。如Fast Lane快行道、Conference Centre会议中心、Food & Beverage餐饮部、Business Centre商务中心、Road Work正在施工、Tollgate收费站、Check-in登记入住、Baggage Office行李房等。而具有强制、限制性质的标识大多使用动名词或祈使句，以将公众的注意力集中在所要求采取的行动上。如No Spitting严禁随地吐痰、Please Do Not Disturb 请勿打扰、Mind the Gap注意站台缝隙、Please Use Revolving Door请使用旋转门、Beware Obstruction小心障碍。在翻译过程中我们也应采用相应的名词短语或祈使句句式，力求在语气、信息度等方面做到较好的匹配。

2.文笔凝练、措辞精确

标识多省略冠词、代词、助动词等，仅使用实词、核心词汇，以供人们在最短的时间了解最准确、最直接的信息。从词汇方面来看，尽量减少复杂词汇和多种时态的动词；从句型方面考虑，简单明了的祈使句是标识用语常用的句型。标识语的字数往往精简到最低限度，如City Bus Only市内公共汽车专用、Post-paid邮资已付、Danger危险、Admission Free免票入场、Beverage Not Included酒水另付等，只需短短两三个单词就表明了意思。此外，标识用语有时甚至会借用一些简单的字母或数字代替单词，例如：4 SALE出售、Merry X’mas圣诞快乐，等等。

3.具有很强的规约性

由于历史沿革和语言文化习惯等因素，很多标识用语的翻译都已约定俗成，不宜随意变更。如“油漆未干”可能会被译作“The paint is not dry.”或“The paint is wet.”，这些译法虽然从语法来讲完全正确，但容易造成理解上的障碍或不便，因此不宜采用。事实上，这个标识语 “地道”的译法是“Wet Paint”，既简洁明了又完全符合英美人的语言习惯。类似的例句还有“双向行驶”、“远离火源”，分别译为“Two Way” 和“Keep Fire Away”。在标识语翻译中，译者应多留意英美国家常用的规范标准的标识用语，尽量使用和汉语标识相应的、地道得体的英语语汇进行翻译。

4.使用大写字母，省略标点符号

如STOP、EXIT、DEAD END等，汉译英时，英文需大写。

5.语言运用力求引人注目。

尤其是商业标识(Business Signs)及店铺的招牌(Signboard)，更要追求夸张的效果。例如EOM(End of Month)Sale月终大廉价、Grand Sale/Bargain Sale大甩卖、Big Price Plunge大削价，等等。

标识的翻译

II.标识的翻译技巧（2）1.去繁从简

在特定的语境中，某些标识在被翻译成另一种语言时，其语用的含义比词语本身的含义更重要。这时，译者应删除繁琐部分，仅保留足以传达标识语功能和目的的词汇。例如：“青岛是我家，清洁靠大家”常被译作 “Qingdao is our home, its cleanness depends on all of us”。从表面上看，该译法似乎说得过去，字字忠实于原文。但仔细分析不难发现，该译法明显受中文表达习惯的影响，不仅累赘，而且容易让外籍人士产生困惑。正确的翻译应该是“Keep Our City Clean”。该译法既简洁凝练，又意图明确。类似地，“注意安全，请勿攀爬单边墙”（Pay attention to your safety, don’t climb the single wall.），“遇到火灾，勿用电梯”（When there is a fire，don’t use the elevator!）就可以相应地简化为 “No Climbing!”，“Don’t use the elevator in case of fire!”。

2.遵从习惯，使用规范标准的标识语

标识用语具有很强的规约性。受语言习惯的影响，很多标识语的翻译都已约定俗成，不宜随意改动。例如：我们外出常见到的“小草微微笑，请你走便道”、“请勿践踏”等标识语就不能生硬地译为“Little grass is smiling slightly, please walk on pavement.”，而要按照英语的习惯直接翻译成“Keep Off the Grass”。再比如：“前方修路，请慢驾驶”和“该路段为单行道”可以按英语习惯分别翻译为“Road Work Ahead”和“One-Way”。

3.程式化套译

英文标识语的结构比较固定，程式化的套语运用广泛，因此翻译时可以采用程式化套译。例如表达“禁止做某事”可以套译为“No+名词或动名词”的形式，如禁止掉头No U Turn、禁止入内No Admittance、禁止停车No Parking、禁止吸烟No Smoking等；表示“专用”，可以采用“名词+Only”的形式，如贵宾专用VIP Only、儿童专用Children Only等；表示“请勿做某事”，可以采用“Do Not +动词”的表达方式，如请勿触摸Do Not Touch、请勿扔垃圾Do Not Litter等。4.反面着笔http://www.xiexiebang.com/

英汉两种语言在逻辑思维方面存在着差异，在翻译时，可从反面着笔把原意表达出来。标识语的翻译可以通过这种方法成功地实现汉英转化。如“请勿将头伸出窗外”翻译为“Keep Head Inside Vehicle”而不是正面表达为“Don’t put your head out of the window.”。再比如：请勿触摸Hands Off、无烟商场Smoking Free Store、工地危险，禁止入内Danger，Building Site，等等。

商用标识的翻译

下面分类介绍商用标识的翻译。商用标识的范围很广，总体上可以分为商务出行标识、商场标识、企业标识等。

商务出行标识（Business Travel Signs）商场促销标识（Promoting Signs）企业标识（Company Signs）

商务出行标识（Business Travel Signs）

商务出行涉及商务交通、商务住宿等各个方面。因此，交通标识、商务住宿标识就成为商务出行标识的主要内容。

交通标识包括道路指示牌、交通安全提示牌、限时限速的指示牌等等。以下是一些常见的交通标识：

Avoid the Jams 避免交通堵塞 Airport Lounges 机场休息室

Airports Shuttle 机场班车 Arrivals 进港

Bus Stand 公共汽车停车处

Check In Area(Zone)办理登机区 Customers Lounges 旅客休息室

Certain stations are closed on public holidays.假日某些车站关闭 Dangerous Bend 弯道危险

Diverted Traffic 交叉路口

Departure Time 离港时间

Departure Times On Reverse 返航时间

Departures 出港 Destination Airport 到达机场 Entry To Motorway 高速入口 Exit To All Routes 各通道出口 Flight Connections 转机处

In case of fire, stay in vehicle 如遇火警，请呆在车内 Inquiries/Assistance 问讯处

Keep your belongings with you at all times 随时照看好你的物品 Left Junction 左交叉口

Low Bridge Ahead 前方桥低

No Stopping at Any Time任何时间不准停车 Left Baggage 行李寄存 Luggage from Flights 到港行李

Luggage Reclaim 行李提取

No Parking in Front of This Gate 门前禁止停车

Pedestrian Crossing 人行横道

Please Keep Gateways Clear 请保持过道畅通 Parking Permitted 允许停车 Passport Control 入境检查

Please leave your luggage with you at all times 请随身携带你的行李 Road Closed 此路封闭

Return Fares 往返票价

Speed Limit of 48kmh 限速每小时48公里 Strictly No Parking 严禁停车

These seats are meant for elderly and handicapped persons&women with child.老人、残疾人及抱小孩的妇女专座 Toilet Engaged 厕所有人

When the bus is moving, do not speak to the driver.汽车行驶中，严禁与司机交谈

Welcome Aboard 欢迎登机 Single or Return Tickets Only 单程或往返程票 Cancellation 取消

DND=Do Not Disturb 请勿打扰 Extremely Well Equipped 设施配备精良 Fully Centrally Heated 中央暖气全部开放 Function Room 宴会厅

Food and Beverage Department 餐饮部

Front Office Reception前台办公室

Housekeeping Department 客房部

Indoor Swimming Pool 室内游泳池 Lobby Bar 大堂吧

Laundry 洗衣部 Morning Call 叫醒服务

Night Porter on Duty 夜间有行李搬运服务生 Night Club 夜总会

OOO=Out of Order 已坏 Reservation 订房部 Room Service 送餐部

Stay a minimum of 3 nights and receive 1 extra night free 最少住三晚，另外免费一晚

Tea/Coffee making facility in all bedrooms 所有卧室配有沏茶和煮咖啡的设施 tips=To Insure Prompt Service 小费 VIP=Very Important Person 贵宾

Waiting List 等候名单

Standard Room 标准间

商场促销标识（Promoting Signs）

商场促销标识主要指商场里面一些特价通知、楼层商品公告等相关信息。以下是一些常见的商场促销标识：

50% Off on Selected Lines 部分商品降半价

Accessories & Spares Delivered to Your Door 配件送货上门 As Many Repairs As You Need, Free of Charge 随时免费维修 Best Choice and Best Discounts 最佳选择，最大优惠 Big Sale 大甩卖

Brighter Shopping, Brighter Prices 明智的购物，透明的价格 Buy One and Get Anyone Free 买一赠一

Closing Sale 关门大甩卖

Customer care is our top priority 顾客至上 Final Clear Out 清仓大甩卖

Free Delivery to Your Door 免费送货上门 Offer is subject to availability 现货优惠，卖完为止 Sale at Breakdown Price 跳楼价甩卖

Save Up to 40%

6折优惠

Savings and Discounts all Around the Store 店内所有商品均削价处理

Special Offer 特价

Try Before You Buy 先试后买

企业标识（Company Signs）

企业标识主要指用于企业对外宣传和内部的一些标识，包括企业部门的名称、警示语等各个方面。以下是一些常见的企业标识：

Advertising Department 广告部

Branch Office 分公司

Business Office 营业部

Close the Door Behind You 请随手关门

Electrically Operated Gate 电动门

Export Department 出口部

Floor Cleaning in Progress 正在清扫地板

Finished Product Area 成品区

General Accounting Department 财务部 General Manager 总经理室

General Affairs Department 总务部 Head Office 总公司

Human Resources Department人力资源部 Interview in Progress 正在面试

International Department 国际部

Import Department 进口部 Lift out of Order 电梯发生故障

Meeting in Progress, Quiet Please 正在开会，请保持安静 Meeting Room 会议室

Material Control Department 物料部

No food is to be consumed in this area 此处不准吃食物 No Littering 勿乱扔废弃物

No Smoking in This Area 此处禁止吸烟

Please Wait Here for Enquiries 请在此等候咨询 Personnel Department 人事部 Production Department 生产部

Quality Control Department 质管部

Research and Development Department(R&D)研发部

Secretarial Pool 秘书室

Sales Department 销售部

Sales Promotion Department 促销部

This is a smoke free building 楼内禁止吸烟 We do not buy at this door 谢绝推销

常用翻译方法

常用翻译方法系列：直译法和意译法（1）

直译是指译文不仅表达原文的内容，还保留原文的表达形式，比如保留原文所使用的比喻、形象、民族特色等，使读者从译文中能得到与原文大致相同的感受。直译法一方面有助于保留原文的风格，另一方面又有助于从他国引进一些新鲜、生动的词语和表达方法。但直译并不是死译或硬译。例如：

（1）In some automated plants, electronic computers control the entire production line.译：在某些自动化工厂，电子计算机控制整个生产线。（直译）（2）Demand has the same effect on the height of price as production.需求有同样的影响在高度的价格上像生产。（死译）

译文：该翻译既不忠实原意，又不符合汉语的表达方式。正确的译法为：

需求像生产一样会影响价格。

（3）Challenge the limits 挑战极限（三星）

（4）Winning the hearts of the world 赢取天下心（法国航空公司）

（5）Hand in Hand, Future in Your Hand 伴你同行，齐握未来（太平洋人寿）

（6）Striving today for all your tomorrows 为你未来，做好现在（中银集团）

公共场所标识

Children and Senior Citizens Free 儿童与老人免费

Do Not Enter, Alarm Operating 装有警报，禁止入内

Do Not Put(Place)Bicycles Against The Railings请不要把自行车靠到栏杆上

Fire Construction Points to Note 注意消防设施 Fire Escape, Keep Clear 消防通道，保持通畅 Fire Exit Only 仅作安全出口

For Public Use 公用 Free of Charge 免费

Fully Air Conditioned 空调全面开放 Gates in Use Night & Day 此门昼夜使用

Lavatories 厕所

Gents /Men/Man’s lavatory 男厕

Waiting Room and Ladies/ Woman’s lavatory 女厕 No Admittance 禁止入内

No Bathing, Fishing Allowed In This Pond 此池塘禁止游泳，垂钓 No Charge 不收费

No Entry For General Public 公众不得入内

Non-Smokers Only

仅供非吸烟者

Obstruction of the door can be dangerous 禁止堵塞门口 Open All Year Round/ Open All Year 全年开放 Opening Hours: 开放/开门/营业时间

Please do not leave rubbish here 请不要在此倒垃圾

Please feel free to smoke in the lounge 休息室允许吸烟 Please Use Other Doors

请走其他门

Private Function Only 只供私人使用

Public Toilet 公厕

Unauthorized posters and advertisements will be persecuted 未经允许，禁止张贴广告，否则追究责任

Under Repair, Do Not Operate

正在修理，不能使用

旅游标识

15% Off With This Flyer 持本广告八五折优惠

A Place To Relax And Unwind 一个让你放松身心的地方

All-Inclusive Ticket 票价包括所有费用

Cafeteria Available

提供自助餐

Access All Day 全天开放

Admission Is Free 不收门票 Reserved Seating 预订座位

Safe and Reliable 安全可靠 Self-Catering

可自己做饭

Shopping Offers

提供购物机会 Child Reductions 儿童优惠

Concessions(票价)优惠

Day trip to...……一日游

Free Entry for All 向所有人免费开放 Children under 12 half price throughout season 全季12岁以下的儿童半价 Discounts available for pre-booked groups 团体提前预订优惠

For more detailed information please call...欲知详情，请打电话…… Free children admission with full paying adult 成人全价票，所带儿童免费

Free entry to over 60 attractions

免费到60 多个景点旅游

Free for accompanied children under 16 Years of age所带16岁以下儿童免费 Tours Take Up To Two Hours 游程两个小时

Tours Are Held Throughout The Day 旅游活动全天进行 Tours Have Live English Commentary 旅游配有现场英语解说

Electronics 电子学，电子工业 Grocery 食品杂货店 Clothing 服装 Outdoors 户外 Indoors 在室内 Fashion 时尚，时装

Accessory 副的，配件，附件 Beauty 美丽 Blue-ray 蓝光 Gift card 礼品卡 Fragrance 香味 Deal 交易 For sale 出售 Discount 折扣 Coupon 赠券 Top-rated 一流的 Best-seller 畅销书。Visa card 签证 Wish list 愿望清单 Cart 用车装载 Auction 拍卖 Return 返回

Key Features 主要特点 Inch 英寸

in stock 有存货，现有 out of stock 缺货

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